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Carrão Dantas EK, Ferreira CLS, da Cunha Goldstein A, da Silva Fernandes A, Anastacio Ferraz ER, Felzenszwalb I, Araújo-Lima CF. Marketable 1,3-dimethylamylamine and caffeine-based thermogenic supplements: Regulatory genotoxicity assessment through in vitro and in silico approaches. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2024; 87:245-265. [PMID: 38115604 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2294925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of dietary supplements to enhance physical performance has increased significantly in the last century, especially thermogenic pre-workout supplements. Nevertheless, this industry has faced criticism for inadequate safety measures surveillance in regulatory issues regarding their products. The aims of our study were to investigate two pre-workout supplements with respect to (1) mutagenicity utilizing Salmonella/microsome assay; (2) genotoxicity employing cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay protocols; and (3) hepatocytoxicity using WST cell proliferation, activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase using human liver carcinoma (HepG2) and mouse fibroblast (F C3H) cells. Oxidative stress was determined through glutathione (GSH) measurement and in silico for predictions of pharmacokinetics and toxicity for the most abundant isolated substances present in these supplements. Both supplements induced mutagenicity in all examined bacterial strains, especially in the presence of exogenous metabolism. Further, tested supplements significantly elevated the formation of micronuclei (MN) as well as other cellular phenomena. Concentration- and time-dependent curves were observed for hepatotoxicity in both studied cell lines. In addition, both supplements decreased levels of intracellular and extracellular GSH. In silico predictions showed that the isolated individual compounds failed to induce the observed outcomes. Our findings provide contributions to the molecular mechanisms underlying two pre-workout supplement-induced toxicity and the need for surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Kennedy Carrão Dantas
- Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenicity, Department of Biophysics and Biometry, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caroline Lopes Simões Ferreira
- Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenicity, Department of Biophysics and Biometry, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alana da Cunha Goldstein
- Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenicity, Department of Biophysics and Biometry, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andreia da Silva Fernandes
- Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenicity, Department of Biophysics and Biometry, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Israel Felzenszwalb
- Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenicity, Department of Biophysics and Biometry, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Fernando Araújo-Lima
- Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenicity, Department of Biophysics and Biometry, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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2
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Costa VM, Capela JP, Bastos ML, Remião F, Varner KJ, Duarte JA, Carvalho F. Study of the potential toxicity of adrenaline to neurons, using the SH-SY5Y human cellular model. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2023; 59. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902023e20467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - João Paulo Capela
- University of Porto, Portugal; Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Portugal
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3
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Carrão Dantas EK, Araújo-Lima CF, Ferreira CLS, Goldstein ADC, Aiub CAF, Coelho MGP, Felzenszwalb I. Toxicogenetic assessment of a pre-workout supplement: In vitro mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and glutathione determination in liver cell lines and in silico ADMET approaches. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 879-880:503517. [PMID: 35914863 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of practicing physical activity, such as weight loss and control, are commonly associated with caloric restriction diets and may be improved by the ingestion of thermogenic and ergogenic supplements. However, there is a lack of safety data on commonly marketed nutritional supplements. Therefore, this investigation aims to evaluate a pre-workout supplement for mutagenicity using the Ames test, hepatocytoxicity in HepG2 and F C3H cells after 24 h, 48 h and 72 h, genotoxicity using the CBMN assay, determination of gluthatione activity and computational prediction of the three major isolated compounds present in the supplement. The mutagenicity test showed a mutagenic response in TA98 His+ revertants of 5 mg/plate in the presence of metabolic activation, cytotoxicity in TA98 of 5 mg/plate in the absence of metabolic conditions, and in TA102 of 0.5 mg/plate both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. In our in vitro eukaryotic cell viability, WST-1, LDH and alkaline phosphatase assays, the supplement showed hepatocytotoxicity both dose-dependently and time-dependently. In the cytokinesis blocking micronuclei assay, the supplement induced micronuclei, nuclear buds, nucleoplasmatic, bridge formation, and a decreased in nuclear division. In addition, the supplement decreased intra and extracellular GSH. Computational analysis showed that the three isolated compounds most present in the supplement have the potential to cause hepatotoxicity. In the present investigation, the pre-workout supplement induced mutagenic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic responses and GSH decrease. Thus, considering food safety and public health sanitary vigilance, the consumption of this pre-workout supplement may harm the health of its consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Kennedy Carrão Dantas
- Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenicity, Department of Biophysics and Biometry, Rio de Janeiro State University, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State, UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Fernando Araújo-Lima
- Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenicity, Department of Biophysics and Biometry, Rio de Janeiro State University, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State, UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Lopes Simões Ferreira
- Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenicity, Department of Biophysics and Biometry, Rio de Janeiro State University, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State, UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Alana da Cunha Goldstein
- Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenicity, Department of Biophysics and Biometry, Rio de Janeiro State University, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State, UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Cláudia Alessandra Fortes Aiub
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State, UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Israel Felzenszwalb
- Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenicity, Department of Biophysics and Biometry, Rio de Janeiro State University, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Kur’yanova EV, Tryasuchev AV, Stupin VO. Indices of Blood Free Radical Balance during Stimulation of Central Neuromediator Systems. NEUROCHEM J+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712422020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Andreadou I, Daiber A, Baxter GF, Brizzi MF, Di Lisa F, Kaludercic N, Lazou A, Varga ZV, Zuurbier CJ, Schulz R, Ferdinandy P. Influence of cardiometabolic comorbidities on myocardial function, infarction, and cardioprotection: Role of cardiac redox signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 166:33-52. [PMID: 33588049 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain high. Metabolic diseases such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus (DM), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) as well as hypertension are the most common comorbidities in patients with CVD. These comorbidities result in increased myocardial oxidative stress, mainly from increased activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases, uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase, mitochondria as well as downregulation of antioxidant defense systems. Oxidative and nitrosative stress play an important role in ischemia/reperfusion injury and may account for increased susceptibility of the myocardium to infarction and myocardial dysfunction in the presence of the comorbidities. Thus, while early reperfusion represents the most favorable therapeutic strategy to prevent ischemia/reperfusion injury, redox therapeutic strategies may provide additive benefits, especially in patients with heart failure. While oxidative and nitrosative stress are harmful, controlled release of reactive oxygen species is however important for cardioprotective signaling. In this review we summarize the current data on the effect of hypertension and major cardiometabolic comorbidities such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, DM, NAFLD/NASH on cardiac redox homeostasis as well as on ischemia/reperfusion injury and cardioprotection. We also review and discuss the therapeutic interventions that may restore the redox imbalance in the diseased myocardium in the presence of these comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Andreadou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Department of Cardiology 1, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany; Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Langenbeckstr, Germany.
| | - Gary F Baxter
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fabio Di Lisa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy; Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Padova, Italy
| | - Nina Kaludercic
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Padova, Italy
| | - Antigone Lazou
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Zoltán V Varga
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; HCEMM-SU Cardiometabolic Immunology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Coert J Zuurbier
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care Anesthesiology, Department Anesthesiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
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Ribeiro DL, Machado ART, Machado C, Ferro Aissa A, Dos Santos PW, Barcelos GRM, Antunes LMG. p-synephrine induces transcriptional changes via the cAMP/PKA pathway but not cytotoxicity or mutagenicity in human gastrointestinal cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:196-212. [PMID: 33292089 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1855490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
p-Synephrine (SN) is an alkaloid added to thermogenic formulations for weight loss that is predominantly absorbed in the human gastrointestinal tract (GI). As the adverse effects of SN on GI cells remain unclear, the aim of present study was to examine whether SN affected cell viability, cell cycle kinetics, genomic stability, redox status, and expression of cAMP/PKA pathway genes related to metabolism/energy homeostasis in stomach mucosa (MNP01) and colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) human cells. p-Synephrine at 25-5000 μM was not cytotoxic to both cell lines. At 2-200 μM, SN increased the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also enhanced levels of antioxidant defense molecules glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) activity, which may account for the absence of cytotoxicity/mutagenicity in both cell lines. SN induced expression of the cAMP/PKA pathway genes ADCY3 and MAPK1 in MNP01 cells and MAPK1, GNAS, PRKACA, and PRKAR2A in Caco-2 cells, as well as modulated the transcription of genes related to cell proliferation (JUN; AKT1) and inflammation (RELA; TNF) in both cell lines. Therefore, the improved antioxidant state mitigated pro-oxidative effects attributed to SN. Evidence indicates that SN does not appear to exhibit adverse potential but modulated the cAMP/PKA pathway in human GI cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Luis Ribeiro
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo ,Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Rita Thomazela Machado
- Department Of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology, And Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , : Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Carla Machado
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo ,Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Ferro Aissa
- Department Of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology, And Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , : Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Patrick Wellington Dos Santos
