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Lee TH, Chen JL, Tsai MM, Wu YH, Tseng HC, Cheng LC, Shanmugam V, Hsieh HL. Protective Effects of Sophoraflavanone G by Inhibiting TNF-α-Induced MMP-9-Mediated Events in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:283. [PMID: 38203454 PMCID: PMC10779338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially MMP-9, has a critical role in both physiological and pathological events in the central nervous system (CNS). MMP-9 is an indicator of inflammation that triggers several CNS disorders, including neurodegeneration. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) has the ability to stimulate the production of different inflammatory factors, including MMP-9, in several conditions. Numerous phytochemicals are hypothesized to mitigate inflammation, including the CNS. Among them, a flavonoid compound, sophoraflavanone G (SG), found in Sophora flavescens has been found to possess several medicinal properties, including anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (bMECs) were used to explore TNF-α-induced MMP-9 signaling. The effects of SG on TNF-α-induced MMP-9 expression and its mechanisms were further evaluated. Our study revealed that the expression of MMP-9 in bMECs was stimulated by TNF-α through the activation of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and JNK1/2 via the TNF receptor (TNFR) with a connection to the NF-κB signaling pathway. Moreover, we found that SG can interact with the TNFR. The upregulation of MMP-9 by TNF-α may lead to the disruption of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), which can be mitigated by SG administration. These findings provide evidence that SG may possess neuroprotective properties by inhibiting the signaling pathways associated with TNFR-mediated MMP-9 expression and the subsequent disruption of tight junctions in brain microvascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsong-Hai Lee
- Stroke Center and Stroke Section, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Jiun-Liang Chen
- Division of Chinese Internal Medicine, Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Ming Tsai
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nursing, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (M.-M.T.); (Y.-H.W.); (H.-C.T.); (L.-C.C.)
- Department of General Surgery, New Taipei Municipal Tucheng Hospital, New Taipei 236, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Wu
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nursing, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (M.-M.T.); (Y.-H.W.); (H.-C.T.); (L.-C.C.)
| | - Hui-Ching Tseng
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nursing, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (M.-M.T.); (Y.-H.W.); (H.-C.T.); (L.-C.C.)
| | - Li-Ching Cheng
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nursing, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (M.-M.T.); (Y.-H.W.); (H.-C.T.); (L.-C.C.)
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | | | - Hsi-Lung Hsieh
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nursing, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (M.-M.T.); (Y.-H.W.); (H.-C.T.); (L.-C.C.)
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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2
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Chen X, Xue J, Zou J, Zhao X, Li L, Jia R, Zou Y, Wan H, Chen Y, Zhou X, Ye G, Yin L, Liang X, He C, Zhao L, Tang H, Lv C, Song X, Yin Z. Resveratrol alleviated neuroinflammation induced by pseudorabies virus infection through regulating microglial M1/M2 polarization. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114271. [PMID: 36724642 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infections in susceptible non-porcine species trigger uncontrolled inflammations and eventually fatal encephalitis. Resveratrol (Res) has broad pharmacological functions including anti-virus, anti-inflammation, and neuroprotective. PURPOSE We attempted to investigate the potential of Res in ameliorating PRV infection pathology in mice and decipher the mechanism of Res in treating PRV. METHODS The mice were infected by PRV to investigate the protective effect of Res. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, H&E/Nissl/TUNEL staining, Real-time PCR and ELISA analyses were performed. Primary microglia and neuron were isolated from mice and cultured. The co-culture model of microglia and neuron was established by transwell. Immunofluorescence assay and flow cytometry were used. RESULTS In this study, we showed that Res ameliorated brain damage by reducing BBB permeability in PRV-infected mice, and diminished the expressions of MMP-2, MMP-9 and ZO-1 in the cortex. Pathological changes of neurons by H&E/Nissl/TUNEL staining suggested that Res could alleviate neuronal lesions. Moreover, Res inhibited the expressions of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6, TNF-α) and chemokines (CCL3, CXCL10, MCP-1), but increased the expressions of anti-inflammatory factors (IL-4, IL-10) and neurotrophic factor (TGF-β, NGF and GDNF) in brain. In vitro cultured microglia cells, Res could suppress M1 microglia polarization and activate M2 microglia polarization. Co-culture of PRV-infected microglia with neuron cells by transwell system indicated that Res alleviated inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis. CONCLUSION This study provided evidence that Res could protect mice from PRV-induced encephalitis through regulation of microglia polarization and neuronal apoptosis suggesting the potential for treatment of viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiu Chen
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Junshu Xue
