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Verkhratsky A, Butt A, Li B, Illes P, Zorec R, Semyanov A, Tang Y, Sofroniew MV. Astrocytes in human central nervous system diseases: a frontier for new therapies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:396. [PMID: 37828019 PMCID: PMC10570367 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01628-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Astroglia are a broad class of neural parenchymal cells primarily dedicated to homoeostasis and defence of the central nervous system (CNS). Astroglia contribute to the pathophysiology of all neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders in ways that can be either beneficial or detrimental to disorder outcome. Pathophysiological changes in astroglia can be primary or secondary and can result in gain or loss of functions. Astroglia respond to external, non-cell autonomous signals associated with any form of CNS pathology by undergoing complex and variable changes in their structure, molecular expression, and function. In addition, internally driven, cell autonomous changes of astroglial innate properties can lead to CNS pathologies. Astroglial pathophysiology is complex, with different pathophysiological cell states and cell phenotypes that are context-specific and vary with disorder, disorder-stage, comorbidities, age, and sex. Here, we classify astroglial pathophysiology into (i) reactive astrogliosis, (ii) astroglial atrophy with loss of function, (iii) astroglial degeneration and death, and (iv) astrocytopathies characterised by aberrant forms that drive disease. We review astroglial pathophysiology across the spectrum of human CNS diseases and disorders, including neurotrauma, stroke, neuroinfection, autoimmune attack and epilepsy, as well as neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, metabolic and neuropsychiatric disorders. Characterising cellular and molecular mechanisms of astroglial pathophysiology represents a new frontier to identify novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- International Joint Research Centre on Purinergic Signalling/School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Achucarro Centre for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Arthur Butt
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Baoman Li
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peter Illes
- International Joint Research Centre on Purinergic Signalling/School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Zorec
- Celica Biomedical, Lab Cell Engineering, Technology Park, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alexey Semyanov
- Department of Physiology, Jiaxing University College of Medicine, 314033, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yong Tang
- International Joint Research Centre on Purinergic Signalling/School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture for Senile Disease (Chengdu University of TCM), Ministry of Education/Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
| | - Michael V Sofroniew
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Korotkov SM. Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress Is the General Reason for Apoptosis Induced by Different-Valence Heavy Metals in Cells and Mitochondria. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14459. [PMID: 37833908 PMCID: PMC10572412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review analyzes the causes and consequences of apoptosis resulting from oxidative stress that occurs in mitochondria and cells exposed to the toxic effects of different-valence heavy metals (Ag+, Tl+, Hg2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Al3+, Ga3+, In3+, As3+, Sb3+, Cr6+, and U6+). The problems of the relationship between the integration of these toxic metals into molecular mechanisms with the subsequent development of pathophysiological processes and the appearance of diseases caused by the accumulation of these metals in the body are also addressed in this review. Such apoptosis is characterized by a reduction in cell viability, the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9, the expression of pro-apoptotic genes (Bax and Bcl-2), and the activation of protein kinases (ERK, JNK, p53, and p38) by mitogens. Moreover, the oxidative stress manifests as the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening, mitochondrial swelling, an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and H2O2, lipid peroxidation, cytochrome c release, a decline in the inner mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨmito), a decrease in ATP synthesis, and reduced glutathione and oxygen consumption as well as cytoplasm and matrix calcium overload due to Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The apoptosis and respiratory dysfunction induced by these metals are discussed regarding their interaction with cellular and mitochondrial thiol groups and Fe2+ metabolism disturbance. Similarities and differences in the toxic effects of Tl+ from those of other heavy metals under review are discussed. Similarities may be due to the increase in the cytoplasmic calcium concentration induced by Tl+ and these metals. One difference discussed is the failure to decrease Tl+ toxicity through metallothionein-dependent mechanisms. Another difference could be the decrease in reduced glutathione in the matrix due to the reversible oxidation of Tl+ to Tl3+ near the centers of ROS generation in the respiratory chain. The latter may explain why thallium toxicity to humans turned out to be higher than the toxicity of mercury, lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey M Korotkov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Thorez pr. 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
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3
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Gąssowska-Dobrowolska M, Chlubek M, Kolasa A, Tomasiak P, Korbecki J, Skowrońska K, Tarnowski M, Masztalewicz M, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Microglia and Astroglia-The Potential Role in Neuroinflammation Induced by Pre- and Neonatal Exposure to Lead (Pb). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9903. [PMID: 37373050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the postulated mechanisms for Pb neurotoxicity. However, the exact molecular mechanisms responsible for its pro-inflammatory effect are not fully elucidated. In this study, we examined the role of glial cells in neuroinflammation induced by Pb exposure. We investigated how microglia, a type of glial cell, responded to the changes caused by perinatal exposure to Pb by measuring the expression of Iba1 at the mRNA and protein levels. To assess the state of microglia, we analyzed the mRNA levels of specific markers associated with the cytotoxic M1 phenotype (Il1b, Il6, and Tnfa) and the cytoprotective M2 phenotype (Arg1, Chi3l1, Mrc1, Fcgr1a, Sphk1, and Tgfb1). Additionally, we measured the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). To assess the reactivity and functionality status of astrocytes, we analyzed the GFAP (mRNA expression and protein concentration) as well as glutamine synthase (GS) protein level and activity. Using an electron microscope, we assessed ultrastructural abnormalities in the examined brain structures (forebrain cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus). In addition, we measured the mRNA levels of Cxcl1 and Cxcl2, and their receptor, Cxcr2. Our data showed that perinatal exposure to Pb at low doses affected both microglia and astrocyte cells' status (their mobilization, activation, function, and changes in gene expression profile) in a brain-structure-specific manner. The results suggest that both microglia and astrocytes represent a potential target for Pb neurotoxicity, thus being key mediators of neuroinflammation and further neuropathology evoked by Pb poisoning during perinatal brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gąssowska-Dobrowolska
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kolasa
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Tomasiak
- Department of Physiology in Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 54, 70-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, Zyty 28 St., 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skowrońska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maciej Tarnowski
