1
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Shennan BDA, Berheci D, Crompton JL, Davidson TA, Field JL, Williams BA, Dixon DJ. Branching out: redox strategies towards the synthesis of acyclic α-tertiary ethers. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5878-5929. [PMID: 35770619 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00669j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Acyclic α-tertiary ethers represent a highly prevalent functionality, common to high-value bioactive molecules, such as pharmaceuticals and natural products, and feature as crucial synthetic handles in their construction. As such their synthesis has become an ever-more important goal in synthetic chemistry as the drawbacks of traditional strong base- and acid-mediated etherifications have become more limiting. In recent years, the generation of highly reactive intermediates via redox approaches has facilitated the synthesis of highly sterically-encumbered ethers and accordingly these strategies have been widely applied in α-tertiary ether synthesis. This review summarises and appraises the state-of-the-art in the application of redox strategies enabling acyclic α-tertiary ether synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D A Shennan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Diana Berheci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Jessica L Crompton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Timothy A Davidson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Joshua L Field
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Benedict A Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Darren J Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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2
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The Effect of Pure Oxygenated Biofuels on Efficiency and Emissions in a Gasoline Optimised DISI Engine. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14133908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The negative impact of transport on climate has led to incentives to increase the amount of renewable fuels used in internal combustion engines (ICEs). Oxygenated, liquid biofuels are promising alternatives, as they exhibit similar combustion behaviour to gasoline. In this article, the effect of the different biofuels on engine efficiency, combustion propagation and emissions of a gasoline-optimised direct injected spark ignited (DISI) engine were evaluated through engine experiments. The experiments were performed without any engine hardware modifications. The investigated fuels are gasoline, four alcohols (methanol, ethanol, n-butanol and iso-butanol) and one ether (MTBE). All fuels were tested at two speed sweeps at low and mid load conditions, and a spark timing sweep at low load conditions. The oxygenated biofuels exhibit increased efficiencies, even at non-knock-limited conditions. At lower loads, the oxygenated fuels decrease CO, HC and NOx emissions. However, at mid load conditions, decreased volatility of the alcohols leads to increased emissions due to fuel impingement effects. Methanol exhibited the highest efficiencies and significantly increased burn rates compared to the other fuels. Gasoline exhibited the lowest level of PN and PM emissions. N-butanol and iso-butanol show significantly increased levels of particle emissions compared to the other fuels.
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3
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Thornton SF, Nicholls HCG, Rolfe SA, Mallinson HEH, Spence MJ. Biodegradation and fate of ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) in soil and groundwater: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 391:122046. [PMID: 32145642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review summarises the current state of knowledge on the biodegradation and fate of the gasoline ether oxygenate ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) in soil and groundwater. Microorganisms have been identified in soil and groundwater with the ability to degrade ETBE aerobically as a carbon and energy source, or via cometabolism using alkanes as growth substrates. Aerobic biodegradation of ETBE initially occurs via hydroxylation of the ethoxy carbon by a monooxygenase enzyme, with subsequent formation of intermediates which include acetaldehyde, tert-butyl acetate (TBAc), tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-propanol (MHP) and 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid (2-HIBA). Slow cell growth and low biomass yields on ETBE are believed to result from the ether structure and slow degradation kinetics, with potential limitations on ETBE metabolism. Genes known to facilitate transformation of ETBE include ethB (within the ethRABCD cluster), encoding a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, and alkB-encoding alkane hydroxylases. Other genes have been identified in microorganisms but their activity and specificity towards ETBE remains poorly characterised. Microorganisms and pathways supporting anaerobic biodegradation of ETBE have not been identified, although this potential has been demonstrated in limited field and laboratory studies. The presence of co-contaminants (other ether oxygenates, hydrocarbons and organic compounds) in soil and groundwater may limit aerobic biodegradation of ETBE by preferential metabolism and consumption of available dissolved oxygen or enhance ETBE biodegradation through cometabolism. Both ETBE-degrading microorganisms and alkane-oxidising bacteria have been characterised, with potential for use in bioaugmentation and biostimulation of ETBE degradation in groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Thornton
- Groundwater Protection and Restoration Group, Dept of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - H C G Nicholls