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Junjie Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xinghong Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lixia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hongping Wan
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yaqin Chen
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xun Zhou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Gang Ye
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lizi Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Changliang He
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huaqiao Tang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Cheng Lv
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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3
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Hao Y, Liu W, Xu Z, Jin X, Ye Y, Yu C, Hu C, Zuo H, Li Y. High-Power Electromagnetic Pulse Exposure of Healthy Mice: Assessment of Effects on Mice Cognitions, Neuronal Activities, and Hippocampal Structures. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:898164. [PMID: 35966202 PMCID: PMC9374008 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.898164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is a high-energy pulse with an extremely rapid rise time and a broad bandwidth. The brain is a target organ sensitive to electromagnetic radiation (EMR), the biological effects and related mechanisms of EMPs on the brain remain unclear. The objectives of the study were to assess the effects of EMP exposure on mouse cognitions, and the neuronal calcium activities in vivo under different cases of real-time exposure and post exposure. EMP-treated animal model was established by exposing male adult C57BL/6N mice to 300 kV/m EMPs. First, the effects of EMPs on the cognitions, including the spatial learning and memory, avoidance learning and memory, novelty-seeking behavior, and anxiety, were assessed by multiple behavioral experiments. Then, the changes in the neuronal activities of the hippocampal CA1 area in vivo were detected by fiber photometry in both cases of during real-time EMP radiation and post-exposure. Finally, the structures of neurons in hippocampi were observed by optical microscope and transmission electron microscope. We found that EMPs under this condition caused a decline in the spatial learning and memory ability in mice, but no effects on the avoidance learning and memory, novelty-seeking behavior, and anxiety. The neuron activities of hippocampal CA1 were disturbed by EMP exposure, which were inhibited during EMP exposure, but activated immediately after exposure end. Additionally, the CA1 neuron activities, when mice entered the central area in an Open field (OF) test or explored the novelty in a Novel object exploration (NOE) test, were inhibited on day 1 and day 7 after radiation. Besides, damaged structures in hippocampal neurons were observed after EMP radiation. In conclusion, EMP radiation impaired the spatial learning and memory ability and disturbed the neuronal activities in hippocampal CA1 in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Hao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqi Liu
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- Life Science Department, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Zhengtao Xu
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- Life Science Department, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Xing Jin
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yumeng Ye
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Cuicui Hu
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- Academy of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hongyan Zuo
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Li ; Hongyan Zuo
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- Academy of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Li ; Hongyan Zuo
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4
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Sánchez KE, Rosenberg GA. Shared Inflammatory Pathology of Stroke and COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5150. [PMID: 35563537 PMCID: PMC9101120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Though COVID-19 is primarily characterized by symptoms in the periphery, it can also affect the central nervous system (CNS). This has been established by the association between stroke and COVID-19. However, the molecular mechanisms that cause stroke related to a COVID-19 infection have not been fully explored. More specifically, stroke and COVID-19 exhibit an overlap of molecular mechanisms. These similarities provide a way to better understand COVID-19 related stroke. We propose here that peripheral macrophages upregulate inflammatory proteins such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. These inflammatory molecules and the SARS-CoV-2 virus have multiple negative effects related to endothelial dysfunction that results in the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Finally, we discuss how the endothelial blood-brain barrier injury alters central nervous system function by leading to astrocyte dysfunction and inflammasome activation. Our goal is to elucidate such inflammatory pathways, which could provide insight into therapies to combat the negative neurological effects of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. Sánchez
- Center for Memory and Aging, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA;
| | - Gary A. Rosenberg
- Center for Memory and Aging, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA;
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
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5
