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Okhrimenko DV, Rasmussen KH, Bøtner JA, Ceccato M, Foss M, Solvang M. Dissolution behavior of stone wool fibers in synthetic lung fluids: Impact of iron oxidation state changes induced by heat treatment for binder removal. Toxicol Lett 2024; 393:33-46. [PMID: 38232781 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Stone wool fiber materials are commonly used for thermal and acoustic insulation, horticulture and filler purposes. Biosolubility of the stone wool fiber (SWF) materials accessed through acellular in vitro dissolution tests can potentially be used in future as an indicator of fiber biopersistence in vivo. To correlate acellular in vitro studies with in vivo and epidemiological investigations, not only a robust dissolution procedure is needed, but fundamental understanding of fiber behavior during sample preparation and dissolution is required. We investigated the influence of heat treatment procedure for binder removal on the SWF iron oxidation state as well as on the SWF dissolution behavior in simulant lung fluids (with and without complexing agents). We used heat treatments at 450 °C for 5 min and 590 °C for 1 h. Both procedures resulted in complete binder removal from the SWF. Changes of iron oxidation state were moderate if binder was removed at 450 °C for 5 min, and there were no substantial changes of SWF's dissolution behavior in all investigated fluids after this heat treatment. In contrast, if binder was removed at 590 °C for 1 h, complete Fe(II) oxidation to Fe(III) was observed and significant increase of dissolution was shown in fluids without complexing agent (citrate). PHREEQC solution speciation modeling showed that in this case, released Fe(III) may form ferrihydrite precipitate in the solution. Precipitation of ferrihydrite solid phase leads to removal of iron cations from the solution, thus shifting reaction towards the dissolution products and increasing total mass loss of fiber samples. This effect is not observed for heat treated fibers if citrate is present in the fluid, because Fe(III) binds with citrate and remains mobile in the solution. Therefore, for developing the most accurate SWF in vitro acellular biosolubility test, SWF heat treatment for binder removal is not recommended in combination with dissolution testing in fluids without citrate as a complexing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K H Rasmussen
- ROCKWOOL A/S, Hovedgaden 584, Hedehusene 2640, Denmark; Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Faculty of Natural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - J A Bøtner
- ROCKWOOL A/S, Hovedgaden 584, Hedehusene 2640, Denmark
| | - M Ceccato
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Faculty of Natural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - M Foss
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Faculty of Natural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - M Solvang
- ROCKWOOL A/S, Hovedgaden 584, Hedehusene 2640, Denmark
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2
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Hoffman JW, Okhrimenko DV, Chaudan E, Herault Q, Drnovsek N, Pezennec E, Aznar A, Mascaraque N, Haddouchi S, Lecluse M, Badissi AA, de Cruz J, Hiéronimus L, Solvang M. Initial evaluation of USP apparatus 4 for measuring dissolution profile of man-made vitreous fibers. Toxicol Lett 2023; 386:30-33. [PMID: 37716589 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
We report the successful evaluation of a US Pharmacopeia Apparatus 4 (USP-4) system in measuring the dissolution profiles of man-made vitreous fibers (MMVF)1. Glass and stone wool fibers with different (high- and low-) solubility profiles were tested in closed-loop configuration using a sodium/potassium phosphate buffer solution or an acetate buffer, respectively. Results confirm a need to operate in diluted conditions to avoid silicon saturation in the simulant solution and suppression of fiber dissolution. A clear fiber-to-fiber differentiation with good cell-to-cell reproducibility was achieved. These findings support the continued development of a USP-4 protocol for MMVF in vitro acellular testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Hoffman
- Owens Corning S&T, 2790 Columbus Road, Granville, OH 43054, USA
| | | | - E Chaudan
- Saint-Gobain Research Paris, 39 quai Lucien Lefranc, Aubervilliers 93300, France
| | - Q Herault
- Saint-Gobain Research Paris, 39 quai Lucien Lefranc, Aubervilliers 93300, France
| | - N Drnovsek
- Knauf Insulation, Trata 32, Sl-4220 Škofja Loka, Slovenia
| | - E Pezennec
- Knauf Insulation, Rue de Maestricht 95, 4600 Visé, Belgium
| | - A Aznar
- URSA Insulation S.A., Paseo de Recoletos 3, Madrid 28004, Spain
| | - N Mascaraque
- URSA Insulation S.A., Paseo de Recoletos 3, Madrid 28004, Spain
| | - S Haddouchi
- Sotax Pharma Services, 3 rue Chateaubriand, Orléans 45071, Cedex 2, France
| | - M Lecluse
- Sotax Pharma Services, 3 rue Chateaubriand, Orléans 45071, Cedex 2, France
| | - A A Badissi
- Eurima, Rue des Deux Eglises 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J de Cruz
- Eurima, Rue des Deux Eglises 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - L Hiéronimus
- Eurima, Rue des Deux Eglises 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Solvang
- ROCKWOOL A/S, Hovedgaden 584, Hedehusene 2640, Denmark
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3
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Hirth S, Wohlleben W, Waindok H. Reply to comment on "which fraction of stone wool fibre surface remains uncoated by binder? A detailed analysis by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy" by Hirth et al., 2021, RSC Adv., 11, 39545, DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06251d". RSC Adv 2023; 13:19721-19724. [PMID: 37448780 PMCID: PMC10336475 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02232c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a reply to the Comment of Okhrimenko et al. in the same issue of RSC Advances. We discuss the arguments brought forward by said authors, oppose their objections and show the unchanged validity of our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Hirth
