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Sahagun DA, Lopuszynski JB, Feldman KS, Pogodzinski N, Zahid M. Toxicity Studies of Cardiac-Targeting Peptide Reveal a Robust Safety Profile. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:73. [PMID: 38258084 PMCID: PMC10818749 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeted delivery of therapeutics specifically to cardiomyocytes would open up new frontiers for common conditions like heart failure. Our prior work using a phage display methodology identified a 12-amino-acid-long peptide that selectively targets cardiomyocytes after an intravenous injection in as little as 5 min and was hence termed a cardiac-targeting peptide (CTP: APHLSSQYSRT). CTP has been used to deliver imaging agents, small drug molecules, photosensitizing nanoparticles, exosomes, and even miRNA to cardiomyocytes. As a natural extension to the development of CTP as a clinically viable cardiac vector, we now present toxicity studies performed with the peptide. In vitro viability studies were performed in a human left ventricular myocyte cell line with 10 µM of Cyanine-5.5-labeled CTP (CTP-Cy5.5). In vitro ion channel profiles were completed for CTP followed by extensive studies in stably transfected cell lines for several GPCR-coupled receptors. Positive data for GPCR-coupled receptors were interrogated further with RT-qPCRs performed on mouse heart tissue. In vivo studies consisted of pre- and post-blood pressure monitoring acutely after a single CTP (10 mg/Kg) injection. Further in vivo toxicity studies consisted of injecting CTP (150 µg/Kg) in 60, 6-week-old, wild-type CD1, male/female mice (1:1), with cohorts of mice euthanized on days 0, 1, 2, 7, and 14 with inhalational CO2, followed by blood collection via cardiac puncture, complete blood count analysis, metabolic profiling, and finally, liver, renal, and thyroid studies. Lastly, mouse cardiac MRI was performed immediately before and after CTP (150 µg/Kg) injection to assess changes in cardiac size or function. Human left ventricular cardiomyocytes showed no decrease in viability after a 30 min incubation with CTP-Cy5.5. No significant activation or inhibition of any of seventy-eight protein channels was observed other than OPRM1 and COX2 at the highest tested concentration, neither of which were expressed in mouse heart tissue as assessed using RT-qPCR. CTP (10 mg/Kg) injections led to no change in blood pressure. Blood counts and chemistries showed no evidence of significant hematological, hepatic, or renal toxicities. Lastly, there was no difference in cardiac function, size, or mass acutely in response to CTP injections. Our studies with CTP showed no activation or inhibition of GPCR-associated receptors in vitro. We found no signals indicative of toxicity in vivo. Most importantly, cardiac functions remained unchanged acutely in response to CTP uptake. Further studies using good laboratory practices are needed with prolonged, chronic administration of CTP conjugated to a specific cargo of choice before human studies can be contemplated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella A. Sahagun
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (D.A.S.); (J.B.L.)
| | - Jack B. Lopuszynski
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (D.A.S.); (J.B.L.)
| | - Kyle S. Feldman
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT 06511, USA;
| | - Nicholas Pogodzinski
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA;
| | - Maliha Zahid
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (D.A.S.); (J.B.L.)
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2
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Warren MR, Bajpayee AG. Modeling Electrostatic Charge Shielding Induced by Cationic Drug Carriers in Articular Cartilage Using Donnan Osmotic Theory. Bioelectricity 2022; 4:248-258. [PMID: 36644714 PMCID: PMC9811830 DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2021.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Positively charged drug carriers are rapidly emerging as a viable solution for long-standing challenges in delivery to dense, avascular, negatively charged tissues. These cationic carriers have demonstrated especially strong promise in targeting drugs to articular cartilage for osteoarthritis (OA) treatment. It is critical to evaluate the dose-dependent effects of their high intratissue uptake levels on charge-shielding of anionic matrix constituents, and the resulting changes in tissue osmotic swelling and mechanical integrity. Materials and Methods We use the ideal Donnan osmotic theory to derive a model for predicting intracartilage swelling pressures as a function of net charge (z) and equilibrium uptake of short-length, arginine-rich, multivalent, cationic peptide carriers (cationic peptide carriers [CPCs], z varied from +8 to +20) in cartilage samples with varying arthritic severities and fixed charge density (FCD). We use this model to determine the dose-dependent influence of CPCs on both physiological osmotic swelling pressures and compressive electrostatic moduli of cartilage in healthy and arthritic states. Results Under physiological conditions, the Donnan model predicted carrier-induced reductions in free swelling pressure between 8 and 29 kPa, and diminished compressive modulus by 20-68 kPa, both dependent on the net charge and uptake of CPCs. The magnitudes of deswelling and stiffness reduction increased monotonically with carrier uptake and net charge. Furthermore, predicted levels of deswelling by CPC charge shielding were amplified in tissues with reduced FCD (which model OA). Finally, the Donnan model predicted markedly higher reductions in tissue compressive modulus in hypotonic bathing salinity compared with physiological and hypertonic conditions. Conclusion This analysis demonstrates the importance of considering charge shielding as a likely adverse effect associated with uptake of cationic drug carriers into negatively charged tissues, especially in the case of damaged tissue. The simple modeling approach and principles described herein can inform the design of cationic drug delivery carriers and their clinical treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Warren
- Department of Bioengineering and Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ambika G. Bajpayee
- Department of Bioengineering and Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Porosk L, Langel Ü. Approaches for evaluation of novel CPP-based cargo delivery systems. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1056467. [PMID: 36339538 PMCID: PMC9634181 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1056467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) can be broadly defined as relatively short synthetic, protein derived or chimeric peptides. Their most remarkable property is their ability to cross cell barriers and facilitate the translocation of cargo, such as drugs, nucleic acids, peptides, small molecules, dyes, and many others across the plasma membrane. Over the years there have been several approaches used, adapted, and developed for the evaluation of CPP efficacies as delivery systems, with the fluorophore attachment as the most widely used approach. It has become progressively evident, that the evaluation method, in order to lead to successful outcome, should concede with the specialties of the delivery. For characterization and assessment of CPP-cargo a combination of research tools of chemistry, physics, molecular biology, engineering, and other fields have been applied. In this review, we summarize the diverse, in silico, in vitro and in vivo approaches used for evaluation and characterization of CPP-based cargo delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ly Porosk
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery, Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülo Langel
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery, Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Parrasia S, Szabò I, Zoratti M, Biasutto L. Peptides as Pharmacological Carriers to the Brain: Promises, Shortcomings and Challenges. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3700-3729. [PMID: 36174227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are among the most difficult to treat, mainly because the vast majority of the drugs fail to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or to reach the brain at concentrations adequate to exert a pharmacological activity. The obstacle posed by the BBB has led to the in-depth study of strategies allowing the brain delivery of CNS-active drugs. Among the most promising strategies is the use of peptides addressed to the BBB. Peptides are versatile molecules that can be used to decorate nanoparticles or can be conjugated to drugs, with either a stable link or as pro-drugs. They have been used to deliver to the brain both small molecules and proteins, with applications in diverse therapeutic areas such as brain cancers, neurodegenerative diseases and imaging. Peptides can be generally classified as receptor-targeted, recognizing membrane proteins expressed by the BBB microvessels (e.g., Angiopep2, CDX, and iRGD), "cell-penetrating peptides" (CPPs; e.g. TAT47-57, SynB1/3, and Penetratin), undergoing transcytosis through unspecific mechanisms, or those exploiting a mixed approach. The advantages of peptides have been extensively pointed out, but so far few studies have focused on the potential negative aspects. Indeed, despite having a generally good safety profile, some peptide conjugates may display toxicological characteristics distinct from those of the peptide itself, causing for instance antigenicity, cardiovascular alterations or hemolysis. Other shortcomings are the often brief lifetime in vivo, caused by the presence of peptidases, the vulnerability to endosomal/lysosomal degradation, and the frequently still insufficient attainable increase of brain drug levels, which remain below the therapeutically useful concentrations. The aim of this review is to analyze not only the successful and promising aspects of the use of peptides in brain targeting but also the problems posed by this strategy for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Parrasia