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Price BR, Johnson LA, Norris CM. Reactive astrocytes: The nexus of pathological and clinical hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101335. [PMID: 33812051 PMCID: PMC8168445 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocyte reactivity is a hallmark of neuroinflammation that arises with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and nearly every other neurodegenerative condition. While astrocytes certainly contribute to classic inflammatory processes (e.g. cytokine release, waste clearance, and tissue repair), newly emerging technologies for measuring and targeting cell specific activities in the brain have uncovered essential roles for astrocytes in synapse function, brain metabolism, neurovascular coupling, and sleep/wake patterns. In this review, we use a holistic approach to incorporate, and expand upon, classic neuroinflammatory concepts to consider how astrocyte dysfunction/reactivity modulates multiple pathological and clinical hallmarks of AD. Our ever-evolving understanding of astrocyte signaling in neurodegeneration is not only revealing new drug targets and treatments for dementia but is suggesting we reimagine AD pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittani R Price
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Lance A Johnson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40356, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, UK Medical Center MN 150, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Christopher M Norris
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40356, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, UK Medical Center MN 150, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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6
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Exploring the changes of brain immune microenvironment in Alzheimer's disease based on PANDA algorithm combined with blood brain barrier injury-related genes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 557:159-165. [PMID: 33865224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that the specific entry of peripheral cells into the brain parenchyma caused by BBB injury and the imbalance of the immune microenvironment in the brain are closely related to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because of the difficulty of obtaining data inside the brain, it is urgent to find out the relationship between the peripheral and intracerebral data and their influence on the development of AD by machine learning methods. However, in the actual algorithm design, it is still a challenge to extract relevant information from a variety of data to establish a complete and accurate regulatory network. In order to overcome the above difficulties, we presented a method based on a message passing model (Passing Attributes between Networks for Data Assimilation, PANDA) to discover the correlation between internal and external brain by the BBB injury-related genes, and further explore their regulatory mechanism of the brain immune environment for AD pathology. The Biological analysis of the results showed that pathways such as immune response pathway, inflammatory response pathway and chemokine signaling pathway are closely related to the pathogenesis of AD. Especially, some significant genes such as RELA, LAMA4, PPBP were found play certain roles in the injury of BBB and the change of permeability in AD patients, thus leading to the change of immune microenvironment in AD brain.
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7
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Remes A, Arif R, Franz M, Jungmann A, Zaradzki M, Puehler T, Md MBH, Frey N, Karck M, Kallenbach K, Hecker M, Müller OJ, Wagner AH. AAV-mediated AP-1 decoy oligonucleotide expression inhibits aortic elastolysis in a mouse model of marfan syndrome. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2459-2473. [PMID: 33471064 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Marfan syndrome is one of the most common inherited disorders of connective tissue caused by fibrillin-1 mutations, characterized by enhanced transcription factor AP-1 DNA binding activity and subsequently abnormally increased expression and activity of matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs). We aimed to establish a novel adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based strategy for long-term expression of an AP-1 neutralising RNA hairpin (hp) decoy oligonucleotide (dON) in the aorta to prevent aortic elastolysis in a murine model of Marfan syndrome. METHODS AND RESULTS Using fibrillin-1 hypomorphic mice (mgR/mgR), aortic grafts from young (9 weeks old) donor mgR/mgR mice were transduced ex vivo with AAV vectors and implanted as infrarenal aortic interposition grafts in mgR/mgR mice. Grafts were explanted after 30 days. For in vitro studies isolated primary aortic smooth muscle cells from mgR/mgR mice were used. Elastica-van-Giesson staining visualized elastolysis, ROS production was assessed using DHE staining. RNA F.I.S.H. verified AP-1 hp dON generation in the ex vivo transduced aortic tissue. MMP expression and activity were assessed by western blotting and immunoprecipitation combined with zymography.Transduction resulted in stable therapeutic dON expression in endothelial and smooth muscle cells. MMP expression and activity, ROS formation as well as expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 were significantly reduced. Monocyte graft infiltration declined and the integrity of the elastin architecture was maintained. RNAseq analyzis confirmed the beneficial effect of AP-1 neutralisation on the pro-inflammatory environment in smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSIONS This novel approach protects from deterioration of aortic stability by sustained delivery of nucleic acids-based therapeutics and further elucidated how to interfere with the mechanism of elastolysis. TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVE This study provides a novel single treatment option to achieve long-term expression of a transcription factor AP-1 neutralising decoy oligonucleotide in the aorta of mgR/mgR mice with the potential to prevent life-threatening elastolysis and aortic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Remes