- Dept. Materials Physics and Analytics, BASF SE 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Dept. Materials Physics and Analytics, BASF SE 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Hubert Waindok
- Dept. Materials Physics and Analytics, BASF SE 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
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Okhrimenko DV, Ceccato M, Tougaard S, Foss M, Pezennec E, Solvang M. Comment on "Which fraction of stone wool fibre surface remains uncoated by binder? A detailed analysis by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy" by Hirth et al., 2021, RSC Adv., 11, 39545, DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06251d. RSC Adv 2023; 13:16688-16692. [PMID: 37274392 PMCID: PMC10236533 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07959c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The article mentioned in the title of this comment paper reports on an investigation of the organic binder presence and distribution on stone wool fibres with surface sensitive techniques (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), QUASES XPS modelling, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) mapping) and attempts to correlate the results with fibre performance in in vitro acellular biosolubility tests. However, the study has assumptions, hypothesis and results that do not take into account the recognised science and regulations on biopersistence of stone wool fibres, limitations of the utilized surface sensitive techniques and modelling approach and it contains a contradiction with biosolubility experiments. In this comment article, we discuss these points, propose improved QUASES XPS modelling and present recent ToF-SIMS mapping results that reflect biosolubility behaviour of the stone wool fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcel Ceccato
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University Denmark
| | | | - Morten Foss
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University Denmark
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Solvang M, Okhrimenko DV, Koch C. Investigation of the occurrence of binder material on airborne respirable mineral wool fibers. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2023; 20:240-253. [PMID: 37104114 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2023.2205470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Mineral wool fibers can be released into the air during the production and handling of a mineral wool product where a small fraction of fibers will stay airborne and can potentially be inhaled. The aerodynamic fiber diameter determines how far an airborne fiber can pass through the human airway. Respirable fibers with an aerodynamic diameter < 3 µm can reach the deep part of the lungs (i.e., the alveolar region). Binder material (i.e., organic binder and mineral oil) is used in the production of mineral wool products. However, at the current stage, it is unknown if airborne fibers can contain binder material. We explored binder presence on airborne respirable fiber fractions being released and collected during the installation of two mineral wool products (a stone wool product and a glass wool product). Fiber collection was done by pumping a controlled air volume (2, 13, 22, and 32 l/min) through polycarbonate membrane filters during the installation of the mineral wool products. The morphological and chemical composition of the fibers were studied using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDXS) analysis. The study demonstrates that binder material is found on the surface of the respirable mineral wool fiber mainly as circular or elongated droplets. Our findings suggest that respirable fibers explored in previous epidemiological studies, which have been used for proving a lack of hazardous effects of mineral wool on humans, may have also contained binder materials on the fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C Koch
- Technical and Environmental Chemistry, Ernst-Abbe-University of Applied Sciences, Jena, Germany
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Zanoni I, Keller JG, Sauer UG, Müller P, Ma-Hock L, Jensen KA, Costa AL, Wohlleben W. Dissolution Rate of Nanomaterials Determined by Ions and Particle Size under Lysosomal Conditions: Contributions to Standardization of Simulant Fluids and Analytical Methods. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:963-980. [PMID: 35593714 PMCID: PMC9215348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dissolution of inhaled engineered nanomaterials (ENM) under physiological conditions is essential to predict the clearance of the ENM from the lungs and to assess their biodurability and the potential effects of released ions. Alveolar macrophage (AM) lysosomes contain a pH 4.5 saline brine with enzymes and other components. Different types of artificial phagolysosomal simulant fluids (PSFs) have been developed for dissolution testing, but the consequence of using different media is not known. In this study, we tested to which extent six fundamentally different PSFs affected the ENM dissolution kinetics and particle size as determined by a validated transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image analysis. Three lysosomal simulant media were consistent with each other and with in vivo clearance. These media predict the quick dissolution of ZnO, the partial dissolution of SiO2, and the very slow dissolution of TiO2. The valid media use either a mix of organic acids (with the total concentration below 0.5 g/L, thereof citric acid below 0.15 g/L) or another organic acid (KH phthalate). For several ENM, including ZnO, BaSO4, and CeO2, all these differences induce only minor modulation of the dissolution rates. Only for TiO2 and SiO2, the interaction with specific organic acids is highly sensitive, probably due to sequestration of the ions, and can lead to wrong predictions when compared to the in vivo behavior. The media that fail on TiO2 and SiO2 dissolution use citric acid at concentrations above 5 g/L (up to 28 g/L). In the present selection of ENM, fluids, and methods, the different lysosomal simulant fluids did not induce changes of particle morphology, except for small changes in SiO2 and BaSO4 particles most likely due to ion dissolution, reprecipitation, and coalescence between neighboring particles. Based on the current evidence, the particle size by TEM analysis is not a sufficiently sensitive analytical method to deduce the rate of ENM dissolution in physiological media. In summary, we recommend the standardization of ENM dissolution testing by one of the three valid lysosomal simulant fluids with determination of the dissolution rate and halftime by the quantification of ions. This recommendation was established for a continuous flow system but may be relevant as well for static (batch) solubility testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Zanoni
