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Mudgal R, Sharma S, Singh S, Ravichandiran V. The neuroprotective effect of ascorbic acid against imidacloprid-induced neurotoxicity and the role of HO-1 in mice. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1130575. [PMID: 37153653 PMCID: PMC10157196 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1130575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Imidacloprid (IMI) is not only a neurotoxic agricultural pesticide but also a possible food contaminant. The aims of this study were to (1) explore the relationship between recurrent IMI administration and neuronal toxicity in mice and (2) evaluate the potential neuroprotective effect of ascorbic acid (AA), a substance with significant free radical scavenger and having property to block the inflammatory pathways. Mice were categorized as naïve controls (administered vehicles for 28 days); the IMI-treatment animal group (administered po 45-mg/kg body weight of IMI per day for 28 days); and the IMI + AA treatment animal group (administered the same IMI dose + 200 mg/kg of AA orally for 28 days). On day 28, memory losses were assessed using the Y-maze and novel target identification behavioral tests. Mice were sacrificed 24 h after the final IMI treatments, as well as hippocampus tissues, were utilized to determine histological assessments, oxidative stress biomarkers, and Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) gene expression levels. The findings demonstrated that IMI-treated mice had substantial impairment of spatial and non-spatial memory functions, as well as reduced antioxidant enzyme and acetylcholinesterase activity. The AA neuroprotective action was achieved through the suppression of the HO-1 expression as well as the stimulation of Nrf2 expression in hippocampal tissues. In summary, recurrent IMI exposure causes oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in mice, and the administration of AA significantly reduces the IMI toxicity possibly by the activation of the HO-1/Nrf2 pathway.
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Hosseini A, Alipour A, Baradaran Rahimi V, Askari VR. A comprehensive and mechanistic review on protective effects of kaempferol against natural and chemical toxins: Role of NF-κB inhibition and Nrf2 activation. Biofactors 2022; 49:322-350. [PMID: 36471898 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Different toxins, including chemicals and natural, can be entered from various routes and influence human health. Herbal medicines and their active components can attenuate the toxicity of agents via multiple mechanisms. For example, kaempferol, as a flavonoid, can be found in fruits and vegetables, and has an essential role in improving disorders such as cardiovascular disorders, neurological diseases, cancer, pain, and inflammation situations. The beneficial effects of kaempferol may be related to the inhibition of oxidative stress, attenuation of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear factor ĸB (NF-ĸB) as well as the modulation of apoptosis and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. This flavonoid boasts a wide spectrum of toxin targeting effects in tissue fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress thus shows promising protective effects against natural and chemical toxin induced hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, lung, and intestinal in the in vitro and in vivo setting. The most remarkable aspect of kaempferol is that it does not focus its efforts on just one organ or one molecular pathway. Although its significance as a treatment option remains questionable and requires more clinical studies, it seems to be a low-risk therapeutic option. It is crucial to emphasize that kaempferol's poor bioavailability is a significant barrier to its use as a therapeutic option. Nanotechnology can be a promising way to overcome this challenge, reviving optimism in using kaempferol as a viable treatment agent against toxin-induced disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azar Hosseini
- Pharmacological Research Centre of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alieh Alipour
- Pharmacological Research Centre of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Characterization of the rat Acetylcholinesterase readthrough (AChE-R) splice variant: Implications for toxicological studies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 532:528-534. [PMID: 32896378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to chemicals and other environmental stressors can differentially impact the expression of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) splice variants. Surprisingly, despite the widespread use of the rat model in toxicological studies and the wealth of literature on this important biomarker of neurotoxicity, AChE coding exons and splice variants are not yet fully annotated in this species. To address this knowledge gap, a short problematic region of the rat AChE genomic DNA present in GenBank was first re-sequenced. This revised genomic sequence was then aligned to rat AChE RefSeq mRNA and compared to orthologous mammalian sequences, in order to map the coding exon and intron boundaries of the rat AChE gene. Based on these bioinformatics analyses, a sequence was predicted for the yet-unannotated rat Acetylcholinesterase readthrough (AChE-R) splice variant. PCR primers designed to specifically amplify rat AChE-R were used to confirm its expression in rat PC12 cells. Compared to the canonical AChE-S splice variant, AChE-R was expressed at much lower levels but presented distinct regulation patterns in PC12 cells and rat primary cerebral granule cells (CGCs) following exposure to Chlorpyrifos (a well-known neurotoxic organophosphate pesticide). Taken together, these observations point to the evolutionary conservation of the AChE-R splicing event between rodents and human and to the distinct regulation of AChE splice variants in response to toxicological challenges.
