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Lachapelle V, Comeau G, Quessy S, Zanabria R, Rhouma M, van Vonderen T, Snelgrove P, Kashi D, Bosch ML, Smillie J, Holley R, Brockhoff E, Costa M, Gaucher ML, Chorfi Y, Racicot M. The Development of a Risk Assessment Model for Inedible Rendering Plants in Canada: Identifying and Selecting Feed Safety-Related Factors. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1020. [PMID: 38612259 PMCID: PMC11011131 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) is developing an establishment-based risk assessment model to categorize rendering plants that produce livestock feed ingredients (ERA-Renderer model) according to animal and human health risks (i.e., feed safety risks) and help in determining the allocation of inspection resources based on risk. The aim of the present study was to identify and select feed-safety-related factors and assessment criteria for inclusion in the ERA-Renderer model. First, a literature review was performed to identify evidence-based factors that impact the feed safety risk of livestock feed during its rendering processes. Secondly, a refinement process was applied to retain only those that met the inclusion conditions, such as data availability, lack of ambiguity, and measurability. Finally, an expert panel helped in selecting factors and assessment criteria based on their knowledge and experience in the rendering industry. A final list of 32 factors was developed, of which 4 pertained to the inherent risk of a rendering plant, 8 were related to risk mitigation strategies, and 20 referred to the regulatory compliance of a rendering plant. A total of 179 criteria were defined to assess factors based on practices in the Canadian rendering industry. The results of this study will be used in the next step of the model development to estimate the relative risks of the assessment criteria considering their impact on feed safety. Once implemented, the CFIA's ERA-Renderer model will provide an evidence-based, standardized, and transparent approach to help manage the feed safety risks in Canada's rendering sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Lachapelle
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (G.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Geneviève Comeau
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (G.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Sylvain Quessy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.Q.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.-L.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Romina Zanabria
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Y9, Canada;
| | - Mohamed Rhouma
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.Q.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.-L.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Tony van Vonderen
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 59 Camelot Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Y9, Canada; (T.v.V.); (P.S.)
| | - Philip Snelgrove
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 59 Camelot Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Y9, Canada; (T.v.V.); (P.S.)
| | - Djillali Kashi
- Sanimax, 2001 Av. de La Rotonde, Lévis, QC G6X 2L9, Canada;
| | - My-Lien Bosch
- Animal Nutrition Association of Canada, 300 Sparks St., Suite 1301, Ottawa, ON K1R 7S3, Canada;
| | - John Smillie
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Agriculture Building 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada;
| | - Rick Holley
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
| | - Egan Brockhoff
- Canadian Pork Council, 900-220 Laurier Ave. W., Ottawa, ON K1P 5Z9, Canada;
| | - Marcio Costa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.Q.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.-L.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Marie-Lou Gaucher
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.Q.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.-L.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Younes Chorfi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.Q.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.-L.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Manon Racicot
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (G.C.); (M.R.)
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Appell M, Wegener EC, Sharma BK, Eller FJ, Evans KO, Compton DL. In Vitro Evaluation of the Adsorption Efficacy of Biochar Materials on Aflatoxin B 1, Ochratoxin A, and Zearalenone. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3311. [PMID: 37958067 PMCID: PMC10649945 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin sequestration materials are important tools to reduce mycotoxin illness and enable proper handling of mycotoxin-contaminated commodities. Three food-grade bentonite clays and four generally recognized as safe (GRAS) charcoal/biochar carbon materials that are marketed as feed additives and supplements were evaluated for their ability to sequester the mycotoxins aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone. The surface area of the clays varied between 32.1 to 51.4 mg2/g, and the surface area of the carbon-based materials varied from 1.7 to 1735 mg2/g. In vitro, gastric fluid studies indicated that certain pine biochar and activated coconut charcoal could sequester high amounts (85+%) of the mycotoxins at 1 ppm levels or below. However, some biochar materials with lower surface area properties lacked binding capacity. The coconut shell charcoal and pine biochar utilize agricultural waste products in a manner that significantly reduces carbon emissions and provides valuable materials to minimize exposure to toxins found in food and feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Appell
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Evan C. Wegener
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Renewable Product Technology Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA; (E.C.W.); (K.O.E.); (D.L.C.)
| | - Brajendra K. Sharma
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Sustainable Biofuels and Co-Products Research, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA;
| | - Fred J. Eller
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Functional Foods Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA;
| | - Kervin O. Evans
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Renewable Product Technology Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA; (E.C.W.); (K.O.E.); (D.L.C.)
| | - David L. Compton
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Renewable Product Technology Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA; (E.C.W.); (K.O.E.); (D.L.C.)
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Lecrenier MC, Plasman L, Cordonnier A, Baeten V. Preliminary Feed Sedimentation Step for the Sensitive and Specific Detection of Processed Animal Proteins by Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:15774-15784. [PMID: 37824504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The circular economy is one of the main building blocks of the European Green Deal. In this context, the use of former foodstuffs containing ruminant gelatin was recently authorized in nonruminant feed. This minor modification makes it more challenging, if not impossible, to interpret the analytical results of the official control for animal proteins. The presence of ruminant DNA from authorized byproducts (i.e., milk and/or gelatin) may hide the use of prohibited byproducts. The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of sedimentation to increase the sensitivity and specificity of bovine-processed animal proteins (PAPs) detection by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Both approaches (standard versus optimized method) were evaluated by UHPLC-MS/MS on various animal feeds and samples from an interlaboratory study. The optimized method was able to achieve the adulteration level below the level of 0.1% PAPs required by the European Commission. This approach presents a simple and economical solution to improve the method without the need for new equipment or expertise since it is already in place in the control laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Caroline Lecrenier
- Quality and Authentication Unit, Agricultural Product Knowledge and Valorisation Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Lisa Plasman
- Quality and Authentication Unit, Agricultural Product Knowledge and Valorisation Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Cordonnier
- Quality and Authentication Unit, Agricultural Product Knowledge and Valorisation Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Vincent Baeten
- Quality and Authentication Unit, Agricultural Product Knowledge and Valorisation Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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4
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Krause T, Lamp J, Knappstein K, Walte HG, Moenning JL, Molkentin J, Ober F, Susenbeth A, Westreicher-Kristen E, Schwind KH, Dänicke S, Fürst P, Schenkel H, Pieper R, Numata J. Experimental Study on the Transfer of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Polychlorinated Dibenzo- p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) into Milk of High-Yielding Cows during Negative and Positive Energy Balance. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:13495-13507. [PMID: 37652440 PMCID: PMC10510706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) as well as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are a major concern for food safety, especially in fat-containing foods of animal origin, such as milk. Due to the lipophilic character of PCDD/Fs and PCBs, it is of special interest to explore whether the metabolic state of high-yielding cows influences the transfer rates into milk. Five German Holstein cows were orally exposed to a mixture of 17 PCDD/Fs, 12 dl-PCBs, and 6 non-dioxin-like PCBs (ndl-PCBs) for two dosing periods of 28 days each. The first period covered the negative energy balance (NEB) after calving, while the second period addressed the positive energy balance (PEB) in late lactation. Each dosing period was followed by a depuration period of around 100 days. During the NEB phase, the transfer rates of 14 PCDD/Fs and 7 dl-PCBs quantified were significantly (p ≤ 0.1) higher compared to the PEB phase, indicating an influence of the metabolic state on the transfer. Furthermore, the congener-specific transfer rates (0.3-39%) were in the range of the results from former studies. This indicates that the milk yield of the exposed cows is not the only determining factor for the transfer of these congeners into milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Krause
- Department
of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Julika Lamp
- Department
of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Karin Knappstein
- Department
of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Walte
- Department
of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Louis Moenning
- Department
Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal
Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Molkentin
- Department
of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Florian Ober
- Department
of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Susenbeth
- Institute
of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Kiel
University (CAU), 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Karl-Heinz Schwind
- Department
of Quality and Safety of Meat, Max Rubner-Institut
(MRI), E.-C.-Baumann-Str. 20, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute
of Animal Nutrition, German Federal Research Institute for Animal
Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Bundesallee 37, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Fürst
- Institute
of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans Schenkel
- Department
of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- Department
Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal
Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jorge Numata
- Department
Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal
Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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Branstad-Spates EH, Castano-Duque L, Mosher GA, Hurburgh CR, Owens P, Winzeler E, Rajasekaran K, Bowers EL. Gradient boosting machine learning model to predict aflatoxins in Iowa corn. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1248772. [PMID: 37720139 PMCID: PMC10502509 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1248772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aflatoxin (AFL), a secondary metabolite produced from filamentous fungi, contaminates corn, posing significant health and safety hazards for humans and livestock through toxigenic and carcinogenic effects. Corn is widely used as an essential commodity for food, feed, fuel, and export markets; therefore, AFL mitigation is necessary to ensure food and feed safety within the United States (US) and elsewhere in the world. In this case study, an Iowa-centric model was developed to predict AFL contamination using historical corn contamination, meteorological, satellite, and soil property data in the largest corn-producing state in the US. Methods We evaluated the performance of AFL prediction with gradient boosting machine (GBM) learning and feature engineering in Iowa corn for two AFL risk thresholds for high contamination events: 20-ppb and 5-ppb. A 90%-10% training-to-testing ratio was utilized in 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2021 (n = 630), with independent validation using the year 2020 (n = 376). Results The GBM model had an overall accuracy of 96.77% for AFL with a balanced accuracy of 50.00% for a 20-ppb risk threshold, whereas GBM had an overall accuracy of 90.32% with a balanced accuracy of 64.88% for a 5-ppb threshold. The GBM model had a low power to detect high AFL contamination events, resulting in a low sensitivity rate. Analyses for AFL showed satellite-acquired vegetative index during August significantly improved the prediction of corn contamination at the end of the growing season for both risk thresholds. Prediction of high AFL contamination levels was linked to aflatoxin risk indices (ARI) in May. However, ARI in July was an influential factor for the 5-ppb threshold but not for the 20-ppb threshold. Similarly, latitude was an influential factor for the 20-ppb threshold but not the 5-ppb threshold. Furthermore, soil-saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) influenced both risk thresholds. Discussion Developing these AFL prediction models is practical and implementable in commodity grain handling environments to achieve the goal of preventative rather than reactive mitigations. Finding predictors that influence AFL risk annually is an important cost-effective risk tool and, therefore, is a high priority to ensure hazard management and optimal grain utilization to maximize the utility of the nation's corn crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H. Branstad-Spates
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Lina Castano-Duque
- USDA, Agriculture Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Gretchen A. Mosher
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Charles R. Hurburgh
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Phillip Owens
- USDA, Agriculture Research Service, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center, Booneville, AR, United States
| | - Edwin Winzeler
- USDA, Agriculture Research Service, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center, Booneville, AR, United States
| | - Kanniah Rajasekaran
- USDA, Agriculture Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Erin L. Bowers
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Rabalski L, Milewska A, Pohlmann A, Gackowska K, Lepionka T, Szczepaniak K, Swiatalska A, Sieminska I, Arent Z, Beer M, Koopmans M, Grzybek M, Pyrc K. Emergence and potential transmission route of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in domestic cats in Poland, June 2023. Euro Surveill 2023; 28:2300390. [PMID: 37535471 PMCID: PMC10401914 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.31.2300390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In June 2023, a fatal disease outbreak in cats occurred in Poland. Most cases tested in Poland (29 of 47) were positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) virus. Genetic analyses revealed clade 2.3.4.4b with point mutations indicative of initial mammalian hosts adaptations. Cat viral sequences were highly similar (n = 21), suggesting a potential common infection source. To investigate possible infection routes, our group tested food samples from affected households. HPAI H5N1 virus was detected in one poultry meat sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Rabalski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Pulawy, Poland
| | | | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Karolina Gackowska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Lepionka
- Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Klaudiusz Szczepaniak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maciej Grzybek
- Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pyrc
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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7
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Stoev SD. Foodborne Diseases Due to Underestimated Hazard of Joint Mycotoxin Exposure at Low Levels and Possible Risk Assessment. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:464. [PMID: 37505733 PMCID: PMC10467111 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The subject of this review paper is to evaluate the underestimated hazard of multiple mycotoxin exposure of animals/humans for the appearance of foodborne ailments and diseases. The significance of joint mycotoxin interaction in the development of foodborne diseases is discussed, and appropriate conclusions are made. The importance of low feed/food levels of some target mycotoxins co-contaminations in food and feedstuffs for induction of target foodborne mycotoxicoses is also studied in the available literature. The appropriate hygiene control and the necessary risk assessment in regard to possible hazards for animals and humans are also discussed, and appropriate suggestions are made. Some internationally recognized prophylactic measures, management of the risk, and the necessity of elaboration of new international regulations in regard to the maximum permitted levels are also carefully discussed and analysed in the cases of multiple mycotoxin contaminations. The necessity of harmonization of mycotoxin regulations and control measures at international levels is also discussed in order to facilitate food trade between the countries and to ensure global food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoycho D Stoev
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Students Campus, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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8
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Penagos-Tabares F, Sulyok M, Artavia JI, Flores-Quiroz SI, Garzón-Pérez C, Castillo-Lopez E, Zavala L, Orozco JD, Faas J, Krska R, Zebeli Q. Mixtures of Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Whole-Plant Corn Silages and Total Mixed Rations of Dairy Farms in Central and Northern Mexico. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:153. [PMID: 36828467 PMCID: PMC9965745 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins and endocrine disruptors such as phytoestrogens can affect cattle health, reproduction, and productivity. Most studies of mycotoxins in dairy feeds in Mexico and worldwide have been focused on a few (regulated) mycotoxins. In contrast, less known fungal toxins, phytoestrogens, and other metabolites have been neglected and underestimated. This study analyzed a broad spectrum (>800) of mycotoxins, phytoestrogens, and fungal, plant, and unspecific secondary metabolites in whole-plant corn silages (WPCSs) and total mixed rations (TMRs) collected from 19 Mexican dairy farms. A validated multi-metabolite liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometric (LC/ESI-MS/MS) method was used. Our results revealed 125 of >800 tested (potentially toxic) secondary metabolites. WPCSs/TMRs in Mexico presented ubiquitous contamination with mycotoxins, phytoestrogens, and other metabolites. The average number of mycotoxins per TMR was 24, ranging from 9 to 31. Fusarium-derived secondary metabolites showed the highest frequencies, concentrations, and diversity among the detected fungal compounds. The most frequently detected mycotoxins in TMRs were zearalenone (ZEN) (100%), fumonisin B1 (FB1) (84%), and deoxynivalenol (84%). Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA), previously reported in Mexico, were not detected. All TMR samples tested positive for phytoestrogens. Among the investigated dietary ingredients, corn stover, sorghum silage, and concentrate proportions were the most correlated with levels of total mycotoxins, fumonisins (Fs), and ergot alkaloids, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Penagos-Tabares
- Unit of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts in Livestock (CDL-LiveGUT), Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- FFoQSI GmbH—Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1C, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | | | - Samanta-Irais Flores-Quiroz
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Cuautitlán, Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico
| | - César Garzón-Pérez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Cuautitlán, Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico
| | - Ezequías Castillo-Lopez
- Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts in Livestock (CDL-LiveGUT), Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Luis Zavala
- DSM-BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | | | - Johannes Faas
- DSM-BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts in Livestock (CDL-LiveGUT), Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Cheli F, Ottoboni M, Fumagalli F, Mazzoleni S, Ferrari L, Pinotti L. E-Nose Technology for Mycotoxin Detection in Feed: Ready for a Real Context in Field Application or Still an Emerging Technology? Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:146. [PMID: 36828460 PMCID: PMC9958648 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin risk in the feed supply chain poses a concern to animal and human health, economy, and international trade of agri-food commodities. Mycotoxin contamination in feed and food is unavoidable and unpredictable. Therefore, monitoring and control are the critical points. Effective and rapid methods for mycotoxin detection, at the levels set by the regulations, are needed for an efficient mycotoxin management. This review provides an overview of the use of the electronic nose (e-nose) as an effective tool for rapid mycotoxin detection and management of the mycotoxin risk at feed business level. E-nose has a high discrimination accuracy between non-contaminated and single-mycotoxin-contaminated grain. However, the predictive accuracy of e-nose is still limited and unsuitable for in-field application, where mycotoxin co-contamination occurs. Further research needs to be focused on the sensor materials, data analysis, pattern recognition systems, and a better understanding of the needs of the feed industry for a safety and quality management of the feed supply chain. A universal e-nose for mycotoxin detection is not realistic; a unique e-nose must be designed for each specific application. Robust and suitable e-nose method and advancements in signal processing algorithms must be validated for specific needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cheli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