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Kiel, and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site, Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Rawa Arif
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Franz
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Marcin Zaradzki
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Puehler
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Frey
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Kiel, and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site, Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany.,Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Karck
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Markus Hecker
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Oliver J Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Kiel, and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site, Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andreas H Wagner
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
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8
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Zenaro E, Piacentino G, Constantin G. The blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 107:41-56. [PMID: 27425887 PMCID: PMC5600438 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the pathological accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides and neurofibrillary tangles containing hyperphosphorylated neuronal tau protein. AD pathology is also characterized by chronic brain inflammation, which promotes disease pathogenesis. In this context, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a highly specialized endothelial cell membrane that lines cerebral microvessels, represents the interface between neural cells and circulating cells of the immune system. The BBB thus plays a key role in the generation and maintenance of chronic inflammation during AD. The BBB operates within the neurovascular unit (NVU), which includes clusters of glial cells, neurons and pericytes. The NVU becomes dysfunctional during AD, and each of its components may undergo functional changes that contribute to neuronal injury and cognitive deficit. In transgenic animals with AD-like pathology, recent studies have shown that circulating leukocytes migrate through the activated brain endothelium when certain adhesion molecules are expressed, penetrating into the brain parenchyma, interacting with the NVU components and potentially affecting their structural integrity and functionality. Therefore, migrating immune system cells in cerebral vessels act in concert with the modified BBB and may be integrated into the dysfunctional NVU. Notably, blocking the adhesion mechanisms controlling leukocyte-endothelial interactions inhibits both Aβ deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation, and reduces memory loss in AD models. The characterization of molecular mechanisms controlling vascular inflammation and leukocyte trafficking could therefore help to determine the basis of BBB dysfunction during AD and may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zenaro
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Gennj Piacentino
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriela Constantin
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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9
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Zhou Y, Qiu LB, An GZ, Zhou JX, Du L, Ma YH, Guo GZ, Ding GR. Effects of electromagnetic pulse exposure on gelatinase of blood-brain barrier in vitro. Electromagn Biol Med 2016; 36:1-7. [PMID: 27355558 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2016.1140058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The biological effects of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) on the brain have been focused on for years. It was reported that gelatinase played an important role in maintaining brain function through regulating permeability in the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To investigate the effects of EMP on gelatinase of BBB, an in vitro BBB model was established using primary cultured rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC), astrocytes and half-contact culture of these cells in a transwell chamber. Cultured supernatant and cells were collected at different time points after exposure to EMP (peak intensity 400 kV/m, rise time 10 ns, pulse width 350 ns, 0.5 pps and 200 pulses). Protein levels of cellular gelatinase MMP-2 and MMP-9, and endogenous inhibitor TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were detected by Western blot. The activity of gelatinase in culture supernatant was detected by gelatin zymography. It was found that compared with the sham-exposed group, the protein level of MMP-2 was significantly increased at 6 h (p < 0.05), and the protein level of its endogenous inhibitor TIMP-2 did not change after EMP exposure. In addition, the protein levels of MMP-9 and its endogenous inhibitor TIMP-1 did not change after EMP exposure. Gelatin zymography results showed that the activity of MMP-2 in the inner pool and the outer pool of the transwell chamber was significantly increased at 6 h after EMP exposure compared with that of the sham group. These results suggested that EMP exposure could affect the expression and activity of MMP-2 in the BBB model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- a Department of Radiation Biology , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , P. R. China