- Groundwater Protection and Restoration Group, Dept of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - S A Rolfe
- Dept of Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - H E H Mallinson
- Groundwater Protection and Restoration Group, Dept of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - M J Spence
- Concawe, Environmental Science for European Refining, Boulevard du Souverain 165, 1160 Brussels, Belgium
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Lim CS, Lim JH, Cha JS, Lim JY. Comparative effects of oxygenates-gasoline blended fuels on the exhaust emissions in gasoline-powered vehicles. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 239:103-113. [PMID: 30897476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the comparative effects of oxygenates such as ethanol (EA), methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), and ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE) by fixing the oxygen contents as 0.82 wt% 1.65 wt%, and 2.74 wt% of the fuels on the regulated (CO, NMHC and NOx) and unregulated (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and BTEX) exhaust emissions in gasoline-powered vehicles. The most widely used type of vehicles (light-duty, medium-duty, heavy-duty) in Korea were tested on a chassis dynamometer under the CVS-75 Cycle. When EA, MTBE and ETBE percentage increased, the CO and NMHC concentration decreased. The NOx emission decreased at 1.65 wt% and 2.74 wt% oxygen content of MTBE and ETBE. The emissions of CO decreased by 0.363 g/km, 0.266 g/km and 0.356 g/km for light-duty vehicle when EA, MTBE and ETBE oxygenates blending ratio increased. Increased EA, MTBE and ETBE oxygenates blending ratio demonstrated no specific reducing effect on CO emissions from low-mileage vehicle, but NMHC emissions decreased by 0.011 g/km (medium-duty), 0.015 g/km (light-duty) and 0.018 g/km (heavy-duty). More CO was emitted from MTBE among three oxygenates at same oxygen content. The emitted concentrations of NMHC from three oxygenates at same oxygen content were almost similar, but reduced NOx emissions from EA (10%) to MTBE (20.4%) and ETBE (23.6%) were observed at 2.74 wt% oxygen content. Reducing effect on CO emissions was order of EA > ETBE > MTBE. Formaldehyde emissions increased up to 54.3% as MTBE ratio increased. When oxygen content of ETBE, EA, and MTBE increased from 0.82 wt% to 2.74 wt%, the acetaldehyde emissions increased up to 177.4%, 39.5% and 31.0%, respectively. There was significant formaldehyde concentration difference between high emission vehicle type (light-duty and medium-duty) and low emission vehicle type (heavy-duty and low-mileage) for three oxygenates. Reduction effect of MTBE and ETBE on BTEX was the order of toluene > benzene > ethylbenzene > xylene, and MTBE showed more reduction effect than ETBE at same oxygen content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol-Soo Lim
- Global Environment Research Division, Climate and Air Quality Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyeong-Ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Lim
- Global Environment Research Division, Climate and Air Quality Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyeong-Ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun-Seok Cha
- Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management Unit, Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Fiji
| | - Jae-Yong Lim
- The University of Suwon, Graduate School of Engineering, 17 Wauan-gil, Bongdam-eup, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18323, Republic of Korea
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5
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Adamović D, Dorić J, Vojinović Miloradov M, Adamović S, Pap S, Radonić J, Turk Sekulić M. The emission of BTEX compounds during movement of passenger car in accordance with the NEDC. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:339-349. [PMID: 29791886 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The results of the research in the field of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers (BTEX) concentrations in exhaust gases of spark ignition engines under different operating conditions are presented in this paper. The aim of this paper is to gain a clearer insight into the impact of different engine working parameters on the concentrations of BTEX. The experimental investigation has been performed on the SCHENCK 230 W test stand with the controlled IC engine. The engine operating points have been chosen based on the results of a simulation and they are considered as the typical driving conditions according to the New European Driving Cycle. Concentration levels of BTEX compounds in exhaust gas mixtures have been determined by gas chromatography technique by using the combination of Supelcowax 10-Polyethylene glycol column and the PID detector. Based on the experimental research results, the emission model of BTEX compounds has been defined by the simulation of movement of a Fiat Punto Classic passenger car in accordance with the NEDC cycle. Using the results obtained within the simulation, the official statistics on the number of gasoline-powered cars on the territory of the Republic of Serbia and the European Commission data on the annual distance traveled by car, the amounts of BTEX compounds emitted annually per car have been estimated, as well as the emissions of the entire Serbian car fleet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Adamović
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering and Occupational Safety and Health, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Jovan Dorić
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Chair for Engines and Motor Vehicles, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Vojinović Miloradov
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering and Occupational Safety and Health, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Savka Adamović