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Perez-Fernandez C, Morales-Navas M, Guardia-Escote L, Colomina MT, Giménez E, Sánchez-Santed F. Postnatal exposure to low doses of Chlorpyrifos induces long-term effects on 5C-SRTT learning and performance, cholinergic and GABAergic systems and BDNF expression. Exp Neurol 2020; 330:113356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Perez-Fernandez C, Morales-Navas M, Guardia-Escote L, Garrido-Cárdenas JA, Colomina MT, Giménez E, Sánchez-Santed F. Long-term effects of low doses of Chlorpyrifos exposure at the preweaning developmental stage: A locomotor, pharmacological, brain gene expression and gut microbiome analysis. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 135:110865. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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6
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APOE genetic background and sex confer different vulnerabilities to postnatal chlorpyrifos exposure and modulate the response to cholinergic drugs. Behav Brain Res 2019; 376:112195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Perez-Fernandez C, Flores P, Sánchez-Santed F. A Systematic Review on the Influences of Neurotoxicological Xenobiotic Compounds on Inhibitory Control. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:139. [PMID: 31333425 PMCID: PMC6620897 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Impulsive and compulsive traits represent a variety of maladaptive behaviors defined by the difficulties to stop an improper response and the control of a repeated behavioral pattern without sensitivity to changing contingencies, respectively. Otherwise, human beings are continuously exposed to plenty neurotoxicological agents which have been systematically linked to attentional, learning, and memory dysfunctions, both preclinical and clinical studies. Interestingly, the link between both impulsive and compulsive behaviors and the exposure to the most important xenobiotic compounds have been extensively developed; although the information has been rarely summarized. For this, the present systematic review schedule and analyze in depth the most important works relating different subtypes of the above-mentioned behaviors with 4 of the most important xenobiotic compounds: Lead (Pb), Methylmercury (MeHg), Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and Organophosphates (OP) in both preclinical and clinical models. Methods: Systematic search strategy on PubMed databases was developed, and the most important information was structured both in text and in separate tables based on rigorous methodological quality assessment. Results: For Lead, Methylmercury, Polychlorinated biphenyls and organophosphates, a total of 44 (31 preclinical), 34 (21), 38 (23), and 30 (17) studies were accepted for systematic synthesis, respectively. All the compounds showed an important empirical support on their role in the modulation of impulsive and, in lesser degree, compulsive traits, stronger and more solid in animal models with inconclusive results in humans in some cases (i.e., MeHg). However, preclinical and clinical studies have systematically focused on different subtypes of the above-mentioned behaviors, as well as impulsive choice or habit conformations have been rarely studied. Discussion: The strong empirical support in preclinical studies contrasts with the lack of connection between preclinical and clinical models, as well as the different methodologies used. Further research should be focused on dissipate these differences as well as deeply study impulsive choice, decision making, risk taking, and cognitive flexibility, both in experimental animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pilar Flores
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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Learning, memory and the expression of cholinergic components in mice are modulated by the pesticide chlorpyrifos depending upon age at exposure and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:693-707. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Guardia-Escote L, Basaure P, Blanco J, Cabré M, Pérez-Fernández C, Sánchez-Santed F, Domingo JL, Colomina MT. Postnatal exposure to chlorpyrifos produces long-term effects on spatial memory and the cholinergic system in mice in a sex- and APOE genotype-dependent manner. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 122:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hussein RM, Mohamed WR, Omar HA. A neuroprotective role of kaempferol against chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress and memory deficits in rats via GSK3β-Nrf2 signaling pathway. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 152:29-37. [PMID: 30497708 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an agricultural pesticide and a potential food contaminant, which causes neurotoxicity. Here, we aimed at exploring the link between the repeated exposure to CPF and memory dysfunction in rats and the possible protective effect of kaempferol, a flavonoid with appreciable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Rats were divided into: Control group (received drug vehicles for 14 days); CPF-treated group (received subcutaneous 18 mg/kg BW of CPF daily for 14 days and CPF + Kaempferol treated group (received the same CPF dose +21 mg/kg BW of Kaempferol intraperitoneally for 14 days. On the 14th day, Y-maze and novel target recognition behavioral tests were employed to evaluate memory deficits. 24 h after the last dose of CPF, animals were sacrificed, and brain tissues were used for the determination of oxidative stress biomarkers and gene expression levels of GSK3β and Nrf2. The results revealed that CPF-treated rats suffered from severe deterioration of spatial and non-spatial memory functions with low activities of antioxidant enzymes and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The administration of kaempferol significantly protected against CPF-induced neuronal damage, increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes and AChE and induced a better performance in the behavioral tests. The protective effect of kaempferol was mediated through the inhibition of GSK3β gene expression and the induction of Nrf2 expression in the brain tissues. In conclusion, the repeated exposure to CPF is associated with oxidative stress and memory deficits in rats. However, kaempferol administration effectively alleviated CPF- induced brain toxicity, possibly through the modulation of GSK3β-Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha M Hussein