- Department Of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology, And Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , : Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Lusânia Maria Greggi Antunes
- Department Of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology, And Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , : Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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7
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Costa VM, Capela JP, Sousa JR, Eleutério RP, Rodrigues PRS, Dores-Sousa JL, Carvalho RA, Lourdes Bastos M, Duarte JA, Remião F, Almeida MG, Varner KJ, Carvalho F. Mitoxantrone impairs proteasome activity and prompts early energetic and proteomic changes in HL-1 cardiomyocytes at clinically relevant concentrations. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:4067-4084. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02874-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Rodrigues DF, Pires das Neves R, Carvalho ATP, Lourdes Bastos M, Costa VM, Carvalho F. In vitro mechanistic studies on α-amanitin and its putative antidotes. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2061-2078. [PMID: 32193566 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02718-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
α-Amanitin plays a key role in Amanita phalloides intoxications. The liver is a major target of α-amanitin toxicity, and while RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II) transcription inhibition is a well-acknowledged mechanism of α-amanitin toxicity, other possible toxicological pathways remain to be elucidated. This study aimed to assess the mechanisms of α-amanitin hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cells. The putative protective effects of postulated antidotes were also tested in this cell model and in permeabilized HeLa cells. α-Amanitin (0.1-20 µM) displayed time- and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity, when evaluated through the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction and neutral red uptake assays. Additionally, α-amanitin decreased nascent RNA synthesis in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. While α-amanitin did not induce changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, it caused a significant increase in intracellular ATP levels, which was not prevented by incubation with oligomycin, an ATP synthetase inhibitor. Concerning the cell redox status, α-amanitin did not increase reactive species production, but caused a significant increase in total and reduced glutathione, which was abolished by pre-incubation with the inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthase, buthionine sulfoximine. None of the tested antidotes [N-acetyl cysteine, silibinin, benzylpenicillin, and polymyxin B (PolB)] conferred any protection against α-amanitin-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells or reversed the inhibition of nascent RNA caused by the toxin in permeabilized HeLa cells. Still, PolB interfered with RNA Pol II activity at high concentrations, though not impacting on α-amanitin observed cytotoxicity. New hepatotoxic mechanisms of α-amanitin were described herein, but the lack of protection observed in clinically used antidotes may reflect the lack of knowledge on their true protection mechanisms and may explain their relatively low clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ferreira Rodrigues
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Pires das Neves
- UC-Biotech, CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3060-197, Cantanhede, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alexandra T P Carvalho
- UC-Biotech, CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3060-197, Cantanhede, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera M Costa
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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9
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Ribeiro DL, Machado ART, da Silva Machado C, Santos PWDS, Aissa AF, Barcelos GRM, Antunes LMG. Analysis of the cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, and pro-oxidant effect of synephrine, a component of thermogenic supplements, in human hepatic cells in vitro. Toxicology 2019; 422:25-34. [PMID: 31004705 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thermogenic supplements containing synephrine (SN) are widely used to weight loss. SN is a proto-alkaloid naturally found in the bark of immature fruits of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) that has been added to thermogenic supplements due to its chemical and pharmacological similarity with adrenergic amines, such as ephedrine and amphetamines. Although orally ingested SN is mainly metabolized in the liver, it remains unclear whether it affects the redox status and genetic material of human hepatic cells. The present study aims to examine whether SN affects cell viability, cell cycle, redox balance, genomic stability, and expression of the DNA damage response (DDR)-related genes ATM, ATR, CHEK1, CHECK2, TP53, and SIRT1 in HepG2 cells - used as in vitro hepatocyte model. SN induced overproduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) after 6 h of treatment with the three concentrations tested (2, 20 and 200 μM). After 24 h of treatment, SN at 200 μM induced intracellular ROS overproduction and exerted cytostatic effects, while SN at 20 and 200 μM increased the levels of GPx and GSH. SN was not cytotoxic (2-5000 μM), genotoxic, and mutagenic and did not alter the expression of DDR-related genes (2-200 μM), indicating that the fast/specific SN metabolization and upregulation of antioxidant defense components to detoxify intracellular ROS were sufficient to prevent intracellular damage in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, SN showed no cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic potential at relevant concentrations for thermogenic users in human hepatic cells in vitro, although, it plays pro-oxidative action, and cytostatic effects. Taken together, our results suggest that other investigations about the hazard absence of this thermogenic compound should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Luís Ribeiro
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Rita Thomazela Machado
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n°, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla da Silva Machado
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrick Wellington da Silva Santos
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n°, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Ferro Aissa
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n°, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Rafael Mazzaron Barcelos