- Department of Physiology in Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 54, 70-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Masztalewicz
- Department of Neurology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Long X, Wu H, Zhou Y, Wan Y, Kan X, Gong J, Zhao X. Preventive Effect of Limosilactobacillus fermentum SCHY34 on Lead Acetate-Induced Neurological Damage in SD Rats. Front Nutr 2022; 9:852012. [PMID: 35571929 PMCID: PMC9094495 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.852012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lead poisoning caused by lead pollution seriously affects people's health. Lactic acid bacteria has been shown to be useful for biological scavenging of lead. In this experiment, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were treated with 200 mg/L of lead acetate solution daily to induce chronic lead poisoning, and oral Limosilactobacillus fermentum (L. fermentum) SCHY34 to study its mitigation effects and mechanisms on rat neurotoxicity. The L. fermentum SCHY34 showed competent results on in vitro survival rate and the lead ion adsorption rate. Animal experiments showed that L. fermentum SCHY34 maintained the morphology of rat liver, kidney, and hippocampi, reduced the accumulation of lead in the blood, liver, kidney, and brain tissue. Further, L. fermentum SCHY34 alleviated the lead-induced decline in spatial memory and response capacity of SD rats, and also regulated the secretion of neurotransmitters and related enzyme activities in the brain tissue of rats, such as glutamate (Glu), monoamine oxidase (MAO), acetylcholinesterase (AchE), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and adenylate cyclase (AC). In addition, the expression of genes related to cognitive capacity, antioxidation, and anti-apoptotic in rat brain tissues were increased L. fermentum SCHY34 treatment, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), c-fos, c-jun, superoxide dismutase (SOD)1/2, Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and so on. L. fermentum SCHY34 showed a great biological scavenging and potential effect on alleviating the toxicity of lead ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyao Long
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujing Zhou
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunxiao Wan
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Kan
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianjun Gong
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
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5
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Torimoto R, Ishii C, Sato H, Saito K, Watanabe Y, Ogasawara K, Kubota A, Matsukawa T, Yokoyama K, Kobayashi A, Kimura T, Nakayama SMM, Ikenaka Y, Ishizuka M. Analysis of lead distribution in avian organs by LA-ICP-MS: Study of experimentally lead-exposed ducks and kites. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 283:117086. [PMID: 33848898 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lead poisoning of wild birds by ingestion of lead ammunition occurs worldwide. Histopathological changes in organs of lead-intoxicated birds are widely known, and lead concentration of each organ is measurable using mass spectrometry. However, detailed lead localization at the suborgan level has remained elusive in lead-exposed birds. Here we investigated the detailed lead localization in organs of experimentally lead-exposed ducks and kites by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). In both the ducks and kites, lead accumulated diffusely in the liver, renal cortex, and brain. Lead accumulation was restricted to the red pulp in the spleen. With regard to species differences in lead distribution patterns, it is noteworthy that intensive lead accumulation was observed in the arterial walls only in the kites. In addition, the distribution of copper in the brain was altered in the lead-exposed ducks. Thus, the present study shows suborgan lead distribution in lead-exposed birds and its differences between avian species for the first time. These findings will provide fundamental information to understand the cellular processes of lead poisoning and the mechanisms of species differences in susceptibility to lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryouta Torimoto
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ishii
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Keisuke Saito
- Institute for Raptor Biomedicine Japan, Hokuto 2-2101, Kushiro, Hokkaido, 084-0922, Japan
| | - Yukiko Watanabe
- Institute for Raptor Biomedicine Japan, Hokuto 2-2101, Kushiro, Hokkaido, 084-0922, Japan
| | - Kohei Ogasawara
- Institute for Raptor Biomedicine Japan, Hokuto 2-2101, Kushiro, Hokkaido, 084-0922, Japan
| | - Ayano Kubota
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takehisa Matsukawa
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan; Department of Forensic Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Yokoyama
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan; Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Graduate School of Public Health, International University of Health and Welfare, Akasaka 4-1-26, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 107-8402, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan; Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
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6
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Rangel-Barajas C, Coronel I, Zhang Y, Hernández M, Boehm Ii SL. Low-level developmental lead exposure does not predispose to adult alcohol self-administration, but does increase the risk of relapsing to alcohol seeking in mice: Contrasting role of GLT1 and xCT brain expression. Neuropharmacology 2020; 181:108339. [PMID: 33010299 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a neurotoxic heavy metal pollutant. Despite the efforts to reduce Pb environmental exposure and to prevent Pb poisoning, exposure in human populations persists. Studies of adults with history of childhood lead exposure have consistently demonstrated cognitive impairments that have been associated with sustained glutamate signaling. Additionally, some clinical studies have also found correlations between Pb exposure and increased proclivity to drug addiction. Thus, here we sought to investigate if developmental Pb exposure can increase propensity to alcohol consumption and relapse using an alcohol self-administration paradigm. Because Pb exposure is associated with increased glutamatergic tone, we also studied the effects on the expression of synaptic and non-synaptic glutamate transporters in brain regions associated with drug addiction such as the nucleus accumbens (NAc), dorsomedial striatum (DMS), dorsolateral striatum (DLS), and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). We found that while developmental Pb exposure did not increase risk for alcohol self-administration, it did play a role in relapsing to alcohol. The effects were associated with differential expression of the glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) and the glutamate/cystine antiporter (xCT). In the NAc and DLS the expression of GLT1 was found to be significantly reduced, while no changes were found in DMS or mPFC. Contrastingly, xCT was found to be upregulated in NAc but downregulated in DLS, with no changes in DMS or mPFC. Our data suggest that lead exposure is involved in relapse to alcohol seeking, an effect that could be associated with downregulation of GLT1 and xCT in the DLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rangel-Barajas
- Department of Psychology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N Blackford St, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Israel Coronel
- Department of Psychology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N Blackford St, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Psychology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N Blackford St, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Maribel Hernández
- Department of Psychology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N Blackford St, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Stephen L Boehm Ii
- Department of Psychology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N Blackford St, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, 340 W 10th St, Indianapolis, IN, 462020, USA.