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sabolč Pap
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering and Occupational Safety and Health, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; Environmental Research Institute, North Highland College, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle Street, Thurso, Scotland, KW14 7JD, UK
| | - Jelena Radonić
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering and Occupational Safety and Health, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Maja Turk Sekulić
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering and Occupational Safety and Health, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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6
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Vlasenko NV, Kochkin YN, Puziy AM, Strizhak PE. Crucial Role of Weak Acid Sites for Catalytic Performance of Zeolites in Ethyl tert-butyl Ether Synthesis. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2017.1328411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. V. Vlasenko
- L.V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, NAS, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Yu. N. Kochkin
- L.V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, NAS, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - A. M. Puziy
- Institute for Sorption and Problems of Endoecology NAS, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - P. E. Strizhak
- L.V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, NAS, Kiev, Ukraine
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7
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Effect of Acid Site Localization in Sulfonic Resin Amberlyst 15 on its Catalytic Properties in Ethyl tert-butyl Ether Synthesis. THEOR EXP CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11237-017-9510-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Fathi Y, Price C, Meloni G. Low-Temperature Synchrotron Photoionization Study of 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO) Oxidation Initiated by O( 3P) Atoms in the 298-650 K Range. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2936-2950. [PMID: 28363019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This work studies the oxidation of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol initiated by O(3P) atoms. The oxidation was investigated at room temperature, 550, and 650 K. Using the synchrotron radiation from the Advanced Light Source (ALS) of the Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, reaction intermediates and products were studied by multiplexed photoionization mass spectrometry. Mass-to-charge ratios, kinetic time traces, photoionization spectra, and adiabatic ionization energies for each primary reaction species were obtained and used to characterize their identity. Using electronic structure calculations, potential energy surface scans of the different species produced throughout the oxidation were examined and presented in this paper to further validate the primary chemistry occurring. Branching fractions of primary products at all three temperatures were also provided. At room temperature only three primary products formed: ethenol (26.6%), acetaldehyde (4.2%), and acetone (53.4%). At 550 and 650 K the same primary products were observed in addition to propene (5.1%, 11.2%), ethenol (18.1%, 2.8%), acetaldehyde (8.9%, 5.7%), cyclobutene (1.6%, 10.8%), 1-butene (2.0%, 10.9%), trans-2-butene (3.2%, 23.1%), acetone (50.4%, 16.8%), 3-penten-2-one (1.0%, 11.5%), and 3-methyl-2-butenal (0.9%, 2.5%), where the first branching fraction value in parentheses corresponds to the 550 K data. At the highest temperature, a small amount of propyne (1.0%) was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Fathi
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94117 United States
| | - Chelsea Price
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94117 United States
| | - Giovanni Meloni
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94117 United States
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9
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Puziy AM, Kochkin YN, Poddubnaya OI, Tsyba MM. Ethyl tert-butyl ether synthesis using carbon catalysts from lignocellulose. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0263617417696091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Puziy
- Institute for Sorption and Problems of Endoecology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine
| | - Yuriy N Kochkin
- L.V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine
| | - Olga I Poddubnaya
- Institute for Sorption and Problems of Endoecology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine
| | - Mykola M Tsyba
- Institute for Sorption and Problems of Endoecology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine
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10
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Winfough M, Yao R, Ng M, Catani K, Meloni G. Synchrotron Photoionization Investigation of the Oxidation of Ethyl tert-Butyl Ether. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:1460-1469. [PMID: 28152311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b11507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), a widely used fuel oxygenated additive, is investigated using Cl atoms as initiators in the presence of oxygen. The reaction is carried out at 293, 550, and 700 K. Reaction products are probed by a multiplexed chemical kinetics photoionization mass spectrometer coupled with the synchrotron radiation produced at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Products are identified on the basis of mass-to-charge ratio, ionization energies, and shape of photoionization spectra. Reaction pathways are proposed together with detected primary products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Winfough
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94117-1080, United States
