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Wang Y, Heymann F, Peiseler M. Intravital imaging: dynamic insights into liver immunity in health and disease. Gut 2024; 73:1364-1375. [PMID: 38777574 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-331739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation is a critical component of most acute and chronic liver diseases. The liver is a unique immunological organ with a dense vascular network, leading to intense crosstalk between tissue-resident immune cells, passenger leucocytes and parenchymal cells. During acute and chronic liver diseases, the multifaceted immune response is involved in disease promoting and repair mechanisms, while upholding core liver immune functions. In recent years, single-cell technologies have unravelled a previously unknown heterogeneity of immune cells, reshaping the complexity of the hepatic immune response. However, inflammation is a dynamic biological process, encompassing various immune cells, orchestrated in temporal and spatial dimensions, and driven by multiorgan signals. Intravital microscopy (IVM) has emerged as a powerful tool to investigate immunity by visualising the dynamic interplay between different immune cells and their surroundings within a near-natural environment. In this review, we summarise the experimental considerations to perform IVM and highlight recent technological developments. Furthermore, we outline the unique contributions of IVM to our understanding of liver immunity. Through the lens of liver disease, we discuss novel immune-mediated disease mechanisms uncovered by imaging-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Heymann
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Peiseler
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Mussi N, Stuard WL, Sanches JM, Robertson DM. Chronic Hyperglycemia Compromises Mitochondrial Function in Corneal Epithelial Cells: Implications for the Diabetic Cornea. Cells 2022; 11:2567. [PMID: 36010643 PMCID: PMC9406817 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a major pathophysiological event leading to the onset of diabetic complications. This study investigated the temporal effects of hyperglycemia on mitochondrial metabolism in corneal epithelial cells. To accomplish this, human telomerase-immortalized corneal epithelial cells were cultured in a defined growth medium containing 6 mM glucose. To simulate hyperglycemia, cells were cultured in a medium containing 25 mM D-glucose, and control cells were cultured in mannitol. Using metabolic flux analysis, there was a hyperosmolar-mediated increase in mitochondrial respiration after 24 h. By day 5, there was a decrease in spare respiratory capacity in cells subject to high glucose that remained suppressed throughout the 14-day period. Although respiration remained high through day 9, glycolysis was decreased. Mitochondrial respiration was decreased by day 14. This was accompanied by the restoration of glycolysis to normoglycemic levels. These changes paralleled a decrease in mitochondrial polarization and cell cycle arrest. Together, these data show that chronic but not acute hyperglycemic stress leads to mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, the hyperglycemia-induced loss of spare respiratory capacity reduces the ability of corneal epithelial cells to respond to subsequent stress. Compromised mitochondrial function represents a previously unexplored mechanism that likely contributes to corneal complications in diabetes.
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3
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Umbaugh DS, Nguyen NT, Jaeschke H, Ramachandran A. Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Drives Early Change in Mitochondrial Morphology After Acetaminophen Exposure. Toxicol Sci 2021; 180:186-195. [PMID: 33432343 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial morphology plays a critical role in regulating mitochondrial and cellular function. It is well established that oxidative stress and mitochondrial injury are central to acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity. However, the role of mitochondrial dynamics, namely the remodeling of mitochondrial morphology through fusion and fission, has largely gone unexplored. To investigate this, we used primary mouse hepatocytes treated with APAP which allowed for real-time visualization of mitochondrial morphology using mitotracker green. We found that alterations in mitochondrial morphology were dose dependent, with a biphasic response in mitochondrial shape at higher APAP doses. Importantly, these two distinct mitochondrial morphologies corresponded with differences in mitochondrial respiratory function and polarization. The early change in mitochondrial morphology can be reversible and appears to be an adaptive response caused by alterations in membrane potential, which ultimately help preserve mitochondrial function. The later delayed change in mitochondrial morphology is irreversible and is driven by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased canonical fusion proteins, and alterations in mitochondrial lipid composition. Collectively, these later changes tilt the scales toward mitochondrial fission resulting in fragmented mitochondria with reduced functionality. This work provides evidence of adaptive early changes in mitochondrial morphology, which results in functional consequences that are dictated by the severity of APAP overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Umbaugh
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Nga T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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4
