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Chen L, Tang H, Chen W, Wang J, Zhang S, Gao J, Chen Y, Zhu X, Huang Z, Chen J. Mitochondria-targeted cyclometalated iridium (III) complexes: Dual induction of A549 cells apoptosis and autophagy. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 249:112397. [PMID: 37844533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized 4 cyclometalated iridium complexes using N-(1,10-phenanthrolin-5-yl)picolinamide (PPA) as the main ligand, denoted as [Ir(ppy)2PPA]PF6 (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine, Ir1), [Ir(bzq)2PPA]PF6 (bzq = benzo[h]quinoline, Ir2), [Ir(dfppy)2PPA]PF6 (dfppy = 2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)pyridine, Ir3), and [Ir(thpy)2PPA]PF6 (thpy = 2-(thiophene-2-yl)pyridine, Ir4). Compared to cisplatin and oxaliplatin, all four complexes exhibited significant anti-tumor activity. Among them, Ir2 demonstrated higher cytotoxicity against A549 cells, with an IC50 value of 1.6 ± 0.2 μM. The experimental results indicated that Ir2 primarily localized in the mitochondria, inducing a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, that decreased in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reduced ATP production, and further impaired mitochondrial function, leading to cytochrome c release. Additionally, Ir2 caused cell cycle arrest at the S phase and induced apoptosis through the AKT-mediated signaling pathway. Further investigations revealed that Ir2 could simultaneously induce both apoptosis and autophagy in A549 cells, with the latter acting as a non-protective mechanism that promoted cell death. More importantly, Ir2 exhibited low toxicity to both normal LO2 cells in vitro and zebrafish embryos in vivo. Consequently, these newly developed Ir(III) complexes show great potential in the development of novel and low-toxicity anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanmei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design of Dongguan City, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, PR China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, PR China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, PR China
| | - Hong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design of Dongguan City, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, PR China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, PR China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, PR China
| | - Weigang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design of Dongguan City, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, PR China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design of Dongguan City, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, PR China
| | - Shenting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design of Dongguan City, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, PR China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, PR China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, PR China
| | - Jie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design of Dongguan City, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, PR China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, PR China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design of Dongguan City, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, PR China
| | - Xufeng Zhu
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, PR China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, PR China.
| | - Zunnan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design of Dongguan City, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, PR China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, PR China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, PR China.
| | - Jincan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design of Dongguan City, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, PR China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, PR China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, PR China.
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2
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Targeting macrophage polarization as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 116:109790. [PMID: 36736223 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic osteoarthropathy characterized by the progressive degeneration of articular cartilage and synovial inflammation. Early OA clinical treatments involve intra-articular injection of glucocorticoids, oral acetaminophen and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which are used for anti-inflammation and pain relief. However, long-term use of these agents will lead to inevitable side effects, even aggravate cartilage loss. At present, there are no disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs) yet approved by regulatory agencies. Polarization regulation of synovial macrophages is a new target for OA treatment. Inhibiting M1 polarization and promoting M2 polarization of synovial macrophages can alleviate synovial inflammation, relieve joint pain and inhibit articular cartilage degradation, which is a promising strategy for OA treatment. In this study, we describe the molecular mechanisms of macrophage polarization and its key role in the development of OA. Subsequently, we summarize the latest progress of strategies for OA treatment through macrophage reprogramming, including small molecule compounds (conventional western medicine and synthetic compounds, monomer compounds of traditional Chinese medicine), biomacromolecules, metal/metal oxides, cells, and cell derivatives, and interprets the molecular mechanisms, hoping to provide some information for DMOADs development.
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Kamkaen N, Chittasupho C, Vorarat S, Tadtong S, Phrompittayarat W, Okonogi S, Kwankhao P. Mucuna pruriens Seed Aqueous Extract Improved Neuroprotective and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Effects Compared with Synthetic L-Dopa. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103131. [PMID: 35630617 PMCID: PMC9145663 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
L-dopa, a dopaminergic agonist, is the gold standard for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. However, due to the long-term toxicity and adverse effects of using L-dopa as the first-line therapy for Parkinson’s disease, a search for alternative medications is an important current challenge. Traditional Ayurvedic medicine has suggested the use of Mucuna pruriens Linn. (Fabaceae) as an anti-Parkinson’s agent. The present study aimed to quantify the amount of L-dopa in M. pruriens seed extract by HPLC analysis. The cytotoxicity and neuroprotective properties of M. pruriens aqueous extract were investigated by two in vitro models including the serum deprivation method and co-administration of hydrogen peroxide assay. The results showed the significant neuroprotective activities of M. pruriens seed extracts at a concentration of 10 ng/mL. In addition, the effects of L-dopa and M. pruriens seed extract on in vitro acetylcholinesterase activities were studied. M. pruriens seed extract demonstrated acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, while synthetic L-dopa enhanced the activity of the enzyme. It can be concluded that the administration of M. pruriens seed might be effective in protecting the brain against neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. M. prurience seed extract containing L-dopa has shown less acetylcholinesterase activity stimulation compared with L-dopa, suggesting that the extract might have a superior benefit for use in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narisa Kamkaen
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Eastern Asia University, Pathum Thani 12110, Thailand
- Correspondence: (N.K.); (C.C.)