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Ildikò Szabò
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Zoratti
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Lucia Biasutto
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
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5
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Warren MR, Vedadghavami A, Bhagavatula S, Bajpayee AG. Effects of polycationic drug carriers on the electromechanical and swelling properties of cartilage. Biophys J 2022; 121:3542-3561. [PMID: 35765244 PMCID: PMC9515003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic nanocarriers offer a promising solution to challenges in delivering drugs to negatively charged connective tissues, such as to articular cartilage for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). However, little is known about the effects that cationic macromolecules may have on the mechanical properties of cartilage at high interstitial concentrations. We utilized arginine-rich cationic peptide carriers (CPCs) with varying net charge (from +8 to +20) to investigate the biophysical mechanisms of nanocarrier-induced alterations to cartilage biomechanical properties. We observed that CPCs increased the compressive modulus of healthy bovine cartilage explants by up to 70% and decreased the stiffness of glycosaminoglycan-depleted tissues (modeling OA) by 69%; in both cases, the magnitude of the change in stiffness correlated with the uptake of CPC charge variants. Next, we directly measured CPC-induced osmotic deswelling in cartilage tissue due to shielding of charge repulsions between anionic extracellular matrix constituents, with magnitudes of reductions between 36 and 64 kPa. We then demonstrated that electrostatic interactions were required for CPC-induced stiffening to occur, evidenced by no observed increase in tissue stiffness when measured in hypertonic bathing salinity. We applied a non-ideal Donnan osmotic model (under triphasic theory) to separate bulk modulus measurements into Donnan and non-Donnan components, which further demonstrated the conflicting charge-shielding and matrix-stiffening effects of CPCs. These results show that cationic drug carriers can alter tissue mechanical properties via multiple mechanisms, including the expected charge shielding as well as a novel stiffening phenomenon mediated by physical linkages. We introduce a model for how the magnitudes of these mechanical changes depend on tunable physical properties of the drug carrier, including net charge, size, and spatial charge distribution. We envision that the results and theory presented herein will inform the design of future cationic drug-delivery systems intended to treat diseases in a wide range of connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Warren
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Armin Vedadghavami
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sanjana Bhagavatula
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ambika G Bajpayee
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
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6
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Lou J, Qualls ML, Hudson MM, McBee DP, Baccile JA, Best MD. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Activated Liposomal Cell Delivery using a Boronate-Caged Guanidine Lipid. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201057. [PMID: 35639353 PMCID: PMC9388614 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
We report boronate-caged guanidine-lipid 1 that activates liposomes for cellular delivery only upon uncaging of this compound by reactive oxygen species (ROS) to produce cationic lipid products. These liposomes are designed to mimic the exceptional cell delivery properties of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), while the inclusion of the boronate cage is designed to enhance selectivity such that cell entry will only be activated in the presence of ROS. Boronate uncaging by hydrogen peroxide was verified by mass spectrometry and zeta potential (ZP) measurements. A microplate-based fluorescence assay was developed to study the ROS-mediated vesicle interactions between 1-liposomes and anionic membranes, which were further elucidated via dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. Cellular delivery studies utilizing fluorescence microscopy demonstrated significant enhancements in cellular delivery only when 1-liposomes were incubated with hydrogen peroxide. Our results showcase that lipid 1 exhibits strong potential as an ROS-responsive liposomal platform for targeted drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Lou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Megan L Qualls
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Macy M Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Dillon P McBee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Joshua A Baccile
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Michael D Best
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
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7
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A Second Life for MAP, a Model Amphipathic Peptide. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158322. [PMID: 35955457 PMCID: PMC9368858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) have been shown to be efficient in the transport of cargoes into the cells, namely siRNA and DNA, proteins and peptides, and in some cases, small therapeutics. These peptides have emerged as a solution to increase drug concentrations in different tissues and various cell types, therefore having a relevant therapeutic relevance which led to clinical trials. One of them, MAP, is a model amphipathic peptide with an α-helical conformation and both hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues in opposite sides of the helix. It is composed of a mixture of alanines, leucines, and lysines (KLALKLALKALKAALKLA). The CPP MAP has the ability to translocate oligonucleotides, peptides and small proteins. However, taking advantage of its unique properties, in recent years innovative concepts were developed, such as in silico studies of modelling with receptors, coupling and repurposing drugs in the central nervous system and oncology, or involving the construction of dual-drug delivery systems using nanoparticles. In addition to designs of MAP-linked vehicles and strategies to achieve highly effective yet less toxic chemotherapy, this review will be focused on unique molecular structure and how it determines its cellular activity, and also intends to address the most recent and frankly motivating issues for the future.
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8
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Samec T, Boulos J, Gilmore S, Hazelton A, Alexander-Bryant A. Peptide-based delivery of therapeutics in cancer treatment. Mater Today Bio 2022; 14:100248. [PMID: 35434595 PMCID: PMC9010702 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Current delivery strategies for cancer therapeutics commonly cause significant systemic side effects due to required high doses of therapeutic, inefficient cellular uptake of drug, and poor cell selectivity. Peptide-based delivery systems have shown the ability to alleviate these issues and can significantly enhance therapeutic loading, delivery, and cancer targetability. Peptide systems can be tailor-made for specific cancer applications. This review describes three peptide classes, targeting, cell penetrating, and fusogenic peptides, as stand-alone nanoparticle systems, conjugations to nanoparticle systems, or as the therapeutic modality. Peptide nanoparticle design, characteristics, and applications are discussed as well as peptide applications in the clinical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Samec
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Clemson University, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Jessica Boulos
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Clemson University, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Serena Gilmore
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Clemson University, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Anthony Hazelton
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Clemson University, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Angela Alexander-Bryant
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Clemson University, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson, SC, USA
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9
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Cell-Penetrating Peptides and Transportan. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13070987. [PMID: 34210007 PMCID: PMC8308968 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the most recent 25–30 years, multiple novel mechanisms and applications of cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) have been demonstrated, leading to novel drug delivery systems. In this review, I present a brief introduction to the CPP area with selected recent achievements. This is followed by a nostalgic journey into the research in my own laboratories, which lead to multiple CPPs, starting from transportan and paving a way to CPP-based therapeutic developments in the delivery of bio-functional materials, such as peptides, proteins, vaccines, oligonucleotides and small molecules, etc.