- CRC I-WE (Coordinating Research Centre: Innovation for Well-Being and Environment), University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Ottoboni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Francesca Fumagalli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Sharon Mazzoleni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Luciano Pinotti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
- CRC I-WE (Coordinating Research Centre: Innovation for Well-Being and Environment), University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
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10
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Olesen AS, Lazov CM, Lecocq A, Accensi F, Jensen AB, Lohse L, Rasmussen TB, Belsham GJ, Bøtner A. Uptake and Survival of African Swine Fever Virus in Mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor) and Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) Larvae. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010047. [PMID: 36678395 PMCID: PMC9864530 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect production offers a sustainable source of nutrients for livestock. This comes with a risk for transmission of pathogens from the insects into the livestock sector, including viruses causing serious diseases, such as African swine fever virus (ASFV), classical swine fever virus and foot-and-mouth disease virus. ASFV is known to survive for a long time within animal meat and byproducts. Therefore, we conducted experimental exposure studies of insects to ASFV using larvae of two key insect species produced for food and feed, the mealworm; Tenebrio molitor, and the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens. The larvae were exposed to ASFV POL/2015/Podlaskie, via oral uptake of serum or spleen material from ASFV-infected pigs. Using qPCR, the amounts of viral DNA present immediately after exposure varied from ~104.7 to 107.2 genome copies per insect. ASFV DNA was detectable in the larvae of H. illucens for up to 3 days post exposure and in T. molitor larvae for up to 9 days post exposure. To assess the presence of infectious virus within the larvae and with this, the risk of virus transmission via oral consumption, pigs were fed cakes containing larvae exposed to ASFV. Pigs that consumed 50 T. molitor or 50 H. illucens virus-exposed larvae did not become infected with ASFV. Thus, it appears, that in our experimental setting, the risk of ASFV transmission via consumption of unprocessed insect larvae, used as feed, is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Sofie Olesen
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence:
| | - Christina Marie Lazov
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Antoine Lecocq
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Francesc Accensi
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i d’Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Annette Bruun Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Louise Lohse
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bruun Rasmussen
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Graham J. Belsham
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anette Bøtner
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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11
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Ochieng PE, Kemboi DC, Scippo ML, Gathumbi JK, Kangethe E, Doupovec B, Croubels S, Lindahl JF, Antonissen G, Okoth S. Maximizing Laboratory Production of Aflatoxins and Fumonisins for Use in Experimental Animal Feeds. Microorganisms 2022; 10. [PMID: 36557638 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Warm and humid climatic conditions coupled with poor agricultural practices in sub-Saharan Africa favor the contamination of food and feed by Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides fungi, which subsequently may produce aflatoxins (AFs) and fumonisins (FBs), respectively. The growth of fungi and the production of mycotoxins are influenced by physical (temperature, pH, water activity, light and aeration), nutritional, and biological factors. This study aimed at optimizing the conditions for the laboratory production of large quantities of AFs and FBs for use in the animal experiments. A. flavus and F. verticillioides strains, previously isolated from maize in Kenya, were used. Levels of AFB1 and total FBs (FB1, FB2, and FB3) in different growth substrates were screened using ELISA methods. Maize kernels inoculated with three different strains of A. flavus simultaneously and incubated at 29 °C for 21 days had the highest AFB1 level of 12,550 ± 3397 μg/kg of substrate. The highest level of total FBs (386,533 ± 153,302 μg/kg of substrate) was detected in cracked maize inoculated with three different strains of F. verticillioides and incubated for 21 days at temperatures of 22-25 °C in a growth chamber fitted with yellow light. These two methods are recommended for the mass production of AFB1 and FBs for animal feeding trials.
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12
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Penagos-Tabares F, Sulyok M, Nagl V, Faas J, Krska R, Khiaosa-Ard R, Zebeli Q. Mixtures of mycotoxins, phytoestrogens and pesticides co-occurring in wet spent brewery grains (BSG) intended for dairy cattle feeding in Austria. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1855-1877. [PMID: 36129729 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2121430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Spent brewery grains (BSG) are the main by-product of beer production and are incorporated in rations of food-delivering animals, mainly dairy cows. Like other agricultural commodities, BSG can be contaminated by a broad spectrum of natural and synthetic undesirable substances, which can be hazardous to animal and human health as well as to the environment. The co-occurrence of mycotoxins, phytoestrogens, other fungal and plant secondary metabolites, along with pesticides, was investigated in 21 BSG samples collected in dairy farms in Austria. For this purpose, a validated multi-metabolite liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) was employed. Metabolites derived from Fusarium, Aspergillus, Alternaria and pesticide residues, were ubiquitous in the samples. Zearalenone (ZEN), T-2 and HT-2 toxins were the only regulated mycotoxin detected, albeit at concentrations below the European guidance values for animal feeds. Ergot alkaloids, Penicillium-derived metabolites, and phytoestrogens had occurrence rates of 90, 48 and 29%, respectively. Penicillium metabolites presented the highest levels among the fungal compounds, indicating contamination during storage. Aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxins and deoxynivalenol (DON) were not detected. Out of the 16 detected pesticides, two fungicides, ametoctradin (9.5%) and mandipropamid (14.3%) revealed concentrations exceeding their respective maximum residue level (MRL) (0.01 mg kg-1) for barley in two samples. Although based on European guidance and MRL values the levels of the detected compounds probably do not pose acute risks for cattle, the impact of the long-time exposure to such mixtures of natural and synthetic toxicants on animal health and food safety are unknown and must be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Penagos-Tabares
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria
| | - Veronika Nagl
- DSM Animal Nutrition and Health - BIOMIN Research Center, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Johannes Faas
- DSM Animal Nutrition and Health - BIOMIN Research Center, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, UK
| | - Ratchaneewan Khiaosa-Ard
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts in Livestock (CDL-LiveGUT), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Penagos-Tabares F, Khiaosa-ard R, Schmidt M, Bartl EM, Kehrer J, Nagl V, Faas J, Sulyok M, Krska R, Zebeli Q. Cocktails of Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Diets of Dairy Cows in Austria: Inferences from Diet Composition and Geo-Climatic Factors. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070493. [PMID: 35878231 PMCID: PMC9318294 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy production is a pivotal economic sector of Austrian and European agriculture. Dietary toxins and endocrine disruptors of natural origin such as mycotoxins and phytoestrogens can affect animal health, reproduction, and productivity. This study characterized the profile of a wide spectrum of fungal, plant, and unspecific secondary metabolites, including regulated, emerging, and modified mycotoxins, phytoestrogens, and cyanogenic glucosides, in complete diets of lactating cows from 100 Austrian dairy farms. To achieve this, a validated multi-metabolite liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization−tandem mass spectrometric (LC/ESI−MS/MS) method was employed, detecting 155 of >800 tested metabolites. Additionally, the most influential dietary and geo-climatic factors related to the dietary mycotoxin contamination of Austrian dairy cattle were recognized. We evidenced that the diets of Austrian dairy cows presented ubiquitous contamination with mixtures of mycotoxins and phytoestrogens. Metabolites derived from Fusarium spp. presented the highest concentrations, were the most recurrent, and had the highest diversity among the detected fungal compounds. Zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and fumonisin B1 were the most frequently occurring mycotoxins considered in the EU legislation, with detection frequencies >70%. Among the investigated dietary factors, inclusion of maize silage (MS) and straw in the diets was the most influential factor in contamination with Fusarium-derived and other fungal toxins and metabolites, and temperature was the most influential among the geo-climatic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Penagos-Tabares
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (F.P.-T.); (M.S.); (E.-M.B.); (J.K.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Ratchaneewan Khiaosa-ard
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (F.P.-T.); (M.S.); (E.-M.B.); (J.K.); (Q.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marlene Schmidt
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (F.P.-T.); (M.S.); (E.-M.B.); (J.K.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Eva-Maria Bartl
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (F.P.-T.); (M.S.); (E.-M.B.); (J.K.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Johanna Kehrer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (F.P.-T.); (M.S.); (E.-M.B.); (J.K.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Veronika Nagl
- DSM—BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (V.N.); (J.F.)
| | - Johannes Faas
- DSM—BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (V.N.); (J.F.)
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (M.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (M.S.); (R.K.)
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (F.P.-T.); (M.S.); (E.-M.B.); (J.K.); (Q.Z.)
- Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts in Livestock (CDL-LiveGUT), Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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14
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MacIntosh SC, Shaw M, Connelly M, Yao ZJ. Food and Feed Safety of NS-B5ØØ27-4 Omega-3 Canola ( Brassica napus): A New Source of Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Front Nutr 2021; 8:716659. [PMID: 34660659 PMCID: PMC8514783 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.716659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DHA canola, a genetically engineered Brassica napus (OECD Unique Identifier NS-B5ØØ27-4), has been developed as one of the first land-based production systems for omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), whose health benefits are well-established. Yet, the marine sources of these nutrients are under high pressures due to over-fishing and increasing demand. DHA canola is a plant-based source for these essential fatty acids that produces a high level of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This terrestrial system allows for sustainable, scalable and stable production of omega-3 LCPUFA that addresses not only the increasing market demand, but also the complex interplay of agriculture, aquaculture, and human nutrition. The vector used to produce the desired oil profile in DHA canola contains the expression cassettes of seven genes in the DHA biosynthesis pathway and was specifically designed to convert oleic acid to DHA in canola seed. The characterization and safety evaluation of food and feed produced from DHA canola are described and supported by a detailed nutritional analysis of the seed, meal, and oil. Aside from the intended changes of the fatty acid profile, none of the other compositional analytes showed biologically meaningful differences when compared to conventional canola varieties. In addition, the meal from DHA canola is compositionally equivalent to conventional canola meal. Further evidence of nutritional value and safety of DHA canola oil have been confirmed in fish feeding studies. Given that most human populations lack sufficient daily intakes of omega-3 LCPUFA, a dietary exposure assessment is also included. In conclusion, the results from these studies demonstrate it is safe to use products derived from DHA canola in human foods, nutraceuticals, or animal feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan Shaw
- Nuseed Pty Ltd., Laverton North, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Zhuyun June Yao
- Nuseed Nutritional US Inc., West Sacramento, CA, United States
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15
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Shumo M, Khamis FM, Ombura FL, Tanga CM, Fiaboe KKM, Subramanian S, Ekesi S, Schlüter OK, van Huis A, Borgemeister C. A Molecular Survey of Bacterial Species in the Guts of Black Soldier Fly Larvae ( Hermetia illucens) Reared on Two Urban Organic Waste Streams in Kenya. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:687103. [PMID: 34630342 PMCID: PMC8493336 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.687103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, the expansion of livestock and fisheries production is severely constrained due to the increasing costs and ecological footprint of feed constituents. The utilization of black soldier fly (BSF) as an alternative protein ingredient to fishmeal and soybean in animal feed has been widely documented. The black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) used are known to voraciously feed and grow in contaminated organic wastes. Thus, several concerns about their safety for inclusion into animal feed remain largely unaddressed. This study evaluated both culture-dependent sequence-based and 16S rDNA amplification analysis to isolate and identify bacterial species associated with BSFL fed on chicken manure (CM) and kitchen waste (KW). The bacteria species from the CM and KW were also isolated and investigated. Results from the culture-dependent isolation strategies revealed that Providencia sp. was the most dominant bacterial species detected from the guts of BSFL reared on CM and KW. Morganella sp. and Brevibacterium sp. were detected in CM, while Staphylococcus sp. and Bordetella sp. were specific to KW. However, metagenomic studies showed that Providencia and Bordetella were the dominant genera observed in BSFL gut and processed waste substrates. Pseudomonas and Comamonas were recorded in the raw waste substrates. The diversity of bacterial genera recorded from the fresh rearing substrates was significantly higher compared to the diversity observed in the gut of the BSFL and BSF frass (leftovers of the rearing substrates). These findings demonstrate that the presence and abundance of microbiota in BSFL and their associated waste vary considerably. However, the presence of clinically pathogenic strains of bacteria in the gut of BSFL fed both substrates highlight the biosafety risk of potential vertical transmission that might occur, if appropriate pre-and-postharvest measures are not enforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Shumo
- Leibniz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim (ATB), Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resources Management, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Bonn, Germany
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
- Hermetia Baruth GmbH, Insect Technology Center (ITC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Fathiya M. Khamis
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fidelis Levi Ombura
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chrysantus M. Tanga
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komi K. M. Fiaboe
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
- IPM Department, The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Oliver K. Schlüter
- Leibniz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim (ATB), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arnold van Huis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Christian Borgemeister
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resources Management, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Bonn, Germany
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16
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Fumagalli F, Ottoboni M, Pinotti L, Cheli F. Integrated Mycotoxin Management System in the Feed Supply Chain: Innovative Approaches. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:572. [PMID: 34437443 PMCID: PMC8402322 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to mycotoxins is a worldwide concern as their occurrence is unavoidable and varies among geographical regions. Mycotoxins can affect the performance and quality of livestock production and act as carriers putting human health at risk. Feed can be contaminated by various fungal species, and mycotoxins co-occurrence, and modified and emerging mycotoxins are at the centre of modern mycotoxin research. Preventing mould and mycotoxin contamination is almost impossible; it is necessary for producers to implement a comprehensive mycotoxin management program to moderate these risks along the animal feed supply chain in an HACCP perspective. The objective of this paper is to suggest an innovative integrated system for handling mycotoxins in the feed chain, with an emphasis on novel strategies for mycotoxin control. Specific and selected technologies, such as nanotechnologies, and management protocols are reported as promising and sustainable options for implementing mycotoxins control, prevention, and management. Further research should be concentrated on methods to determine multi-contaminated samples, and emerging and modified mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fumagalli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, “Carlo Cantoni” University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy; (M.O.); (L.P.); (F.C.)
| | - Matteo Ottoboni
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, “Carlo Cantoni” University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy; (M.O.); (L.P.); (F.C.)
| | - Luciano Pinotti
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, “Carlo Cantoni” University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy; (M.O.); (L.P.); (F.C.)
- CRC I-WE (Coordinating Research Centre: Innovation for Well-Being and Environment), University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Cheli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, “Carlo Cantoni” University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy; (M.O.); (L.P.); (F.C.)
- CRC I-WE (Coordinating Research Centre: Innovation for Well-Being and Environment), University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy
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17
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Berntssen MHG, Thoresen L, Albrektsen S, Grimaldo E, Grimsmo L, Whitaker RD, Sele V, Wiech M. Processing Mixed Mesopelagic Biomass from the North-East Atlantic into Aquafeed Resources; Implication for Food Safety. Foods 2021; 10:1265. [PMID: 34199424 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture produces most of the world's seafood and is a valuable food source for an increasing global population. Low trophic mesopelagic biomasses have the potential to sustainably supplement aquafeed demands for increased seafood production. The present study is a theoretical whole-chain feed and food safety assessment on ingredients from mesopelagic biomass and the resulting farmed fish fed these ingredients, based on analysis of processed mesopelagic biomass. Earlier theoretical estimations have indicated that several undesirable compounds (e.g., dioxins and metals and fluoride) would exceed the legal maximum levels for feed and food safety. Our measurements on processed mesopelagic biomasses show that only fluoride exceeds legal feed safety limits. Due to high levels of fluoride in crustaceans, their catch proportion will dictate the fluoride level in the whole biomass and can be highly variable. Processing factors are established that can be used to estimate the levels of undesirables in mesopelagic aquafeed ingredients from highly variable species biomass catches. Levels of most the studied undesirables (dioxins, PCBs, organochlorine pesticides, brominated flame retardant, metals, metalloids) were generally low compared to aquafeed ingredients based on pelagic fish. Using a feed-to-fillet aquaculture transfer model, the use of mesopelagic processed aquafeed ingredients was estimated to reduce the level of dioxins and PCBs by ~30% in farmed seafood such as Atlantic salmon.
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Elijah CG, Trujillo JD, Jones CK, Kwon T, Stark CR, Cool KR, Paulk CB, Gaudreault NN, Woodworth JC, Morozov I, Gallardo C, Gebhardt JT, Richt JA. Effect of mixing and feed batch sequencing on the prevalence and distribution of African swine fever virus in swine feed. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:115-120. [PMID: 34076951 PMCID: PMC9291899 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is critical to have methods that can detect and mitigate the risk of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in potentially contaminated feed or ingredients bound for the United States. The purpose of this work was to evaluate feed batch sequencing as a mitigation technique for ASFV contamination in a feed mill, and to determine if a feed sampling method could identify ASFV following experimental inoculation. Batches of feed were manufactured in a BSL-3Ag room at Kansas State University's Biosafety Research Institute in Manhattan, Kansas. First, the pilot feed manufacturing system mixed, conveyed, and discharged an ASFV-free diet. Next, a diet was manufactured using the same equipment, but contained feed inoculated with ASFV for final concentration of 5.6 × 104 TCID50 /g. Then, four subsequent ASFV-free batches of feed were manufactured. After discharging each batch into a collection container, 10 samples were collected in a double 'X' pattern. Samples were analysed using a qPCR assay for ASFV p72 gene then the cycle threshold (Ct) and Log10 genomic copy number (CN)/g of feed were determined. The qPCR Ct values (p < .0001) and the Log10 genomic CN/g (p < .0001) content of feed samples were impacted based on the batch of feed. Feed samples obtained after manufacturing the ASFV-contaminated diet contained the greatest amounts of ASFV p72 DNA across all criteria (p < .05). Quantity of ASFV p72 DNA decreased sequentially as additional batches of feed were manufactured, but was still detectable after batch sequence 4. This subsampling method was able to identify ASFV genetic material in feed samples using p72 qPCR. In summary, sequencing batches of feed decreases concentration of ASFV contamination in feed, but does not eliminate it. Bulk ingredients can be accurately evaluated for ASFV contamination by collecting 10 subsamples using the sampling method described herein. Future research is needed to evaluate if different mitigation techniques can reduce ASFV feed contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Grace Elijah
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Jessie D Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Disease, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Cassandra K Jones
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Taeyong Kwon
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Disease, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Charles R Stark
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Konner R Cool
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Disease, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Chad B Paulk
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Natasha N Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Disease, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Disease, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Carmina Gallardo
- Animal Health Research Centre, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Technología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordan T Gebhardt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Jürgen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Disease, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Devlamynck R, de Souza MF, Leenknegt J, Jacxsens L, Eeckhout M, Meers E. Lemna minor Cultivation for Treating Swine Manure and Providing Micronutrients for Animal Feed. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:1124. [PMID: 34205924 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The potential of Lemna minor to valorise agricultural wastewater into a protein-rich feed component to meet the growing demand for animal feed protein and reduce the excess of nutrients in certain European regions was investigated. Three pilot-scale systems were monitored for nine weeks under outdoor conditions in Flanders. The systems were fed with a mixture of the liquid fraction and the biological effluent of a swine manure treatment system diluted with rainwater in order that the weekly N and P addition was equal to the N and P removal by the system. The design tested the accumulation of elements in a continuous recirculation system. Potassium, Cl, S, Ca, and Mg were abundantly available in the swine manure wastewaters and tended to accumulate, being a possible cause of concern for long-operating recirculation systems. The harvested duckweed was characterised for its mineral composition and protein content. In animal husbandry, trace elements are specifically added to animal feed as micronutrients and, thus, feedstuffs biofortified with essential trace elements can provide added value. Duckweed grown on the tested mixture of swine manure waste streams could be considered as a source of Mn, Zn, and Fe for swine feed, while it is not a source of Cu for swine feed. Moreover, it was observed that As, Cd, and Pb content were below the limits of the feed Directive 2002/32/EC in the duckweed grown on the tested medium. Overall, these results demonstrate that duckweed can effectively remove nutrients from agriculture wastewaters in a recirculated system while producing a feed source with a protein content of 35% DM.