| | - Chuda Chittasupho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence: (N.K.); (C.C.)
| | - Suwanna Vorarat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok 26120, Thailand;
| | - Sarin Tadtong
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok 26120, Thailand;
| | | | - Siriporn Okonogi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pakakrong Kwankhao
- Chao Phya Abhaibhubejhr Hospital, Ministry of Public Health, Prachin Buri 25000, Thailand;
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Kuo CH, Zhang BH, Huang SE, Hsu JH, Wang YH, Nguyen TTN, Lai CH, Yeh JL. Xanthine Derivative KMUP-1 Attenuates Experimental Periodontitis by Reducing Osteoclast Differentiation and Inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:821492. [PMID: 35571109 PMCID: PMC9097136 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.821492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of gum that may predispose to serious systemic complications such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Activation of macrophages and osteoclasts around periodontal tissue can accelerate gum inflammation. In addition, alteration of cyclic nucleotide levels is associated with the severity of periodontitis. Our previous study has shown that KMUP-1, a xanthine derivative exhibiting phosphodiesterase inhibition and soluble guanylyl cyclase activation, can inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis. This study was aimed to investigate whether KMUP-1 could attenuate periodontitis both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the protective effect of KMUP-1 on inflammation and osteoclastogenesis was investigated in RANKL-primed RAW264.7 cells treated by Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS (PgLPS). The results showed that KMUP-1 attenuated PgLPS-induced osteoclast differentiation as demonstrated by decreased TRAP-positive multinuclear cells and TRAP activity. This reduction of osteoclast differentiation by KMUP-1 was reversed by KT5823, a protein kinase G inhibitor. Similarly, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels induced by PgLPS were inhibited by KMUP-1 in a dose-dependent manner whereas reversed by KT5823. Mechanistically, suppression of MAPKs, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB signaling pathways and decrease of c-Fos and NFATc1 expression in osteoclast precursors by KMUP-1 may mediate its protective effect. In vivo, two models of periodontitis in rats were induced by gingival injections of PgLPS and ligature placement around molar teeth, respectively. Our results showed that KMUP-1 inhibited alveolar bone loss in both rat models, and this effect mediated at least partly by reduced osteoclastogenesis. In conclusion, our study demonstrated the therapeutic potential of KMUP-1 on periodontitis through suppression of inflammation and osteoclast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsiang Kuo
- International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ban-Hua Zhang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shang-En Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Hau Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Hsiung Wang
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Thi Tuyet Ngan Nguyen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Han Lai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jwu-Lai Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Jwu-Lai Yeh,
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Zhang H, Liu Y, Li M, Peng G, Zhu T, Sun X. The Long Non-coding RNA SNHG12 Functions as a Competing Endogenous RNA to Modulate the Progression of Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1073-1087. [PMID: 34839459 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Increasing research has proved that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a critical role in a variety of biological processes. However, their functions in cerebral ischemia are still unclear. We found that the small nucleolar RNA host gene 12 (SNHG12) is a new type of lncRNA induced by ischemia/reperfusion. Here, we show that the expression of SNHG12 was upregulated in the brain tissue of mice exposed to middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) and primary mouse cerebral cortex neurons treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). Mechanistically, SNHG12 knockdown resulted in larger infarct sizes and worse neurological scores in MCAO/R mice. Consistent with the in vivo results, SNHG12 upregulation significantly increased the viability and prevented apoptosis of neurons cultured under OGD/R conditions. In addition, we found that SNHG12 acts as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) with microRNA (miR)-136-5p, thereby regulating the inhibition of its endogenous target Bcl-2. Moreover, SNHG12 was proven to target miR-136-5p, increasing Bcl-2 expression, which finally led to the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling. In conclusion, we demonstrated that SNHG12 acts as a ceRNA of miR-136-5p, thereby targets and regulates the expression of Bcl-2, which attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. This knowledge helps to better understand the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemic stroke and may provide new treatment options for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Meng Li
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Gongfeng Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, 467000, China
| | - Xiaoou Sun
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Zhou Y, Bai L, Tian L, Yang L, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Hao J, Gu Y, Liu Y. Iridium(III)-BBIP complexes induce apoptosis via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and inhibit A549 lung tumor growth in vivo. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 223:111550. [PMID: 34311319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The new ligand BBIP (BBIP = 2-(7-bromo-2H-benzo[d]imidazole-4-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) with its iridium(III) complexes: [Ir(ppy)2(BBIP)](PF6) (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine, Ir1), [Ir(bzq)2(BBIP)](PF6) (bzq = benzo[h]quinolone, Ir2) and [Ir(piq)2(BBIP)](PF6) (piq = 1-phenylisoquinoline, Ir3) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, High Resolution Mass Spectrometer (HRMS), 1H NMR and 13C{1H} NMR. The cytotoxicity of the complexes against A549, HepG2, SGC-7901, BEL-7402, HeLa and normal LO2 was evaluated through 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-biphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The results show that Ir1 exhibits high cytotoxic activity against A549 cells with a low IC50 value of 4.9 ± 0.5 μM. A series of biological activities such as cell cycle arrest, endoplasmic reticulum localization assay, apoptosis, western blotting, cellular uptake determination and in vivo antitumor activity were investigated. The assays implied that the complexes inhibit cancer cell migration through blocking mitotic progress. Cell cycle distribution stated that the complexes depress cell growth at G0/G1 phase. Additionally, the complexes acted on the endoplasmic reticulum and induce apoptosis through endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Especially, the western blotting showed that the complexes activated Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2) family and decreased PI3K (phosphoinositide-3 kinase) and AKT (protein kinase B), up-regulated the expression of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) and p-mTOR (phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin). Therefore, the complexes induce apoptosis through activating PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. Antitumor in vivo demonstrated that Ir1 can effectively prevent the tumor growth with an inhibitory rate of 48.89%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lan Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Li Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Linlin Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou 510010, PR China.