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Dunn KW, Molitoris BA, Dagher PC. The Indiana O'Brien Center for Advanced Renal Microscopic Analysis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F671-F682. [PMID: 33682441 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00007.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Indiana O'Brien Center for Advanced Microscopic Analysis is a National Institutes of Health (NIH) P30-funded research center dedicated to the development and dissemination of advanced methods of optical microscopy to support renal researchers throughout the world. The Indiana O'Brien Center was founded in 2002 as an NIH P-50 project with the original goal of helping researchers realize the potential of intravital multiphoton microscopy as a tool for understanding renal physiology and pathophysiology. The center has since expanded into the development and implementation of large-scale, high-content tissue cytometry. The advanced imaging capabilities of the center are made available to renal researchers worldwide via collaborations and a unique fellowship program. Center outreach is accomplished through an enrichment core that oversees a seminar series, an informational website, and a biennial workshop featuring hands-on training from members of the Indiana O'Brien Center and imaging experts from around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Dunn
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Bruce A Molitoris
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Pierre C Dagher
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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5
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Yadav SPS, Sandoval RM, Zhao J, Huang Y, Wang E, Kumar S, Campos-Bilderback SB, Rhodes G, Mechref Y, Molitoris BA, Wagner MC. Mechanism of how carbamylation reduces albumin binding to FcRn contributing to increased vascular clearance. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F114-F129. [PMID: 33283642 PMCID: PMC7847050 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00428.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease results in high serum urea concentrations leading to excessive protein carbamylation, primarily albumin. This is associated with increased cardiovascular disease and mortality. Multiple methods were used to address whether carbamylation alters albumin metabolism. Intravital two-photon imaging of the Munich Wistar Frömter (MWF) rat kidney and liver allowed us to characterize filtration and proximal tubule uptake and liver uptake. Microscale thermophoresis enabled quantification of cubilin (CUB7,8 domain) and FcRn binding. Finally, multiple biophysical methods including dynamic light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, LC-MS/MS and in silico analyses were used to identify the critical structural alterations and amino acid modifications of rat albumin. Carbamylation of albumin reduced binding to CUB7,8 and FcRn in a dose-dependent fashion. Carbamylation markedly increased vascular clearance of carbamylated rat serum albumin (cRSA) and altered distribution of cRSA in both the kidney and liver at 16 h post intravenous injection. By evaluating the time course of carbamylation and associated charge, size, shape, and binding parameters in combination with in silico analysis and mass spectrometry, the critical binding interaction impacting carbamylated albumin's reduced FcRn binding was identified as K524. Carbamylation of RSA had no effect on glomerular filtration or proximal tubule uptake. These data indicate urea-mediated time-dependent carbamylation of albumin lysine K524 resulted in reduced binding to CUB7,8 and FcRn that contribute to altered albumin transport, leading to increased vascular clearance and increased liver and endothelial tissue accumulation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chromatography, Liquid
- Disease Models, Animal
- Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/metabolism
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/physiopathology
- Liver/metabolism
- Lysine
- Male
- Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton
- Protein Binding
- Protein Carbamylation
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/physiopathology
- Scattering, Small Angle
- Serum Albumin/metabolism
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry
- Time Factors
- X-Ray Diffraction
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Pratap S Yadav
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ruben M Sandoval
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jingfu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Yifan Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Exing Wang
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Sudhanshu Kumar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Silvia B Campos-Bilderback
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - George Rhodes
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Bruce A Molitoris
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mark C Wagner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Jaeschke H, Murray FJ, Monnot AD, Jacobson-Kram D, Cohen SM, Hardisty JF, Atillasoy E, Hermanowski-Vosatka A, Kuffner E, Wikoff D, Chappell GA, Bandara SB, Deore M, Pitchaiyan SK, Eichenbaum G. Assessment of the biochemical pathways for acetaminophen toxicity: Implications for its carcinogenic hazard potential. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 120:104859. [PMID: 33388367 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In 2019 California's Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) initiated a review of the carcinogenic hazard potential of acetaminophen. In parallel with this review, herein we evaluated the mechanistic data related to the steps and timing of cellular events following therapeutic recommended (≤4 g/day) and higher doses of acetaminophen that may cause hepatotoxicity to evaluate whether these changes indicate that acetaminophen is a carcinogenic hazard. At therapeutic recommended doses, acetaminophen forms limited amounts of N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone-imine (NAPQI) without adverse cellular effects. Following overdoses of acetaminophen, there is potential for more extensive formation of NAPQI and depletion of glutathione, which may result in mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA damage, but only at doses that result in cell death - thus making it implausible for acetaminophen to induce the kind of stable, genetic damage in the nucleus indicative of a genotoxic or carcinogenic hazard in humans. The collective data demonstrate a lack of a plausible mechanism related to carcinogenicity and are consistent with rodent cancer bioassays, epidemiological results reviewed in companion manuscripts in this issue, as well as conclusions of multiple international health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | | | | | | | - Samuel M Cohen
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jerry F Hardisty
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Edwin Kuffner
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Health, Fort Washington, PA, USA
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Adhyapok P, Fu X, Sluka JP, Clendenon SG, Sluka VD, Wang Z, Dunn K, Klaunig JE, Glazier JA. A computational model of liver tissue damage and repair. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243451. [PMID: 33347443 PMCID: PMC7752149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug induced liver injury (DILI) and cell death can result from oxidative stress in hepatocytes. An initial pattern of centrilobular damage in the APAP model of DILI is amplified by communication from stressed cells and immune system activation. While hepatocyte proliferation counters cell loss, high doses are still lethal to the tissue. To understand the progression of disease from the initial damage to tissue recovery or death, we computationally model the competing biological processes of hepatocyte proliferation, necrosis and injury propagation. We parametrize timescales of proliferation (α), conversion of healthy to stressed cells (β) and further sensitization of stressed cells towards necrotic pathways (γ) and model them on a Cellular Automaton (CA) based grid of lattice sites. 1D simulations show that a small α/β (fast proliferation), combined with a large γ/β (slow death) have the lowest probabilities of tissue survival. At large α/β, tissue fate can be described by a critical γ/β* ratio alone; this value is dependent on the initial amount of damage and proportional to the tissue size N. Additionally, the 1D model predicts a minimum healthy population size below which damage is irreversible. Finally, we compare 1D and 2D phase spaces and discuss outcomes of bistability where either survival or death is possible, and of coexistence where simulated tissue never completely recovers or dies but persists as a mixture of healthy, stressed and necrotic cells. In conclusion, our model sheds light on the evolution of tissue damage or recovery and predicts potential for divergent fates given different rates of proliferation, necrosis, and injury propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyom Adhyapok
- Biocomplexity Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiao Fu
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Sluka
- Biocomplexity Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Sherry G. Clendenon
- Biocomplexity Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Victoria D. Sluka
- Biocomplexity Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Zemin Wang
- School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Dunn
- School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - James E. Klaunig
- School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - James A. Glazier
- Biocomplexity Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
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Akakpo JY, Ramachandran A, Jaeschke H. Novel strategies for the treatment of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:1039-1050. [PMID: 32862728 PMCID: PMC7606761 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1817896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is the leading cause of acute liver failure in the western world. Despite extensive investigations into the mechanisms of cell death, only a single antidote, N-acetylcysteine, is in clinical use. However, there have recently been more efforts made to translate mechanistic insight into identification of therapeutic targets and potential new drugs for this indication. AREAS COVERED After a short review of the key events in the pathophysiology of APAP-induced liver injury and recovery, the pros and cons of targeting individual steps in the pathophysiology as therapeutic targets are discussed. While the re-purposed drug fomepizole (4-methylpyrazole) and the new entity calmangafodipir are most advanced based on the understanding of their mechanism of action, several herbal medicine extracts and their individual components are also considered. EXPERT OPINION Fomepizole (4-methylpyrazole) is safe and has shown efficacy in preclinical models, human hepatocytes and in volunteers against APAP overdose. The safety of calmangafodipir in APAP overdose patients was shown but it lacks solid preclinical efficacy studies. Both drugs require a controlled phase III trial to achieve regulatory approval. All studies of herbal medicine extracts and components suffer from poor experimental design, which questions their clinical utility at this point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jephte Y. Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
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