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Anyango G, Kagera I, Mutua F, Kahenya P, Kyallo F, Andang’o P, Grace D, Lindahl JF. Effectiveness of Training and Use of Novasil Binder in Mitigating Aflatoxins in Cow Milk Produced in Smallholder Farms in Urban and Periurban Areas of Kenya. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:281. [PMID: 33920858 PMCID: PMC8071220 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins, which commonly contaminate animal feeds and human food, present a major public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa. After ingestion by cows, aflatoxin B1 is metabolized to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), some of which is excreted in milk. This study involved smallholder dairy farms in urban and periurban areas of Nairobi and Kisumu, Kenya. The objective was to determine the effectiveness of training and providing farmers with aflatoxin binder (NovaSil®) on AFM1 contamination in raw milk. A baseline survey was undertaken and 30 farmers whose milk had AFM1 levels above 20 ppt were randomly selected for inclusion in the study. Of these, 20 farmers were part of the intervention, and were given training on the usage of the NovaSil® binder, while 10 served as a control group. All farmers were visited biweekly for three months for interviews and milk samples were collected to measure the AFM1 levels. The AFM1 levels were quantified by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The NovaSil® binder significantly reduced AFM1 concentrations in the raw milk produced by the farmers in the intervention group over the duration of the study (p < 0.01). The control farms were more likely to have milk with AFM1 levels exceeding the regulatory limit of 50 ppt compared to the intervention farms (p < 0.001) (odds ratio = 6.5). The farmers in the intervention group perceived that there was an improvement in milk yield, and in cow health and appetite. These farmers also felt that the milk they sold, as well as the one they used at home, was safer. In conclusion, the use of binders by dairy farmers can be effective in reducing AFM1 in milk. Further research is needed to understand their effectiveness, especially when used in smallholder settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Anyango
- Department of Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.A.); (I.K.); (F.M.); (D.G.)
- Department of Public Health, Maseno University, Kisumu 40100, Kenya;
| | - Irene Kagera
- Department of Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.A.); (I.K.); (F.M.); (D.G.)
- Department of Human Nutrition Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi 00200, Kenya;
| | - Florence Mutua
- Department of Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.A.); (I.K.); (F.M.); (D.G.)
| | - Peter Kahenya
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi 00200, Kenya;
| | - Florence Kyallo
- Department of Human Nutrition Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi 00200, Kenya;
| | - Pauline Andang’o
- Department of Public Health, Maseno University, Kisumu 40100, Kenya;
| | - Delia Grace
- Department of Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.A.); (I.K.); (F.M.); (D.G.)
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Johanna F. Lindahl
- Department of Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.A.); (I.K.); (F.M.); (D.G.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Zoonosis Science Centre, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Kemboi DC, Ochieng PE, Antonissen G, Croubels S, Scippo ML, Okoth S, Kangethe EK, Faas J, Doupovec B, Lindahl JF, Gathumbi JK. Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Dairy Cattle and Poultry Feeds and Feed Ingredients from Machakos Town, Kenya. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12120762. [PMID: 33287105 PMCID: PMC7761711 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are common in grains in sub-Saharan Africa and negatively impact human and animal health and production. This study assessed occurrences of mycotoxins, some plant, and bacterial metabolites in 16 dairy and 27 poultry feeds, and 24 feed ingredients from Machakos town, Kenya, in February and August 2019. We analyzed the samples using a validated multi-toxin liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. A total of 153 mycotoxins, plant, and bacterial toxins, were detected in the samples. All the samples were co-contaminated with 21 to 116 different mycotoxins and/or metabolites. The commonly occurring and EU regulated mycotoxins reported were; aflatoxins (AFs) (70%; range 0.2–318.5 μg/kg), deoxynivalenol (82%; range 22.2–1037 μg/kg), ergot alkaloids (70%; range 0.4–285.7 μg/kg), fumonisins (90%; range 32.4–14,346 μg/kg), HT-2 toxin (3%; range 11.9–13.8 μg/kg), ochratoxin A (24%; range 1.1–24.3 μg/kg), T-2 toxin (4%; range 2.7–5.2 μg/kg) and zearalenone (94%; range 0.3–910.4 μg/kg). Other unregulated emerging mycotoxins and metabolites including Alternaria toxins, Aspergillus toxins, bacterial metabolites, cytochalasins, depsipeptides, Fusarium metabolites, metabolites from other fungi, Penicillium toxins, phytoestrogens, plant metabolites, and unspecific metabolites were also detected at varying levels. Except for total AFs, where the average contamination level was above the EU regulatory limit, all the other mycotoxins detected had average contamination levels below the limits. Ninety-six percent of all the samples were contaminated with more than one of the EU regulated mycotoxins. These co-occurrences may cause synergistic and additive health effects thereby hindering the growth of the Kenyan livestock sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chebutia Kemboi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi. P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
- Department of Animal Science, Chuka University, P.O. Box 109-00625, Chuka 00625, Kenya
| | - Phillis E. Ochieng
- Department of Pharmacology Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (G.A.); (P.E.O.); (S.C.)
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Department of Pharmacology Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (G.A.); (P.E.O.); (S.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (G.A.); (P.E.O.); (S.C.)
| | - Marie-Louise Scippo
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Sheila Okoth
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
| | | | - Johannes Faas
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (J.F.); (B.D.)
| | - Barbara Doupovec
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (J.F.); (B.D.)
| | - Johanna F. Lindahl
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: (J.F.L.); (J.K.G.)
| | - James K. Gathumbi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi. P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
- Correspondence: (J.F.L.); (J.K.G.)
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Jurišić N, Schwartz-Zimmermann HE, Kunz-Vekiru E, Moll WD, Schweiger W, Fowler J, Berthiller F. Determination of aflatoxin biomarkers in excreta and ileal content of chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5551-5561. [PMID: 31198963 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are carcinogenic secondary metabolites frequently detected in food and feed stuff based on maize and other crops susceptible to infection with the fungal pathogen Aspergillus flavus. We investigated the metabolization of aflatoxins in chickens by analyzing excreta and ileal content and developed and validated a biomarker method for detection of aflatoxins and their metabolites in these matrices. Analysis of ileal content served to distinguish between urinary and fecal excretion combined in the excreta samples. During a 3-wk animal trial, one hundred sixty-eight 1-day-old chicks were randomly allocated to 24 pens with 7 chicks per pen and subjected to different feed regimens with: A) toxin-free feed, B) feed supplemented with 18 ng of total aflatoxins/g, and C) feed supplemented with 515 ng of total aflatoxins/g. Chicken excreta and ileal content were sampled after 7, 14, and 21 D. An analytical method based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was validated for the determination of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, M1, P1, Q1, and aflatoxin B1-N7-guanine (AFB1-N7-Gua) in chicken's samples. Comparing chicken excreta, which contain urine and feces, to ileal content, which contains no urine, we explored the secretion pathway of aflatoxin metabolites. The AFB1-N7-Gua was only detected in excreta, whereas aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was detected both in ileal content and excreta. Aflatoxin M1 was detected in excreta in concentrations 5 times higher than in ileal content, suggesting primary excretion via urine. Although chickens are relatively resistant to aflatoxins, contamination of feed can lead to adverse effects and thus economic losses in farming. Therefore, a biomarker method to estimate the exposure of chickens to aflatoxins can play an important role to monitor the animals' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jurišić
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Sciences and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - H E Schwartz-Zimmermann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Sciences and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - E Kunz-Vekiru
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Sciences and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - W D Moll
- BIOMIN Holding GmbH, BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - W Schweiger
- BIOMIN Holding GmbH, BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - J Fowler
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, 30602 Athens, GA, USA
| | - F Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Sciences and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln, Austria
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Luciano A, Tretola M, Ottoboni M, Baldi A, Cattaneo D, Pinotti L. Potentials and Challenges of Former Food Products (Food Leftover) as Alternative Feed Ingredients. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E125. [PMID: 31941017 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review focuses on the use of ex-foods, an alternative feed ingredient in farm animal diets, composed by processed and ready-to-eat food products no longer suitable for human consumption. Such foods, which are also called former food products, are usually buried in landfill sites, despite their high potential of being used as sustainable feed ingredients. In order to obtain proper balanced diets by using these alternative feed ingredients, several aspects have to be considered. In this respect, this paper aims to address the state of the art about food leftovers used in animal nutrition in general and in pig diets specifically. Abstract Former food products (FFPs) are foodstuffs that, even though they are nutritious and safe, have lost their value on the human consumption market for different reasons, such as production errors leading to broken or intermediate foodstuffs, surpluses caused by logistical challenges of daily delivery, or any other reason. The nutritional features of FFPs include carbohydrates, free sugars, and possibly also fats. FFPs tend to have been processed through various technological and heat treatments that impact the nutrients and the kinetics of digestion, as well as animal response and, particularly, gastro-intestinal health. This review integrates some of the most recently published works about the chemical composition, nutritional value, digestibility and glycaemic index of ex-foods. In addition, a view on the relationship between the use of FFPs and safety issues and their effects on pigs’ intestinal microbiota are also given.