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10
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Korivi M, Huang YW, Liu BR. Cell-Penetrating Peptides as a Potential Drug Delivery System for Effective Treatment of Diabetes. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:816-825. [PMID: 33076803 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201019102640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from the body's inability to produce and/or use insulin. Patients with T2D often have hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress, which then lead to hypertension, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and increased risk of morbidity and mortality (9th leading cause globally). Insulin and related pharmacological therapies are widely used to manage T2D, despite their limitations. Efficient drug delivery systems (DDS) that control drug kinetics may decrease side effects, allow for efficient targeting, and increase the bioavailability of drugs to achieve maximum therapeutic benefits. Thus, the development of effective DDS is crucial to beat diabetes. METHODS Here, we introduced a highly bioavailable vector, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), as a powerful DDS to overcome limitations of free drug administration. RESULTS CPPs are short peptides that serve as a potent tool for delivering therapeutic agents across cell membranes. Various cargoes, including proteins, DNA, RNA, liposomes, therapeutic molecules, and nanomaterials, generally retain their bioactivity upon entering cells. The mechanisms of CPPs/cargoes intracellular entry are classified into two parts: endocytic pathways and direct membrane translocation. In this article, we focus on the applications of CPPs/therapeutic agents in the treatment of diabetes. Hypoglycemic drugs with CPPs intervention can enhance therapeutic effectiveness, and CPP-mediated drug delivery can facilitate the actions of insulin. Numerous studies indicate that CPPs can effectively deliver insulin, produce synergistic effects with immunosuppressants for successful pancreatic islet xenotransplantation, prolong pharmacokinetics, and retard diabetic nephropathy. CONCLUSION We suggest that CPPs can be a new generation of drug delivery systems for effective treatment and management of diabetes and diabetes-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjuna Korivi
- Exercise and Metabolism Research Center, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue-Wern Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409-1120, United States
| | - Betty R Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
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11
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Uhl P, Sauter M, Hertlein T, Witzigmann D, Laffleur F, Hofhaus G, Fidelj V, Tursch A, Özbek S, Hopke E, Haberkorn U, Bernkop‐Schnürch A, Ohlsen K, Fricker G, Mier W. Overcoming the Mucosal Barrier: Tetraether Lipid‐Stabilized Liposomal Nanocarriers Decorated with Cell‐Penetrating Peptides Enable Oral Delivery of Vancomycin. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Uhl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Max Sauter
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg 69120 Germany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Tobias Hertlein
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology University of Würzburg Würzburg 97080 Germany
| | - Dominik Witzigmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Flavia Laffleur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Institute of Pharmacy Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck University of Innsbruck Innsbruck 6020 Austria
| | - Götz Hofhaus
- Bioquant, CellNetWorks University of Heidelberg Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Veronika Fidelj
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy Ruprecht‐Karls University Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Anja Tursch
- Centre for Organismal Studies Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics University of Heidelberg Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Suat Özbek
- Centre for Organismal Studies Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics University of Heidelberg Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Elisa Hopke
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology University of Würzburg Würzburg 97080 Germany
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Andreas Bernkop‐Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Institute of Pharmacy Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck University of Innsbruck Innsbruck 6020 Austria
| | - Knut Ohlsen
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology University of Würzburg Würzburg 97080 Germany
| | - Gert Fricker
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy Ruprecht‐Karls University Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Walter Mier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg 69120 Germany
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12
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Bowen J, Schloop AE, Reeves GT, Menegatti S, Rao BM. Discovery of Membrane-Permeating Cyclic Peptides via mRNA Display. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:2325-2338. [PMID: 32786364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Small synthetic peptides capable of crossing biological membranes represent valuable tools in cell biology and drug delivery. While several cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) of natural or synthetic origin have been reported, no peptide is currently known to cross both cytoplasmic and outer embryonic membranes. Here, we describe a method to engineer membrane-permeating cyclic peptides (MPPs) with broad permeation activity by screening mRNA display libraries of cyclic peptides against embryos at different developmental stages. The proposed method was demonstrated by identifying peptides capable of permeating Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) embryos and mammalian cells. The selected peptide cyclo[Glut-MRKRHASRRE-K*] showed a strong permeation activity of embryos exposed to minimal permeabilization pretreatment, as well as human embryonic stem cells and a murine fibroblast cell line. Notably, in both embryos and mammalian cells, the cyclic peptide outperformed its linear counterpart and the control MPPs. Confocal microscopy and single cell flow cytometry analysis were utilized to assess the degree of permeation both qualitatively and quantitatively. These MPPs have potential application in studying and nondisruptively controlling intracellular or intraembryonic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bowen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way room 2-009, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Allison E Schloop
- Genetics Program, North Carolina State University, 112 Derieux Place, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Gregory T Reeves
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 200 Jack E. Brown Engineering Building, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way room 2-009, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, 850 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Balaji M Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way room 2-009, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, 850 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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13
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Tran H, McConville M, Loukopoulos P. Metabolomics in the study of spontaneous animal diseases. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:635-647. [PMID: 32807042 PMCID: PMC7488963 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720948505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using analytical chemistry techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and liquid or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/GC-MS), metabolomics allows detection of most endogenous and exogenous metabolites in a biological sample. Metabolomics has a wide range of applications, and has been employed in nutrition science, toxicology, environmental studies, and systems biology. Metabolomics is particularly useful in biomedical science, and has been used for diagnostic laboratory testing, identifying targets for drug development, and monitoring drug metabolism, mode of action, and toxicity. Despite its immense potential, metabolomics remains underutilized in the study of spontaneous animal diseases. Our aim was to comprehensively review the existing literature on the use of metabolomics in spontaneous veterinary diseases. Three databases were used to find journal articles that applied metabolomics in veterinary medicine. A screening process was then conducted to eliminate references that did not meet the eligibility criteria; only primary research studies investigating spontaneous animal disease were included; 38 studies met the inclusion criteria. The main techniques used were NMR and MS. All studies detected metabolite alterations in diseased animals compared with non-diseased animals. Metabolomics was mainly used to study diseases of the digestive, reproductive, and musculoskeletal systems. Inflammatory conditions made up the largest proportion of studies when articles were categorized by disease process. Following a comprehensive analysis of the literature on metabolomics in spontaneous veterinary diseases, we concluded that metabolomics, although in its early stages in veterinary research, is a promising tool regarding diagnosis, biomarker discovery, and in uncovering new insights into disease pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Tran
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of
Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,
Victoria, Australia
| | - Malcolm McConville
- Bio21 Institute, Metabolomics Australia,
University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Panayiotis Loukopoulos
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of
Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,
Victoria, Australia
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14
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Al-Wahaibi LH, Al-Saleem MSM, Ahmed OAA, Fahmy UA, Alhakamy NA, Eid BG, Abdel-Naim AB, Abdel-Mageed WM, AlRasheed MM, Shazly GA. Optimized Conjugation of Fluvastatin to HIV-1 TAT Displays Enhanced Pro-Apoptotic Activity in HepG2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4138. [PMID: 32531976 PMCID: PMC7312570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that statins reduce the risk of different cancers and inhibit the proliferation of liver cancer cells. This study aims to explore whether the electrostatic conjugation of optimized fluvastatin (FLV) to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) trans-activator transcription peptide (TAT) would enhance the anti-proliferative activity against HepG2 cells. FLV-TAT conjugation was optimized to achieve the lowest size with highest zeta potential. Nine formulae were constructed, using a factorial design with three factors-FLV concentration, TAT concentration, and pH of the medium-while the responses were zeta potential and size. The optimized formula showed a particle size of 199.24 nm and 29.14 mV zeta potential. Data indicates that conjugation of FLV to TAT (optimized formula) significantly enhances anti-proliferative activity and uptake by HepG2 cells when compared to raw FLV. Flow cytometry showed significant accumulation of cells in the pre-G phase, which highlights higher apoptotic activity. Annexin V staining indicated a significant increase in total cell death in early and late apoptosis. This was confirmed by significantly elevated caspase 3 in cells exposed to FLV-TAT preparation. In conclusion, the FLV-TAT optimized formula exhibited improved anti-proliferative action against HepG2. This is partially attributed to the enhanced apoptotic effects and cellular uptake of FLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamya H. Al-Wahaibi
- Department of Chemistry, Science College, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; (L.H.A.-W.); (M.S.M.A.-S.)
| | - Muneera S. M. Al-Saleem
- Department of Chemistry, Science College, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; (L.H.A.-W.); (M.S.M.A.-S.)
| | - Osama A. A. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (U.A.F.); (N.A.A.)
| | - Usama A. Fahmy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (U.A.F.); (N.A.A.)
| | - Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (U.A.F.); (N.A.A.)
| | - Basma G. Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (B.G.E.); (A.B.A.-N.)
| | - Ashraf B. Abdel-Naim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (B.G.E.); (A.B.A.-N.)