| | - Huiwen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jing Hao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yiying Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Xie FL, Huang ZT, Bai L, Zhu JW, Xu HH, Long QQ, Guo QF, Wu Y, Liu SH. Antitumor activity studies of iridium (III) polypyridine complexes-loaded liposomes against gastric tumor cell in vitro. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 225:111603. [PMID: 34564032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Two iridium (III) polypyridine complexes [Ir(ppy)2(BIP)]PF6 (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine, BIP = 2-biphenyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline, Ir1), [Ir(piq)2(BIP)]PF6 (piq = 1-phenylisoquinoline, Ir2) and their liposomes Ir1lipo and Ir2lipo were synthesized and characterized. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to evaluate cytotoxic activity against several cancer cells (A549, HepG2, SGC-7901, Bel-7402, HeLa) and non-cancer cell (mouse embryonic fibroblast, NIH3T3). The results showed that Ir1lipo displays the high cytotoxicity toward SGC-7901 with IC50 value of 5.8 ± 0.2 μM, while the complexes have no cytotoxicity toward A549, HepG2, Bel-7402 and HeLa cells. The cell colony demonstrated that the iridium (III) complexes-loaded liposomes can inhibit cell proliferation, induce cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. Moreover, they also cause autophagy, induce a decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential and increase intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. These results suggest that the complexes encapsulated liposomes Ir1lipo and Ir2lipo inhibit the growth of SGC-7901 cells through a ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and activating the PI3K (phosphoinositide-3 kinase)/ AKT (protein kinase B) signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Li Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Zhi-Tong Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Lan Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jian-Wei Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Hui-Hua Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Qing-Qin Long
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Qi-Feng Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, PR China.
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, PR China.
| | - Si-Hong Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, PR China.
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Huang SE, Sulistyowati E, Chao YY, Wu BN, Dai ZK, Hsu JH, Yeh JL. In Vitro Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of KMUP-1 and In Vivo Analysis of Its Therapeutic Potential in Osteoarthritis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060615. [PMID: 34071594 PMCID: PMC8227391 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative arthropathy that is mainly characterized by dysregulation of inflammatory responses. KMUP-1, a derived chemical synthetic of xanthine, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Here, we aimed to investigate the in vitro anti-inflammatory and in vivo anti-osteoarthritis effects of KMUP-1. Protein and gene expressions of inflammation markers were determined by ELISA, Western blotting and microarray, respectively. RAW264.7 mouse macrophages were cultured and pretreated with KMUP-1 (1, 5, 10 μM). The productions of TNF-α, IL-6, MMP-2 and MMP- 9 were reduced by KMUP-1 pretreatment in LPS-induced inflammation of RAW264.7 cells. The expressions of iNOS, TNF-α, COX-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 were also inhibited by KMUP-1 pretreatment. The gene expression levels of TNF and COX families were also downregulated. In addition, KMUP-1 suppressed the activations of ERK, JNK and p38 as well as phosphorylation of IκBα/NF-κB signaling pathways. Furthermore, SIRT1 inhibitor attenuated the inhibitory effect of KMUP-1 in LPS-induced NF-κB activation. In vivo study showed that KMUP-1 reduced mechanical hyperalgesia in monoiodoacetic acid (MIA)-induced rats OA. Additionally, KMUP-1 pretreatment reduced the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in MIA-injected rats. Moreover, macroscopic and histological observation showed that KMUP-1 reduced articular cartilage erosion in rats. Our results demonstrated that KMUP-1 inhibited the inflammatory responses and restored SIRT1 in vitro, alleviated joint-related pain and cartilage destruction in vivo. Taken together, KMUP-1 has the potential to improve MIA-induced articular cartilage degradation by inhibiting the levels and expression of inflammatory mediators suggesting that KMUP-1 might be a potential therapeutic agent for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-En Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (S.-E.H.); (E.S.); (B.-N.W.); (Z.-K.D.)
| | - Erna Sulistyowati
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (S.-E.H.); (E.S.); (B.-N.W.); (Z.-K.D.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Islam Malang, Malang 65146, Indonesia
| | - Yu-Ying Chao
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Bin-Nan Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (S.-E.H.); (E.S.); (B.-N.W.); (Z.-K.D.)