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, 62514 Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | - Wafaa R Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Hany A Omar
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
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Postnatal chlorpyrifos exposure and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype differentially affect cholinergic expression and developmental parameters in transgenic mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:42-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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12
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Olsen AJ, Halvorsen LA, Yang CY, Barak Ventura R, Yin L, Renfrew PD, Bonneau R, Montclare JK. Impact of phenylalanines outside the dimer interface on phosphotriesterase stability and function. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2018; 13:2092-2106. [PMID: 28817149 DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00196g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We explore the significance of phenylalanine outside of the phosphotriesterase (PTE) dimer interface through mutagenesis studies and computational modeling. Previous studies have demonstrated that the residue-specific incorporation of para-fluorophenylalanine (pFF) into PTE improves stability, suggesting the importance of phenylalanines in stabilization of the dimer. However, this comes at a cost of decreased solubility due to pFF incorporation into other parts of the protein. Motivated by this, eight single solvent-exposed phenylalanine mutants are evaluated viarosetta and good correspondence between experiments and these predictions is observed. Three residues, F304, F327, and F335, appear to be important for PTE activity and stability, even though they do not reside in the dimer interface region or active site. While the remaining mutants do not significantly affect structure or activity, one variant, F306L, reveals improved activity at ambient and elevated temperatures. These studies provide further insight into role of these residues on PTE function and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Olsen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, Tandon School of Engineering, New York 11201, USA
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Zurlinden TJ, Reisfeld B. A Novel Method for the Development of Environmental Public Health Indicators and Benchmark Dose Estimation Using a Health-Based End Point for Chlorpyrifos. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2018; 126:047009. [PMID: 29681141 PMCID: PMC6071752 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are the most widely used group of insecticides in the world. Risk assessments for these chemicals have focused primarily on 10% inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in the brain as the critical metric of effect. Aside from cholinergic effects resulting from acute exposure, many studies suggest a linkage between cognitive deficits and long-term OP exposure. OBJECTIVE In this proof-of-concept study, we focused on one of the most widely used OP insecticides in the world, chlorpyrifos (CPF), and utilized an existing physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model and a novel pharmacodynamic (PD) dose-response model to develop a point of departure benchmark dose estimate for cognitive deficits following long-term, low-dose exposure to this chemical in rodents. METHODS Utilizing a validated PBPK/PD model for CPF, we generated a database of predicted biomarkers of exposure and internal dose metrics in both rat and human. Using simulated peak brain CPF concentrations, we developed a dose-response model to predict CPF-induced spatial memory deficits and correlated these changes to relevant biomarkers of exposure to derive a benchmark dose specific to neurobehavioral changes. We extended these cognitive deficit predictions to humans and simulated corresponding exposures using a model parameterized for humans. RESULTS Results from this study indicate that the human-equivalent benchmark dose (BMD) based on a 15% cognitive deficit as an end point is lower than that using the present threshold for 10% brain AChE inhibition. This predicted human-equivalent subchronic BMD threshold compares to occupational exposure levels determined from biomarkers of exposure and corresponds to similar exposure conditions where deficits in cognition are observed. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative PD models based on neurobehavioral testing in animals offer an important addition to the methodologies used for establishing useful environmental public health indicators and BMDs, and predictions from such models could help inform the human health risk assessment for chlorpyrifos. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1743.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd J Zurlinden
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Brad Reisfeld
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Bhaskar R, Mishra AK, Mohanty B. Neonatal Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Impairs Learning Behaviour by Disrupting Hippocampal Organization in Male Swiss Albino Mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 121:44-52. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Bhaskar
- Department of Zoology; University of Allahabad; Allahabad India
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15
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Two cholinesterase inhibitors trigger dissimilar effects on behavior and body weight in C57BL/6 mice: The case of chlorpyrifos and rivastigmine. Behav Brain Res 2017; 318:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Moyano P, del Pino J, Anadon MJ, Díaz MJ, Gómez G, Frejo MT. Toxicogenomic profile of apoptotic and necrotic SN56 basal forebrain cholinergic neuronal loss after acute and long-term chlorpyrifos exposure. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2017; 59:68-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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17