| | - Lian-Bo Qiu
- a Department of Radiation Biology , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , P. R. China.,b Department of Nutrition , Aviation Medical Evaluation and Training Center of Airforce , Dalian , P. R. China
| | - Guang-Zhou An
- a Department of Radiation Biology , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , P. R. China
| | - Jia-Xing Zhou
- c Centre of Nautical and Aviation Medicine PLA , Navy General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Le Du
- a Department of Radiation Biology , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , P. R. China
| | - Ya-Hong Ma
- a Department of Radiation Biology , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , P. R. China
| | - Guo-Zhen Guo
- a Department of Radiation Biology , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , P. R. China
| | - Gui-Rong Ding
- a Department of Radiation Biology , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , P. R. China
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10
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Wang Y, Peng F, Xie G, Chen ZQ, Li HG, Tang T, Luo JK. Rhubarb attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption via increased zonula occludens-1 expression in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:250-256. [PMID: 27347045 PMCID: PMC4907008 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption is a key pathophysiological factor of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The level of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) has been closely associated with the degree of BBB damage, and is an indicator of BBB destruction. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of rhubarb on BBB function in a rat model of ICH. ICH was induced in rats by treatment with type VII collagenase. Sham-operated rats were administered with an equal volume of saline. Following the administration of rhubarb decoction (20 g/kg), neurobehavioral function evaluation and Evans blue extravasation assays were performed at days 1, 3 and 5 after ICH. ZO-1 expression in the brain of ICH-induced rats were analyzed via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemical analyses. The results suggested that rhubarb significantly ameliorated neurological symptoms and attenuated BBB permeability. The results of immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR studies indicated that the expression of ZO-1 expression was robust in the sham-operated group and was weak in the vehicle-treated group at day 3. The present data indicated that rhubarb effectively attenuated ICH-induced BBB damage in rats, raising the possibility that rhubarb or its active components may be considered useful as neuroprotective drugs for ICH. The protective mechanisms appeared to involve the preservation of BBB integrity and elevation of ZO-1 protein expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Fan Peng
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Gui Xie
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Qi Chen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Gang Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China; Department of Pharmacy, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
| | - Tao Tang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Kun Luo
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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11
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Wan W, Cao L, Liu L, Zhang C, Kalionis B, Tai X, Li Y, Xia S. Aβ(1-42) oligomer-induced leakage in an in vitro blood-brain barrier model is associated with up-regulation of RAGE and metalloproteinases, and down-regulation of tight junction scaffold proteins. J Neurochem 2015; 134:382-93. [PMID: 25866188 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that abnormal deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in the brain is responsible for endothelial cell damage and consequently leads to blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage. However, the mechanisms underlying BBB disruption are not well described. We employed an monolayer BBB model comprising bEnd.3 cell and found that BBB leakage was induced by treatment with Aβ(1-42), and the levels of tight junction (TJ) scaffold proteins (ZO-1, Claudin-5, and Occludin) were decreased. Through comparisons of the effects of the different components of Aβ(1-42), including monomer (Aβ(1-42)-Mono), oligomer (Aβ(1-42)-Oligo), and fibril (Aβ(1-42)-Fibril), our data confirmed that Aβ(1-42)-Oligo is likely to be the most important damage factor that results in TJ damage and BBB leakage in Alzheimer's disease. We found that the incubation of bEnd.3 cells with Aβ(1-42) significantly up-regulated the level of receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE). Co-incubation of a polyclonal antibody to RAGE and Aβ(1-42)-Oligo in bEnd.3 cells blocked RAGE suppression of Aβ(1-42)-Oligo-induced alterations in TJ scaffold proteins and reversed Aβ(1-42)-Oligo-induced up-regulation of RAGE, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9. Furthermore, we found that these effects induced by Aβ(1-42)-Oligo treatment were effectively suppressed by knockdown of RAGE using small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection. We also found that GM 6001, a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor, partially reversed the Aβ(1-42)-Oligo-induced inhibitor effects in bEnd.3 cells. Thus, these results suggested that RAGE played an important role in Aβ-induced BBB leakage and alterations of TJ scaffold proteins, through a mechanism that involved up-regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Wan