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, 11015-020, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lusânia Maria Greggi Antunes
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n°, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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10
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Song Y, Zhong C, Wang X. Heat shock protein 70: A promising therapeutic target for myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:1190-1207. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Jun Song
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Sino‐Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Laboratory of Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou China
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology Southern Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Chong‐Bin Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Sino‐Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Laboratory of Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Xian‐Bao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Sino‐Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Laboratory of Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou China
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11
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Mladěnka P, Applová L, Patočka J, Costa VM, Remiao F, Pourová J, Mladěnka A, Karlíčková J, Jahodář L, Vopršalová M, Varner KJ, Štěrba M. Comprehensive review of cardiovascular toxicity of drugs and related agents. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1332-1403. [PMID: 29315692 PMCID: PMC6033155 DOI: 10.1002/med.21476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in most developed countries of the world. Pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, and toxins can significantly contribute to the overall cardiovascular burden and thus deserve attention. The present article is a systematic overview of drugs that may induce distinct cardiovascular toxicity. The compounds are classified into agents that have significant effects on the heart, blood vessels, or both. The mechanism(s) of toxic action are discussed and treatment modalities are briefly mentioned in relevant cases. Due to the large number of clinically relevant compounds discussed, this article could be of interest to a broad audience including pharmacologists and toxicologists, pharmacists, physicians, and medicinal chemists. Particular emphasis is given to clinically relevant topics including the cardiovascular toxicity of illicit sympathomimetic drugs (e.g., cocaine, amphetamines, cathinones), drugs that prolong the QT interval, antidysrhythmic drugs, digoxin and other cardioactive steroids, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, female hormones, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, and anticancer compounds encompassing anthracyclines and novel targeted therapy interfering with the HER2 or the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec KrálovéCharles UniversityHradec KrálovéCzech Republic
| | - Lenka Applová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec KrálovéCharles UniversityHradec KrálovéCzech Republic
| | - Jiří Patočka
- Department of Radiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health and Social StudiesUniversity of South BohemiaČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
- Biomedical Research CentreUniversity HospitalHradec KraloveCzech Republic
| | - Vera Marisa Costa
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Fernando Remiao
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Jana Pourová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec KrálovéCharles UniversityHradec KrálovéCzech Republic
| | - Aleš Mladěnka
- Oncogynaecologic Center, Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsUniversity HospitalOstravaCzech Republic
| | - Jana Karlíčková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec KrálovéCharles UniversityHradec KrálovéCzech Republic
| | - Luděk Jahodář
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec KrálovéCharles UniversityHradec KrálovéCzech Republic
| | - Marie Vopršalová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec KrálovéCharles UniversityHradec KrálovéCzech Republic
| | - Kurt J. Varner
- Department of PharmacologyLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew OrleansLAUSA
| | - Martin Štěrba
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec KrálovéCharles UniversityHradec KrálovéCzech Republic
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12
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Methylphenidate clinically oral doses improved brain and heart glutathione redox status and evoked renal and cardiac tissue injury in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 100:551-563. [PMID: 29482048 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) is a first-line stimulant drug to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Overdiagnosis of ADHD and MPH abuse lead to serious concerns about the possible long-term adverse consequences of MPH in healthy children and adolescents. We aimed to evaluate MPH effects in adolescent male Wistar rats (postnatal day 40) using an oral dose scheme (2 daily MPH doses 5 mg/kg in a 5% sucrose solution, 5 h apart, for 7 days) that mimics the therapeutic doses given to human adolescents. Twenty-four hours after the last MPH administration, rats were sacrificed and brain areas [cerebellum, prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, and striatum], peripheral organs (liver, heart, and kidneys), and blood were collected for biochemical and histological analysis. MPH treatment did not alter rats' body temperature or weight, neither food or water intake throughout the experiment. The ratio of reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) significantly increased in the PFC and hippocampus of MPH-treated rats, meanwhile protein carbonylation remained unchanged in the brain. In the heart, the GSH/GSSG ratio and GSH levels were significantly increased, with decreased GSSG, while histology revealed significant damage, namely interstitial edema, vascular congestion, and presence of a fibrin-like material in the interstitial space. In the kidneys, MPH treatment resulted in extensive necrotic areas with cellular disorganization and cell infiltration, and immunohistochemistry analysis revealed a marked activation of nuclear factor-ĸB. This study showed that clinically relevant oral MPH doses improve the GSH redox status in the brain and heart, but evoke heart and kidney tissue damage to adolescent rats.