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Amani N, Soodi M, Daraei B, Dashti A. Chlorpyrifos Toxicity in Mouse Cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons at Different Stages of Development: Additive Effect on Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity. CELL JOURNAL 2016; 18:464-72. [PMID: 27602329 PMCID: PMC5011335 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.4575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a neurotoxic organophosphorus (OP) insecticide. Its mechanism of action includes oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE). The aim of the present study is to investigate CPF toxicity in mature and immature cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs), as well as its effect on glutamate induced excitotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was an in vitro experimental study performed on mice cultured CGNs. Immature and mature neurons were exposed to different concentrations of CPF (1-1000 µM) and glutamate (10-600 µM) for 48 hours after which we used the MTT assay to measure cytotoxicity. Immature neurons had exposure to CPF for 5 days in order to evaluate the cytotoxic effect on developing neurons. Mature neurons received sub-lethal concentrations of CPF (10, 100 µM) combined with different concentrations of glutamate. AChE activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were assessed after treatments. RESULTS Immature CGNs had increased sensitivity to CPF toxicity compared to mature neurons. We observed significantly greater ROS production in immature compared to mature neurons, however AChE activity was more inhibited in mature neurons. Although CPF toxicity was not well correlated with AChE inhibition, it correlated well with ROS production. Glutamate toxicity was potentiated by sub-lethal concentration of CPF, however glutamate induced ROS production was not affected. The results suggested that CPF potentiated glutamate toxicity by mechanisms other than oxidative stress. CONCLUSION CPF toxicity differed in mature and immature neurons. Potentiated glutamate toxicity by CPF implied that CPF exposure might be a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Amani
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Soodi
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Daraei
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Dashti
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Singh S, Prakash A, Kaur S, Ming LC, Mani V, Majeed ABA. The role of multifunctional drug therapy as an antidote to combat experimental subacute neurotoxicity induced by organophosphate pesticides. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1017-1026. [PMID: 25864908 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate pesticides are used in agriculture where they are associated with numerous cases of intentional and accidental misuse. These toxicants are potent inhibitors of cholinesterases leading to a massive build-up of acetylcholine which induces an array of deleterious effects, including convulsions, oxidative damage and neurobehavioral deficits. Antidotal therapies with atropine and oxime yield a remarkable survival rate, but fail to prevent neuronal damage and behavioral problems. It has been indicated that multifunction drug therapy with potassium channel openers, calcium channel antagonists and antioxidants (either single-agent therapy or combination therapy) may have the potential to prevent cell death and/or slow down the processes of secondary neuronal damage. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to make a relative assessment of the potential effects of nicorandil (2 mg/kg), clinidipine (10 mg/kg), and grape seed proanthocyanidin (GSPE) extract (200 mg/kg) individually against subacute chlorpyrifos induced toxicity. The test drugs were administered to Wistar rats 2 h after exposure to Chlorpyrifos (CPF). Different behavioral studies and biochemical estimation has been carried in the study. The results showed that chronic administration of CPF significantly impaired learning and memory, along with motor coordination, and produced a marked increase in oxidative stress along with significantly reduced acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity. Treatment with nicorandil, clinidipine and GSPE was shown to significantly improve memory performance, attenuate oxidative damage and enhance AChE activity in rats. The present study also suggests that a combination of nicorandil, clinidipine, and GSPE has a better neuroprotective effect against subacute CPF induced neurotoxicity than if applied individually. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1017-1026, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satinderpal Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Indo Soviet Friendship (ISF) College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Atish Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, Indo Soviet Friendship (ISF) College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Puncak Alam, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Brain Degeneration and Therapeutics Group, Brain and Neuroscience Communities of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Shamsherjit Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Indo Soviet Friendship (ISF) College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Puncak Alam, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Brain Degeneration and Therapeutics Group, Brain and Neuroscience Communities of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Vasudevan Mani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Puncak Alam, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Brain Degeneration and Therapeutics Group, Brain and Neuroscience Communities of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Abdul Majeed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Puncak Alam, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Brain Degeneration and Therapeutics Group, Brain and Neuroscience Communities of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Peris-Sampedro F, Reverte I, Basaure P, Cabré M, Domingo JL, Colomina MT. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and the pesticide chlorpyrifos modulate attention, motivation and impulsivity in female mice in the 5-choice serial reaction time task. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 92:224-35. [PMID: 27106138 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate pesticides - and chlorpyrifos (CPF) in particular - contribute to a wide range of neurobehavioural disorders. Most experimental research focuses on learning and memory processes, while other behaviours remain understudied. The isoforms of the human apolipoprotein E (apoE) confer different cognitive skills on their carriers, but data on this topic are still limited. The current study was performed to assess whether the APOE genotypic variability differently modulates the effects of CPF on attentional performance, inhibitory control and motivation. Human apoE targeted replacement adult female mice (apoE2, apoE3 and apoE4) were trained to stably perform the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT). Animals were then subjected to daily dietary CPF (3.75 mg/kg body weight) for 4 weeks. After CPF exposure, we established a 4-week CPF-free period to assess recovery. All individuals acquired the task, apoE2 mice showed enhanced learning, while apoE4 mice displayed increased premature and perseverative responding. This genotype-dependent lack of inhibitory control was reversed by CPF. Overall, the pesticide induced protracted impairments in sustained attention and motivation, and it reduced anticipatory responding. ApoE3 mice exhibited delayed attentional disruptions throughout the wash-out period. Taken together, these findings provide notable evidence on the emergence of CPF-related attentional and motivational deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Peris-Sampedro
- Research in Neurobehaviour and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavioural Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
| | - Ingrid Reverte
- Research in Neurobehaviour and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pia Basaure
- Research in Neurobehaviour and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavioural Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Maria Cabré
- Research in Neurobehaviour and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Colomina
- Research in Neurobehaviour and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavioural Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
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SN56 basal forebrain cholinergic neuronal loss after acute and long-term chlorpyrifos exposure through oxidative stress generation; P75NTR and α7-nAChRs alterations mediated partially by AChE variants disruption. Toxicology 2016; 353-354:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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López-Granero C, Ruiz-Muñoz AM, Nieto-Escámez FA, Colomina MT, Aschner M, Sánchez-Santed F. Chronic dietary chlorpyrifos causes long-term spatial memory impairment and thigmotaxic behavior. Neurotoxicology 2016; 53:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Pino JD, Moyano P, Anadon MJ, García JM, Díaz MJ, García J, Frejo MT. Acute and long-term exposure to chlorpyrifos induces cell death of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons through AChE variants alteration. Toxicology 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Savy CY, Fitchett AE, McQuade R, Gartside SE, Morris CM, Blain PG, Judge SJ. Low-level repeated exposure to diazinon and chlorpyrifos decrease anxiety-like behaviour in adult male rats as assessed by marble burying behaviour. Neurotoxicology 2015; 50:149-56. [PMID: 26297601 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to organophosphate (OPs) pesticides is reported to increase in the risk of developing anxiety and depression. Preclinical studies using OP levels, which inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity, support the clinical observations, but little is known of the effects of exposure below this threshold. We examined the effects of low level OP exposure on behaviours and neurochemistry associated with affective disorders. Adult rats were administered either diazinon (1 mg/kg i.p.) which is present in sheep dip and flea collars, chlorpyrifos (1 mg/kg i.p.) which is present in crop sprays, or vehicle for 5 days. OP exposure did not affect acetylcholinesterase activity (blood, cerebellum, caudate putamen, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex), anhedonia-like behaviour (sucrose preference), working memory (novel object recognition), locomotor activity or anxiety-like behaviour in the open field arena. In contrast OP exposure attenuated marble burying behaviour, an ethological measure of anxiety. The diazinon-induced reduction in marble burying persisted after exposure cessation. In comparison to vehicle, dopamine levels were lowered by chlorpyrifos, but not diazinon. 5-HT levels and turnover were unaffected by OP exposure. However, 5-HT transporter expression was reduced by diazinon suggesting subtle changes in 5-HT transmission. These data indicate exposure to occupational and domestic OPs, below the threshold to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, can subtly alter behaviour and neurochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Y Savy
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Claremont Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AA, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Ann E Fitchett
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Claremont Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AA, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Richard McQuade
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Sarah E Gartside
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Christopher M Morris
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Claremont Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AA, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Peter G Blain
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Claremont Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AA, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Sarah J Judge