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Zen-Kong Dai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (S.-E.H.); (E.S.); (B.-N.W.); (Z.-K.D.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Hau Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (S.-E.H.); (E.S.); (B.-N.W.); (Z.-K.D.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-H.H.); (J.-L.Y.); Tel.: +886-7-3121101 (ext. 6507) (J.-H.H.); +886-7-3121101 (ext. 2139) (J.-L.Y.)
| | - Jwu-Lai Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (S.-E.H.); (E.S.); (B.-N.W.); (Z.-K.D.)
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-H.H.); (J.-L.Y.); Tel.: +886-7-3121101 (ext. 6507) (J.-H.H.); +886-7-3121101 (ext. 2139) (J.-L.Y.)
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Astaxanthin Inhibits Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Opening in Rat Heart Mitochondria. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8120576. [PMID: 31766490 PMCID: PMC6943429 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8120576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrion is the main organelle of oxidative stress in cells. Increased permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane is a key phenomenon in cell death. Changes in membrane permeability result from the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), a large-conductance channel that forms after the overload of mitochondria with Ca2+ or in response to oxidative stress. The ketocarotenoid astaxanthin (AST) is a potent antioxidant that is capable of maintaining the integrity of mitochondria by preventing oxidative stress. In the present work, the effect of AST on the functioning of mPTP was studied. It was found that AST was able to inhibit the opening of mPTP, slowing down the swelling of mitochondria by both direct addition to mitochondria and administration. AST treatment changed the level of mPTP regulatory proteins in isolated rat heart mitochondria. Consequently, AST can protect mitochondria from changes in the induced permeability of the inner membrane. AST inhibited serine/threonine protein kinase B (Akt)/cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) signaling pathways in mitochondria, which led to the prevention of mPTP opening. Since AST improves the resistance of rat heart mitochondria to Ca2+-dependent stress, it can be assumed that after further studies, this antioxidant will be considered an effective tool for improving the functioning of the heart muscle in general under normal and medical conditions.
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10
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Dong X, Wang F, Xue Y, Lin Z, Song W, Yang N, Li Q. MicroRNA‑9‑5p downregulates Klf4 and influences the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma via the AKT signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:1417-1429. [PMID: 30664155 PMCID: PMC6365078 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) is a transcriptional factor involved in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms associated with the Klf4 gene as a tumor suppressor in HCC remain unclear. microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are a series of small non-coding RNAs that serve a vital role in regulating gene expression via their influence on protein translation and the associated degradation of mRNA. The mRNA expression levels of the miRNA, miR-9-5p, and Klf4 were measured using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The protein expression levels of Klf4, protein kinase B (AKT), phosphorylated (p-)AKT, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), p-mTOR, B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) were determined by western blot analysis. Dual luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm a direct interaction between miR-9-5p and the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) sequence of Klf4. Cell counting kit-8 assay, wound healing assay, Transwell migration assay and flow cytometric analysis were performed to evaluate the proliferative, migratory and apoptotic capabilities of the HCC cells. In the present study, miR-9-5p was revealed to be overexpressed in HCC as a novel upstream gene of Klf4. miR-9-5p expression was inversely associated with Klf4 expression in clinical samples. Additionally, Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a markedly poor prognosis of HCC in the miR-9-5p high-expression group. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that miR-9-5p bound directly to the 3′-UTR of Klf4, which reduced the expression levels of Klf4. The miR-9-5p/Klf4 axis promoted HCC proliferation and migration, and inhibited HCC apoptosis. Furthermore, miR-9-5p upregulated the Bcl-2/Bax protein ratio and activated AKT/mTOR signaling. Taken together, these data demonstrated that the miR-9-5p/Klf4 axis was able to promote HCC progression, which may occur via regulation of the AKT signaling pathway, highlighting a potential novel target in HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Dong
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Ying Xue
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Zhipeng Lin
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Weifeng Song
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Ning Yang
- The 5th Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200082, P.R. China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
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11
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Fakhri S, Dargahi L, Abbaszadeh F, Jorjani M. Effects of astaxanthin on sensory-motor function in a compression model of spinal cord injury: Involvement of ERK and AKT signalling pathway. Eur J Pain 2018; 23:750-764. [PMID: 30427581 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes continuous neurological deficits and major sensory-motor impairments. There is no effective treatment to enhance sensory-motor function following SCI. Thus, it is crucial to develop novel therapeutics for this particular patient population. Astaxanthin (AST) is a strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic agent. In the present study, it was tested in a severe compression SCI model with emphasis on sensory-motor outcomes, signalling pathway, along with other complications. METHODS A severe SCI was induced by compression of the rat thoracic spinal cord with an aneurysm clip and treatment with AST or the vehicle was carried out, 30 min after injury. Behavioural tests including open field, von Frey, hot plate and BBB were performed weekly to 28 days