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Heluany CS, De Palma A, Day NJ, Farsky SHP, Nalesso G. Hydroquinone, an Environmental Pollutant, Affects Cartilage Homeostasis through the Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Pathway. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050690. [PMID: 36899825 PMCID: PMC10001213 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to environmental pollutants has a proven detrimental impact on different aspects of human health. Increasing evidence has linked pollution to the degeneration of tissues in the joints, although through vastly uncharacterised mechanisms. We have previously shown that exposure to hydroquinone (HQ), a benzene metabolite that can be found in motor fuels and cigarette smoke, exacerbates synovial hypertrophy and oxidative stress in the synovium. To further understand the impact of the pollutant on joint health, here we investigated the effect of HQ on the articular cartilage. HQ exposure aggravated cartilage damage in rats in which inflammatory arthritis was induced by injection of Collagen type II. Cell viability, cell phenotypic changes and oxidative stress were quantified in primary bovine articular chondrocytes exposed to HQ in the presence or absence of IL-1β. HQ stimulation downregulated phenotypic markers genes SOX-9 and Col2a1, whereas it upregulated the expression of the catabolic enzymes MMP-3 and ADAMTS5 at the mRNA level. HQ also reduced proteoglycan content and promoted oxidative stress alone and in synergy with IL-1β. Finally, we showed that HQ-degenerative effects were mediated by the activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor. Together, our findings describe the harmful effects of HQ on articular cartilage health, providing novel evidence surrounding the toxic mechanisms of environmental pollutants underlying the onset of articular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Scucuglia Heluany
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 015508-000, Brazil
| | - Anna De Palma
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Nicholas James Day
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Sandra Helena Poliselli Farsky
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 015508-000, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Nalesso
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK
- Correspondence:
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Heluany CS, Scharf P, Schneider AH, Donate PB, Dos Reis Pedreira Filho W, de Oliveira TF, Cunha FQ, Farsky SHP. Toxic mechanisms of cigarette smoke and heat-not-burn tobacco vapor inhalation on rheumatoid arthritis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151097. [PMID: 34695477 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco combustion exposure worsens rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Non-combustible tobacco devices, as heat-not-burn tobacco (HNBT), are emerging as harm reduction to smokers by releasing nicotine and lower combustible tobacco products. Nevertheless, HNBT toxicity remains unclear. Hence, here we investigated the impacts of the tobacco combustible product (cigarette smoke; CS) or HNBT vapor exposures on antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) in C57BL/6 mice. Animals were exposed to airflow, HNBT vapor, or CS during 1 h/twice a day, under the Health Canada Intense (HCI) smoking regime, between days 14 to 20 after the first immunization. At day 21, 16 h after the last exposures, mice were i.a. challenged and the AIA effects were evaluated 24 h later. CS- or HNBT-exposed mice presented equivalent blood nicotine levels. CS exposure worsened articular symptoms, pulmonary inflammation, and expression of lung metallothioneins. Nevertheless, CS or HNBT exposures reduced lymphoid organs' cellularity, splenocyte proliferation and IL-2 secretion. Additional in vitro CS or HNBT exposures confirmed the harmful effects on splenocytes, which were partially mediated by the activation of nicotine/α7nAchR pathway. Associated, data demonstrate the toxic mechanisms of CS or HNBT inhalation at HCI regime on RA, and highlight that further investigations are fundamental to assure the toxicity of emerging tobacco products on the immune system during specific challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Scucuglia Heluany
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pablo Scharf
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Paula Barbim Donate