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13
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Reis-Mendes A, Gomes AS, Carvalho RA, Carvalho F, Remião F, Pinto M, Bastos ML, Sousa E, Costa VM. Naphthoquinoxaline metabolite of mitoxantrone is less cardiotoxic than the parent compound and it can be a more cardiosafe drug in anticancer therapy. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1871-1890. [PMID: 27629428 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1839-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitoxantrone (MTX) is an antineoplastic agent used to treat several types of cancers and on multiple sclerosis, which shows a high incidence of cardiotoxicity. Still, the underlying mechanisms of MTX cardiotoxicity are poorly understood and the potential toxicity of its metabolites scarcely investigated. Therefore, this work aimed to synthesize the MTX-naphthoquinoxaline metabolite (NAPHT) and to compare its cytotoxicity to the parent compound in 7-day differentiated H9c2 cells using pharmacological relevant concentrations (0.01-5 µM). MTX was more toxic in equivalent concentrations in all cytotoxicity tests performed [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide reduction, neutral red uptake, and lactate dehydrogenase release assays] and times tested (24 and 48 h). Both MTX and NAPHT significantly decreased mitochondrial membrane potential in 7-day differentiated H9c2 cells after a 12-h incubation. However, energetic pathways were affected in a different manner after MTX or NAPHT incubation. ATP increased and lactate levels decreased after a 24-h incubation with MTX, whereas for the same incubation time and concentrations, NAPHT did not cause any significant effect. The increased activity of ATP synthase seems responsible for MTX-induced increases in ATP levels, as oligomycin (an inhibitor of ATP synthase) abrogated this effect on 5 µM MTX-incubated cells. 3-Methyladenine (an autophagy inhibitor) was the only molecule to give a partial protection against the cytotoxicity produced by MTX or NAPHT. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first broad study on NAPHT cardiotoxicity, and it revealed that the parent drug, MTX, caused a higher disruption in the energetic pathways in a cardiac model in vitro, whereas autophagy is involved in the toxicity of both compounds. In conclusion, NAPHT is claimed to largely contribute to MTX-anticancer properties; therefore, this metabolite should be regarded as a good option for a safer anticancer therapy since it is less cardiotoxic than MTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Reis-Mendes
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - A S Gomes
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,Lab. Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Dep. Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, U. Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - R A Carvalho
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - F Carvalho
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - F Remião
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Pinto
- Lab. Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Dep. Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, U. Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Porto, Portugal
| | - M L Bastos
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - E Sousa
- Lab. Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Dep. Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, U. Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Porto, Portugal
| | - V M Costa
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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14
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Filipský T, Říha M, Hašková P, Pilařová V, Nováková L, Semecký V, Vávrová J, Holečková M, Palicka V, Šimůnek T, Hrdina R, Mladěnka P. Intravenous rutin in rat exacerbates isoprenaline-induced cardiotoxicity likely due to intracellular oxidative stress. Redox Rep 2016; 22:78-90. [PMID: 27077454 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2016.1159817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rutin, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, a natural flavonol glycoside, has shown various in vitro benefits with potential use treating human diseases, especially cardiovascular system disorders. Antioxidant properties are assumed to underlie the majority of these benefits. Yet rutin pro-oxidant properties have been reported as well. Our research group has recently shown aggravating effects on isoprenaline (ISO)-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar:Han rats after 24 hours. METHODS This study was designed to examine in more detail the reasons for the negative effects of rutin (11.5 and 46 mg/kg, i.v.) after administration of ISO (100 mg/kg, s.c.) in rats within 2 hours of continuous experiment and in the H9c2 cardiomyoblast-derived cell line. RESULTS Like our previous findings, rutin did not (11.5 or 46 mg/kg, i.v.) reduce the ISO-induced mortality within 2 hours although the lower dose significantly reduced cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and partly improved the histological findings. In contrast, the higher dose increased the mortality in comparison with solvent (1.26% w/v sodium bicarbonate). This was not caused by any specific haemodynamic disturbances. It appears to be associated with oxidative stress as rutin enhanced intracellular reactive oxygen species formation in vitro and had the tendency to increase it in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Rutin, likely due to its pro-oxidative effects, can exacerbate catecholamine cardiotoxicity depending on the dose used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Filipský