post-injury. Rats were assigned to measure blood glucose, weight and auricle temperature. Western blot and histological analysis also were performed at the same time points. RESULTS AST decreased mechanical and thermal pain and also improved motor function performance, reduced blood glucose and auricle temperature increases and attenuated weight loss in SCI rats. Western blot analysis showed decreased activation of ERK1/2 and increased activation of AKT following AST treatment. The histology results revealed that AST considerably preserved myelinated white matter and the number of motor neurons following SCI. CONCLUSION Taken together, the beneficial effects of AST to improve sensory-motor outcomes, attenuate pathological tissue damage and modulate ERK and AKT signalling pathways following SCI, suggest it as a strong therapeutic agent towards clinical applications. SIGNIFICANCE Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory-motor function and causes complications, which astaxanthin (AST) has the potential to be used as a treatment for. The present study investigates the effects of AST in a compression model of SCI with emphasis on sensory-motor outcomes alongside other complications, histopathological damage and also related signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Fakhri
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abbaszadeh
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Jorjani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Inhibition of PTEN protects PC12 cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation induced cell death through mitoprotection. Brain Res 2018; 1692:100-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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13
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Synthesis, characterization and anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo evaluation of an iridium (III) polypyridyl complex. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 145:338-349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Kim SE, Han JH, Ko IG, Kim CJ, Kim KH. Alpha1-adrenergic receptor antagonist tamsulosin ameliorates aging-induced memory impairment by enhancing neurogenesis and suppressing apoptosis in the hippocampus of old-aged rats. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2017.1404492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kyung Hee Medical Center, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Gyu Ko
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ju Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Khae Hawn Kim
- Department of Urology, Gachon University School of Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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15
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Cameron RT, Whiteley E, Day JP, Parachikova AI, Baillie GS. Selective inhibition of phosphodiesterases 4, 5 and 9 induces HSP20 phosphorylation and attenuates amyloid beta 1-42-mediated cytotoxicity. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 7:64-73. [PMID: 28097089 PMCID: PMC5221464 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors are currently under evaluation as agents that may facilitate the improvement of cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease. Our aim was to determine whether inhibitors of PDEs 4, 5 and 9 could alleviate the cytotoxic effects of amyloid beta 1–42 (Aβ1–42) via a mechanism involving the small heatshock protein HSP20. We show that inhibition of PDEs 4, 5 and 9 but not 3 induces the phosphorylation of HSP20 which, in turn, increases the colocalisation between the chaperone and Aβ1–42 to significantly decrease the toxic effect of the peptide. We conclude that inhibition of PDE9 is most effective to combat Aβ1–42 cytotoxicity in our cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Cameron
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences College of Veterinary Medical and Life Sciences University of Glasgow UK
| | - Ellanor Whiteley
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences College of Veterinary Medical and Life Sciences University of Glasgow UK
| | - Jon P Day
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences College of Veterinary Medical and Life Sciences University of Glasgow UK
| | | | - George S Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences College of Veterinary Medical and Life Sciences University of Glasgow UK
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16
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Lu XL, Zhao CH, Yao XL, Zhang H. Quercetin attenuates high fructose feeding-induced atherosclerosis by suppressing inflammation and apoptosis via ROS-regulated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 85:658-671. [PMID: 27919735 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a dietary flavonoid compound extracted from various plants, such as apple and onions. Previous studies have revealed its anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic activities. This study investigated the ability of quercetin to inhibit high fructose feeding- or LPS-induced atherosclerosis through regulating oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation response in vivo and in vitro experiments. 50 and 100mg/kg quercetin were used in our study, showing significant inhibitory role in high fructose-induced atherosclerosis via reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, Caspase-3 activation, inflammatory cytokines releasing, the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells and collagen contents as well as modulating apoptosis- and inflammation-related proteins expression. We also explored the protective effects of quercetin on atherosclerosis by phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/Protein kinase B (AKT)-associated Bcl-2/Caspase-3 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signal pathways activation, promoting AKT and Bcl-2 expression and reducing Caspase-3 and NF-κB activation. Quercetin reduced the atherosclerotic plaque size in vivo in high fructose feeding-induced mice assessed by oil red O. Also, in vitro experiments, quercetin displayed inhibitory role in LPS-induced ROS production, inflammatory response and apoptosis, which were linked with PI3K/AKT-regulated Caspase-3 and NF-κB activation. In conclusion, our results showed that quercetin inhibited atherosclerotic plaque development in high fructose feeding mice via PI3K/AKT activation regulated by ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Li Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China.