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7
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Gizatullin AR, Akentieva NP, Sanina NA, Shmatko NY, Goryachev NS, Shkondina NI, Prichodchenko TR, Zhelev N, Aldoshin SM. Effect of Dinitrosyl Iron Complexes (NO Donors) on the Metabolic Processes in Human Fibroblasts. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2019; 483:337-340. [DOI: 10.1134/s1607672918060133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Bjørklund G, Skalny AV, Rahman MM, Dadar M, Yassa HA, Aaseth J, Chirumbolo S, Skalnaya MG, Tinkov AA. Toxic metal(loid)-based pollutants and their possible role in autism spectrum disorder. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 166:234-250. [PMID: 29902778 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction, verbal and non-verbal communication, and stereotypic behaviors. Many studies support a significant relationship between many different environmental factors in ASD etiology. These factors include increased daily exposure to various toxic metal-based environmental pollutants, which represent a cause for concern in public health. This article reviews the most relevant toxic metals, commonly found, environmental pollutants, i.e., lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), aluminum (Al), and the metalloid arsenic (As). Additionally, it discusses how pollutants can be a possible pathogenetic cause of ASD through various mechanisms including neuroinflammation in different regions of the brain, fundamentally occurring through elevation of the proinflammatory profile of cytokines and aberrant expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Due to the worldwide increase in toxic environmental pollution, studies on the role of pollutants in neurodevelopmental disorders, including direct effects on the developing brain and the subjects' genetic susceptibility and polymorphism, are of utmost importance to achieve the best therapeutic approach and preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia; Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia; All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Moscow, Russia
| | - Md Mostafizur Rahman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Heba A Yassa
- Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Jan Aaseth
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway; Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia; Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia
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Tilocca B, Burbach K, Heyer CME, Hoelzle LE, Mosenthin R, Stefanski V, Camarinha-Silva A, Seifert J. Dietary changes in nutritional studies shape the structural and functional composition of the pigs' fecal microbiome-from days to weeks. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:144. [PMID: 29078812 PMCID: PMC5659009 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The possible impact of changes in diet composition on the intestinal microbiome is mostly studied after some days of adaptation to the diet of interest. The question arises if a few days are enough to reflect the microbial response to the diet by changing the community composition and function. The present study investigated the fecal microbiome of pigs during a time span of 4 weeks after a dietary change to obtain insights regarding the time required for adaptation. Four different diets were used differing in either protein source (field peas meal vs. soybean meal) or the concentration of calcium and phosphorus (CaP). RESULTS Twelve pigs were sampled at seven time points within 4 weeks after the dietary change. Fecal samples were used to sequence the 16S rRNA gene amplicons to analyse microbial proteins via LC-MS/MS and to determine the SCFA production. The analysis of OTU abundances and quantification values of proteins showed a significant separation of three periods of time (p = 0.001). Samples from the first day are used to define the 'zero period'; samples of weeks 1 and 2 are combined as 'metabolic period' and an 'equilibrium period was defined based on samples from weeks 3 and 4. Only in this last period, a separation according to the supplementation of CaP was significantly detectable (p = 0.001). No changes were found based on the corn-soybean meal or corn-field peas administration. The analysis of possible factors causing this significant separation showed only an overall change of bacterial members and functional properties. The metaproteomic approach yielded a total of about 9700 proteins, which were used to deduce possible metabolic functions of the bacterial community. CONCLUSIONS A gradual taxonomic and functional rearrangement of the bacterial community has been depicted after a change of diet composition. The adaptation lasts several weeks despite the usually assumed time span of several days. The obtained knowledge is of a great importance for the design of future nutritional studies. Moreover, considering the high similarities between the porcine and human gastrointestinal tract anatomy and physiology, the findings of the current study might imply in the design of human-related nutritional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Tilocca
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 6-10, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katharina Burbach
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 6-10, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Charlotte M. E. Heyer
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 6-10, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ludwig E. Hoelzle
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 6-10, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rainer Mosenthin
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 6-10, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 6-10, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amélia Camarinha-Silva
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 6-10, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jana Seifert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 6-10, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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Lead poisoning: acute exposure of the heart to lead ions promotes changes in cardiac function and Cav1.2 ion channels. Biophys Rev 2017; 9:807-825. [PMID: 28836190 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lead ions (Pb2+) possess characteristics similar to Ca2+. Because of this and its redox capabilities, lead causes different toxic effects. The neurotoxic effects have been well documented; however, the toxic effects on cardiac tissues remain allusive. We utilized isolated guinea pig hearts and measured the effects of Pb2+ on their contractility and excitability. Acute exposure to extracellular Pb2+ had a negative inotropic effect and increased diastolic tension. The speed of contraction and relaxation were affected, though the effects were more dramatic on the speed of contraction. Excitability was also altered. Heart beat frequency increased and later diminished after lead ion exposure. Pro-arrhytmic events, such as early after-depolarization and a reduction of the action potential plateau, were also observed. In isolated cardiomyocytes and tsA 201 cells, extracellular lead blocked currents through Cav1.2 channels, diminished their activation, and enhanced their fast inactivation, negatively affecting their gating currents. Thus, Pb2+ was cardiotoxic and reduced cardiac contractility, making the heart prone to arrhythmias. This was due, in part, to Pb2+ effects on the Cav1.2 channels; however, other channels, transporters or pathways may also be involved. Acute cardiotoxic effects were observed at Pb2+ concentrations achievable during acute lead poisoning. The results suggest how Cav1.2 gating can be affected by divalent cations, such as Pb2, and also suggest a more thorough evaluation of heart function in individuals affected by lead poisoning.