| | - Rong Yao
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94117-1080, United States
| | - Martin Ng
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94117-1080, United States
| | - Katherine Catani
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94117-1080, United States
| | - Giovanni Meloni
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94117-1080, United States
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11
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Vakili M, Rafatullah M, Salamatinia B, Ibrahim MH, Ismail N, Abdullah AZ. Adsorption Studies of Methyl Tert-butyl Ether from Environment. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2016.1270966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadtaghi Vakili
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Babak Salamatinia
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Norli Ismail
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
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12
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Ng MY, Bryan BM, Nelson J, Meloni G. Study of tert-Amyl Methyl Ether Low Temperature Oxidation Using Synchrotron Photoionization Mass Spectrometry. J Phys Chem A 2015. [PMID: 26200937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b05223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines the oxidation reaction of tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME), an oxygenated fuel additive, with chlorine radical initiators in the presence of oxygen. Data are collected at 298, 550, and 700 K. Reaction intermediates and products are probed by a multiplexed chemical kinetics synchrotron photoionization mass spectrometer (SPIMS) and characterized on the basis of the mass-to-charge ratio, ionization energy, and photoionization spectra. Branching fractions of primary products are obtained at the different reaction temperatures. CBS-QB3 computations are also carried out to study the potential energy surface of the investigated reactions to validate detected primary products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Y Ng
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94117, United States
| | - Brittany M Bryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94117, United States
| | - Jordan Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94117, United States
| | - Giovanni Meloni
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94117, United States
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13
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García G, Trenzado JL, Alcalde R, Rodríguez-Delgado A, Atilhan M, Aparicio S. Structure of Alkylcarbonate + n-Alkane Mixed Fluids. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:11310-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jp506791m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio García
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - José L. Trenzado
- Departamento
de Física, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas, G.C., Spain
| | - Rafael Alcalde
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez-Delgado
- Departamento
de Física, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas, G.C., Spain
| | - Mert Atilhan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
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14
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Kinawy AA, Ezzat AR, Al-Suwaigh BR. Inhalation of air polluted with gasoline vapours alters the levels of amino acid neurotransmitters in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus of the rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 66:219-24. [PMID: 24690269 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to investigate the impact of exposure to the vapours of two kinds of gasoline, a widely used fuel for the internal combustion engines on the levels of the amino acid neurotransmitters of the rat brain. Recent studies provide strong evidence for a causative role for traffic-related air pollution on morbidity outcomes as well as premature death (Health Effects Institute, 2009; Levy et al., 2010; von Stackelberg et al., 2013). Exposure to the vapours of gasoline or its constituents may be accidental, occupational by workers at fuel stations and factories, or through abuse as a mean of mood alteration (Fortenberry, 1985; Mc Garvey et al., 1999). Two kinds of gasoline that are common in Egypt have been used in this study. The first contains octane enhancers in the form of lead derivatives (leaded gasoline; G1) and the other contains methyl-tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) as the octane enhancer (unleaded gasoline; G2). The levels of the major excitatory (aspartic acid and glutamic acid) and the inhibitory (GABA and glycine) amino acid neurotransmitters were determined in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. RESULTS The current study revealed that the acute inhalation of air polluted with the two types of gasoline vapours (1/2 LC50 for 30 min) induced elevation in the levels of aspartic and glutamic acids along with a decrease in glycine and GABA in most studied brain areas. Chronic inhalation of both types of gasoline (a single daily 30-min session of 1/5 LC50 for 60 days) caused a significant increase in the aspartic and glutamic acid concentrations of the hippocampus without affecting the levels of GABA or glycine. CONCLUSION Acute and chronic inhalation of either one of G1 and G2 vapours induced a disturbance and fluctuation in the levels of the free amino acids that act as excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain areas under investigation. These neurotransmitters are fundamental for the communicative functioning of the neurons and such effects may have a profound impact on the cognitive and sensorimotor functions of the brain resulting in serious psychological and physiological disorders..