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lumei Liu
- Geriatrics Department of Chinese Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Dongfang Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bill Kalionis
- Department of Perinatal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre and University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Xiantao Tai
- School of Acupuncture, Massage and Rehabilitation, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yaming Li
- Geriatrics Department of Chinese Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shijin Xia
- Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Caliskan SG, Bilgin MD, Kozaci LD. Effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field on MMP-9 and TIMP-1 Levels in Chondrosarcoma Cells Stimulated with IL-1β. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:2701-5. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.7.2701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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13
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Roundabout 4 regulates blood-tumor barrier permeability through the modulation of ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-5 expression. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:25-37. [PMID: 25470344 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-tumor barrier (BTB) restricts the delivery of chemotherapeutic drug molecules to tumor tissues. We found that the endothelial cell (EC) receptor molecule Roundabout 4 (Robo4) is endogenously expressed in human brain microvascular ECs and that it is upregulated in a BTB model of glioma cocultured ECs. Knockdown of Robo4 in this BTB model increased permeability; short hairpin RNA targeting Robo4 (shRobo4) led to decreased transendothelial electric resistance values, increased BTB permeability, and downregulated expression of the EC tight junction proteins ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5. Roundabout 4 influenced BTB permeability via binding with its ligand, Slit2. Short hairpin RNA targeting Robo4 also increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity and expression in glioma cocultured ECs; pretreatment with the MMP inhibitor GM6001 partially blocked the effects of shRobo4 on the transendothelial electric resistance values and ZO-1 and occludin expression. Short hairpin RNA targeting Robo4 also upregulated the phosphorylation of Src and Erk1/2; the Src inhibitor PP2 and the Erk1/2 inhibitor PD98059 blocked shRobo4-mediated alteration in ZO-1 and occludin expression. Together, our results indicate that knockdown of Robo4 increased BTB permeability by reducing EC tight junction protein expression, and that the Src-Erk1/2-MMP-9 signal pathways are involved in this process. Thus, Robo4 may represent a useful future therapeutic target for enhancing BTB permeability.
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14
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Wiggins-Dohlvik K, Merriman M, Shaji CA, Alluri H, Grimsley M, Davis ML, Smith RW, Tharakan B. Tumor necrosis factor-α disruption of brain endothelial cell barrier is mediated through matrix metalloproteinase-9. Am J Surg 2014; 208:954-60; discussion 960. [PMID: 25312844 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries cause vascular hyperpermeability. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and caspase-3 may be important in these processes but the relationship between them has not been investigated. We hypothesized that TNF-α regulates caspase-3-mediated hyperpermeability and blood brain barrier damage and hyperpermeability directly or indirectly via activation of MMP-9. To test this, rat brain microvascular endothelial cells were treated with TNF-α with or without inhibition of MMP-9. Monolayer permeability was measured, zonula occludens-1 and F-actin configuration were examined, and MMP-9 and caspase-3 activities were quantified. TNF-α increased monolayer permeability, damaged zonula occludens-1, induced filamentous-actin stress fiber formation, and increased both MMP-9 and caspase-3 activities. Inhibition of MMP-9 attenuated these changes. These data highlight a novel link between TNF-α and MMP-9 and show that TNF-α regulated caspase-3-mediated hyperpermeability and vascular damage may be linked to MMP-9 in vitro. These findings augment the understanding of traumatic brain injury and pave the way for improved treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Wiggins-Dohlvik
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX, USA; Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Morgan Merriman
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX, USA; Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Chinchusha A Shaji
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX, USA; Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Himakarnika Alluri
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX, USA; Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Marcene Grimsley
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX, USA; Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Matthew L Davis
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX, USA; Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Randall W Smith
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX, USA; Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Binu Tharakan
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX, USA; Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA.