| | - Wael M. Abdel-Mageed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Maha M. AlRasheed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Gamal A. Shazly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
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15
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Young CC, Vedadghavami A, Bajpayee AG. Bioelectricity for Drug Delivery: The Promise of Cationic Therapeutics. Bioelectricity 2020; 2:68-81. [PMID: 32803148 DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2020.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological systems overwhelmingly comprise charged entities generating electrical activity that can have significant impact on biological structure and function. This intrinsic bio-electrical activity can also be harnessed for overcoming the tissue matrix and cell membrane barriers, which have been outstanding challenges for targeted drug delivery, by using rationally designed cationic carriers. The weak and reversible long-range electrostatic interactions with fixed negatively charged groups facilitate electro-diffusive transport of cationic therapeutics through full-tissue thickness to effectively reach intra-tissue, cellular, and intracellular target sites. This article presents a perspective on the promise of using rationally designed cationic biomaterials in targeted drug delivery, the underlying charge-based mechanisms, and bio-transport phenomena while addressing outstanding concerns around toxicity and methods to mitigate them. We also discuss electrically charged drugs that are currently being evaluated in clinical trials and identify areas of further development that have the potential to usher in new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron C Young
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Armin Vedadghavami
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ambika G Bajpayee
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Tan X, Bruchez MP, Armitage BA. Efficient Cytoplasmic Delivery of Antisense Probes Assisted by Cyclized-Peptide-Mediated Photoinduced Endosomal Escape. Chembiochem 2019; 20:727-733. [PMID: 30452106 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery and endosomal release of antisense oligonucleotides remain a significant challenge in the development of gene-targeted therapeutics. Previously, noncovalently cyclized TAT peptide (Cyc-TAT), in which the final ring-closing step is accomplished by hybridization of two short complementary γPNA segments, has been proven more efficient than its linear analogues at entering cells. As Cyc-TAT also readily accommodates a binding site, that is, an overhanging γPNA sequence, for codelivery of functional nucleic acid probes into cells, we were able to demonstrate that the overhang-Cyc-TAT penetrated into A549 cells when carrying an anti-telomerase γPNA that specifically reduced telomerase activity by over 97 %. Herein, we report that the cyclized TAT(FAM) can escape endosomes much more efficiently than the linear TAT(FAM) after LED illumination (490 nm). Based on this observation, the endosomal release of overhang-Cyc-TAT(FAM)/anti-telomerase γPNA complex can be greatly enhanced by photoactivation, thus shortening cell treatment time from 60 to 3 h, while keeping the same high efficiency in inhibiting telomerase activity inside A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Tan
- Departments of Chemistry, Center for Nucleic Acids Science and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Marcel P Bruchez
- Departments of Chemistry, Center for Nucleic Acids Science and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Departments of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Bruce A Armitage
- Departments of Chemistry, Center for Nucleic Acids Science and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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17
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Rodriguez‐Otormin F, Duro‐Castano A, Conejos‐Sánchez I, Vicent MJ. Envisioning the future of polymer therapeutics for brain disorders. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 11:e1532. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aroa Duro‐Castano
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe Valencia Spain
| | | | - María J. Vicent
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe Valencia Spain
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18
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Kim HY, Jang JE, Ahn DR. Dimeric Human β-Defensin 3 as a Universal Platform for Intracellular Delivery of Nucleic Acid Cargos. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Kebebe D, Liu Y, Wu Y, Vilakhamxay M, Liu Z, Li J. Tumor-targeting delivery of herb-based drugs with cell-penetrating/tumor-targeting peptide-modified nanocarriers. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:1425-1442. [PMID: 29563797 PMCID: PMC5849936 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s156616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has become one of the leading causes of mortality globally. The major challenges of conventional cancer therapy are the failure of most chemotherapeutic agents to accumulate selectively in tumor cells and their severe systemic side effects. In the past three decades, a number of drug delivery approaches have been discovered to overwhelm the obstacles. Among these, nanocarriers have gained much attention for their excellent and efficient drug delivery systems to improve specific tissue/organ/cell targeting. In order to enhance targeting efficiency further and reduce limitations of nanocarriers, nanoparticle surfaces are functionalized with different ligands. Several kinds of ligand-modified nanomedicines have been reported. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are promising ligands, attracting the attention of researchers due to their efficiency to transport bioactive molecules intracellularly. However, their lack of specificity and in vivo degradation led to the development of newer types of CPP. Currently, activable CPP and tumor-targeting peptide (TTP)-modified nanocarriers have shown dramatically superior cellular specific uptake, cytotoxicity, and tumor growth inhibition. In this review, we discuss recent advances in tumor-targeting strategies using CPPs and their limitations in tumor delivery systems. Special emphasis is given to activable CPPs and TTPs. Finally, we address the application of CPPs and/or TTPs in the delivery of plant-derived chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Kebebe
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,School of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yumei Wu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Maikhone Vilakhamxay
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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20
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Chen J, Li H, Chen J. Human epidermal growth factor coupled to different structural classes of cell penetrating peptides: A comparative study. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 105:336-345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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21
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Cell-penetrating peptide-based non-invasive topical delivery systems. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-017-0373-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Thapa RK, Nguyen HT, Gautam M, Shrestha A, Lee ES, Ku SK, Choi HG, Yong CS, Kim JO. Hydrophobic binding peptide-conjugated hybrid lipid-mesoporous silica nanoparticles for effective chemo-photothermal therapy of pancreatic cancer. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:1690-1702. [PMID: 29098877 PMCID: PMC8240994 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1396382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems are designed to reach tumor sites based on their enhanced permeation and retention effects. However, a lack of interaction of these nanoparticles with cancer cells might lead to reduced uptake in the tumors, which might compromise the therapeutic efficacy of the system. Therefore, we developed bortezomib and IR-820-loaded hybrid-lipid mesoporous silica nanoparticles conjugated with the hydrophobic-binding peptide, cyclosporine A (CsA), and referred to them as CLMSN/BIR. Upon reaching the tumor site, CsA interacts hydrophobically with the cancer cell membranes to allow effective uptake of the nanoparticles. Nanoparticles ∼160 nm in size were prepared and the stability of IR-820 significantly improved. High cellular uptake of the nanoparticles was evident with pronounced apoptotic effects in PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 cells that were mediated by the chemotherapeutic effect of bortezomib and the photothermal and reactive oxygen species generation effects of IR-820. An in vivo biodistribution study indicated there was high accumulation in the tumor with an enhanced photothermal effect in PANC-1 xenograft mouse tumors. Furthermore, enhanced antitumor effects in PANC-1 xenograft tumors were observed with minimal toxicity induction in the organs of mice. Cumulatively, these results indicated the promising effects of CLMSN/BIR for effective chemo-phototherapy of pancreatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Thapa
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsanbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanh Thuy Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsanbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Milan Gautam
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsanbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Aarajana Shrestha
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsanbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung Seok Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsanbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Kwang Ku
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Soon Yong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsanbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsanbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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23
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Khan AR, Liu M, Khan MW, Zhai G. Progress in brain targeting drug delivery system by nasal route. J Control Release 2017; 268:364-389. [PMID: 28887135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts the transport of potential therapeutic moieties to the brain. Direct targeting the brain via olfactory and trigeminal neural pathways by passing the BBB has gained an important consideration for delivery of wide range of therapeutics to brain. Intranasal route of transportation directly delivers the drugs to brain without systemic absorption, thus avoiding the side effects and enhancing the efficacy of neurotherapeutics. Over the last several decades, different drug delivery systems (DDSs) have been studied for targeting the brain by the nasal route. Novel DDSs such as nanoparticles (NPs), liposomes and polymeric micelles have gained potential as useful tools for targeting the brain without toxicity in nasal mucosa and central nervous system (CNS). Complex geometry of the nasal cavity presented a big challenge to effective delivery of drugs beyond the nasal valve. Recently, pharmaceutical firms utilized latest and emerging nasal drug delivery technologies to overcome these barriers. This review aims to describe the latest development of brain targeted DDSs via nasal administration. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS STUDIED IN THIS ARTICLE Carbopol 934p (PubChem CID: 6581) Carboxy methylcellulose (PubChem CID: 24748) Penetratin (PubChem CID: 101111470) Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PubChem CID: 23111554) Tween 80 (PubChem CID: 5284448).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rauf Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Mengrui Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Muhammad Wasim Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Guangxi Zhai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, China.