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Safakhah HA, Moradi Kor N, Bazargani A, Bandegi AR, Gholami Pourbadie H, Khoshkholgh-Sima B, Ghanbari A. Forced exercise attenuates neuropathic pain in chronic constriction injury of male rat: an investigation of oxidative stress and inflammation. J Pain Res 2017; 10:1457-1466. [PMID: 28721088 PMCID: PMC5499951 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s135081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Initial peripheral/central nerve injuries, such as chronic constriction injury (CCI)/spinal cord injury, are often compounded by secondary mechanisms, including inflammation and oxidative stress, which may lead to chronic neuropathic pain characterized by hyperalgesia or allodynia. On the other hand, exercise as a behavioral and non-pharmacological treatment has been shown to alleviate chronic neuropathic pain. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine whether or not exercise reduces neuropathic pain through modifying oxidative stress and inflammation in chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar male rats weighing 200±20 g were randomly divided into five groups (normal, sham, CCI, pre-CCI exercise, and post-CCI exercise group). Sciatic nerve of anesthetized rats was loosely ligated to induce CCI, and they were then housed in separate cages. The rats ran on treadmill at a moderate speed for 3 weeks. Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were determined using von Frey filament and plantar test, respectively. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) assayed in the cerebrospinal fluid, malondialdehyde, and total antioxidant capacity were measured in the serum using Western blot test, thiobarbituric acid, and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), respectively. RESULTS The mechanical allodynia (P=0.024) and thermal hyperalgesia (P=0.002) in the CCI group were higher than those in the sham group. Exercise after CCI reduced (P=0.004) mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia (P=0.025) compared with the CCI group. Moreover, the level of FRAP in the CCI group was (P=0.001) lower than that in the sham group, and post-CCI exercise reversed FRAP amount toward the control level (P=0.019). The amount of malondialdehyde did not differ between groups. Level of TNF-α increased in the CCI group (P=0.0002) compared with sham group and post-CCI exercise could reverse it toward the level of control (P=0.005). CONCLUSION Post CCI-exercise but not pre CCI-exercise reduces CCI-induced neuropathic pain. One of the possible involved mechanisms is increasing the total antioxidant capacity and reducing the amount of TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ali Safakhah
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Research Center of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Nasroallah Moradi Kor
- Research Center of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Atiyeh Bazargani
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Bandegi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | | | | | - Ali Ghanbari
- Research Center of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Harada K, Kamiya T, Tsuboi T. Gliotransmitter Release from Astrocytes: Functional, Developmental, and Pathological Implications in the Brain. Front Neurosci 2016; 9:499. [PMID: 26793048 PMCID: PMC4709856 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes comprise a large population of cells in the brain and are important partners to neighboring neurons, vascular cells, and other glial cells. Astrocytes not only form a scaffold for other cells, but also extend foot processes around the capillaries to maintain the blood–brain barrier. Thus, environmental chemicals that exist in the blood stream could have potentially harmful effects on the physiological function of astrocytes. Although astrocytes are not electrically excitable, they have been shown to function as active participants in the development of neural circuits and synaptic activity. Astrocytes respond to neurotransmitters and contribute to synaptic information processing by releasing chemical transmitters called “gliotransmitters.” State-of-the-art optical imaging techniques enable us to clarify how neurotransmitters elicit the release of various gliotransmitters, including glutamate, D-serine, and ATP. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that the disruption of gliotransmission results in neuronal dysfunction and abnormal behaviors in animal models. In this review, we focus on the latest technical approaches to clarify the molecular mechanisms of gliotransmitter exocytosis, and discuss the possibility that exposure to environmental chemicals could alter gliotransmission and cause neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Harada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taichi Kamiya
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuboi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
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Padmini E, Tharani J. Differential expression of HO-1 and CYP1A2 during up-regulation of ERK in stressed fish hepatocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:4147. [PMID: 25471622 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a crucial step in the cellular response to oxidative stress. Altered expression of such proteins in response to stress conditions is a key factor for the maintenance of cellular integrity and survival. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) are critical indicators of environmental exposure to hypoxia. The current study was aimed to analyse the expression pattern of HO-1, p-ERK, HIF-1α and CYP1A2 in hepatocytes of Mugil cephalus inhabiting Kovalam (unpolluted site) and Ennore (polluted site) estuaries. The impact of stress on hepatocytes was assessed by measuring the level of lipid hydroperoxides (LHP) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in hepatocytes of M. cephalus inhabiting these estuaries. The expression of HO-1, p-ERK, HIF-1α and CYP1A2 was analysed by ELISA and immunoblot analysis, respectively. There was significant decrease of GSH (19%) and CYP1A2 (34%) along with significant increase of LHP (31%), HO-1 (96%), p-ERK (p < 0.01) and HIF-1α (41%) in hepatocytes of M. cephalus inhabiting Ennore estuary than Kovalam estuary. The present study shows that increased synthesis of HO-1 mainly regulated by p-ERK and HIF-1α may significantly contribute to the environmental adaptation processes of grey mullet, by protecting the cells from oxidative stress and stress-induced degenerative changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekambaram Padmini
- P.G. Department of Biochemistry, Bharathi Women's College, Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai, 600108, Tamil Nadu, India,