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Kolawole O, Meneely J, Greer B, Chevallier O, Jones DS, Connolly L, Elliott C. Comparative In Vitro Assessment of a Range of Commercial Feed Additives with Multiple Mycotoxin Binding Claims. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E659. [PMID: 31726774 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of animal feed with multiple mycotoxins is an ongoing and growing issue, as over 60% of cereal crops worldwide have been shown to be contaminated with mycotoxins. The present study was carried out to assess the efficacy of commercial feed additives sold with multi-mycotoxin binding claims. Ten feed additives were obtained and categorised into three groups based on their main composition. Their capacity to simultaneously adsorb deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisin B1 (FB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and T-2 toxin was assessed and compared using an in vitro model designed to simulate the gastrointestinal tract of a monogastric animal. Results showed that only one product (a modified yeast cell wall) effectively adsorbed more than 50% of DON, ZEN, FB1, OTA, T-2 and AFB1, in the following order: AFB1 > ZEN > T-2 > DON > OTA > FB1. The remaining products were able to moderately bind AFB1 (44–58%) but had less, or in some cases, no effect on ZEN, FB1, OTA and T-2 binding (<35%). It is important for companies producing mycotoxin binders that their products undergo rigorous trials under the conditions which best mimic the environment that they must be active in. Claims on the binding efficiency should only be made when such data has been generated.
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Abstract
Glyphosate is a nonselective systemic herbicide used in agriculture since 1974. It inhibits 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase, an enzyme in the shikimate pathway present in cells of plants and some microorganisms but not human or other animal cells. Glyphosate-tolerant crops have been commercialized for more than 20 yr using a transgene from a resistant bacterial EPSP synthase that renders the crops insensitive to glyphosate. Much of the forage or grain from these crops are consumed by farm animals. Glyphosate protects crop yields, lowers the cost of feed production, and reduces CO2 emissions attributable to agriculture by reducing tillage and fuel usage. Despite these benefits and even though global regulatory agencies continue to reaffirm its safety, the public hears conflicting information about glyphosate's safety. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency determines for every agricultural chemical a maximum daily allowable human exposure (called the reference dose, RfD). The RfD is based on amounts that are 1/100th (for sensitive populations) to 1/1,000th (for children) the no observed adverse effects level (NOAEL) identified through a comprehensive battery of animal toxicology studies. Recent surveys for residues have indicated that amounts of glyphosate in food/feed are at or below established tolerances and actual intakes for humans or livestock are much lower than these conservative exposure limits. While the EPSP synthase of some bacteria is sensitive to glyphosate, in vivo or in vitro dynamic culture systems with mixed bacteria and media that resembles rumen digesta have not demonstrated an impact on microbial function from adding glyphosate. Moreover, one chemical characteristic of glyphosate cited as a reason for concern is that it is a tridentate chelating ligand for divalent and trivalent metals; however, other more potent chelators are ubiquitous in livestock diets, such as certain amino acids. Regulatory testing identifies potential hazards, but risks of these hazards need to be evaluated in the context of realistic exposures and conditions. Conclusions about safety should be based on empirical results within the limitations of model systems or experimental design. This review summarizes how pesticide residues, particularly glyphosate, in food and feed are quantified, and how their safety is determined by regulatory agencies to establish safe use levels.
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Klevenhusen F, Pieper R, Winter J, Ronczka S, Speer K. Stability of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Senecio vernalis in grass silage under different ensilage conditions. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:6649-6654. [PMID: 31368529 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the degradation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from eastern groundsel (Senecio vernalis) in grass silage prepared with different inoculants. Silages were produced from ryegrass with 230 g kg-1 dry matter (DM) content and mixed with eastern groundsel (9:1; w/w fresh matter basis) containing 5.5 g kg-1 DM PA. Treatments were: CON (untreated control), LP (3.0 × 105 cfu g-1 Lactobacillus plantarum DSMZ 8862/8866) or LBLC (7.3 × 104 cfu g-1 Lactobacillus buchneri LN40177 / Lactobacillus casei LC32909), and each of the treatments in combination with 30 g kg-1 molasses. Silages were prepared in glass jars and opened after 3, 10, and 90 days. Fermentation characteristics were determined and the PAs analyzed. RESULTS Although the levels of fermentation acids differed between treatments, results indicated good quality of all silages during 90 days. Significant time (P < 0.001) and treatment (P < 0.001) effects were observed for PAs. Concentrations of senecionine and seneciphylline decreased with molasses, declined over time, and were negatively correlated with lactic, propionic, and butyric acid, or with lactic and butyric acid in case of seneciphylline. In all silages, seneciphylline and senecionine N-oxides were undetectable after 3 days, whereas senkirkine, the most abundant PA, remained stable. CONCLUSIONS Silage prepared from grass contaminated with eastern groundsel still contained high PA levels, and was hence a potential health hazard. Molasses supplementation reduced concentrations of senecionine and seneciphylline, while the bacterial inoculants had no effect. Other potentially toxic PA metabolites were not analyzed in the present study and further research is needed. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenja Klevenhusen
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Unit Feed and Feed Additives, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Unit Feed and Feed Additives, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Winter
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Ronczka
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karl Speer
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Leni G, Cirlini M, Jacobs J, Depraetere S, Gianotten N, Sforza S, Dall'Asta C. Impact of Naturally Contaminated Substrates on Alphitobius diaperinus and Hermetia illucens: Uptake and Excretion of Mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11080476. [PMID: 31426582 PMCID: PMC6722799 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11080476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are considered a suitable alternative feed for livestock production and their use is nowadays regulated in the European Union by the European Commission Regulation No. 893/2017. Insects have the ability to grow on a different spectrum of substrates, which could be naturally contaminated by mycotoxins. In the present work, the mycotoxin uptake and/or excretion in two different insect species, Alphitobius diaperinus (Lesser Mealworm, LM) and Hermetia illucens (Black Soldier Fly, BSF), grown on naturally contaminated substrates, was evaluated. Among all the substrates of growth tested, the Fusarium toxins deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin 1 and 2 (FB1 and FB2) and zearalenone (ZEN) were found in those based on wheat and/or corn. No mycotoxins were detected in BSF larvae, while quantifiable amount of DON and FB1 were found in LM larvae, although in lower concentration than those detected in the growing substrates and in the residual fractions. Mass balance calculations indicated that BSF and LM metabolized mycotoxins in forms not yet known, accumulating them in their body or excreting in the faeces. Further studies are required in this direction due to the future employment of insects as feedstuff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Leni
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Martina Cirlini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Johan Jacobs
- Circular Organics, Slachthuisstraat 120/6, 2300 Turnhout, Belgium
| | | | | | - Stefano Sforza
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Omori AM, Ono EYS, Hirozawa MT, de Souza Suguiura IM, Hirooka EY, Pelegrinelli Fungaro MH, Ono MA. Development of Indirect Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to Detect Fusarium verticillioides in Poultry Feed Samples. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E48. [PMID: 30658385 PMCID: PMC6356808 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins are a group of toxic secondary metabolites that are produced by Fusarium verticillioides which are associated with poultry health hazard and great economic losses. The objective of the present study was to develop an immunological method to detect F. verticillioides in poultry feed samples. An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) based on a polyclonal antibody against 67 kDa protein of the F. verticillioides 97K exoantigen was developed to detect this fungus. Antibody anti-67 kDa protein showed cross-reactivity against F. graminearum (2⁻7%) and F. sporotrichioides (10%), but no or low cross-reactivity against Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. exoantigens. The detection limit for the 67 kDa protein of F. verticillioides was 29 ng/mL. Eighty-one poultry feed samples were analyzed for Fusarium sp. count, 67 kDa protein of F. verticillioides and fumonisin concentrations. Eighty of the 81 feed samples (98.6%) showed Fusarium sp. contamination (mean 6.2 x 10⁴ CFU/g). Mean 67 kDa protein and fumonisin concentration in the poultry feed samples was 21.0 µg/g and 1.02 µg/g, respectively. The concentration of 67 kDa protein, as determined by ic-ELISA correlated positively (p < 0.05) with fumonisin levels (r = 0.76). These results suggest that this ic-ELISA has potential to detect F. verticillioides and predict fumonisin contamination in poultry feed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Myuki Omori
- Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Elisabete Yurie Sataque Ono
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Melissa Tiemi Hirozawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | - Elisa Yoko Hirooka
- Department of Food Science and Technology, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | - Mario Augusto Ono
- Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil.