| | - Cui-Hua Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Xin-Liang Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
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17
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Astaxanthin Inhibits Acetaldehyde-Induced Cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells by Modulating Akt/CREB and p38MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathways. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14030056. [PMID: 26978376 PMCID: PMC4820310 DOI: 10.3390/md14030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to brain tissue damage and cognitive dysfunction. Acetaldehyde, the most toxic metabolite of ethanol, mediates the brain tissue damage and cognitive dysfunction induced by chronic excessive alcohol consumption. In this study, the effect of astaxanthin, a marine bioactive compound, on acetaldehyde-induced cytotoxicity was investigated in SH-SY5Y cells. It was found that astaxanthin protected cells from apoptosis by ameliorating the effect of acetaldehyde on the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins, preventing the reduction of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and the increase of pro-apoptotic protein Bak induced by acetaldehyde. Further analyses showed that astaxanthin treatment inhibited acetaldehyde-induced reduction of the levels of activated Akt and cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB). Astaxanthin treatment also prevented acetaldehyde-induced increase of the level of activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and decrease of the level of activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs). Activation of Akt/CREB pathway promotes cell survival and is involved in the upregulation of Bcl-2 gene. P38MAPK plays a critical role in apoptotic events while ERKs mediates the inhibition of apoptosis. Thus, astaxanthin may inhibit acetaldehyde-induced apoptosis through promoting the activation of Akt/CREB and ERKs and blocking the activation of p38MAPK. In addition, astaxanthin treatment suppressed the oxidative stress induced by acetaldehyde and restored the antioxidative capacity of SH-SY5Y cells. Therefore, astaxanthin may protect cells against acetaldehyde-induced cytotoxicity through maintaining redox balance and modulating apoptotic and survival signals. The results suggest that astaxanthin treatment may be beneficial for preventing neurotoxicity associated with acetaldehyde and excessive alcohol consumption.
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18
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Acetaldehyde Induces Cytotoxicity of SH-SY5Y Cells via Inhibition of Akt Activation and Induction of Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:4512309. [PMID: 26649137 PMCID: PMC4663355 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4512309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to brain tissue damage and cognitive dysfunction. It has been shown that heavy drinking is associated with an earlier onset of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Acetaldehyde, the most toxic metabolite of ethanol, is speculated to mediate the brain tissue damage and cognitive dysfunction induced by the chronic excessive consumption of alcohol. However, the exact mechanisms by which acetaldehyde induces neurotoxicity are not totally understood. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic effects of acetaldehyde in SH-SY5Y cells and found that acetaldehyde induced apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells by downregulating the expression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and upregulating the expression of proapoptotic Bax. Acetaldehyde treatment led to a significant decrease in the levels of activated Akt and cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB). In addition, acetaldehyde induced the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) while inhibiting the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs, p44/p42MAPK). Meanwhile, acetaldehyde treatment caused an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species and elevated the oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells. Therefore, acetaldehyde induces cytotoxicity of SH-SY5Y cells via promotion of apoptotic signaling, inhibition of cell survival pathway, and induction of oxidative stress.
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19
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Lo YC, Tseng YT, Liu CM, Wu BN, Wu SN. Actions of KMUP-1, a xanthine and piperazine derivative, on voltage-gated Na(+) and Ca(2+) -activated K(+) currents in GH3 pituitary tumour cells. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:5110-22. [PMID: 26276211 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 7-[2-[4-(2-Chlorophenyl)piperazinyl]ethyl]-1,3-dimethylxanthine (KMUP-1) is a xanthine-based derivative. It has soluble GC activation and K(+) -channel opening activity. Effects of this compound on ion currents in pituitary GH3 cells were investigated in this study. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of KMUP-1 on the amplitude and gating of voltage-gated Na(+) current (INa ) in pituitary GH3 cells and in HEKT293T cells expressing SCN5A. Both the amplitude of Ca(2+) -activated K(+) current and the activity of large-conductance Ca(2+) -activated K(+) (BKCa ) channels were also studied. KEY RESULTS KMUP-1 depressed the transient and late components of INa with different potencies. The IC50 values required for its inhibitory effect on transient and late INa were 22.5 and 1.8 μM respectively. KMUP-1 (3 μM) shifted the steady-state inactivation of INa to a hyperpolarized potential by -10 mV, despite inability to alter the recovery of INa from inactivation. In cell-attached configuration, KMUP-1 applied to bath increased BKCa -channel activity; however, in inside-out patches, this compound applied to the intracellular surface had no effect on it. It prolonged the latency in the generation of action currents elicited by triangular voltage ramps. Additionally, KMUP-1 decreased the peak INa with a concomitant increase of current inactivation in HEKT293T cells expressing SCN5A. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Apart from activating BKCa channels, KMUP-1 preferentially suppresses late INa . The effects of KUMP-1 on ion currents presented here constitute an underlying ionic mechanism of its actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Lo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Tseng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ming Liu
- Department of Nursing, Tzu Hui Institute of Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Bin-Nan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Nan Wu
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
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20
