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Masood MI, Hauke NT, Nasim MJ, Sarfraz M, Naseem M, Schäfer KH. Neural stem cell-based in vitro bioassay for the assessment of neurotoxic potential of water samples. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 101:72-86. [PMID: 33334539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intensive agriculture activities, industrialization and growing numbers of wastewater treatment plants along river banks collectively contribute to the elevated levels of neurotoxic pollutants in natural water reservoirs across Europe. We established an in vitro bioassay based upon neural stem cells isolated from the subventricular zone of the postnatal mouse to evaluate the neurotoxic potential of raw wastewater, treated sewage effluent, groundwater and drinking water. The toxic potential of water samples was evaluated employing viability, proliferation, differentiation and migration assays. We found that raw wastewater could reduce the viability and proliferation of neural stem cells, and decreased the neuronal and astrocyte differentiation, neuronal neurite growth, astrocyte growth and cell migration. Treated sewage water also showed inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and migration. Our results indicated that relatively high concentrations of nitrogenous substances, pesticides, mercuric compounds, bisphenol-A, and phthalates, along with some other pollutants in raw wastewater and treated sewage water, might be the reason for the neuroinhibitory effects of these water samples. Our model successfully predicted the neurotoxicity of water samples collected from different sources and also revealed that the incomplete removal of contaminants from wastewater can be problematic for the developing nervous system. The presented data also provides strong evidence that more effective treatments should be used to minimize the contamination of water before release into major water bodies which may be considered as water reservoirs for human usage in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan Masood
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; ENS Group, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, 66482 Zweibrücken, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Natalie Tamara Hauke
- Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, 66482 Zweibrücken, Germany; Abwasserverband Bergstrasse, Altau 10, 69469 Weinheim, Germany
| | - Muhammad Jawad Nasim
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Muhammad Sarfraz
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Mahrukh Naseem
- Department of Zoology, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87550, Pakistan
| | - Karl Herbert Schäfer
- ENS Group, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, 66482 Zweibrücken, Germany.
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2
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Wegner SH, Park JJ, Workman T, Hermsen SAB, Wallace J, Stanaway IB, Kim HY, Griffith WC, Hong S, Faustman EM. Anchoring a dynamic in vitro model of human neuronal differentiation to key processes of early brain development in vivo. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 91:116-130. [PMID: 31740287 PMCID: PMC6980388 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We characterize temporal pathway dynamics of differentiation in an in vitro neurotoxicity model with the aim of informing design and interpretation of toxicological assays. Human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) were cultured in differentiation conditions up to 21 days. Genes significantly changed through time were identified and grouped according to temporal dynamics. Quantitative pathway analysis identified gene ontology (GO) terms enriched among significantly changed genes and provided a temporal roadmap of pathway trends in vitro. Gene expression in hNPCs was compared with publicly available gene expression data from developing human brain tissue in vivo. Quantitative pathway analysis of significantly changed genes and targeted analysis of specific pathways of interest identified concordance between in vivo and in vitro expression associated with proliferation, migration, differentiation, synapse formation, and neurotransmission. Our analysis anchors gene expression patterns in vitro to sensitive windows of in vivo development, helping to define appropriate applications of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna H Wegner
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Julie Juyoung Park
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sanne A B Hermsen
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jim Wallace
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ian B Stanaway
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Hee Yeon Kim
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - William C Griffith
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
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Ko EB, Hwang KA, Choi KC. Prenatal toxicity of the environmental pollutants on neuronal and cardiac development derived from embryonic stem cells. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 90:15-23. [PMID: 31425785 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides, antibiotics, and industrial excipients are widely used in agriculture, medicine, and chemical industry, respectively. They often end up in the environment, not only being not easily decomposed but also being accumulated. Moreover, they may cause serious toxic problems such as reproductive and developmental defects, immunological toxicity, and carcinogenesis. Hence, they are called environmental pollutants. It is known that the environmental pollutants easily enter the body through various channels such as respiration, ingestion of food, and skin contact etc. in everyday life. If they enter the mother through the placenta, they can cause the disturbance in embryo development as well as malfunction of organs after birth because early prenatal developmental process is highly sensitive to toxic chemicals and stress. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that consist of inner cell mass of blastocyst differentiate into distinct cell lineages via three germ layers such as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm due to their pluripotency. The differentiation process initiated from ESCs reflects dynamic nature of embryonic development. Therefore, ESCs have been used as a useful tool to investigate early developmental toxicities of a variety of stress. Based on relatively recent scientific results, this review would address toxicity of a few chemical substances that have been widely used as pesticide, antibiotics, and industrial excipient on ESCs based-prenatal developmental process. This review further suggests how they act on the viability of ESCs and/or early stages of cardiac and neuronal development derived from ESCs as well as on expression of pluripotency and/or differentiation markers through diverse mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eul-Bee Ko
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-A Hwang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Chen H, Seifikar H, Larocque N, Kim Y, Khatib I, Fernandez CJ, Abello N, Robinson JF. Using a Multi-Stage hESC Model to Characterize BDE-47 Toxicity during Neurogenesis. Toxicol Sci 2019; 171:221-234. [PMID: 31173147 PMCID: PMC6736394 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While the ramifications associated with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) exposures during human pregnancy have yet to be determined, increasing evidence in humans and animal models suggests that these compounds cause neurodevelopmental toxicity. Human embryonic stem cell models (hESCs) can be used to study the effects of environmental chemicals throughout the successive stages of neuronal development. Here, using a hESC differentiation model, we investigated the effects of common PBDE congeners (BDE-47 or -99) on the successive stages of early neuronal development. First, we determined the points of vulnerability to PBDEs across four stages of in vitro neural development by using assays to assess for cytotoxicity. Differentiated neural progenitors were identified to be more sensitive to PBDEs than their less differentiated counterparts. In follow-up investigations, we observed BDE-47 to inhibit functional processes critical for neurogenesis (e.g., proliferation, expansion) in hESC-derived neural precursor cells (NPCs) at sub-lethal concentrations. Finally, to determine the mechanism(s) underlying PBDE-toxicity, we conducted global transcriptomic and methylomic analyses of BDE-47. We identified 589 genes to be differentially expressed (DE) due to BDE-47 exposure, including molecules involved in oxidative stress mediation, cell cycle, hormone signaling, steroid metabolism, and neurodevelopmental pathways. In parallel analyses, we identified a broad significant increase in CpG methylation. In summary our results suggest, on a cellular level, PBDEs induce human neurodevelopmental toxicity in a concentration-dependent manner and sensitivity to these compounds is dependent on the developmental stage of exposure. Proposed mRNA and methylomic perturbations may underlie toxicity in early embryonic neuronal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Helia Seifikar
- Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Larocque
- Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yvonne Kim
- Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ibrahim Khatib
- Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles J Fernandez
- Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicomedes Abello
- Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joshua F Robinson
- Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
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Fu Y, Dong J, Wang J, You M, Wei L, Fu H, Wang Y, Chen J. Developmental Exposure to Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Induces Cerebellar Granule Cell Apoptosis via the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. Exp Neurobiol 2018; 27:472-488. [PMID: 30636900 PMCID: PMC6318557 DOI: 10.5607/en.2018.27.6.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is an ubiquitous environmental contaminant because of its extensive use in plastics and its persistence. As an environmental endocrine disruptor, it is suspected to interfere with neurodevelopment in people. However, evidence of the effects of maternal DEHP exposure on cerebellar development in offspring is scarce. The objective of this study was to investigate maternal exposure to DEHP and its effect on apoptosis of cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) and related mechanisms. Pregnant Wistar rats were administrated DEHP (0, 30, 300 and 750 mg/kg/d) by gavage from gestational day (GD) 0 to postnatal day (PN) 21. Primary CGCs were also exposed to mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), the main metabolite of DEHP, for 24 h with concentrations of 0, 25, 100 and 250 µM. The CGCs of male offspring from 300 and 750 mg/kg/d DEHP exposure groups showed significantly increased apoptosis. In addition, the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was inhibited in the male offspring of the 300 and 750 mg/kg/d DEHP exposure groups. However, effects on female pups were not obvious. Apoptosis was also elevated and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was inhibited after primary CGCs were exposed to MEHP. Furthermore, apoptosis was reduced after treatment with the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activator, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1, and increased after treatment with LY294002, an inhibitor of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. These results suggested that maternal DEHP exposure induced apoptosis in the CGCs of male pups via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and the apoptosis could be rescued by IGF1 and aggravated by LY294002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Fu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Jianan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Mingdan You