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové , Charles University in Prague , Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Czech Republic
| | - Michal Říha
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové , Charles University in Prague , Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Hašková
- b Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové , Charles University in Prague , Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Pilařová
- c Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové , Charles University in Prague , Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- c Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové , Charles University in Prague , Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Semecký
- d Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové , Charles University in Prague , Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslava Vávrová
- e Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové , Charles University in Prague , Šimkova 870, 500 38 Czech Republic.,f University Hospital Hradec Králové , Sokolská 581, 500 05 Czech Republic
| | - Magdaléna Holečková
- e Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové , Charles University in Prague , Šimkova 870, 500 38 Czech Republic.,f University Hospital Hradec Králové , Sokolská 581, 500 05 Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Palicka
- e Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové , Charles University in Prague , Šimkova 870, 500 38 Czech Republic.,f University Hospital Hradec Králové , Sokolská 581, 500 05 Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Šimůnek
- b Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové , Charles University in Prague , Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Czech Republic
| | - Radomír Hrdina
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové , Charles University in Prague , Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové , Charles University in Prague , Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Czech Republic
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15
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Therapeutic concentrations of mitoxantrone elicit energetic imbalance in H9c2 cells as an earlier event. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2014; 13:413-25. [PMID: 24046265 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-013-9224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitoxantrone (MTX) is a chemotherapeutic agent that emerged as an alternative to anthracycline therapy. However, MTX also causes late cardiotoxicity, being oxidative stress and mitochondrial-impaired function proposed as possible mechanisms. This work aimed to investigate the relevance of these mechanisms to the MTX toxicity in H9c2 cells, using therapeutic concentrations. The observed cytotoxicity of MTX was time and concentration dependent in both lactate dehydrogenase leakage assay and MTT reduction assay. Two therapeutic concentrations (100 nM and 1 μM) and three time points were selected (24, 48, and 96 h) for further studies. Both MTX concentrations caused a significant increase in caspase-3 activity, which was not prevented by inhibiting MTX CYP450-metabolism. Significant decreases were observed in the total and reduced glutathione levels only in MTX 100 nM at 96 h; however, neither alterations in oxidized glutathione nor increases in the malondialdehyde levels were observed at any time or concentrations tested. On the other hand, changes in the intracellular ATP levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, and intracellular calcium levels were observed in both concentrations and all time tested. Noteworthy, decreased levels of ATP-synthase expression and activity and increases in the reactive species generation were observed at 96 h in both working concentrations. However, the radical scavenger N-acetylcysteine or the mitochondrial function enhancer L-carnitine did not prevent MTX cytotoxicity. Thus, this work evidenced the early MTX-induced energetic crisis as a possible key factor in the cell injury.
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16
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Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a complex chronic clinical syndrome. Energy deficit is considered to be a key contributor to the development of both cardiac and skeletal myopathy. In HF, several components of cardiac and skeletal muscle bioenergetics are altered, such as oxygen availability, substrate oxidation, mitochondrial ATP production, and ATP transfer to the contractile apparatus via the creatine kinase shuttle. This review focuses on alterations in mitochondrial biogenesis and respirasome organization, substrate oxidation coupled with ATP synthesis in the context of their contribution to the chronic energy deficit, and mechanical dysfunction of the cardiac and skeletal muscle in HF. We conclude that HF is associated with decreased mitochondrial biogenesis and function in both heart and skeletal muscle, supporting the concept of a systemic mitochondrial cytopathy. The sites of mitochondrial defects are located within the electron transport and phosphorylation apparatus and differ with the etiology and progression of HF in the two mitochondrial populations (subsarcolemmal and interfibrillar) of cardiac and skeletal muscle. The roles of adrenergic stimulation, the renin-angiotensin system, and cytokines are evaluated as factors responsible for the systemic energy deficit. We propose a cyclic AMP-mediated mechanism by which increased adrenergic stimulation contributes to the mitochondrial dysfunction.