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Liou SF, Hsu JH, Chu HC, Lin HH, Chen IJ, Yeh JL. KMUP-1 Promotes Osteoblast Differentiation Through cAMP and cGMP Pathways and Signaling of BMP-2/Smad1/5/8 and Wnt/β-Catenin. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2038-48. [PMID: 25536014 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors have been suggested as a possible candidate for the treatment of osteopenia, including osteoporosis. KMUP-1 is a novel xanthine derivative with inhibitory activities on the PDE 3, 4, and 5 iso-enzymes to suppress the degradation of cAMP and cGMP. This study aimed to investigate the effect of KMUP-1 on osteoblast differentiation and the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Primary osteoblasts and osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were examined. KMUP-1 enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization compared to untreated controls in primary osteoblasts and MC3T3-E1 cells. KMUP-1 also increased the mRNA expression of the osteoblastic differentiation markers, including collagen type 1a, ALP, osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin, BMP-2, and Runx2, a key transcription regulator for osteoblastic differentiation. The osteogenic effect of KMUP-1 was abolished by BMP signaling inhibitor, noggin. Furthermore, we found that KMUP-1 upregulated Smad1/5/8 phosphorylations with subsequent BRE-Luc activation confirmed by transient transfection assay. In addition, KMUP-1 inactivated glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), with associated nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Co-treatment with H89 and KT5823, cAMP and cGMP pathway inhibitors, respectively, reversed the KMUP-1-induced activations of Smad1/5/8, β-catenin, and Runx2. The findings demonstrate for the first time that KMUP-1 can promote osteoblast maturation and differentiation in vitro via BMP-2/Smad1/5/8 and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. These effects are mediated, in part, by the cAMP and cGMP signaling. Thus, KMUP-1 may be a novel osteoblast activator and a potential new therapy for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fen Liou
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Hau Hsu
- Department of Paediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chieh Chu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Hong Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Jun Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jwu-Lai Yeh
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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21
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Catalpol Inhibited the Proliferation of T24 Human Bladder Cancer Cells by Inducing Apoptosis Through the Blockade of Akt-Mediated Anti-apoptotic Signaling. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 71:1349-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0355-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Hong T, Guh J, Wu B, Chai C, Huang H, Chen I. Kmup-1 Protects Kidney from Streptozotocin-Induced Pro-Inflammation in Early Diabetic Nephropathy by Restoring Enos/Pparγ and Inhibiting MMP-9. EUR J INFLAMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1401200109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
KMUP-1 increases nitric oxide (NO) via endothelium nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS). Deficiency of eNOS and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). This study aims to investigate whether KMUP-1 inhibits streptozotocin (STZ)-induced proinflammation in early DN. In experiments, STZ was used to induce diabetes in Wistar rats. Twenty-four male rats were randomly divided into four groups, including control, STZ (65 mg/kg, i.p.), STZ+KMUP-1(1 mg/kg) and STZ+KMUP-1 (2.5 mg/kg). KMUP-1 HCl was dissolved in distilled water for oral administration. The morphology of renal tissues was evaluated by periodic acid-schiff (PAS) staining and immunohistochemistry of eNOS. The expressions of matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 (MMP-2/-9), eNOS, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2– associated X protein (Bax) and PPARγ of renal tissues were examined by Western blotting technique. NO production was evaluated by Griess reagent. Oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results indicated that STZ-induced diabetic mellitus (DM) and subsequent DN, including excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) accompanied by enhanced MMP-2/-9, raised ROS production, increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio and decreased eNOS/PPARy over a period of 4 weeks. KMUP-1 inhibited STZ-induced hyperglycemia, BUN, MMP-2/MMP-9, and restored eNOS-PPARγ expression in renal tissues. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of eNOS in glomeruli of renal cortical tissue sections indicated that KMUP-1 restored the eNOS caused by STZ. PAS staining of glomeruli indicated that KMUP-1 could not significantly reduce STZ-induced ECM expansion. Moreover, KMUP-1 increased Bcl-2/Bax and decreased ROS. In summary, KMUP-1 inhibits STZ-induced proinflammation in early DN by restoring PPARγ/eNOS and inhibiting MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.Y. Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - J.Y. Guh
- Department of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - B.N. Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C.Y. Chai
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - H.T. Huang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - I.J. Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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23
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Kuo KK, Wu BN, Chiu EY, Tseng CJ, Yeh JL, Liu CP, Chai CY, Chen IJ. NO donor KMUP-1 improves hepatic ischemia-reperfusion and hypoxic cell injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory signaling. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2013; 26:93-106. [PMID: 23527712 DOI: 10.1177/039463201302600109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates whether KMUP-1 improves hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) and hypoxic cell injury via inhibiting Nox2- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated pro-inflammation. Rats underwent ischemia by occlusion of the portal vein and hepatic artery for 45 minutes. Reperfusion was allowed for 4 h. Serum was used for analysis of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). DNA extracted from liver homogenate was analyzed by electrophoresis to observe the fragmentation. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) was evaluated by measuring thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). NO and ROS contents were measured using Griess reagent and 2′-7′-dichlorofluorescein, respectively. Proteins levels were visualized by Western blotting. Liver damage was observed under a microscope. Intravenous KMUP-1 (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg) reduced I/R-induced ALT and AST levels, DNA fragmentation, ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) and restored the NO levels of I/R rats. KMUP-1 protected the liver architecture from worsening of damage and focal sinusoid congestion, increased endothelium NO synthase (eNOS), guanosine 3', 5'cyclic monophosphate (cGMP), protein kinase G (PKG) and the B-cell lymphoma 2/Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bcl-2/Bax) ratio, attenuated phosphodiesterase 5A (PDE-5A) and cleaved caspase-3 expression in I/R-liver. In hypoxic HepG2 cells, KMUP-1 increased cGMP/PKG, restored peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) and decreased matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9), Rho kinase II (ROCK II), hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF). KMUP-1 protects liver from I/R-injury and hypoxic hepatocytes from apoptosis-associated free radical generation and pro-inflammation by restoring/increasing NO/cGMP/PPAR-gamma, reducing ROS/Nox2 and inhibiting ROCKII/MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Kuo