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Lingling Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Hui Fu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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6
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Zhang W, Shen XY, Zhang WW, Chen H, Xu WP, Wei W. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate could disrupt the insulin signaling pathway in liver of SD rats and L02 cells via PPARγ. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 316:17-26. [PMID: 28025108 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), a ubiquitous industrial pollutant in our daily life, has been reported to cause adverse effects on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in epidemiological studies previously. Recently, it has been reported to be an endocrine disrupter and ligand to peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, which could influence the homeostasis of liver metabolic systems and contribute to the development of type-2 diabetes. However, the potential mechanisms are not known yet. This study was designed to solve these problems with male SD rats and normal human hepatocyte line, L02 cells, exposed to DEHP for toxicological experiments. Adult male SD rats were divided into four groups, normal group fed with regular diets and three DEHP-treated groups (dissolved in olive oil at doses of 0.05, 5 and 500mg/kg body weight, respectively, once daily through gastric intubations for 15weeks). L02 cells were divided into 6 groups, normal group with 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100μmol/l DEHP groups. DEHP-exposed rats exhibited significant liver damage, glucose tolerance, and insulin tolerance along with reduced expression of insulin receptor and GLUT4 proteins in the liver tissues. The results of in vitro experiments could determine that the DEHP-induced activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) played a key role in the production of oxidative stress and down-regulated expression of insulin receptor and GLUT4 proteins in L02 cells. This conclusion could be supported by the results of in vitro experiments, in which the cells were exposed to DEHP with GW9662 (PPARγ inhibitor). In general, these results highlight the key role of PPARγ in the process of insulin resistance induced by DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of Education Ministry, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xin-Yue Shen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of Education Ministry, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Wen-Wen Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of Education Ministry, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of Education Ministry, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Wei-Ping Xu
- Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, Anhui, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of Education Ministry, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
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Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP)-Induced Apoptosis and Neurotoxicity are Mediated via the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) but not by Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ERα), Estrogen Receptor Beta (ERβ), or Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ) in Mouse Cortical Neurons. Neurotox Res 2016; 31:77-89. [PMID: 27581038 PMCID: PMC5209414 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9665-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dibutyl phthalate (di-n-butyl phthalate, DBP) is one of the most commonly used phthalate esters. DBP is widely used as a plasticizer in a variety of household industries and consumer products. Because phthalates are not chemically bound to products, they can easily leak out to enter the environment. DBP can pass through the placental and blood–brain barriers due to its chemical structure, but little is known about its mechanism of action in neuronal cells. This study demonstrated the toxic and apoptotic effects of DBP in mouse neocortical neurons in primary cultures. DBP stimulated caspase-3 and LDH activities as well as ROS formation in a concentration (10 nM–100 µM) and time-dependent (3–48 h) manner. DBP induced ROS formation at nanomolar concentrations, while it activated caspase-3 and LDH activities at micromolar concentrations. The biochemical effects of DBP were accompanied by decreased cell viability and induction of apoptotic bodies. Exposure to DBP reduced Erα and Pparγ mRNA expression levels, which were inversely correlated with protein expression of the receptors. Treatment with DBP enhanced Ahr mRNA expression, which was reflected by the increased AhR protein level observed at 3 h after exposure. ERα, ERβ, and PPARγ antagonists stimulated DBP-induced caspase-3 and LDH activities. AhR silencing demonstrated that DBP-induced apoptosis and neurotoxicity are mediated by AhR, which is consistent with the results from DBP-induced enhancement of AhR mRNA and protein expression. Our study showed that AhR is involved in DBP-induced apoptosis and neurotoxicity, while the ERs and PPARγ signaling pathways are impaired by the phthalate.
