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Yin F, Qin Z. Long-Chain Molecules with Agro-Bioactivities and Their Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:5880. [PMID: 37570848 PMCID: PMC10421526 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-chain molecules play a vital role in agricultural production and find extensive use as fungicides, insecticides, acaricides, herbicides, and plant growth regulators. This review article specifically addresses the agricultural biological activities and applications of long-chain molecules. The utilization of long-chain molecules in the development of pesticides is an appealing avenue for designing novel pesticide compounds. By offering valuable insights, this article serves as a useful reference for the design of new long-chain molecules for pesticide applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhaohai Qin
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
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Lafranconi M, Anderson J, Budinsky R, Corey L, Forsberg N, Klapacz J, LeBaron MJ. An integrated assessment of the 1,4-dioxane cancer mode of action and threshold response in rodents. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023:105428. [PMID: 37277058 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
1,4-Dioxane is an environmental contaminant that has been shown to cause cancer in rodents after chronic high dose exposures. We reviewed and integrated information from recently published studies to update our understanding of the cancer mode of action of 1,4-dioxane. Tumor development in rodents from exposure to high doses of 1,4-dioxane is preceded by pre-neoplastic events including increased hepatic genomic signaling activity related to mitogenesis, elevation of Cyp2E1 activity and oxidative stress leading to genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. These events are followed by regenerative repair and proliferation and eventual development of tumors. Importantly, these events occur at doses that exceed the metabolic clearance of absorbed 1,4-dioxane in rats and mice resulting in elevated systemic levels of parent 1,4-dioxane. Consistent with previous reviews, we found no evidence of direct mutagenicity from exposure to 1,4-dioxane. We also found no evidence of CAR/PXR, AhR or PPARα activation resulting from exposure to 1,4-dioxane. This integrated assessment supports a cancer mode of action that is dependent on exceeding the metabolic clearance of absorbed 1,4-dioxane, direct mitogenesis, elevation of Cyp2E1 activity and oxidative stress leading to genotoxicity and cytotoxicity followed by sustained proliferation driven by regenerative repair and progression of heritable lesions to tumor development.
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Penagos-Tabares F, Sulyok M, Nagl V, Faas J, Krska R, Khiaosa-Ard R, Zebeli Q. Mixtures of mycotoxins, phytoestrogens and pesticides co-occurring in wet spent brewery grains (BSG) intended for dairy cattle feeding in Austria. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1855-1877. [PMID: 36129729 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2121430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Spent brewery grains (BSG) are the main by-product of beer production and are incorporated in rations of food-delivering animals, mainly dairy cows. Like other agricultural commodities, BSG can be contaminated by a broad spectrum of natural and synthetic undesirable substances, which can be hazardous to animal and human health as well as to the environment. The co-occurrence of mycotoxins, phytoestrogens, other fungal and plant secondary metabolites, along with pesticides, was investigated in 21 BSG samples collected in dairy farms in Austria. For this purpose, a validated multi-metabolite liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) was employed. Metabolites derived from Fusarium, Aspergillus, Alternaria and pesticide residues, were ubiquitous in the samples. Zearalenone (ZEN), T-2 and HT-2 toxins were the only regulated mycotoxin detected, albeit at concentrations below the European guidance values for animal feeds. Ergot alkaloids, Penicillium-derived metabolites, and phytoestrogens had occurrence rates of 90, 48 and 29%, respectively. Penicillium metabolites presented the highest levels among the fungal compounds, indicating contamination during storage. Aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxins and deoxynivalenol (DON) were not detected. Out of the 16 detected pesticides, two fungicides, ametoctradin (9.5%) and mandipropamid (14.3%) revealed concentrations exceeding their respective maximum residue level (MRL) (0.01 mg kg-1) for barley in two samples. Although based on European guidance and MRL values the levels of the detected compounds probably do not pose acute risks for cattle, the impact of the long-time exposure to such mixtures of natural and synthetic toxicants on animal health and food safety are unknown and must be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Penagos-Tabares
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria
| | - Veronika Nagl
- DSM Animal Nutrition and Health - BIOMIN Research Center, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Johannes Faas
- DSM Animal Nutrition and Health - BIOMIN Research Center, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, UK
| | - Ratchaneewan Khiaosa-Ard
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts in Livestock (CDL-LiveGUT), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Osimitz TG, Droege W. Perspectives on interpretation of Rivera-González et al., (2021). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132599. [PMID: 34673040 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Osimitz
- Science Strategies, LLC, 1001 East Market St., Suite 202, Charlottesville, VA, 22902, USA.
| | - Wiebke Droege
- Science Strategies, LLC, 1001 East Market St., Suite 202, Charlottesville, VA, 22902, USA
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Yamada T. Application of humanized mice to toxicology studies: Evaluation of the human relevance of the mode of action for rodent liver tumor formation by activators of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). J Toxicol Pathol 2021; 34:283-297. [PMID: 34629731 PMCID: PMC8484926 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2021-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR)-mediated mode of action (MOA) for phenobarbital (PB)-induced rodent liver tumor formation has been established, with increased hepatocyte proliferation, which is a key event in tumor formation. Previous studies have demonstrated that PB and other CAR-activators stimulate proliferation in cultured rodent hepatocytes, but not in cultured human hepatocytes. However, in the genetically humanized CAR and pregnane X receptor (PXR) mouse (hCAR/hPXR mouse, downstream genes are still mouse), PB increased hepatocyte proliferation and tumor production in vivo. In contrast to the hCAR/hPXR mouse, studies with chimeric mice with human hepatocytes (PXB-mouse, both receptor and downstream genes are human) demonstrated that PB did not increase human hepatocyte proliferation in vivo. PB increased hepatocyte proliferation in a chimeric mouse model with rat hepatocytes, indicating that the lack of human hepatocyte proliferation is not due to any functional defect in the chimeric mouse liver environment. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that the downstream genes of CAR/PXR activation were similar in hCAR/hPXR and CD-1 mice, but differed from those observed in chimeric mice with human hepatocytes. These findings strongly support the conclusion that the MOA for CAR-mediated rodent liver tumor formation is qualitatively implausible for humans. Indeed, epidemiological studies have found no causal link between PB and human liver tumors. There are many similarities with respect to hepatic effects and species differences between rodent CAR and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α activators. Based on our research, the chimeric mouse with human hepatocytes (PXB-mouse) is reliable for human cancer risk assessment of test chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Yamada
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
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Yamada T, Cohen SM, Lake BG. Critical evaluation of the human relevance of the mode of action for rodent liver tumor formation by activators of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:373-394. [PMID: 34264181 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1939654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many nongenotoxic chemicals have been shown to produce liver tumors in mice and/or rats by a mode of action (MOA) involving activation of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Studies with phenobarbital (PB) and other compounds have identified the key events for this MOA: CAR activation; increased hepatocellular proliferation; altered foci formation; and ultimately the development of adenomas/carcinomas. In terms of human relevance, the pivotal species difference is that CAR activators are mitogenic agents in mouse and rat hepatocytes, but they do not stimulate increased hepatocellular proliferation in humans. This conclusion is supported by substantial in vitro studies with cultured rodent and human hepatocytes and also by in vivo studies with chimeric mice with human hepatocytes. Examination of the literature reveals many similarities in the hepatic effects and species differences between activators of rodent CAR and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), with PPARα activators also not being mitogenic agents in human hepatocytes. Overall, a critical analysis of the available data demonstrates that the established MOA for rodent liver tumor formation by PB and other CAR activators is qualitatively not plausible for humans. This conclusion is supported by data from several human epidemiology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Yamada
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Brian G Lake
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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