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24
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Kong Q, Liang Z, Xiong J, Li H, Ren X. Overexpression of the Bivalent Antibacterial Peptide Genes inPichia pastorisDelays Sour Rot in Citrus Fruit and InducesGeotrichum citri-aurantiiCell Apoptosis. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2016.1165695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Zakrewsky M, Muraski JA, Mitragotri S. Mechanistic Analysis of Cellular Internalization of a Cell- and Skin-Penetrating Peptide. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-016-0011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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26
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Dinca A, Chien WM, Chin MT. Intracellular Delivery of Proteins with Cell-Penetrating Peptides for Therapeutic Uses in Human Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:263. [PMID: 26907261 PMCID: PMC4783992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein therapy exhibits several advantages over small molecule drugs and is increasingly being developed for the treatment of disorders ranging from single enzyme deficiencies to cancer. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), a group of small peptides capable of promoting transport of molecular cargo across the plasma membrane, have become important tools in promoting the cellular uptake of exogenously delivered proteins. Although the molecular mechanisms of uptake are not firmly established, CPPs have been empirically shown to promote uptake of various molecules, including large proteins over 100 kiloDaltons (kDa). Recombinant proteins that include a CPP tag to promote intracellular delivery show promise as therapeutic agents with encouraging success rates in both animal and human trials. This review highlights recent advances in protein-CPP therapy and discusses optimization strategies and potential detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dinca
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Wei-Ming Chien
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Michael T Chin
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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27
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Araújo F, Shrestha N, Shahbazi MA, Liu D, Herranz-Blanco B, Mäkilä EM, Salonen JJ, Hirvonen JT, Granja PL, Sarmento B, Santos HA. Microfluidic Assembly of a Multifunctional Tailorable Composite System Designed for Site Specific Combined Oral Delivery of Peptide Drugs. ACS NANO 2015; 9:8291-8302. [PMID: 26235314 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b02762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional tailorable composite systems, specifically designed for oral dual-delivery of a peptide (glucagon-like peptide-1) and an enzymatic inhibitor (dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4)), were assembled through the microfluidics technique. Both drugs were coloaded into these systems for a synergistic therapeutic effect. The systems were composed of chitosan and cell-penetrating peptide modified poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and porous silicon nanoparticles as nanomatrices, further encapsulated in an enteric hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetylsuccinate polymer. The developed multifunctional systems were pH-sensitive, inherited by the enteric polymer, enabling the release of the nanoparticles only in the simulated intestinal conditions. Moreover, the encapsulation into this polymer prevented the degradation of the nanoparticles' modifications. These nanoparticles showed strong and higher interactions with the intestinal cells in comparison with the nonmodified ones. The presence of DPP4 inhibitor enhanced the peptide permeability across intestinal cell monolayers. Overall, this is a promising platform for simultaneously delivering two drugs from a single formulation. Through this approach peptides are expected to increase their bioavailability and efficiency in vivo both by their specific release at the intestinal level and also by the reduced enzymatic activity. The use of this platform, specifically in combination of the two antidiabetic drugs, has clinical potential for the therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Araújo
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto , 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto , 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto , 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Neha Shrestha
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dongfei Liu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bárbara Herranz-Blanco
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ermei M Mäkilä
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Industrial Physics, University of Turku , FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Jarno J Salonen
- Laboratory of Industrial Physics, University of Turku , FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Jouni T Hirvonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pedro L Granja
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto , 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto , 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto , 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto , 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto , 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- CESPU , Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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28
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Shirani A, Shahbazi Mojarrad J, Mussa Farkhani S, Yari Khosroshahi A, Zakeri-Milani P, Samadi N, Sharifi S, Mohammadi S, Valizadeh H. The Relation Between Thermodynamic and Structural Properties and Cellular Uptake of Peptides Containing Tryptophan and Arginine. Adv Pharm Bull 2015; 5:161-8. [PMID: 26236653 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2015.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are used for delivering drugs and other macromolecular cargo into living cells. In this paper, we investigated the relationship between the structural/physicochemical properties of four new synthetic peptides containing arginine-tryptophan in terms of their cell membrane penetration efficiency. METHODS The peptides were prepared using solid phase synthesis procedure using FMOC protected amino acids. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting and fluorescence imaging were used to evaluate uptake efficiency. Prediction of the peptide secondary structure and estimation of physicochemical properties was performed using the GOR V method and MPEx 3.2 software (Wimley-White scale, helical wheel projection and total hydrophobic moment). RESULTS Our data showed that the uptake efficiency of peptides with two tryptophans at the C- and N-terminus were significantly higher (about 4-fold) than that of peptides containing three tryptophans at both ends. The distribution of arginine at both ends also increased the uptake efficiency 2.52- and 7.18-fold, compared with arginine distribution at the middle of peptides. CONCLUSION According to the obtained results the value of transfer free energies of peptides from the aqueous phase to membrane bilayer could be a good predictor for the cellular uptake efficiency of CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Shirani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javid Shahbazi Mojarrad
- Biotechnology Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samad Mussa Farkhani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Yari Khosroshahi
- Biotechnology Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parvin Zakeri-Milani
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Naser Samadi
- Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Simin Sharifi
- Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Mohammadi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Valizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Taverner A, Dondi R, Almansour K, Laurent F, Owens SE, Eggleston IM, Fotaki N, Mrsny RJ. Enhanced paracellular transport of insulin can be achieved via transient induction of myosin light chain phosphorylation. J Control Release 2015; 210:189-97. [PMID: 25980620 PMCID: PMC4504001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.05.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium functions to effectively restrict the causal uptake of luminal contents but has been demonstrated to transiently increase paracellular permeability properties to provide an additional entry route for dietary macromolecules. We have examined a method to emulate this endogenous mechanism as a means of enhancing the oral uptake of insulin. Two sets of stable Permeant Inhibitor of Phosphatase (PIP) peptides were rationally designed to stimulate phosphorylation of intracellular epithelial myosin light chain (MLC) and screened using Caco-2 monolayers in vitro. Apical application of PIP peptide 640, designed to disrupt protein–protein interactions between protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and its regulator CPI-17, resulted in a reversible and non-toxic transient reduction in Caco-2 monolayer trans-epithelial electric resistance (TEER) and opening of the paracellular route to 4 kDa fluorescent dextran but not 70 kDa dextran in vitro. Apical application of PIP peptide 250, designed to impede MYPT1-mediated regulation of PP1, also decreased TEER in a reversible and non-toxic manner but transiently opened the paracellular route to both 4 and 70 kDa fluorescent dextrans. Direct injection of PIP peptides 640 or 250 with human insulin into the lumen of rat jejunum caused a decrease in blood glucose levels that was PIP peptide and insulin dose-dependent and correlated with increased pMLC levels. Systemic levels of insulin suggested approximately 3–4% of the dose injected into the intestinal lumen was absorbed, relative to a subcutaneous injection. Measurement of insulin levels in the portal vein showed a time window of absorption that was consistent with systemic concentration-time profiles and approximately 50% first-pass clearance by the liver. Monitoring the uptake of a fluorescent form of insulin suggested its uptake occurred via the paracellular route. Together, these studies add validation to the presence of an endogenous mechanism used by the intestinal epithelium to dynamically regulate its paracellular permeability properties and better define the potential to enhance the oral delivery of biopharmaceuticals via a transient regulation of an endogenous mechanism controlling the intestinal paracellular barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Taverner
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Ruggero Dondi
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Khaled Almansour
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Floriane Laurent
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Siân-Eleri Owens
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3XF, UK
| | - Ian M Eggleston
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Randall J Mrsny
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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Brugnano J, Ward BC, Panitch A. Cell penetrating peptides can exert biological activity: a review. Biomol Concepts 2015; 1:109-16. [PMID: 25961990 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2010.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been successful in delivering cargo into many different cell types and are an important alternative to other methods of permeation that might damage the integrity of the cell membrane. The traditional view of CPPs is that they are inert molecules that can be successfully used to deliver many cargos intracellularly. The goal of this review is to challenge this traditional understanding of CPPs. Recent literature has demonstrated that CPPs themselves can convey biological activity, including the alteration of gene expression and inhibition of protein kinases and proteolytic activity. Further characterization of CPPs is required to determine the extent of this activity. Research into the use of CPPs for intracellular delivery should continue with investigators being aware of these recent results.