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal A Kinawy
- Biology Department, College of Science, Dammam University, Postal Code 31113, P.O. Box 838, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed R Ezzat
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Postal Code 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Badryah R Al-Suwaigh
- Biology Department, College of Science, Dammam University, Postal Code 31113, P.O. Box 838, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
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15
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Westphal GA, Krahl J, Munack A, Rosenkranz N, Schröder O, Schaak J, Pabst C, Brüning T, Bünger J. Combustion of hydrotreated vegetable oil and jatropha methyl ester in a heavy duty engine: emissions and bacterial mutagenicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:6038-6046. [PMID: 23647143 DOI: 10.1021/es400518d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Research on renewable fuels has to assess possible adverse health and ecological risks as well as conflicts with global food supply. This investigation compares the two newly developed biogenic diesel fuels hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) and jatropha methyl ester (JME) with fossil diesel fuel (DF) and rapeseed methyl ester (RME) for their emissions and bacterial mutagenic effects. Samples of exhaust constituents were compared after combustion in a Euro III heavy duty diesel engine. Regulated emissions were analyzed as well as particle size and number distributions, carbonyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and bacterial mutagenicity of the exhausts. Combustion of RME and JME resulted in lower particulate matter (PM) compared to DF and HVO. Particle numbers were about 1 order of magnitude lower for RME and JME. However, nitrogen oxides (NOX) of RME and JME exceeded the Euro III limit value of 5.0 g/kWh, while HVO combustion produced the smallest amount of NOX. RME produced the lowest emissions of hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) followed by JME. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and several other carbonyls were found in the emissions of all investigated fuels. PAH emissions and mutagenicity of the exhausts were generally low, with HVO revealing the smallest number of mutations and lowest PAH emissions. Each fuel showed certain advantages or disadvantages. As proven before, both biodiesel fuels produced increased NOX emissions compared to DF. HVO showed significant toxicological advantages over all other fuels. Since jatropha oil is nonedible and grows in arid regions, JME may help to avoid conflicts with the food supply worldwide. Hydrogenated jatropha oil should now be investigated if it combines the benefits of both new fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Götz A Westphal
- German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
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16
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Di Palma TM, Bende A. Vacuum ultraviolet photoionization and ab initio Investigations of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) clusters and MTBE–water clusters. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Study on Individual PAHs Content in Ultrafine Particles from Solid Fractions of Diesel and Biodiesel Exhaust Fumes. J CHEM-NY 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/528471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to characterize PAHs emissions of diesel engine fuelled with diesel and its blend (B20, B40). In the particle phase, PAHs in engine exhausts were collected by fiberglass filters using Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI) and then determined by a high performance liquid chromatography with a fluorimetric detector (HPLC-FL). The main content in exhaust gases from diesel engine, regardless the type of applied fuel, is constituted by the particles fraction of diameter <0.25 μm. Particles sized <0.25 μm constituted on average approximately 68% of particles in diesel exhaust gases and approx. 50% of particles emitted by biodiesel B20 and B40. When the B100 bioester additive was applied, the total emission of particles was reduced thus the volume of toxic substances adsorbed on them was lower. The analysis of chemical composition of <0.25 μm exhaust gas fraction showed that there were mainly 3- and 4-ring aromatic hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas of diesel fuel while in B40 single PAHs with the number of rings of 4 and 5 were detected. An application of ELPI permitted a further separation of <0.25 μm particle’s fraction and a real-time determination of interalia number, mass, and surface concentrations.
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Bortolini O, Fantin G, Fogagnolo M, Rossetti S, Maiuolo L, Di Pompo G, Avnet S, Granchi D. Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of hydroxyl-bisphosphonic analogs of bile acids. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 52:221-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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