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Rai NK, Ashok A, Rai A, Tripathi S, Nagar GK, Mitra K, Bandyopadhyay S. Exposure to As, Cd and Pb-mixture impairs myelin and axon development in rat brain, optic nerve and retina. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 273:242-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Wen J, Du Y, Li D, Alany R. Development of water-in-oil microemulsions with the potential of prolonged release for oral delivery of L-glutathione. Pharm Dev Technol 2013; 18:1424-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2012.734518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Senthilkum S, Nithya N, Ganesan V, Chandrakum K. In vivo Antioxidant Potential of Momordica charantia Against Cyclophosphamide Induced Hepatic Damage in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/ijbc.2012.89.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gender-dependent behavioural impairment and brain metabolites in young adult rats after short term exposure to lead acetate. Toxicol Lett 2012; 210:15-23. [PMID: 22285975 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the behavioural effects of short-term lead (Pb) exposure in adult rats producing blood Pb concentration (<10 μg/dL) below those associated with neurological impairment in occupationally exposed individuals. In order to assess gender differences, we performed parallel behavioural experiments in male and female rats. Exposure to Pb acetate (50 mg/L in drinking water) for 30-45 days induced behavioural alterations consisting in hyperactivity in a novel environment and impairment of spatial memory. These effects were observed only in male rats. Object recognition, motor coordination were unaffected by Pb exposure. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy allows in vivo assessment of main brain metabolites (glutamate/glutamine, creatine, myoinositol, N-acetylaspartate and choline) whose changes have been demonstrated in several central nervous system pathologies. Exposure to Pb did not affect metabolite profile in the striatum and increase myoinositol signal in the hippocampus of male rats. The increase in myoinositol in hippocampus suggests early Pb-induced alteration in glial metabolism in this brain region and may represent a potential marker of early brain dysfunction during Pb exposure.
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Youm J, Saier MH. Comparative analyses of transport proteins encoded within the genomes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1818:776-97. [PMID: 22179038 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The co-emergence of multidrug resistant pathogenic bacterial strains and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus pandemic has made tuberculosis a leading public health threat. The causative agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtu), a facultative intracellular parasite. Mycobacterium leprae (Mle), a related organism that causes leprosy, is an obligate intracellular parasite. Given that different transporters are required for bacterial growth and persistence under a variety of growth conditions, we conducted comparative analyses of transport proteins encoded within the genomes of these two organisms. A minimal set of genes required for intracellular and extracellular life was identified. Drug efflux systems utilizing primary active transport mechanisms have been preferentially retained in Mle and still others preferentially lost. Transporters associated with environmental adaptation found in Mtu were mostly lost in Mle. These findings provide starting points for experimental studies that may elucidate the dependencies of pathogenesis on transport for these two pathogenic mycobacteria. They also lead to suggestions regarding transporters that function in intra- versus extra-cellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Youm
- University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Al-Numair KS, Waly MI, Ali A, Essa MM, Farhat MF, Alsaif MA. Dietary folate protects against azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci development and oxidative stress in rat colon. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:1005-11. [DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Azoxymethane (AOM) induces cancer and oxidative stress in rat colon. This study tested the hypothesis that dietary folate supplementation protects against AOM-induced oxidative stress and reduces aberrant crypt foci (ACF) development in rat colon. Fifty-four weanling male albino rats, with an average body weight of 50 ± 5 g, were randomly divided into three groups – A, B and C (18 rats per group) – and fed 2, 8 or 40 mg of folic acid per kg of supplemented diets, respectively, throughout the eight weeks' experimental period. The animals were supplied with diet and water ad libitum for four weeks and they reached an average body weight of 100 g. Thereafter each group was then further randomly subdivided into three subgroups (six rats per subgroup): control, vehicle and AOM-injected groups. The control group did not receive any treatment (neither AOM injection nor saline), the rats in the vehicle group were given 1 mL intraperitoneal injection of saline once a week for two weeks and the rats in the AOM-injected group were given two intraperitoneal injections of AOM dissolved in saline once a week for two weeks totaling 30 mg/kg body weight. After the last AOM injection, animals were continuously fed ad libitum their specified diet for two weeks of last AOM injection, all rats were sacrificed, and colon tissues were collected and used for ACF enumeration and measurements of glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The results revealed that AOM-injected rats showed lower levels of GSH and TAC as compared with control and vehicle groups. Folic acid-supplemented diets suppressed the AOM-induced ACF and GSH depletion in a dose-dependent manner and augmented the TAC. It was concluded that folic acid supplementation protects against the AOM-induced ACF formation by suppressing the AOM-induced GSH depletion in rat colon cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid S Al-Numair
- Community Health Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, PO Box 10219, Riyadh-11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mostafa I Waly
- Food Science and Nutrition Department, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 34, Muscat, Al-Khoud-123, Oman
| | - Amanat Ali
- Food Science and Nutrition Department, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 34, Muscat, Al-Khoud-123, Oman
| | - Mohamed M Essa
- Food Science and Nutrition Department, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 34, Muscat, Al-Khoud-123, Oman
| | - Mohamed F Farhat
- Community Health Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, PO Box 10219, Riyadh-11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Alsaif
- Community Health Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, PO Box 10219, Riyadh-11433, Saudi Arabia