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Chevalier N, Gross N, Widmann C. Assessment of the chemosensitizing activity of TAT-RasGAP317-326 in childhood cancers. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120487. [PMID: 25826368 PMCID: PMC4380404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although current anti-cancer protocols are reasonably effective, treatment-associated long-term side effects, induced by lack of specificity of the anti-cancer procedures, remain a challenging problem in pediatric oncology. TAT-RasGAP317-326 is a RasGAP-derived cell-permeable peptide that acts as a sensitizer to various anti-cancer treatments in adult tumor cells. In the present study, we assessed the effect of TAT-RasGAP317-326 in several childhood cancer cell lines. The RasGAP-derived peptide-induced cell death was analyzed in several neuroblastoma, Ewing sarcoma and leukemia cell lines (as well as in normal lymphocytes). Cell death was evaluated using flow cytometry methods in the absence or in the presence of the peptide in combination with various genotoxins used in the clinics (4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide, etoposide, vincristine and doxorubicin). All tested pediatric tumors, in response to at least one genotoxin, were sensitized by TAT-RasGAP317-326. The RasGAP-derived peptide did not increase cell death of normal lymphocytes, alone or in combination with the majority of the tested chemotherapies. Consequently, TAT-RasGAP317-326 may benefit children with tumors by increasing the efficacy of anti-cancer therapies notably by allowing reductions in anti-cancer drug dosage and the associated drug-induced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Chevalier
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Gross
- Paediatric Oncology Research Unit, University Hospital Center (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Widmann
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Kumar S, Zakrewsky M, Chen M, Menegatti S, Muraski JA, Mitragotri S. Peptides as skin penetration enhancers: Mechanisms of action. J Control Release 2015; 199:168-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Moutal A, François-Moutal L, Brittain JM, Khanna M, Khanna R. Differential neuroprotective potential of CRMP2 peptide aptamers conjugated to cationic, hydrophobic, and amphipathic cell penetrating peptides. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 8:471. [PMID: 25674050 PMCID: PMC4306314 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The microtubule-associated axonal specification collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) is a novel target for neuroprotection. A CRMP2 peptide (TAT-CBD3) conjugated to the HIV transactivator of transcription (TAT) protein's cationic cell penetrating peptide (CPP) motif protected neurons in the face of toxic levels of Ca(2+) influx leaked in via N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hyperactivation. Here we tested whether replacing the hydrophilic TAT motif with alternative cationic (nona-arginine (R9)), hydrophobic (membrane transport sequence (MTS) of k-fibroblast growth factor) or amphipathic (model amphipathic peptide (MAP)) CPPs could be superior to the neuroprotection bestowed by TAT-CBD3. In giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs) derived from cortical neurons, the peptides translocated across plasma membranes with similar efficiencies. Cortical neurons, acutely treated with peptides prior to a toxic glutamate challenge, demonstrated enhanced efflux of R9-CBD3 compared to others. R9-CBD3 inhibited N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-evoked Ca(2+) influx to a similar extent as TAT-CBD3 while MTS-CBD3 was ineffective which correlated with the ability of R9- and TAT-CBD3, but not MTS-CBD3, to block NMDAR interaction with CRMP2. Unrestricted Ca(2+) influx through NMDARs leading to delayed calcium dysregulation and neuronal cell death was blocked by all peptides but MAP-CBD3. When applied acutely for 10 min, R9-CBD3 was more effective than TAT-CBD3 at neuroprotection while MTS- and MAP-CBD3 were ineffective. In contrast, long-term (>24 h) treatment with MTS-CBD3 conferred neuroprotection where TAT-CBD3 failed. Neither peptide altered surface trafficking of NMDARs. Neuroprotection conferred by MTS-CBD3 peptide is likely due to its increased uptake coupled with decreased efflux when compared to TAT-CBD3. Overall, our results demonstrate that altering CPPs can bestow differential neuroprotective potential onto the CBD3 cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubin Moutal
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Joel M Brittain
- Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - May Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA ; Neuroscience Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, College of Medicine, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
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Targeting of gastrointestinal tract for amended delivery of protein/peptide therapeutics: Strategies and industrial perspectives. J Control Release 2014; 196:168-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Aug A, Altraja A, Altraja S, Laaniste L, Mahlapuu R, Soomets U, Kilk K. Alterations of bronchial epithelial metabolome by cigarette smoke are reversible by an antioxidant, O-methyl-L-tyrosinyl-γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:586-94. [PMID: 24810251 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0377oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) have first-line contact with harmful substances during smoking, and changes in their metabolism most likely represent a defining factor in coping with the stress and development of airway diseases. This study was designed to determine the dynamics of metabolome changes in HBECs treated with cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), and to test whether normal metabolism can be restored by synthetic antioxidants. Principal component analysis, based on untargeted mass spectra, indicated that treatment of CSC-exposed HBECs with O-methyl-L-tyrosinyl-γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine (UPF1) acted faster than did N-acetylcysteine to revert the effect of CSC. The maximum effect of 10 μg/ml CSC itself on HBEC cell line, BEAS-2B, metabolism was seen at 2 hours after treatment, with return to the baseline level by 7 hours. In primary HBECs, the initial maximum effect was seen at 1 hour after CSC exposure. Certain metabolites associated with redox pathways and energy production were affected by CSC. Subsequent restoration of their content by UPF1 supports the hypothetical protective capacity of UPF1 against the oxidative stress and increased energy demand, respectively. Furthermore, UPF1 up-regulated the contents of phospholipid species identified as phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines in the CSC-exposed HBECs, indicating possible suppression of inflammatory processes along with an increase in spermidine as an endogenous cytoprotector. In conclusion, with this dynamic metabolomics study, we characterize the durability of the CSC-induced metabolic changes in BEAS-2B line cells and primary HBECs, and demonstrate the ability of UPF1 to significantly accelerate the recovery of HBECs from CSC insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argo Aug
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, the Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, Tartu, Estonia
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Rodriguez Plaza JG, Morales-Nava R, Diener C, Schreiber G, Gonzalez ZD, Lara Ortiz MT, Ortega Blake I, Pantoja O, Volkmer R, Klipp E, Herrmann A, Del Rio G. Cell penetrating peptides and cationic antibacterial peptides: two sides of the same coin. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:14448-57. [PMID: 24706763 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.515023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides (CPP) and cationic antibacterial peptides (CAP) have similar physicochemical properties and yet it is not understood how such similar peptides display different activities. To address this question, we used Iztli peptide 1 (IP-1) because it has both CPP and CAP activities. Combining experimental and computational modeling of the internalization of IP-1, we show it is not internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis, yet it permeates into many different cell types, including fungi and human cells. We also show that IP-1 makes pores in the presence of high electrical potential at the membrane, such as those found in bacteria and mitochondria. These results provide the basis to understand the functional redundancy of CPPs and CAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Rodriguez Plaza
- From the Biochemistry and Structural Biology Department, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., México
| | - Rosmarbel Morales-Nava
- Materials science and biophysics department, Instituto de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad S/N, Col. Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Christian Diener
- From the Biochemistry and Structural Biology Department, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., México
| | - Gabriele Schreiber
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 510-3, Colonia Miraval, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México 62250
| | - Zyanya D Gonzalez
- From the Biochemistry and Structural Biology Department, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., México
| | - Maria Teresa Lara Ortiz
- From the Biochemistry and Structural Biology Department, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., México
| | - Ivan Ortega Blake
- Materials science and biophysics department, Instituto de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad S/N, Col. Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Omar Pantoja
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 510-3, Colonia Miraval, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México 62250