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Tiago Franco de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Queiroz Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Helena Poliselli Farsky
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Hydroquinone Exposure Worsens Rheumatoid Arthritis through the Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Interleukin-17 Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060929. [PMID: 34200499 PMCID: PMC8229175 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) development is strongly associated with cigarette smoke exposure, which activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) as a trigger for Th17 inflammatory pathways. We previously demonstrated that the exposure to hydroquinone (HQ), one of the major compounds of cigarette tar, aggravates the arthritis symptomatology in rats. However, the mechanisms related to the HQ-related RA still remain elusive. Cell viability, cytokine secretion, and gene expression were measured in RA human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RAHFLS) treated with HQ and stimulated or not with TNF-α. Antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) was also elicited in wild type (WT), AhR −/− or IL-17R −/− C57BL/6 mice upon daily exposure to nebulized HQ (25ppm) between days 15 to 21. At day 21, mice were challenged with mBSA and inflammatory parameters were assessed. The in vitro HQ treatment up-regulated TNFR1, TNFR2 expression, and increased ROS production. The co-treatment of HQ and TNF-α enhanced the IL-6 and IL-8 secretion. However, the pre-incubation of RAHFLS with an AhR antagonist inhibited the HQ-mediated cell proliferation and gene expression profile. About the in vivo approach, the HQ exposure worsened the AIA symptoms (edema, pain, cytokines secretion and NETs formation) in WT mice. These AIA effects were abolished in HQ-exposed AhR −/− and IL-17R −/− animals though. Our data demonstrated the harmful HQ influence over the onset of arthritis through the activation and proliferation of synoviocytes. The HQ-related RA severity was also associated with the activation of AhR and IL-17 pathways, highlighting how cigarette smoke compounds can contribute to the RA progression.
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Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Environmental Pollutants on Hematopoiesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21196996. [PMID: 32977499 PMCID: PMC7583016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21196996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is a complex and intricate process that aims to replenish blood components in a constant fashion. It is orchestrated mostly by hematopoietic progenitor cells (hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)) that are capable of self-renewal and differentiation. These cells can originate other cell subtypes that are responsible for maintaining vital functions, mediate innate and adaptive immune responses, provide tissues with oxygen, and control coagulation. Hematopoiesis in adults takes place in the bone marrow, which is endowed with an extensive vasculature conferring an intense flow of cells. A myriad of cell subtypes can be found in the bone marrow at different levels of activation, being also under constant action of an extensive amount of diverse chemical mediators and enzymatic systems. Bone marrow platelets, mature erythrocytes and leukocytes are delivered into the bloodstream readily available to meet body demands. Leukocytes circulate and reach different tissues, returning or not returning to the bloodstream. Senescent leukocytes, specially granulocytes, return to the bone marrow to be phagocytized by macrophages, restarting granulopoiesis. The constant high production and delivery of cells into the bloodstream, alongside the fact that blood cells can also circulate between tissues, makes the hematopoietic system a prime target for toxic agents to act upon, making the understanding of the bone marrow microenvironment vital for both toxicological sciences and risk assessment. Environmental and occupational pollutants, therapeutic molecules, drugs of abuse, and even nutritional status can directly affect progenitor cells at their differentiation and maturation stages, altering behavior and function of blood compounds and resulting in impaired immune responses, anemias, leukemias, and blood coagulation disturbances. This review aims to describe the most recently investigated molecular and cellular toxicity mechanisms of current major environmental pollutants on hematopoiesis in the bone marrow.