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Oszlánczi G, Papp A, Szabó A, Nagymajtényi L, Sápi A, Kónya Z, Paulik E, Vezér T. Nervous system effects in rats on subacute exposure by lead-containing nanoparticles via the airways. Inhal Toxicol 2011; 23:173-81. [PMID: 21456951 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2011.553248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal harmful for human health and environment. From leaded gasoline (still used in certain countries), and in Pb processing and reprocessing industries, airborne particles are emitted which can be inhaled. In such exposure, the size of particles entering the airways is crucial. The nervous system is a primary target for Pb, and consequences like occupational neuropathy and delayed mental development of children are well-known. The aim of this work was to investigate the neurotoxicity of Pb nanoparticles (NPs) applied into the airways of rats. METHODS Nano-sized lead oxide particles (mean diameter ca. 20 nm) were suspended in distilled water and instilled into the trachea of adult male Wistar rats (in doses equivalent to 2 and 4 mg/kg Pb), 5 times a week for 3 and 6 weeks. At the end, open field motility was tested, then central and peripheral nervous activity was recorded in urethane anesthesia. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The treated rats' body weight gain was significantly lower than that of the controls from the 3rd week onwards, and the weight of their lungs was significantly increased. Horizontal motility increased while vertical motility decreased. Spontaneous cortical activity was shifted to higher frequencies. The somatosensory cortical evoked potential showed increased latency and decreased frequency-following ability, and similar alterations were seen in the tail nerve. Significant Pb deposition was measured in blood, brain, lung and liver samples of the treated rats. The experiments performed seem to constitute an adequate model of the human effects of inhaled Pb NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Oszlánczi
- Department of Public Health, University of Szeged Faculty of Medicine, Szeged, Hungary.
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Chiou YS, Tsai ML, Nagabhushanam K, Wang YJ, Wu CH, Ho CT, Pan MH. Pterostilbene is more potent than resveratrol in preventing azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon tumorigenesis via activation of the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:2725-2733. [PMID: 21355597 DOI: 10.1021/jf2000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases have been a risk factor of colorectal cancer (CRC). The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by inflammatory cells create oxidative stress and contribute to neoplastic transformation, proliferation, and even metastasis. Previously, resveratrol (RS) and pterostilbene (PS) had been reported to prevent chemical-induced colon carcinogenesis by anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic properties. In this study, we investigated whether RS and PS could prevent the azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon tumorigenesis via antioxidant action and to explore possible molecular mechanisms. Male BALB/c mice were injected with AOM (5 mg/kg of body weight) with or without RS or PS, and at the end of the protocol, all of the mice were euthanized and colons were analyzed. Administrations of PS can be more effective than RS in reducing AOM-induced formation of aberrant crypt foci (ACF), lymphoid nodules (LNs), and tumors. We also find that PS is functioning more effectively than RS to reduce nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation by inhibiting the phosphorylation of protein kinase C-β2 (PKC-β2) and decreasing downstream target gene expression, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and aldose reductase (AR) in mouse colon stimulated by AOM. Moreover, administration of RS and PS for 6 weeks significantly enhanced expression of antioxidant enzymes, such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and glutathione reductase (GR), via activation of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling. When the above findings are taken together, they suggest that both stilbenes block cellular inflammation and oxidative stress through induction of HO-1 and GR, thereby preventing AOM-induced colon carcinogenesis. In comparison, PS was a more potent chemopreventive agent than RS for the prevention of colon cancer. This is also the first study to demonstrate that PS is a Nrf2 inducer and AR inhibitor in the AOM-treated colon carcinogenesis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Siou Chiou
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
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Morsy MD, Mostafa OA, Hassan WN. A potential protective effect of alpha-tocopherol on vascular complication in spinal cord reperfusion injury in rats. J Biomed Sci 2010; 17:55. [PMID: 20609232 PMCID: PMC2909177 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-17-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paraplegia remains a potential complication of spinal cord ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI) in which oxidative stress induced cyclooxygenase activities may contribute to ischemic neuronal damage. Prolonged administration of vitamin E (α-TOL), as a potent biological antioxidant, may have a protective role in this oxidative inflammatory ischemic cascade to reduce the incidence of paraplegia. The present study was designed to evaluate the preventive value of α-TOL in IRI of spinal cord. Methods For this study, 50 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used and divided into five experimental groups (n = 10): Control group (C); α-TOL control group (CE) which received intramuscular (i.m.) α-TOL injections (600 mg/kg); Sham operated group (S), IRI rats were subjected to laparotomy and clamping of the aorta just above the bifurcation for 45 min, then the clamp was released for 48 hrs for reperfusion; and IRIE rats group, received 600 mg/kg of α-TOL i.m. twice weekly for 6 weeks, followed by induction of IRI similar to the IRI group. At the end of the experimental protocol; motor, sensory and placing/stepping reflex evaluation was done. Plasma nitrite/nitrate (NOx) was measured. Then animals' spinal cord lumbar segments were harvested and homogenized for measurement of the levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), malondialdehyde (MDA) and advanced oxidation products (AOPP), while superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity were evaluated. Results Induction of IRI in rats resulted in significant increases in plasma levels of nitrite/nitrate (p < 0.001) and spinal cord homogenate levels of PGE2, MDA, advanced oxidation protein products AOPP and SOD with significant reduction (p < 0.001) in CAT homogenate levels. Significant impairment of motor, sensory functions and placing/stepping reflex was observed with IRI induction in the spinal cord (p < 0.001). α-TOL administration in IRIE group significantly improved all the previously measured parameters compared with IRI group. Conclusions α-TOL administration significantly prevents the damage caused by spinal cord IRI in rats with subsequent recovery of both motor and sensory functions. Alpha-tocopherol improves the oxidative stress level with subsequent reduction of the incidence of neurological deficits due to spinal cord IRI conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed D Morsy
- Physiology Department, College of Medicine, Menoufiya University, Egypt.