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17
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Yan LJ. Positive oxidative stress in aging and aging-related disease tolerance. Redox Biol 2014; 2:165-9. [PMID: 25460727 PMCID: PMC4297947 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well established that reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and a basal level of oxidative stress are essential for cell survival. It is also well known that while severe oxidative stress often leads to widespread oxidative damage and cell death, a moderate level of oxidative stress, induced by a variety of stressors, can yield great beneficial effects on adaptive cellular responses to pathological challenges in aging and aging-associated disease tolerance such as ischemia tolerance. Here in this review, I term this moderate level of oxidative stress as positive oxidative stress, which usually involves imprinting molecular signatures on lipids and proteins via formation of lipid peroxidation by-products and protein oxidation adducts. As ROS/RNS are short-lived molecules, these molecular signatures can thus execute the ultimate function of ROS/RNS. Representative examples of lipid peroxidation products and protein oxidation adducts are presented to illustrate the role of positive oxidative stress in a variety of pathological settings, demonstrating that positive oxidative stress could be a valuable prophylactic and/or therapeutic approach targeting aging and aging-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Jun Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, and Institute for Aging and Alzheimer's Disease, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States.
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18
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Kandilis AN, Karidis NP, Kouraklis G, Patsouris E, Vasileiou I, Theocharis S. Proteasome inhibitors: possible novel therapeutic strategy for ischemia–reperfusion injury? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 23:67-80. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.840287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos N Kandilis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Medical School, Second Department of Propedeutic Surgery,
Athens, Greece
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Medical School, First Department of Pathology,
Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos P Karidis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Medical School, First Department of Pathology,
Athens, Greece
- Freeman Hospital NHS, Department of HPB and Transplant Surgery,
Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gregory Kouraklis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Medical School, Second Department of Propedeutic Surgery,
Athens, Greece
| | - Efstratios Patsouris
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Medical School, First Department of Pathology,
Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Vasileiou
- Laikon General Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology,
Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, First Department of Pathology,
75, Mikras Asias street, Goudi, Athens, GR11527, Greece ;
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19
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Soares AS, Costa VM, Diniz C, Fresco P. Potentiation of cytotoxicity of paclitaxel in combination with Cl-IB-MECA in human C32 metastatic melanoma cells: A new possible therapeutic strategy for melanoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2013; 67:777-89. [PMID: 24035253 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma monotherapies with drugs such as dacarbazine, cisplatin or paclitaxel (PXT) are associated with significant toxicity and low efficacy rates. These facts reinforce the need for development of novel agents or combinatory strategies. Cl-IB-MECA is a small molecule, orally bioavailable, well tolerated and currently under clinical trials as an anticancer agent. Our aim was to investigate a possible combinatory therapeutic strategy using PXT and Cl-IB-MECA on human C32 melanoma cells and its underlying mechanisms. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT reduction, lactate dehydrogenase leakage and neutral red uptake assays, for different concentrations and combinations of both agents, at 24 and 48 h. Apoptosis was also assessed using fluorescence microscopy and through the evaluation of caspases 8, 9, and 3 activities. We demonstrated, for the first time, that combination of PXT and Cl-IB-MECA significantly increases cytotoxicity for clinically relevant concentrations. This combination seems to act synergistically in disrupting membrane integrity, but also causing lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction. When using the lowest PTX concentration (10 ng/mL), co-incubation with CI-IB-MECA (micromolar concentrations) potentiated overall cytotoxic effects and morphological signs of apoptosis. All combinations studied enhanced caspase 8, 9, and 3 activities, suggesting the involvement of both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. The possibility that cytotoxicity elicited by Cl-IB-MECA, alone or in combination with PXT, involves adenosine receptor activation was discarded and results confirmed that oxidative stress is only involved in cytotoxicity after treatment with PXT, alone. Being melanoma a very apoptosis-resistance cancer, this combination seems to hold promise as a new therapeutic strategy for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Soares
- REQUIMTE/Laboratório de Farmacologia, Departamento de Ciências do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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20
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Costa VM, Carvalho F, Duarte JA, Bastos MDL, Remião F. The Heart As a Target for Xenobiotic Toxicity: The Cardiac Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1285-311. [PMID: 23902227 DOI: 10.1021/tx400130v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Marisa Costa
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia),
Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências
Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia),
Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências
Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia),
Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências
Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia),
Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências
Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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21