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Camenzuli L, Van Dam R, de Rijk T, Andriessen R, Van Schelt J, Van der Fels-Klerx HJI. Tolerance and Excretion of the Mycotoxins Aflatoxin B₁, Zearalenone, Deoxynivalenol, and Ochratoxin A by Alphitobius diaperinus and Hermetia illucens from Contaminated Substrates. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E91. [PMID: 29495278 PMCID: PMC5848191 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the potential accumulation of mycotoxins in the lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus, LMW) and black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, BSF) larvae. Feed was spiked with aflatoxin B₁, deoxynivalenol (DON), ochratoxin A or zearalenone, and as a mixture of mycotoxins, to concentrations of 1, 10, and 25 times the maximum limits set by the European Commission for complete feed. This maximum limit is 0.02 mg/kg for aflatoxin B₁, 5 mg/kg for DON, 0.5 mg/kg for zearalenone and 0.1 mg/kg for ochratoxin A. The mycotoxins and some of their metabolites were analysed in the larvae and residual material using a validated and accredited LC-MS/MS-based method. Metabolites considered were aflatoxicol, aflatoxin P₁, aflatoxin Q₁, and aflatoxin M₁, 3-acetyl-DON, 15-acetyl-DON and DON-3-glycoside, and α- and β-zearalenol. No differences were observed between larvae reared on mycotoxins individually or as a mixture with regards to both larvae development and mycotoxin accumulation/excretion. None of the mycotoxins accumulated in the larvae and were only detected in BSF larvae several orders of magnitude lower than the concentration in feed. Mass balance calculations showed that BSF and LMW larvae metabolized the four mycotoxins to different extents. Metabolites accounted for minimal amounts of the mass balance, except for zearalenone metabolites in the BSF treatments, which accounted for an average maximum of 86% of the overall mass balance. Both insect species showed to excrete or metabolize the four mycotoxins present in their feed. Hence, safe limits for these mycotoxins in substrates to be used for these two insect species possibly could be higher than for production animals. However, additional analytical and toxicological research to fully understand the safe limits of mycotoxins in insect feed, and thus the safety of the insects, is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Camenzuli
- ExxonMobil Petroleum & Chemical, Hermeslaan 2, 1831 MAchelen, Belgium.
- RIKILTWageningen Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WBWageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ruud Van Dam
- RIKILTWageningen Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WBWageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Theo de Rijk
- RIKILTWageningen Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WBWageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rob Andriessen
- Proti-Farm, Harderwijkerweg 141a, 3852 AB Ermelo, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen Van Schelt
- Koppert BV, Veilingweg 14, 2650 AD Berkel en Rodenrijs, The Netherlands.
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Gottschalk C, Ostertag J, Meyer K, Gehring K, Thyssen S, Gareis M. Influence of grass pellet production on pyrrolizidine alkaloids occurring in Senecio aquaticus-infested grassland. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:750-759. [PMID: 29377789 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1430901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1,2-Dehydro-pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) and their N-oxides (PANO) exhibit acute and chronic toxic effects on the liver and other organs and therefore are a hazard for animal and human health. In certain regions of Germany, an increasing spread of Senecio spp. (ragwort) on grassland and farmland areas has been observed during the last years leading to a PA/PANO-contamination of feed and food of animal and plant origin. This project was carried out to elucidate whether the process of grass pellet production applying hot air drying influences the content of PA and PANO. Samples of hay (n = 22) and grass pellets (n = 28) originated from naturally infested grassland (around 10% and 30% dominance of Senecio aquaticus) and from a trial plot with around 50% dominance. Grass pellets were prepared from grass originating from exactly the same plots as the hay samples. The samples were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for PA/PANO typically produced by this weed. The results of the study revealed that PA/PANO levels (predominantly sum of senecionine, seneciphylline, erucifoline and their N-oxides) in hay ranged between 2.1 and 12.6 mg kg-1 dry matter in samples with 10% and 30% dominance of S. aquaticus, respectively. Samples from the trial plot (50% dominance) had levels of up to 52.9 mg kg-1. Notably, the hot air drying process during the production of grass pellets did not lead to a reduction of PA/PANO levels. Instead, the levels in grass pellets with 10% and 30% S. aquaticus ranged from 3.1 to 55.1 mg kg-1. Grass pellets from the trial plot contained up to 96.8 mg kg-1. In conclusion, hot air drying and grass pellet production did not affect PA/PANO contents in plant material and therefore, heat-dried products cannot be regarded as safe in view of the toxic potential of 1,2-dehydro-pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gottschalk
- a Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU) , Oberschleissheim , Germany
| | - Johannes Ostertag
- b Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture (LfL), Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed Management , Poing/Grub , Germany.,c Plant Health, Animal Feed and Analysis of Seeds , Center for Agricultural Technology Augustenberg , Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Karsten Meyer
- d Chair of Animal Hygiene , Technische Universität München (TUM) , Freising , Germany
| | - Klaus Gehring
- e Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture (LfL), Institute for Plant Protection , Freising , Germany
| | - Stefan Thyssen
- e Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture (LfL), Institute for Plant Protection , Freising , Germany
| | - Manfred Gareis
- a Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU) , Oberschleissheim , Germany
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Mathis G, Boland R, Bachmann H, Toggenburger A, Rambeck W. Safety profile of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 of herbal origin in broiler chicken. SCHWEIZ ARCH TIERH 2017; 158:819-826. [PMID: 27934624 DOI: 10.17236/sat00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The safety of supplementing broiler feed with a standardised herbal extract, Solanum Glaucophyllum Standardised Leaves (SGSL) containing glycosylated 1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) and standardised to contain 10 µg/g 1,25(OH)2D3 equivalent, was examined in two studies. In a first study, we examined the potential of SGSL to substitute vitamin D3 (VD3) and the tolerated dose range of SGSL when applied without concomitant VD3 by analyzing performance and blood chemical parameters after 14, 25 and 38 days on diets containing two doses of SGSL (1 and 10 g/kg feed) as source of 1,25(OH)2D3. In the second study, the no adverse effect level of SGSL was determined by analyzing the same parameters after 35 days on diets containing basic VD3 supply and in addition 0.2, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 g of SGSL/kg feed. We showed that SGSL was able to substitute VD3 in broilers as far as the performance parameters were concerned. Also, we found that the no adverse effect level is at least 4 g SGSL/kg feed when used with moderate doses of VD3. This is 20 times higher than the upper limit of the commercially recommended dose. We concluded that SGSL is a safe feed additive to use in broiler chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mathis
- Appletree CI Group AG, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - R Boland
- INBIOSUR-CO, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Bahia Blanca, Argentina
| | | | | | - W Rambeck
- Institut für Tierernährung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Abstract
In the framework of sustainability and a circular economy, new ingredients for feed are desired and, to this end, initiatives for implementing such novel ingredients have been started. The initiatives include a range of different sources, of which insects are of particular interest. Within the European Union, generally, a new feed ingredient should comply with legal constraints in terms of 'yes, provided that' its safety commits to a range of legal limits for heavy metals, mycotoxins, pesticides, contaminants, pathogens etc. In the case of animal proteins, however, a second legal framework applies which is based on the principle 'no, unless'. This legislation for eradicating transmissible spongiform encephalopathy consists of prohibitions with a set of derogations applying to specific situations. Insects are currently considered animal proteins. The use of insect proteins is a good case to illustrate this difference between a positive, although restricted, modus and a negative modus for allowing animal proteins. This overview presents aspects in the areas of legislation, feed safety, environmental issues, efficiency and detection of the identity of insects. Use of insects as an extra step in the feed production chain costs extra energy and this results in a higher footprint. A measure for energy conversion should be used to facilitate the comparison between production systems based on cold- versus warm-blooded animals. Added value can be found by applying new commodities for rearing, including but not limited to category 2 animal by-products, catering and household waste including meat, and manure. Furthermore, monitoring of a correct use of insects is one possible approach for label control, traceability and prevention of fraud. The link between legislation and enforcement is strong. A principle called WISE (Witful, Indicative, Societal demands, Enforceable) is launched for governing the relationship between the above-mentioned aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J de Jong
- a RIKILT Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