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Shiraishi R, Fujise T, Kuroki T, Kakimoto T, Miao L, Sakata Y, Tsunada S, Noda T, Iwakiri R, Fujimoto K. Long-term ingestion of reduced glutathione suppressed an accelerating effect of beef tallow diet on colon carcinogenesis in rats. J Gastroenterol 2009; 44:1026-35. [PMID: 19568688 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-009-0101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have shown previously that long-term feeding of beef tallow increases colorectal cancer in rats. This study investigated the effects of enzymic antioxidant, reduced glutathione (GSH), on colon carcinogenesis in rats fed with beef tallow. METHODS Colon carcinogenesis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of azoxymethane (AOM) to rats. Rats were fed with 10% beef tallow supplemented with or without 1% GSH in drinking water. Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and expression of beta-catenin in colonic mucosa were examined at 12 weeks. Cancers, related substances of oxidative stress and arachidonic acid cascade in plasma and normal colonic mucosa were determined at 44 weeks. RESULTS GSH attenuated the number of ACF increased by beef tallow, but GSH had no influence on expression of beta-catenin increased by AOM. Incidence of colon cancer was no different with or without GSH, but GSH attenuated the number of colon cancers in each rat. GSH suppressed plasma malondialdehyde concentration. GSH increased GSH concentration and activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in colonic mucosa, and decreased cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane B2 levels. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that GSH suppressed the number of ACF, but the attenuation of colon carcinogenesis was limited to the number of colon cancers, although anti-oxidative effects and suppressive effects of arachidonic acid cascade were demonstrated by several indexes. These results suggested that colon carcinogenesis enhanced by beef tallow was partly caused by oxidative stress and arachidonic acid cascade, which were reduced by GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Shiraishi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Saga Medical School, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
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de Paz MV, Zamora F, Begines B, Ferris C, Galbis JA. Glutathione-Mediated Biodegradable Polyurethanes Derived from l-Arabinitol. Biomacromolecules 2009; 11:269-76. [DOI: 10.1021/bm9011216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Violante de Paz
- Dpto. Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisca Zamora
- Dpto. Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Belén Begines
- Dpto. Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cristina Ferris
- Dpto. Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan A. Galbis
- Dpto. Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
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Padmini E, Rani MU. Evaluation of oxidative stress biomarkers in hepatocytes of grey mullet inhabiting natural and polluted estuaries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:4533-4541. [PMID: 19428049 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of environmental contaminants on oxidative stress biomarkers in hepatocytes of Indian estuarine water grey mullet, Mugil cephalus collected from unpolluted Kovalam and polluted Ennore estuaries. Initially, a comparison was made between the general water chemistry and environmental pollutants like heavy metals to identify the ecotype of the estuaries. Biomarker responses and bioaccumulation of metals were determined along with histological studies of fish hepatocytes to assess contamination impact. Water chemistry data with higher temperature, salinity, pH, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and low dissolved oxygen and environmental pollutants with higher metal concentration (p<0.05) were observed at Ennore than Kovalam indicating its polluted environment. A significant increase (p<0.05) in lipid and protein oxidation markers, decrease (p<0.05) in thiol status and antioxidant enzyme activities were observed in the Ennore fish hepatocytes compared to Kovalam counterpart. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals was significantly higher (p<0.05) in fish from Ennore. Hepatocytes from Ennore also featured extensive lipid-type vacuolation, increased size and membrane disruption. All the findings highlighted the value of oxidative stress biomarkers and membrane disruption as the sensitive parameters of environmental pollutant contamination and their importance in biomonitoring of aquatic ecosystems. This is also the first such attempt reported at the cellular level from South India stressing the importance of biomarkers in biomonitoring programmes using fish hepatocytes as the model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekambaram Padmini
- Department of Biochemistry, Bharathi Women's College, Chennai-108, Tamilnadu, India.