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Claremont Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AA, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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Venerosi A, Tait S, Stecca L, Chiarotti F, De Felice A, Cometa MF, Volpe MT, Calamandrei G, Ricceri L. Effects of maternal chlorpyrifos diet on social investigation and brain neuroendocrine markers in the offspring - a mouse study. Environ Health 2015; 14:32. [PMID: 25889763 PMCID: PMC4448273 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-015-0019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the most widely used organophosphate pesticides worldwide. Epidemiological studies on pregnant women and their children suggest a link between in utero CPF exposure and delay in psychomotor and cognitive maturation. A large number of studies in animal models have shown adverse effects of CPF on developing brain and more recently on endocrine targets. Our aim was to determine if developmental exposure to CPF affects social responsiveness and associated molecular neuroendocrine markers at adulthood. METHOD Pregnant CD1 outbred mice were fed from gestational day 15 to lactation day 14 with either a CPF-added (equivalent to 6 mg/kg/bw/day during pregnancy) or a standard diet. We then assessed in the offspring the long-term effects of CPF exposure on locomotion, social recognition performances and gene expression levels of selected neurondocrine markers in amygdala and hypothalamus. RESULTS No sign of CPF systemic toxicity was detected. CPF induced behavioral alterations in adult offspring of both sexes: CPF-exposed males displayed enhanced investigative response to unfamiliar social stimuli, whereas CPF-exposed females showed a delayed onset of social investigation and lack of reaction to social novelty. In parallel, molecular effects of CPF were sex dimorphic: in males CPF increased expression of estrogen receptor beta in hypothalamus and decreased oxytocin expression in amygdala; CPF increased vasopressin 1a receptor expression in amygdala in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that developmental CPF affects mouse social behavior and interferes with development of sex-dimorphic neuroendocrine pathways with potential disruptive effects on neuroendocrine axes homeostasis. The route of exposure selected in our study corresponds to relevant human exposure scenarios, our data thus supports the view that neuroendocrine effects, especially in susceptible time windows, should deserve more attention in risk assessment of OP insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldina Venerosi
- Department Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Tait
- Department Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura Stecca
- Department Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Flavia Chiarotti
- Department Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessia De Felice
- Department Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Maria Teresa Volpe
- Department Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Gemma Calamandrei
- Department Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura Ricceri
- Department Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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López-Granero C, Cardona D, Giménez E, Lozano R, Barril J, Aschner M, Sánchez-Santed F, Cañadas F. Comparative study on short- and long-term behavioral consequences of organophosphate exposure: Relationship to AChE mRNA expression. Neurotoxicology 2014; 40:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Carr RL, Graves CA, Mangum LC, Nail CA, Ross MK. Low level chlorpyrifos exposure increases anandamide accumulation in juvenile rat brain in the absence of brain cholinesterase inhibition. Neurotoxicology 2013; 43:82-89. [PMID: 24373905 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The prevailing dogma is that chlorpyrifos (CPF) mediates its toxicity through inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE). However, in recent years, the toxicological effects of developmental CPF exposure have been attributed to an unknown non-cholinergic mechanism of action. We hypothesize that the endocannabinoid system may be an important target because of its vital role in nervous system development. We have previously reported that repeated exposure to CPF results in greater inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the enzyme that metabolizes the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA), than inhibition of either forebrain ChE or monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), the enzyme that metabolizes the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG). This exposure resulted in the accumulation of 2-AG and AEA in the forebrain of juvenile rats; however, even at the lowest dosage level used (1.0mg/kg), forebrain ChE inhibition was still present. Thus, it is not clear if FAAH activity would be inhibited at dosage levels that do not inhibit ChE. To determine this, 10 day old rat pups were exposed daily for 7 days to either corn oil or 0.5mg/kg CPF by oral gavage. At 4 and 12h post-exposure on the last day of administration, the activities of serum ChE and carboxylesterase (CES) and forebrain ChE, MAGL, and FAAH were determined as well as the forebrain AEA and 2-AG levels. Significant inhibition of serum ChE and CES was present at both 4 and 12h. There was no significant inhibition of the activities of forebrain ChE or MAGL and no significant change in the amount of 2-AG at either time point. On the other hand, while no statistically significant effects were observed at 4h, FAAH activity was significantly inhibited at 12h resulting in a significant accumulation of AEA. Although it is not clear if this level of accumulation impacts brain maturation, this study demonstrates that developmental CPF exposure at a level that does not inhibit brain ChE can alter components of endocannabinoid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell L Carr
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Casey A Graves
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Lee C Mangum
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Carole A Nail
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Matthew K Ross
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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