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Kim HY, Wegner SH, Van Ness KP, Park JJ, Pacheco SE, Workman T, Hong S, Griffith W, Faustman EM. Differential epigenetic effects of chlorpyrifos and arsenic in proliferating and differentiating human neural progenitor cells. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 65:212-223. [PMID: 27523287 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the underlying temporal and mechanistic responses to neurotoxicant exposures during sensitive periods of neuronal development are critical for assessing the impact of these exposures on developmental processes. To investigate the importance of timing of neurotoxicant exposure for perturbation of epigenetic regulation, we exposed human neuronal progenitor cells (hNPCs) to chlorpyrifos (CP) and sodium arsenite (As; positive control) during proliferation and differentiation. CP or As treatment effects on hNPCs morphology, cell viability, and changes in protein expression levels of neural differentiation and cell stress markers, and histone H3 modifications were examined. Cell viability, proliferation/differentiation status, and epigenetic results suggest that hNPCs cultures respond to CP and As treatment with different degrees of sensitivity. Histone modifications, as measured by changes in histone H3 phosphorylation, acetylation and methylation, varied for each toxicant and growth condition, suggesting that differentiation status can influence the epigenetic effects of CP and As exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Yeon Kim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Susanna H Wegner
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kirk P Van Ness
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Julie Juyoung Park
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sara E Pacheco
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - William Griffith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, United States.
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Maternal exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure deregulates blood pressure, adiposity, cholesterol metabolism and social interaction in mouse offspring. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:1211-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1539-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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10
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Impact of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on neural development and the onset of neurological disorders. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 65:1632-9. [PMID: 24553011 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71524-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Even though high doses of organic pollutants are toxic, relatively low concentrations have been reported to cause long-term alterations in functioning of individual organisms, populations and even next generations. Among these pollutants are dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, pesticides, brominated flame retardants, plasticizers (bisphenol A, nonylphenol, and phthalates) as well as personal care products and drugs. In addition to toxic effects, they are able to interfere with hormone receptors, hormone synthesis or hormone conversion. Because these chemicals alter hormone-dependent processes and disrupt functioning of the endocrine glands, they have been classified as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Because certain EDCs are able to alter neural transmission and the formation of neural networks, the term neural-disrupting chemicals has been introduced, thus implicating EDCs in the etiology of neurological disorders. Recently, public concern has been focused on the effects of EDCs on brain function, concomitantly with an increase in neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder as well as learning disabilities and aggressiveness. Several lines of evidence suggest that exposure to EDCs is associated with depression and could result in neural degeneration. EDCs act via several classes of receptors with the best documented mechanisms being reported for nuclear steroid and xenobiotic receptors. Low doses of EDCs have been postulated to cause incomplete methylation of specific gene regions in the young brain and to impair neural development and brain functions across generations. Efforts are needed to develop systematic epidemiological studies and to investigate the mechanisms of action of EDCs in order to fully understand their effects on wildlife and humans.
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11
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Aung KH, Win-Shwe TT, Kanaya M, Takano H, Tsukahara S. Involvement of hemeoxygenase-1 in di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)-induced apoptosis of Neuro-2a cells. J Toxicol Sci 2014; 39:217-29. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.39.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyaw Htet Aung
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University
| | - Tin-Tin Win-Shwe
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies
| | - Moeko Kanaya
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University
| | - Hirohisa Takano
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Shinji Tsukahara
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University
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12
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Adsorption of Monobutyl Phthalate from Aqueous Phase onto Two Macroporous Anion-Exchange Resins. J CHEM-NY 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/689734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As new emerging pollutants, phthalic acid monoesters (PAMs) pose potential ecological and human health risks. In the present study, adsorption performance of monobutyl phthalate (MBP) onto two macroporous base anion-exchange resins (D-201 and D-301) was discussed. It was found that the adsorption isotherms were best fitted by the Langmuir equation while the adsorption kinetics were well described by pseudo-first-order model. Analyses of sorption isotherms and thermodynamics proved that the adsorption mechanisms for DBP onto D-201 were ion exchange. However, the obtained enthalpy values indicate that the sorption process of MBP onto D-301 is physical adsorption. The equilibrium adsorption capacities and adsorption rates of DBP on two different resins increased with the increasing temperature of the solution. D-301 exhibited a higher adsorption capacity of MBP than D-201. These results proved that D-301, as an effective sorbent, can be used to remove phthalic acid monoesters from aqueous solution.