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Fabris AL, Nunes AV, Schuch V, de Paula-Silva M, Rocha G, Nakaya HI, Ho PL, Silveira ELV, Farsky SHP. Hydroquinone exposure alters the morphology of lymphoid organs in vaccinated C57Bl/6 mice. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113554. [PMID: 31767231 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The influenza is a common viral infection that can be fatal, especially in high-risk groups such as children, pregnant women, elderly, and immune-deficient individuals. Vaccination is the most efficient approach to prevent the spreading of viral infection and promote individual and public health. In contrast, exposure to environmental pollutants such as cigarette smoke reduces the efficacy of vaccination. We investigated whether chronic exposure to hydroquinone (HQ), the most abundant compound of the tobacco particulate phase, could impair the adaptive immune responses elicited by influenza vaccination. For this, adult male C57BL/6 mice were daily exposed to either nebulized HQ or PBS for 1 h for a total of eight weeks. At weeks 6 and 8, the mice were primed and boosted with the trivalent influenza vaccine via IM respectively. Although the HQ exposure did not alter the body weight of the mice and the biochemical and hematological parameters, the pollutant increased the oxidative stress in splenocytes of immunized animals, modified the morphology of spleen follicles, and augmented the size of their lymph nodes. The lymphoid organs of HQ-exposed mice presented a similar number of vaccine-specific IgG-secreting cells, titers of vaccine-specific total IgG, and respective subclasses. Transcriptome studies with HQ, benzene, or cigarette smoke exposure were also analyzed. The genes up-regulated upon pollutant exposure were associated with neutrophil migration and were shown to be co-expressed with antibody-secreting cell genes. Therefore, these findings suggest that HQ exposure may trigger an immune-compensatory mechanism that enhances the humoral responses induced by influenza vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luis Fabris
- Laboratory of Experimental Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andre Vinicius Nunes
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Viviane Schuch
- Computational Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina de Paula-Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gho Rocha
- Laboratory of Experimental Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helder I Nakaya
- Computational Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Lee Ho
- Bacteriology Service, BioIndustrial Division, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo L V Silveira
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Key role of organic cation transporter 2 for the nephrotoxicity effect of triptolide in rheumatoid arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 77:105959. [PMID: 31644961 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. (TwHF), a traditional Chinese Medicine, is effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but its severe nephrotoxicity limits its extensive application. The nephrotoxic mechanism of Triptolide (TP), the main pharmacological and toxic component of TwHF, has not been fully revealed. This study was designed to explore the nephrotoxicity of TP in the RA state and the potential molecular mechanism. A rat collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model was constructed and administered with TP for 28 days in vivo. Results showed that the kidney injury induced by TP was aggravated in the CIA state, the concentration of TP in the renal cortex was higher than that of the medulla after TP administration in the CIA rats, and the expression of organic cation transporter 2 (Oct2) in kidney was up-regulated under CIA condition. Besides, rat kidney slice study demonstrated that TP was transported by Oct2 and this was confirmed by transient silencing and overexpression of OCT2 in HEK-293T cells. Furthermore, cytoinflammatory models on HK-2 and HEK-293T cell lines were constructed by exposure of TNF-α or IL-1β to further explore the TP's renal toxicity. Results suggested that TNF-α exposure aggravated TP's toxicity and up-regulated the protein expression of OCT2 in both cell lines. TNF-α treatment also increased the function of OCT2 and finally OCT2 silencing confirmed OCT2 mediated nephrotoxicity of TP in HEK-293T cells. In summary, the exposure of TNF-α in RA state induced the expression of OCT2, which transported more TP into kidney cortex, subsequently exacerbated the kidney injury.
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Chang M, Chang B, Pan Y, Lin B, Lian Y, Lee M, Yeung S, Lin L, Jeng J. Antiplatelet, antioxidative, and anti‐inflammatory effects of hydroquinone. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:18123-18130. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei‐Chi Chang
- Biomedical Science Team Chang Gung University of Science and Technology Taoyuan Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taipei Taiwan
| | - Bei‐En Chang
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology National Taiwan University Medical College Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Hwa Pan
- Department of Dentistry Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taipei Taiwan
| | - Bor‐Ru Lin
- Department of Diagnotherapeutics National Taiwan University Hospital Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yun‐Chia Lian
- Department of Dentistry Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taipei Taiwan
| | - Ming‐Shu Lee
- School of Dentistry & Department of Dentistry National Taiwan University Medical College and National Taiwan University Hospital Taipei Taiwan
| | - Sin‐Yuet Yeung
- Department of Dentistry Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taipei Taiwan
| | - Li‐Deh Lin
- School of Dentistry & Department of Dentistry National Taiwan University Medical College and National Taiwan University Hospital Taipei Taiwan
| | - Jiiang‐Huei Jeng
- School of Dentistry & Department of Dentistry National Taiwan University Medical College and National Taiwan University Hospital Taipei Taiwan
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