| | - Rudolf Volkmer
- Institut für Medizinische Immunologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Strasse 3-4, 10117 Berlin and Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany, and
| | - Edda Klipp
- Theoretische und Molekulare Biophysik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Theoretische und Molekulare Biophysik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriel Del Rio
- From the Biochemistry and Structural Biology Department, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., México,
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Carter E, Lau CY, Tosh D, Ward SG, Mrsny RJ. Cell penetrating peptides fail to induce an innate immune response in epithelial cells in vitro: implications for continued therapeutic use. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 85:12-9. [PMID: 23958314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) offer the exciting potential of effectively delivering macromolecules to the cytoplasm of a cell that are otherwise impermeable to the plasma membrane. Although the use of these peptides has so far been well tolerated in clinical trials, it is important to remember that some of these CPPs were originally derived from pathogenic material. We therefore sought to determine if three of the most widely studied CPPs; HIV-TAT, Antennapedia and Transportan, initiated an immune response in epithelial cells. Using conditions where these peptides efficiently delivered a rhodamine tagged BSA cargo to the interior of epithelial cells, we failed to observe an effect on cell viability as determined by MTT assay (P>0.05). Further, CPP-mediated delivery of this protein cargo failed to activate NFκB, which would be indicative of toll-like receptor signalling. Finally, no significant increase in the release of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-6 was detected in epithelial cells exposed to CPP complexes for 72 h (P>0.05). Together, these results indicate that these commonly used CPPs are passive carriers that do not initiate epithelial cell-associated 'danger signals' during the process of cytoplasmic delivery of a model protein cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Carter
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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38
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Application of “Omics” Technologies to In Vitro Toxicology. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0521-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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39
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Bouhifd M, Hartung T, Hogberg HT, Kleensang A, Zhao L. Review: toxicometabolomics. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 33:1365-83. [PMID: 23722930 PMCID: PMC3808515 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics use in toxicology is rapidly increasing, particularly owing to advances in mass spectroscopy, which is widely used in the life sciences for phenotyping disease states. Toxicology has the advantage of having the disease agent, the toxicant, available for experimental induction of metabolomics changes monitored over time and dose. This review summarizes the different technologies employed and gives examples of their use in various areas of toxicology. A prominent use of metabolomics is the identification of signatures of toxicity - patterns of metabolite changes predictive of a hazard manifestation. Increasingly, such signatures indicative of a certain hazard manifestation are identified, suggesting that certain modes of action result in specific derangements of the metabolism. This might enable the deduction of underlying pathways of toxicity, which, in their entirety, form the Human Toxome, a key concept for implementing the vision of Toxicity Testing for the 21st century. This review summarizes the current state of metabolomics technologies and principles, their uses in toxicology and gives a thorough overview on metabolomics bioinformatics, pathway identification and quality assurance. In addition, this review lays out the prospects for further metabolomics application also in a regulatory context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Correspondence to: T. Hartung, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, Chair for Evidence-based Toxicology, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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40
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Synthesis, characterization and applications of carboxylated and polyethylene-glycolated bifunctionalized InP/ZnS quantum dots in cellular internalization mediated by cell-penetrating peptides. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 111:162-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Squires S, Christians E, Riedel M, Timothy D, Rodesch CK, Marvin J, Benjamin I. Effects of redox state on the efficient uptake of cell permeable Peptide in Mammalian cells. Open Biochem J 2013; 7:54-65. [PMID: 23919090 PMCID: PMC3731798 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x20130531001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether a cell-penetrating peptide linked via a disulfide bond to a fluorophore-labeled
cargo peptide can be used to interrogate changes in cellular redox state. A fluorescence resonance energy
transfer (FRET) pair was constructed so that the cargo peptide was labeled with fluorescein amidite (FAM)
and the cell-penetrating peptide was attached to a quencher. Incubation of cells in culture with the FRET
construct was visualized using live-cell, time-lapse imaging, which demonstrated earlier cellular uptake of
the construct when cells were treated with the reducing agent n-acetylcysteine (NAC). The FRET peptide
construct was easily detected in cells cultured in 96-well plates using a plate-reader. Treatment of cells with
various classes of reducing or oxidizing agents resulted in an increase or decrease in FAM fluorescence,
respectively. Changes in FAM fluorescence correlated significantly with redox-sensitive green fluorescent
protein ratios in cells treated with hydrogen peroxide but not NAC. Detection of relative changes in cellular
redox state was enhanced by the fact that uptake of the cell-penetrating peptide occurred more quickly in
relatively reduced compared with oxidized cells. We conclude that cell-penetrating peptides coupled via
disulfide bonds to detectable cargo is a novel and specific approach for assessment of relative changes in
cellular thiol redox state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayne Squires
- Division of Cardiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Lukanowska M, Howl J, Jones S. Bioportides: Bioactive cell-penetrating peptides that modulate cellular dynamics. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:918-30. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Last NB, Schlamadinger DE, Miranker AD. A common landscape for membrane-active peptides. Protein Sci 2013; 22:870-82. [PMID: 23649542 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Three families of membrane-active peptides are commonly found in nature and are classified according to their initial apparent activity. Antimicrobial peptides are ancient components of the innate immune system and typically act by disruption of microbial membranes leading to cell death. Amyloid peptides contribute to the pathology of diverse diseases from Alzheimer's to type II diabetes. Preamyloid states of these peptides can act as toxins by binding to and permeabilizing cellular membranes. Cell-penetrating peptides are natural or engineered short sequences that can spontaneously translocate across a membrane. Despite these differences in classification, many similarities in sequence, structure, and activity suggest that peptides from all three classes act through a small, common set of physical principles. Namely, these peptides alter the Brownian properties of phospholipid bilayers, enhancing the sampling of intrinsic fluctuations that include membrane defects. A complete energy landscape for such systems can be described by the innate membrane properties, differential partition, and the associated kinetics of peptides dividing between surface and defect regions of the bilayer. The goal of this review is to argue that the activities of these membrane-active families of peptides simply represent different facets of what is a shared energy landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Last
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8114, USA
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Intracellular delivery of nanoparticles and DNAs by IR9 cell-penetrating peptides. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64205. [PMID: 23724035 PMCID: PMC3665793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) comprised of basic amino residues are able to cross cytoplasmic membranes and are able to deliver biologically active molecules inside cells. However, CPP/cargo entrapment in endosome limits biomedical utility as cargoes are destroyed in the acidic environment. In this study, we demonstrate protein transduction of a novel CPP comprised of an INF7 fusion peptide and nona-arginine (designated IR9). IR9 noncovalently interacts with quantum dots (QDs) and DNAs to form stable IR9/QD and IR9/DNA complexes which are capable of entering human A549 cells. Zeta-potentials were a better predictor of transduction efficiency than gel shift analysis, emphasizing the importance of electrostatic interactions of CPP/cargo complexes with plasma membranes. Mechanistic studies revealed that IR9, IR9/QD and IR9/DNA complexes may enter cells by endocytosis. Further, IR9, IR9/QD and IR9/DNA complexes were not cytotoxic at concentrations below 30, 5 and 20.1 µM, respectively. Without labor intensive production of fusion proteins from prokaryotes, these results indicate that IR9 could be a safe carrier of genes and drugs in biomedical applications.