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13
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Rajesh P, Balasubramanian K. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate exposure impairs insulin receptor and glucose transporter 4 gene expression in L6 myotubes. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 33:685-700. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327113506238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Di(2-ethyl hexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) is an endocrine disrupter and is the most abundantly used phthalate derivative, which is suspected to be an inevitable environmental exposure contributing to the increasing incidence of type-2 diabetes in humans. Therefore, the present study was designed to address the dose-dependent effects of DEHP on insulin signaling molecules in L6 myotubes. L6 myotubes were exposed to different concentrations (25, 50, and 100 μM) of DEHP for 24 h. At the end of exposure, cells were utilized for assessing various parameters. Insulin receptor and glucose transporter4 (GLUT4) gene expression, insulin receptor protein concentration, glucose uptake and oxidation, and enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants were significantly reduced, but glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase, nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species levels were elevated in a dose-dependent manner in L6 myotubes exposed to DEHP. The present study in turn shows the direct adverse effect of DEHP on the expression of insulin receptor and GLUT4 gene, glucose uptake, and oxidation in L6 myotubes suggesting that DEHP exposure may have a negative influence on insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rajesh
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr A.L.M. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai, India
| | - K Balasubramanian
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr A.L.M. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai, India
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Chu DP, Tian S, Qi L, Hao CJ, Xia HF, Ma X. Abnormality of maternal-to-embryonic transition contributes to MEHP-induced mouse 2-cell block. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:753-63. [PMID: 22949295 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), an environmental contaminant, is known to cause many serious diseases, especially in reproductive system. However, little is known about the effect of MEHP on preimplantation embryo development. In this study, we found that the development of mouse 2-cell embryo was blocked by 10(-3) M MEHP. A significant increase in the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed in arrested 2-cell embryo following 10(-3) M MEHP treatment for 24 h. However, antioxidants, catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced intracellular ROS and protected MEHP-exposed embryos from death but failed to return the arrested embryos. Further experiments demonstrated that the level of apoptosis was not altered in live arrested 2-cell embryo and increased in dead arrested 2-cell embryo after MEHP treatment, which implied that ROS and apoptosis were not related with 2-cell block. During analysis of the indicators of embryonic genome activation (EGA) initiation (Hsc70, MuERV-L, Hsp70.1, eIF-1A, and Zscan4) and maternal-effect genes (OCT4 and SOX2), we found that MEHP treatment could significantly decline Hsc70, MuERV-L mRNA level and SOX2 protein level, and markedly enhance Hsp70.1, eIF-1A, Zscan4 mRNA level, and OCT4 protein level at 2-cell to 4-cell stage. Supplementation of CAT and SOD did not reverse the expression tendency of EGA related genes. Collectively, this study demonstrates for the first time that MEHP-induced 2-cell block is mediated by the failure of EGA onset and maternal-effect genes, not oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Peng Chu
- Reproductive and Genetic Center of National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
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Martinez–Arguelles D, McIntosh M, Rohlicek C, Culty M, Zirkin B, Papadopoulos V. Maternal in utero exposure to the endocrine disruptor di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate affects the blood pressure of adult male offspring. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 266:95-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wobus AM, Löser P. Present state and future perspectives of using pluripotent stem cells in toxicology research. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:79-117. [PMID: 21225242 PMCID: PMC3026927 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0641-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of novel drugs and chemicals requires reliable data on their potential toxic effects on humans. Current test systems are mainly based on animals or in vitro–cultured animal-derived cells and do not or not sufficiently mirror the situation in humans. Therefore, in vitro models based on human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have become an attractive alternative. The article summarizes the characteristics of pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic carcinoma and embryonic germ cells, and discusses the potential of pluripotent stem cells for safety pharmacology and toxicology. Special attention is directed to the potential application of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for the assessment of developmental toxicology as well as cardio- and hepatotoxicology. With respect to embryotoxicology, recent achievements of the embryonic stem cell test (EST) are described and current limitations as well as prospects of embryotoxicity studies using pluripotent stem cells are discussed. Furthermore, recent efforts to establish hPSC-based cell models for testing cardio- and hepatotoxicity are presented. In this context, methods for differentiation and selection of cardiac and hepatic cells from hPSCs are summarized, requirements and implications with respect to the use of these cells in safety pharmacology and toxicology are presented, and future challenges and perspectives of using hPSCs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Wobus
- In Vitro Differentiation Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
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