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Liou SF, Hsu JH, Lin IL, Ho ML, Hsu PC, Chen LW, Chen IJ, Yeh JL. KMUP-1 suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and prevents ovariectomy-induced bone loss: roles of MAPKs, Akt, NF-κB and calcium/calcineurin/NFATc1 pathways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69468. [PMID: 23936022 PMCID: PMC3723916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background KMUP-1 is a xanthine derivative with inhibitory activities on the phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3,4 and 5 isoenzymes to suppress the degradation of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. However, the effects of KMUP-1 on osteoclast differentiation are still unclear. In this study, we investigated whether KMUP-1 inhibits osteoclastogenesis induced by RANKL in RAW 264.7 cells and bone loss induced by ovariectomy in mice, and the underlying mechanisms. Principal Findings In vitro, KMUP-1 inhibited RANKL-induced TRAP activity, the formation of multinucleated osteoclasts and resorption-pit formation. It also inhibited key mediators of osteoclastogenesis including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and HMGB1. In addition, KMUP-1 inhibited RANKL-induced activation of signaling molecules (Akt, MAPKs, calcium and NF-κB), mRNA expression of osteoclastogensis-associated genes (TRAP, MMP-9, Fra-1, and cathepsin K) and transcription factors (c-Fos and NFATc1). Furthermore, most inhibitory effects of KMUP-1 on RANKL-mediated signal activations were reversed by a protein kinase A inhibitor (H89) and a protein kinase G inhibitor (KT5823). In vivo, KMUP-1 prevented loss of bone mineral content, preserved serum alkaline phosphate and reduced serum osteocalcin in ovariectomized mice. Conclusions KMUP-1 inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro and protects against ovariectomy-induced bone loss in vivo. These effects are mediated, at least in part, by cAMP and cGMP pathways. Therefore, KMUP-1 may have a role in pharmacologic therapy of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fen Liou
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Hau Hsu
- Department of Paediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - I-Ling Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Ho
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chuan Hsu
- Departments of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wen Chen
- Departments of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Jun Chen
- Departments of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jwu-Lai Yeh
- Departments of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Zhou X, Song FH, He W, Yang XY, Zhou ZB, Feng X, Zhou LH. Neonatal exposure to sevoflurane causes apoptosis and reduces nNOS protein expression in rat hippocampus. Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:543-6. [PMID: 22751864 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies have shown that commonly used anesthetic agents may cause neurohistopathological changes and persistent behavioral impairments in the developing brain. The effects of sevoflurane, a widely used substance in pediatric anesthesia, on the developing brain have not been thoroughly analyzed thus far. In this study, Sprague-Dawley rats at postnatal day (P)7 were exposed to 2.3% sevoflurane for 6 h continuously. Six hours after exposure, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to determine the morphological changes in the hippocampus. The expression levels of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and caspase-3 in the hippocampus of the pups were determined by immunofluorescence. A single 6-h sevoflurane exposure at P7 caused morphological changes in the hippocampus. Sevoflurane also significantly increased the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and reduced the expression of the nNOS protein. These results indicate that neonatal exposure to sevoflurane causes neurohistopathological changes, apoptosis and decreases nNOS protein levels in the rat hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, and Department of Anatomy, Zhong Shan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
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The effect of nNOS inhibitors on toxin-induced cell death in dopaminergic cell lines depends on the extent of enzyme expression. Brain Res 2011; 1404:21-30. [PMID: 21737065 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide is linked with neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) through the involvement of both inducible (iNOS) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). While non-selective NOS inhibitors are neuroprotective, the role of nNOS has not been determined using selective NOS inhibitors. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effect of selective iNOS and nNOS inhibitors on MPP(+)- and MG-132-induced cell death in cell lines with differing levels of nNOS expression. Inhibition of endogenously expressed nNOS by 7-NI and ARR17477 enhanced the toxicity of MPP(+) and MG-132 in N1E-115 cells, whereas in transfected SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing nNOS, ARR17477 and 7-NI protected against MPP(+)- and MG-132-induced cell death. In contrast, inhibition of iNOS by 1400W was ineffective in preventing MPP(+) and MG-132 toxicity in these cell lines. These results suggest a dual role for NOS in dopaminergic cell viability. nNOS is protective against toxic insult when produced endogenously. When nNOS is overexpressed, it becomes neurotoxic to cells suggesting that inhibition of nNOS may be a promising strategy to prevent cell death in PD.
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PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is required for neuroprotection of thalidomide on hypoxic–ischemic cortical neurons in vitro. Brain Res 2010; 1357:157-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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