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15
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Bertin J, Jalaguier P, Barat C, Roy MA, Tremblay MJ. Exposure of human astrocytes to leukotriene C4 promotes a CX3CL1/fractalkine-mediated transmigration of HIV-1-infected CD4⁺ T cells across an in vitro blood-brain barrier model. Virology 2014; 454-455:128-38. [PMID: 24725939 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids, including cysteinylleukotrienes (cysLTs), are found in the central nervous system (CNS) of individuals infected with HIV-1. Few studies have addressed the contribution of cysLTs in HIV-1-associated CNS disorders. We demonstrate that conditioned medium from human astrocytes treated with leukotriene C4 (LTC4) increases the transmigration of HIV-1-infected CD4(+) T cells across an in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model using cultured brain endothelial cells. Additional studies indicate that the higher cell migration is linked with secretion by astrocytes of CX3CL1/fractalkine, a chemokine that has chemoattractant activity for CD4(+) T cells. Moreover, we report that the enhanced cell migration across BBB leads to a more important CD4(+) T cell-mediated HIV-1 transfer toward macrophages. Altogether data presented in the present study reveal the important role that LTC4, a metabolite of arachidonic acid, may play in the HIV-1-induced neuroinvasion, neuropathogenesis and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bertin
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec - pavillon CHUL, Canada
| | - Pascal Jalaguier
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec - pavillon CHUL, Canada
| | - Corinne Barat
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec - pavillon CHUL, Canada
| | - Marc-André Roy
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec - pavillon CHUL, Canada
| | - Michel J Tremblay
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec - pavillon CHUL, Canada; Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
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16
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Polimeni M, Prato M. Host matrix metalloproteinases in cerebral malaria: new kids on the block against blood-brain barrier integrity? Fluids Barriers CNS 2014; 11:1. [PMID: 24467887 PMCID: PMC3905658 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-11-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a life-threatening complication of falciparum malaria, associated with high mortality rates, as well as neurological impairment in surviving patients. Despite disease severity, the etiology of CM remains elusive. Interestingly, although the Plasmodium parasite is sequestered in cerebral microvessels, it does not enter the brain parenchyma: so how does Plasmodium induce neuronal dysfunction? Several independent research groups have suggested a mechanism in which increased blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability might allow toxic molecules from the parasite or the host to enter the brain. However, the reported severity of BBB damage in CM is variable depending on the model system, ranging from mild impairment to full BBB breakdown. Moreover, the factors responsible for increased BBB permeability are still unknown. Here we review the prevailing theories on CM pathophysiology and discuss new evidence from animal and human CM models implicating BBB damage. Finally, we will review the newly-described role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and BBB integrity. MMPs comprise a family of proteolytic enzymes involved in modulating inflammatory response, disrupting tight junctions, and degrading sub-endothelial basal lamina. As such, MMPs represent potential innovative drug targets for CM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauro Prato
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Torino, C,so Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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17
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Fanibunda SE, Modi DN, Bandivdekar AH. HIV gp120 induced gene expression signatures in vaginal epithelial cells. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:806-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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18
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Hadass O, Tomlinson BN, Gooyit M, Chen S, Purdy JJ, Walker JM, Zhang C, Giritharan AB, Purnell W, Robinson CR, Shin D, Schroeder VA, Suckow MA, Simonyi A, Sun GY, Mobashery S, Cui J, Chang M, Gu Z. Selective inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 attenuates secondary damage resulting from severe traumatic brain injury. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76904. [PMID: 24194849 PMCID: PMC3806745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and long-term disability. Following the initial insult, severe TBI progresses to a secondary injury phase associated with biochemical and cellular changes. The secondary injury is thought to be responsible for the development of many of the neurological deficits observed after TBI and also provides a window of opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9 or gelatinase B) expression is elevated in neurological diseases and its activation is an important factor in detrimental outcomes including excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis, and increases in inflammatory responses and astrogliosis. In this study, we used an experimental mouse model of TBI to examine the role of MMP-9 and the therapeutic potential of SB-3CT, a mechanism-based gelatinase selective inhibitor, in ameliorating the secondary injury. We observed that activation of MMP-9 occurred within one day following TBI, and remained elevated for 7 days after the initial insult. SB-3CT effectively attenuated MMP-9 activity, reduced brain lesion volumes and prevented neuronal loss and dendritic degeneration. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that SB-3CT and its active metabolite, p-OH SB-3CT, were rapidly absorbed and distributed to the brain. Moreover, SB-3CT treatment mitigated microglial activation and astrogliosis after TBI. Importantly, SB-3CT treatment improved long-term neurobehavioral outcomes, including sensorimotor function, and hippocampus-associated spatial learning and memory. These results demonstrate that MMP-9 is a key target for therapy to attenuate secondary injury cascades and that this class of mechanism-based gelatinase inhibitor–with such desirable pharmacokinetic properties–holds considerable promise as a potential pharmacological treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orr Hadass