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Barel S, Elad D, Cuneah O, Shimshoni JA. The new Israeli feed safety law: challenges in relation to animal and public health. J Sci Food Agric 2017; 97:1073-1083. [PMID: 27701742 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Israeli feed safety legislation, which came to prominence in the early 1970s, has undergone a major change from simple feed safety and quality regulations to a more holistic concept of control of feed safety and quality throughout the whole feed production chain, from farm to the end user table. In February 2014, a new law was approved by the Israeli parliament, namely the Control of Animal Feed Law, which is expected to enter into effect in 2017. The law is intended to regulate the production and marketing of animal feed, guaranteeing the safety and quality of animal products throughout the production chain. The responsibility on the implementation of the new feed law was moved from the Plant Protection Inspection Service to the Veterinary Services and Animal Health. In preparation for the law's implementation, we have characterized the various sources and production lines of feed for farm and domestic animals in Israel and assessed the current feed safety challenges in terms of potential hazards or undesirable substances. Moreover, the basic requirements for feed safety laboratories, which are mandatory for analyzing and testing for potential contaminants, are summarized for each of the contaminants discussed. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimon Barel
- Department of Toxicology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Dani Elad
- Department of Bacteriology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Olga Cuneah
- Department of Toxicology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Jakob A Shimshoni
- Department of Toxicology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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Abstract
One of the grand challenges facing our society today is finding solutions for feeding the world sustainably. The food-versus-fuel debate is a controversy embedded in this challenge, involving the trade-offs of using grains and oilseeds for biofuels production versus animal feed and human food. However, only 6% of total global grain produced is used to produce ethanol. Furthermore, biofuels coproducts contribute to sustainability of food production because only 1% to 2.5% of the overall energy efficiency is lost from converting crops into biofuels and animal feed, and approximately one-third of the corn used to produce ethanol is recovered as feed coproducts. Extensive research has been conducted over the past 15 years on biofuels coproducts to (a) optimize their use for improving caloric and nutritional efficiency in animal feeds, (b) identify benefits and limitations of use in various animal diets,
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald C Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108;
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Bissoqui LY, Frehse MS, Freire RL, Ono MA, Bordini JG, Hirozawa MT, de Oliveira AJ, Ono EY. Exposure assessment of dogs to mycotoxins through consumption of dry feed. J Sci Food Agric 2016; 96:4135-42. [PMID: 26756275 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Brazilian exportation of pet food has shown high growth rates in the last two years and determination of the exposure degree is one of the most important parameters for the risk assessment of chemical compounds. In this study the exposure degree of dogs to mycotoxins was estimated and acceptable daily intake (ADI) and safe pet dietary level (SPDL) were calculated. Thus the natural occurrence of fumonisins, zearalenone and aflatoxins was evaluated in 100 dry dog feed samples provided by pet owners in Paraná State, Brazil. RESULTS Despite the high frequency of fumonisins (68%), zearalenone (95%) and aflatoxins (68%) in feed samples, the mean levels detected were low. ADI for fumonisins and zearalenone was 20.0 and 1.00 µg kg(-1) body weight (BW) day(-1) respectively and SPDL for fumonisins was 2000 µg kg(-1) feed. The probable daily intake values (1.83 µg fumonisins, 0.93 µg zearalenone and 0.02 µg aflatoxins kg(-1) BW day(-1) ) were low. CONCLUSION The exposure degree of dogs could be assumed to be very low. However, the co-occurrence of these three or other mycotoxins, and possible synergic or additive effects, should be taken into account when determining the maximum allowed levels or risk assessment. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Y Bissoqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, PO Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Michele S Frehse
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, PO Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Roberta L Freire
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, PO Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mario A Ono
- Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PO Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline G Bordini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, PO Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Melissa T Hirozawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, PO Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Andressa J de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, PO Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Elisabete Ys Ono
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, PO Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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Gismervik K, Aspholm M, Rørvik LM, Bruheim T, Andersen A, Skaar I. Invading slugs (Arion vulgaris) can be vectors for Listeria monocytogenes. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 118:809-16. [PMID: 25580873 PMCID: PMC4406148 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Listeriosis is a frequent silage-associated disease in ruminants. The slugs Arion vulgaris are invaders in gardens, vegetable crops and meadows for silage production. Field and laboratory studies were conducted to clarify whether slugs could host Listeria monocytogenes and thereby constitute a threat to animal feed safety. METHODS AND RESULTS Selective culture of L. monocytogenes from 79 pooled slug samples (710 slugs) resulted in 43% positive, 16% with mean L. monocytogenes values of 405 CFU g(-1) slug tissues. Of 62 individual slugs cultured, 11% also tested positive from surface/mucus. Multilocus sequence typing analysis of 36 isolates from different slug pools identified 20 sequence types belonging to L. monocytogenes lineages I and II. Slugs fed ≅4·0 × 10(5) CFUL. monocytogenes, excreted viable L. monocytogenes in faeces for up to 22 days. Excretion of L. monocytogenes decreased with time, although there were indications of a short enrichment period during the first 24 h. CONCLUSIONS Arion vulgaris may act as a vector for L. monocytogenes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Highly slug-contaminated grass silage may pose a potential threat to animal feed safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gismervik
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Trondheim/Oslo, Norway
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Han S, Zhou Q, Xu Y, Vanogtrop F, Guo Q, Liu G, Yan S. Valuable ingredients and feed toxicity evaluation of Microcystis aeruginosa acidolysis product in mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1333-9. [PMID: 25649189 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214563894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This research studied the extraction from Microcystis aeruginosa using hydrochloric acid method as a potentially valuable protein resource from eutrophic lakes. Amino acid composition, residual algal toxins, and heavy metals of the acidolysis product were studied. After 18 h of hydrochloric acid treatment, the product of M. aeruginosa contained 17 amino acids, 51.34% of total amino acid requirements, and 30.25% of the livestock and poultry essential amino acid (Eaa). The residual microcystin-LR (MC-LR) was 0.94 µg kg(-1), which was less than WHO drinking water limit of microcystins. The removal ratio of microcystins was higher than 99.99% during the process of hydrolysis. The concentration of heavy metals of the product was in compliance with feed standards. Furthermore, using Horn's method, Mouse Micronucleus Test and Sperm Shape Abnormality Test were conducted to study the forage safety of the product. Half lethal dose (LD50) of acidolysis product in mice was >9.09 g kg(-1) body weight, actually belonging to non-toxic grade. Every dose treatment did not significantly increase activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT). The results of both micronucleus test and sperm shape abnormality test were negative, which suggested the product with no mutagenicity and sperm malformation effects. This study indicated that the acidolysis product of M. aeruginosa was safe to be used as a feed ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqun Han
- Institution of Agricultural Resource and Environmental Sciences, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Institution of Agricultural Resource and Environmental Sciences, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Yudi Xu
- Institution of Agricultural Resource and Environmental Sciences, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Floris Vanogtrop
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Qijin Guo
- Institution of Agricultural Resource and Environmental Sciences, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Guofeng Liu
- Institution of Agricultural Resource and Environmental Sciences, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Shaohua Yan
- Institution of Agricultural Resource and Environmental Sciences, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
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Nietner T, Pfister M, Brakowiecka-Sassy B, Glomb MA, Fauhl-Hassek C. Screening for sulfate in distillers dried grains and solubles by FT-IR spectroscopy. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:476-484. [PMID: 25529246 DOI: 10.1021/jf503704r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Distillers Dried Grains and Solubles (DDGS) are an animal feed containing varying levels of sulfur. As ruminants are susceptible to high sulfur diets, sulfur content is of major interest to the parties involved. The variation in levels of sulfur in DDGS is mainly due to sulfate derived from the addition of sulfuric acid during the production. ATR/FT-IR spectroscopy was used to determine sulfate levels in 90 DDGS samples from various origins (Canada, China, EU, and U.S.A.). Specific absorption bands for sulfate at 615 and 1107 cm(-1) enabled the analysis of sulfate in the DDGS matrix. Besides direct quantification (using band at 615 cm(-1)), PLS regression was applied for the prediction of sulfate using FT-IR spectra and calibration with reference values analyzed by capillary electrophoresis. An extended calculation on the total sulfur estimated that 11% of the DDGS samples analyzed in this study featured sulfur contents higher than 0.80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Nietner
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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