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Bangash MN, Kong ML, Pearse RM. Use of inotropes and vasopressor agents in critically ill patients. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:2015-33. [PMID: 21740415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inotropes and vasopressors are biologically and clinically important compounds that originate from different pharmacological groups and act at some of the most fundamental receptor and signal transduction systems in the body. More than 20 such agents are in common clinical use, yet few reviews of their pharmacology exist outside of physiology and pharmacology textbooks. Despite widespread use in critically ill patients, understanding of the clinical effects of these drugs in pathological states is poor. The purpose of this article is to describe the pharmacology and clinical applications of inotropic and vasopressor agents in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoor N Bangash
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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22
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Müller BAL, Dhalla NS. Mechanisms of the beneficial actions of ischemic preconditioning on subcellular remodeling in ischemic-reperfused heart. Curr Cardiol Rev 2011; 6:255-64. [PMID: 22043201 PMCID: PMC3083806 DOI: 10.2174/157340310793566118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac function is compromised by oxidative stress which occurs upon exposing the heart to ischemia reperfusion (I/R) for a prolonged period. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are generated during I/R incur extensive damage to the myocardium and result in subcellular organelle remodeling. The cardiac nucleus, glycocalyx, myofilaments, sarcoplasmic reticulum, sarcolemma, and mitochondria are affected by ROS during I/R injury. On the other hand, brief periods of ischemia followed by reperfusion, or ischemic preconditioning (IPC), have been shown to be cardioprotective against oxidative stress by attenuating the cellular damage and alterations of subcellular organelles caused by subsequent I/R injury. Endogenous defense mechanisms, such as antioxidant enzymes and heat shock proteins, are activated by IPC and thus prevent damage caused by oxidative stress. Although these cardioprotective effects of IPC against I/R injury are considered to be a consequence of changes in the redox state of cardiomyocytes, IPC is considered to promote the production of NO which may protect subcellular organelles from the deleterious actions of oxidative stress. The article is intended to focus on the I/R-induced oxidative damage to subcellular organelles and to highlight the cardioprotective effects of IPC. In addition, the actions of various endogenous cardioprotective interventions are discussed to illustrate that changes in the redox state due to IPC are cardioprotective against I/R injury to the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- By Alison L Müller
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R2H 2A6
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23
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Synephrine: From trace concentrations to massive consumption in weight-loss. Food Chem Toxicol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Hašková P, Kovaříková P, Koubková L, Vávrová A, Macková E, Simůnek T. Iron chelation with salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone protects against catecholamine autoxidation and cardiotoxicity. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:537-49. [PMID: 21147217 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Elevated catecholamine levels are known to induce damage of the cardiac tissue. This catecholamine cardiotoxicity may stem from their ability to undergo oxidative conversion to aminochromes and concomitant production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage cardiomyocytes via the iron-catalyzed Fenton-type reaction. This suggests the possibility of cardioprotection by iron chelation. Our in vitro experiments have demonstrated a spontaneous decrease in the concentration of the catecholamines epinephrine and isoprenaline during their 24-h preincubation in buffered solution as well as their gradual conversion to oxidation products. These changes were significantly augmented by addition of iron ions and reduced by the iron-chelating agent salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH). Oxidized catecholamines were shown to form complexes with iron that had significant redox activity, which could be suppressed by SIH. Experiments using the H9c2 cardiomyoblast cell line revealed higher cytotoxicity of oxidized catecholamines than of the parent compounds, apparently through the induction of caspase-independent cell death, whereas co-incubation of cells with SIH was able to significantly preserve cell viability. A significant increase in intracellular ROS formation was observed after the incubation of cells with catecholamine oxidation products; this could be significantly reduced by SIH. In contrast, parent catecholamines did not increase, but rather decreased, cellular ROS production. Hence, our results demonstrate an important role for redox-active iron in catecholamine autoxidation and subsequent toxicity. The iron chelator SIH has shown considerable potential to protect cardiac cells by both inhibition of deleterious catecholamine oxidation to reactive intermediates and prevention of ROS-mediated cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Hašková
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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25
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Rossato LG, Costa VM, Limberger RP, Bastos MDL, Remião F. Synephrine: From trace concentrations to massive consumption in weight-loss. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Structural isomerization of synephrine influences its uptake and ensuing glutathione depletion in rat-isolated cardiomyocytes. Arch Toxicol 2010; 85:929-39. [PMID: 21140131 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0630-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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27
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Costa VM, Silva R, Tavares LC, Vitorino R, Amado F, Carvalho F, Bastos MDL, Carvalho M, Carvalho RA, Remião F. Adrenaline and reactive oxygen species elicit proteome and energetic metabolism modifications in freshly isolated rat cardiomyocytes. Toxicology 2009; 260:84-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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