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Choi C, Zhao C, Dimitrov I, Douglas D, Coupland NJ, Kalra S, Hawesa H, Davis J. Measurement of glutathione in human brain at 3T using an improved double quantum filter in vivo. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2009; 198:160-166. [PMID: 19261496 PMCID: PMC2921904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A single voxel proton NMR double quantum filter (DQF) for measurement of glutathione (GSH) in human brain at 3T is reported. Yield enhancement for the CH(2) resonances of the cysteine moiety at 2.95ppm has been achieved by means of dual encoding. After the preparation of double quantum and zero quantum coherences (DQC and ZQC) at equal magnitude, the first DQC encoding was followed by interchange of DQC and ZQC, and another DQC encoding. The multi-quantum coherences were fully utilized to generate a GSH target signal at approximately 2.95ppm. The optimal echo time and the editing efficiency were obtained with numerical analysis of the filtering performance and phantom measurements. The dual-DQC encoding method provided GSH yield greater by a factor of 2.1 than single-DQC encoding for identical slice-selective RF pulses in phantom tests. Using the phantom relaxation times and the ratio of edited GSH to N-acetylaspartate (NAA) 2.0-ppm peak areas, the concentration of GSH in the medial parietal cortex of the healthy human brain in vivo was estimated to be 1.0+/-0.3mM (mean+/-SD, n=7), with reference to NAA at 10mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changho Choi
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Struzyńska L. A glutamatergic component of lead toxicity in adult brain: the role of astrocytic glutamate transporters. Neurochem Int 2009; 55:151-6. [PMID: 19428820 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Astroglial cells have a variety of roles in the central nervous system (CNS), providing a homeostasis for the proper functioning of neuronal cells. The classical view concerning the supportive role of astroglia towards associated neurons has to be extended. A great number of new evidences suggest that astrocytes interact closely with neurons being involved in the active control of neuronal activity and metabolism, forming with pre- and postsynaptic nerve terminals a tripartite synapse. Astrocytes control many aspects of brain function. Regulation of extracellular glutamate concentration, potentially neurotoxic neurotransmitter, is fundamental. Glial glutamate transporters system is of importance in protection against glutamate excitotoxicity and antioxidant defence system which is glutathione. When astrocytes fail to function properly, they influence the degree of neuronal damage. Thus, astrocytes are involved to a very great extent into numerous brain pathologies, including toxicity of heavy metals, like lead (Pb). Under pathological conditions they appear to express two opposite features: they are neuroprotective (until they can) or deleterious for neurons and may participate in neuronal damage. The very well known affinity of Pb to astroglia and the changes in glutamatergic transmission upon Pb toxicity, led us to discuss the role of astroglia and astrocytic glutamate transporters in the neurotoxicity of this metal. Our observations are viewed against a background of other results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Struzyńska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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Pax2 in the optic nerve of the goldfish, a model of continuous growth. Brain Res 2009; 1255:75-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Waseem A, Yaqoob M, Nabi A. Flow-injection determination of cysteine in pharmaceuticals based on luminol-persulphate chemiluminescence detection. LUMINESCENCE 2008; 23:144-9. [PMID: 18452132 DOI: 10.1002/bio.1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A flow injection (FI) method is reported for the determination of l-cysteine, based on its enhancement on chemiluminescence (CL) emission of luminol oxidized by sodium persulphate in alkaline solution. The calibration graph was linear over the range 1.0 x 10(-9)-5.0 x 10(-7) mol/L (r(2) = 0.9992), with relative standard deviations (RSDs) in the range 1.1-2.3% (n = 4). The limit of detection (3 sigma blank) was 5.0 x 10(-10) mol/L with a sample throughput of 120/h. The method was applied to pharmaceuticals and the results obtained were in reasonable agreement with the amount labelled. The proposed method was also applied to cysteine in synthetic amino acid mixtures. Calibration graphs of N-acetylcysteine and glutathione over the range 1.0-50 x 10(-8) and 0.5-7.5 x 10(-7) mol/L were also established (r(2) = 0.998 and 0.9986) with RSDs in the range 1.0-2.0% (n = 4), and the limits of detection (3 sigma blank) were 5.0 x 10(-9) and 1.0 x 10(-8) mol/L, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Waseem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan.
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De Keyser J, Mostert JP, Koch MW. Dysfunctional astrocytes as key players in the pathogenesis of central nervous system disorders. J Neurol Sci 2008; 267:3-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2007] [Revised: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Weisskopf MG, Hu H, Sparrow D, Lenkinski RE, Wright RO. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic evidence of glial effects of cumulative lead exposure in the adult human hippocampus. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:519-23. [PMID: 17450218 PMCID: PMC1852692 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to lead is known to have adverse effects on cognition in several different populations. Little is known about the underlying structural and functional correlates of such exposure in humans. OBJECTIVES We assessed the association between cumulative exposure to lead and levels of different brain metabolite ratios in vivo using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). METHODS We performed MRS on 15 men selected from the lowest quintile of patella bone lead within the Department of Veterans Affairs' Normative Aging Study (NAS) and 16 from the highest to assess in the hippocampal levels of the metabolites N-acetylaspartate, myoinositol, and choline, each expressed as a ratio with creatine. Bone lead concentrations-indicators of cumulative lead exposure-were previously measured using K-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. MRS was performed on the men from 2002 to 2004. RESULTS A 20-microg/g bone and 15-microg/g bone higher patella and tibia bone lead concentration--the respective interquartile ranges within the whole NAS--were associated with a 0.04 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.00-0.08; p = 0.04] and 0.04 (95% CI, 0.00-0.08; p = 0.07) higher myoinositol-to-creatine ratio in the hippocampus. After accounting for patella bone lead declines over time, analyses adjusted for age showed that the effect of a 20-microg/g bone higher patella bone lead level doubled (0.09; 95% CI, 0.01-0.17; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Cumulative lead exposure is associated with an increase in the myinositol-to-creatine ratio. These data suggest that, as assessed with MRS, glial effects may be more sensitive than neuronal effects as an indicator of cumulative exposure to lead in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc G Weisskopf
- Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Health Program, Harvard School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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