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America ; Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America ; MS in Pathology Program, University of Missouri Graduate School, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
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19
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HIV gp120 binds to mannose receptor on vaginal epithelial cells and induces production of matrix metalloproteinases. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28014. [PMID: 22132194 PMCID: PMC3222676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During sexual transmission of HIV in women, the virus breaches the multi-layered CD4 negative stratified squamous epithelial barrier of the vagina, to infect the sub-epithelial CD4 positive immune cells. However the mechanisms by which HIV gains entry into the sub-epithelial zone is hitherto unknown. We have previously reported human mannose receptor (hMR) as a CD4 independent receptor playing a role in HIV transmission on human spermatozoa. The current study was undertaken to investigate the expression of hMR in vaginal epithelial cells, its HIV gp120 binding potential, affinity constants and the induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) downstream of HIV gp120 binding to hMR. Principal Findings Human vaginal epithelial cells and the immortalized vaginal epithelial cell line Vk2/E6E7 were used in this study. hMR mRNA and protein were expressed in vaginal epithelial cells and cell line, with a molecular weight of 155 kDa. HIV gp120 bound to vaginal proteins with high affinity, (Kd = 1.2±0.2 nM for vaginal cells, 1.4±0.2 nM for cell line) and the hMR antagonist mannan dose dependently inhibited this binding. Both HIV gp120 binding and hMR exhibited identical patterns of localization in the epithelial cells by immunofluorescence. HIV gp120 bound to immunopurified hMR and affinity constants were 2.9±0.4 nM and 3.2±0.6 nM for vaginal cells and Vk2/E6E7 cell line respectively. HIV gp120 induced an increase in MMP-9 mRNA expression and activity by zymography, which could be inhibited by an anti-hMR antibody. Conclusion hMR expressed by vaginal epithelial cells has high affinity for HIV gp120 and this binding induces production of MMPs. We propose that the induction of MMPs in response to HIV gp120 may lead to degradation of tight junction proteins and the extracellular matrix proteins in the vaginal epithelium and basement membrane, leading to weakening of the epithelial barrier; thereby facilitating transport of HIV across the vaginal epithelium.
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Dodd T, Jadhav R, Wiggins L, Stewart J, Smith E, Russell JC, Rocic P. MMPs 2 and 9 are essential for coronary collateral growth and are prominently regulated by p38 MAPK. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 51:1015-25. [PMID: 21884701 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transient, repetitive ischemia (RI) stimulates coronary collateral growth (CCG) in normal, healthy (SD) rats, which requires p38 MAPK activation. In contrast, RI does not induce CCG in the metabolic syndrome (JCR) rats, which is associated with lack of p38 MAPK activation. The functional consequences of p38 MAPK activation in CCG remain unknown. Theoretically, effective collateral growth would require extracellular matrix remodeling; however, direct assessment as well as identification of proteases responsible for this degradation are lacking. In this study, we investigated the role of p38 MAPK in the regulation of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMPs 2 and 9) and their requirement for CCG in SD vs. JCR rats. The rats underwent the RI protocol (8 LAD occlusions, 40s each, every 20min, in 8h cycles for 0, 3, 6, or 9days). MMP expression was measured in the ischemic, collateral-dependent zone (CZ) and the normal zone (NZ) by Western blot, and MMP activity by zymography. Expression and activation of MMP 2 and 9 were significantly increased (~3.5 fold) on day 3 of RI in the CZ of SD rats. In vivo p38 MAPK inhibition completely blocked RI-induced MMP 2 and 9 expression and activation. MMP activation correlated with increased degradation of components of the basement membrane and the vascular elastic laminae: elastin (~3 fold), laminin (~3 fold) and type IV collagen (~2 fold). This was blocked by MMP 2 and 9 inhibition, which also abolished RI-induced CCG. In contrast, in JCR rats, RI did not induce expression or activation of MMP 2 or 9 and there was no associated degradation of elastin, laminin or type IV collagen. In conclusion, MMP 2 and 9 activation is essential for CCG and is mediated, in part, by p38 MAPK. Furthermore, compromised CCG in the metabolic syndrome may be partially due to the lack of p38 MAPK-dependent activation of MMP 2 and 9 and resultant decreased extracellular matrix degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Dodd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
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