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45
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León Z, García-Cañaveras JC, Donato MT, Lahoz A. Mammalian cell metabolomics: experimental design and sample preparation. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2762-75. [PMID: 23436493 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics represents the global assessment of metabolites in a biological sample and reports the closest information to the phenotype of the biological system under study. Mammalian cell metabolomics has emerged as a promising tool with potential applications in many biotechnology and research areas. Metabolomics workflow includes experimental design, sampling, sample processing, metabolite analysis, and data processing. Given their influence on metabolite content and biological interpretation of data, a good experimental design and the appropriate choice of a sample processing method are prerequisites for success in any metabolomic study. The use of mammalian cells in the metabolomics field involves harder sample processing methods, including metabolism quenching and metabolite extraction, as compared to the use of body fluids, although such critical issues are frequently overlooked. This review aims to overview the common experimental procedures used in mammalian cell metabolomics based on mass spectrometry, by placing special emphasis on discussing sample preparation approaches, although other aspects, such as cell metabolomics applications, culture systems, cellular models, analytical platforms, and data analysis, are also briefly covered. This review intends to be a helpful tool to assist researchers in addressing decisions when planning a metabolomics study involving the use of mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacarías León
- Unidad Analítica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria - Fundación Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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Liu Z, Jiang M, Kang T, Miao D, Gu G, Song Q, Yao L, Hu Q, Tu Y, Pang Z, Chen H, Jiang X, Gao X, Chen J. Lactoferrin-modified PEG-co-PCL nanoparticles for enhanced brain delivery of NAP peptide following intranasal administration. Biomaterials 2013; 34:3870-81. [PMID: 23453061 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Development of effective non-invasive drug delivery systems is of great importance to the treatment of Alzheimer's diseases and has made great progress in recent years. In this work, lactoferrin (Lf), a natural iron binding protein, whose receptor is highly expressed in both respiratory epithelial cells and neurons is here utilized to facilitate the nose-to-brain drug delivery of neuroprotection peptides. The Lf-conjugated PEG-PCL nanoparticle (Lf-NP) was constructed via a maleimide-thiol reaction with the Lf conjugation confirmed by CBQCA Protein Quantitation and XPS analysis. Other important parameters such as particle size distribution, zeta potential and in vitro release of fluorescent probes were also characterized. Compared with unmodified nanoparticles (NP), Lf-NP exhibited a significantly enhanced cellular accumulation in 16HBE14o-cells through both caveolae-/clathrin-mediated endocytosis and direct translocation. Following intranasal administration, Lf-NP facilitated the brain distribution of the coumarin-6 incorporated with the AUC0-8h in rat cerebrum (with hippocampus removed), cerebellum, olfactory tract, olfactory bulb and hippocampus 1.36, 1.53, 1.70, 1.57 and 1.23 times higher than that of coumarin-6 carried by NP, respectively. Using a neuroprotective peptide - NAPVSIPQ (NAP) as the model drug, the neuroprotective and memory improvement effect of Lf-NP was observed even at lower dose than that of NP in a Morris water maze experiment, which was also confirmed by the evaluation of acetylcholinesterase, choline acetyltransferase activity and neuronal degeneration in the mice hippocampus. In conclusion, Lf-NP may serve as a promising nose-to-brain drug delivery carrier especially for peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education & PLA, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
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Dash-Wagh S, Jacob S, Lindberg S, Fridberger A, Langel U, Ulfendahl M. Intracellular Delivery of Short Interfering RNA in Rat Organ of Corti Using a Cell-penetrating Peptide PepFect6. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2012; 1:e61. [PMID: 23232329 PMCID: PMC3528302 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2012.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) using short interfering RNA (siRNA) is an attractive therapeutic approach for treatment of dominant-negative mutations. Some rare missense dominant-negative mutations lead to congenital-hearing impairments. A variety of viral vectors have been tested with variable efficacy for modulating gene expression in inner ear. However, there is concern regarding their safety for clinical use. Here, we report a novel cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)-based nonviral approach for delivering siRNA into inner ear tissue using organotypic cultures as model system. PepFect6 (PF6), a variant of stearyl-TP10, was specially designed for improved delivery of siRNA by facilitating endosomal release. We show that PF6 was internalized by all cells without inducing cytotoxicity in cochlear cultures. PF6/siRNA nanoparticles lead to knockdown of target genes, a housekeeping gene and supporting cell-specific connexin 26. Interestingly, application of PF6/connexin 26 siRNA exhibited knockdown of both connexin 26 and 30 mRNA and their absence led to impaired intercellular communication as demonstrated by reduced transfer of calcein among the PF6/connexin 26-siRNA–treated cells. Thus, we conclude that PF6 is an efficient nonviral vector for delivery of siRNA, which can be applied as a tool for the development of siRNA-based therapeutic applications for hearing impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvarna Dash-Wagh
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Liou JS, Liu BR, Martin AL, Huang YW, Chiang HJ, Lee HJ. Protein transduction in human cells is enhanced by cell-penetrating peptides fused with an endosomolytic HA2 sequence. Peptides 2012; 37:273-84. [PMID: 22898256 PMCID: PMC9616647 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Endocytosis has been proposed as one of the primary mechanisms for cellular entry of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) and their cargoes. However, a major limitation of endocytic pathway is entrapment of the CPP-cargo in intracellular vesicles from which the cargo must escape into the cytoplasm to exert its biological activity. Here we demonstrate that a CPP tagged with an endosomolytic fusion peptide derived from the influenza virus hemagglutinin-2 (HA2) remarkably enhances the cytosolic delivery of proteins in human A549 cells. To determine the endosome-disruptive effects, recombinant DNA plasmids containing coding sequences of HA2, CPPs and red fluorescent proteins (RFPs) were constructed. The fusion proteins were purified from plasmid-transformed Escherichia coli, and their effects on protein transduction were examined using live cell imaging and flow cytometry. Our data indicate that endocytosis is the major route for cellular internalization of CPP-HA2-tagged RFP. Mechanistic studies revealed that the fusogenic HA2 peptide dramatically facilitates CPP-mediated protein entry through the release of endocytosed RFPs from endosomes into the cytoplasm. Furthermore, incorporating the HA2 fusion peptide of the CPP-HA2 fusion protein improved cytosolic uptake without causing cytotoxicity. These findings strongly suggest that the CPP-HA2 tag could be an efficient and safe carrier that overcomes endosomal entrapment of delivered therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Sing Liou
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da-Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da-Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Betty Revon Liu
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da-Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da-Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Adam L. Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences and the cDNA Resources Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 206 Schrenk Hall, 400 West 11th Street, Rolla, MO 65409-1120, USA
| | - Yue-Wern Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 105 Schrenk Hall, 400 West 11th Street, Rolla, MO 65409-1120, USA
| | - Huey-Jenn Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da-Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Han-Jung Lee
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da-Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
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Nasrollahi SA, Taghibiglou C, Azizi E, Farboud ES. Cell-penetrating peptides as a novel transdermal drug delivery system. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 80:639-46. [PMID: 22846609 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, almost one-third of the newly discovered drugs approved by the US FDA were biomolecules and biologics. Effective delivery of therapeutic biomolecules to their target is a challenging issue. Innovations in drug delivery systems have improved the efficiency of many of new biopharmaceuticals. Designing of novel transdermal delivery systems has been one of the most important pharmaceutical innovations, which offers a number of advantages. The cell-penetrating peptides have been increasingly used to mediate delivery of bimolecular cargoes such as small molecules, small interfering RNA nucleotides, drug-loaded nanoparticles, proteins, and peptides, both in vitro and in vivo, without using any receptors and without causing any significant membrane damage. Among several different drug delivery routes, application of cell-penetrating peptides in the topical and transdermal delivery systems has recently garnered tremendous attention in both cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical research and industries. In this review, we discuss history of cell-penetrating peptides, cell-penetrating peptide/cargo complex formation, and their mechanisms of cell and skin transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman A Nasrollahi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Liu BR, Lin MD, Chiang HJ, Lee HJ. Arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides deliver gene into living human cells. Gene 2012; 505:37-45. [PMID: 22669044 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Transgenesis is a process that introduces exogenous nucleic acids into the genome of an organism to produce desired traits or evaluate function. Improvements of transgenic technologies are always important pursuit in the last decades. Recently, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) were studied as shuttles that can internalize into cells directly and serve as carriers to deliver different cargoes into cells. In the present study, we evaluate whether arginine-rich CPPs can be used for gene delivery into human cells in a noncovalent fashion. We demonstrate that three arginine-rich CPPs (SR9, HR9, and PR9) are able to transport plasmid DNA into human A549 cells. For the functional gene assay, the CPP-delivered plasmid DNA containing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) coding sequence could be actively expressed in cells. The treatment of calcium chloride did not facilitate the CPP-mediated transfection efficiency, but enhance the gene expression intensity. Mechanistic studies further revealed that HR9/DNA complexes mediate the direct membrane translocation pathway for gene delivery. Our results suggest that arginine-rich CPPs, especially HR9, appear to be a high efficient and promising tool for gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Revon Liu
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
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