- CNR-ISTEC-National
Research Council of Italy, Institute of
Science and Technology for Ceramics, Faenza 48018, Italy
| | - Johannes G. Keller
- Department
of Material Physics and Analytics, BASF
SE, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany
- Department
of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany
| | - Ursula G. Sauer
- Scientific
Consultancy-Animal Welfare, Neubiberg 85579, Germany
| | - Philipp Müller
- Department
of Material Physics and Analytics, BASF
SE, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany
| | - Lan Ma-Hock
- Department
of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany
| | - Keld A. Jensen
- National
Research Centre for Work Environment (NRCWE), Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Anna Luisa Costa
- CNR-ISTEC-National
Research Council of Italy, Institute of
Science and Technology for Ceramics, Faenza 48018, Italy
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Department
of Material Physics and Analytics, BASF
SE, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany
- Department
of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany
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Yliniemi J. Surface Layer Alteration of Multi-Oxide Silicate Glasses at a Near-Neutral pH in the Presence of Citric and Tartaric Acid. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:987-1000. [PMID: 35025515 PMCID: PMC8793144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at determining the chemical alterations occurring at the surface of multi-oxide silicate glasses in the presence of organic ligands─citrate and tartrate─at a near-neutral pH. Batch surface titration experiments for basaltic glass and blast furnace slag (BFS) were conducted in the range of 6.4 < pH < 8 to investigate the element release, and speciation and solid phase saturation were modeled with PHREEQC software. Surface sensitive XPS and zeta potential measurements were used to characterize the alterations occurring on the surface. The results show that, while Al/Si and Fe/Si surface molar ratios of the raw materials increase at a near-neutral pH, the presence of organic ligands prevents the accumulation of Al and Fe on the surface and increases their concentration in the solution, particularly at pH 6.4. The Al- and Fe-complexing ligands decrease the effective concentration of these cations in the solution, consequently decreasing the surface cation/Si ratio, which destabilizes the silicate surface and increases the extent of dissolution by 300% within the 2 h experiment. Based on the thermodynamic modeling, 1:1 metal-to-ligand complexes are the most prevalent aqueous species under these experimental conditions. Moreover, changes in Ca/Si and Mg/Si surface ratios are observed in the presence of organic ligands; the direction of the change depends on the type of ligand and pH. The coordination of Al and Fe on the surface is different depending on the ligand and pH. This study provides a detailed description of the compositional changes occurring between the surface of multi-oxide silicate materials and the solution in the presence of citrate and tartrate. The surface layer composition is crucial not only for understanding and controlling the dissolution of these materials but also for determining the activated surface complexes and secondary minerals that they evolve into.
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Surface evolution of aluminosilicate glass fibers during dissolution: Influence of pH, solid-to-solution ratio and organic treatment. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 606:1983-1997. [PMID: 34695763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Materials made of synthetic vitreous mineral fibers, such as stone wool, are widely used in construction, in functional composites and as thermal and acoustic insulation. Chemical stability is an important parameter in assessing long term durability of the products. Stability is determined by fiber resistivity to dissolution, where the controlling parameters are solid surface area to solution volume ratio (S/V), pH and composition of the fibers and organic compounds used as binders. We investigated stone wool dissolution under flow through conditions, far from equilibrium, at pH range of 2 to 13, as well as under batch conditions, close to equilibrium, for up to 28 days, where S/V ranged from 100 to 10000 m-1. The dissolution rate of stone wool shows minimum at pH 8.5 and increases significantly at pH < 4.5 and pH > 12. In close to equilibrium conditions, S/V defines the steady state concentration for the leached components. Decreased dissolution rate could result from evolution of a surface leached layer or the formation of secondary surface phases or both. We suggested three dissolution rate controlling mechanisms, which depend on pH. That is, dissolution is controlled by: a SiO2 rich surface layer at pH < 4.5; by adsorption of an Al and Al-Si mixed surface layer at 5 < pH < 11 and by divalent cation adsorption and formation of secondary phases (silicates, hydroxides) at pH ∼ 13. The organic compounds, used to treat the stone wool fibers during manufacture, had no influence on their dissolution properties.
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