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Engel AM, El-Khatib AH, Klevenhusen F, Weiss M, Aboling S, Sachse B, Schäfer B, Weigel S, Pieper R, Fischer-Tenhagen C. Detection of Hypoglycin A and MCPrG Metabolites in the Milk and Urine of Pasture Dairy Cows after Intake of Sycamore Seedlings. J Agric Food Chem 2023. [PMID: 37419492 PMCID: PMC10360155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Hypoglycin A (HGA), methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPrG), hypoglycin B (HGB), and γ-glutamyl-α-(methylenecyclopropyl) glycine (γ-glutamyl-MCPrG) are secondary plant metabolites occurring in sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) as well as several other Sapindaceae (e.g., Blighia sapida). By interfering with energy metabolism, they may cause severe intoxication in humans and other species. However, to date, there is not enough data available concerning the intake, metabolism, or excretion of sycamore maple toxins in dairy cows. In May 2022, five cows were observed over four days, when they had first access to a pasture with two sycamore maples. Grazing of their seedlings that grew numerously in between the pasture plants was monitored by direct observation. Milk samples were drawn both from individual cows and from the bulk tank. Spontaneous urine samples were collected from all cows on day 3 after access to the pasture. Seedlings (100 g) were sampled on the pasture and analyzed, together with milk and urine samples, for sycamore toxins and their metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Cows ingested sycamore seedlings while grazing. Values of HGA in milk were below the limit of quantification. However, metabolites of HGA and MCPrG were detected in individual milk samples already at the end of the first day of grazing. Urine samples of all five cows showed higher concentrations of conjugated HGA and MCPrG metabolites than in milk. Observations suggest that dairy cows may have a low susceptibility toward sycamore maple toxins. However, whether this could be attributed to foregut fermenting species in general requires further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Engel
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ahmed H El-Khatib
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fenja Klevenhusen
- Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, University of Kassel, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Michael Weiss
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Aboling
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Benjamin Sachse
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Schäfer
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Weigel
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carola Fischer-Tenhagen
- Center for Protection of Laboratory Animals, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 12277 Berlin, Germany
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Terler G, Velik M, Poier G, Sener-Aydemir A, Klevenhusen F, Zebeli Q. Feeding concentrate with hay of different qualities modulates rumen histology, development of digestive tract as well as slaughter performance and meat quality of young dairy calves. Arch Anim Nutr 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37255000 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2023.2197633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Concentrate-rich starter diets are commonly fed to dairy calves to stimulate growth performance. However, feeding high amounts of starter feed with low inclusion of forage fibre may jeopardise the development of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Moreover, studies investigating the effects of feeding on carcass and meat quality of young calves at rearing are rare. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of hay quality and concentrate inclusion on the traits of GIT development, slaughter performance and veal quality of young dairy calves. The feeding trial covered the first 14 weeks of life. Seventeen male and three female Holstein calves (n = 20) were randomly allocated to four experimental groups, which received besides acidified whole milk different solid feeds: (1) 100% medium-quality hay (MQH), (2) 100% high-quality hay (HQH), (3) 30% medium-quality hay and 70% concentrate (MQH+C) and (4) 30% high-quality hay and 70% concentrate (HQH+C). The acidified whole milk was fed in the first 12 weeks of life, and calves had ad libitum access to solid feed and water from birth till slaughter. Calves were kept in individual boxes equipped with straw and slaughtered at the end of week 14. After slaughter, gut development traits, rumen histology, slaughter performance and meat quality were assessed. Overall, both concentrate inclusion and hay quality showed major effects on rumen histology and development of the GIT in dairy calves with minimal effects on most carcass cuts and meat quality traits. Concentrate-fed calves had significantly higher average daily gains, final body weights, blood amounts and proportions of organs from the circulatory and respiratory systems. Proportions of liver and kidneys were lowest in MQH-fed calves. The proportion of GIT was significantly lower in groups fed concentrates, but the weight of the reticulorumen was unaffected by solid feed. Concentrate feeding led to thicker keratin layer and epithelium as well as wider papillae in the rumen. Hay quality particularly affected the width of the papilla and epithelium thickness, while feeding hay without concentrate enhanced the thickness of submucosa and muscularis, as well as the size of parotid glands. In conclusion, the type of solid feed affects the development of the GIT with concentrate feeding holding the risk to induce keratinisation of rumen epithelium while enhancing performance and carcass traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Terler
- Institute of Livestock Research, Agricultural Research and Education Centre Raumberg-Gumpenstein, Irdning-Donnersbachtal, Austria
| | - Margit Velik
- Institute of Livestock Research, Agricultural Research and Education Centre Raumberg-Gumpenstein, Irdning-Donnersbachtal, Austria
| | - Gregor Poier
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arife Sener-Aydemir
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fenja Klevenhusen
- Section of Environmentally Sustainable Animal Nutrition, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Engel AM, Klevenhusen F, Moenning JL, Numata J, Fischer-Tenhagen C, Sachse B, Schäfer B, Fry H, Kappenstein O, Pieper R. Investigations on the Transfer of Quinolizidine Alkaloids from Lupinus angustifolius into the Milk of Dairy Cows. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:11749-11758. [PMID: 36068017 PMCID: PMC9501906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lupin varieties with a low content of quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs) like blue sweet lupin (BSL) have long been used as a protein source for dairy cows. A health concern for humans may arise from the transfer of acute toxic QAs from feed into cow's milk. This study is the first to quantify the transfer of QAs from BSL into cow's milk with experimental and modeling methods. Four lactating dairy cows were subjected to two 7 day feeding periods with 1 and 2 kg/d BSL, respectively, each followed by a depuration period. BSL contained 1774 mg/kg dry matter total QAs. Individual milk samples were taken twice daily and QA contents in feed and milk determined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Transfer of QAs into the milk was already seen with the administration of 1 kg/d BSL, with differences in transfer rates (TRs) between individual QAs. A toxicokinetic model was derived to quantify and predict QA feed-to-food transfer. For the four most prominent QAs, our model shows an α-half-life of around 0.27 d. TRs were obtained for six QAs and were between 0.13 (sparteine) and 3.74% (multiflorine). A toxicological assessment of milk containing QAs as measured in this study indicated a potential health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Engel
- German
Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food
Chain, Max-Dohrn-Strasse
8-10, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Fenja Klevenhusen
- German
Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food
Chain, Max-Dohrn-Strasse
8-10, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Jan-Louis Moenning
- German
Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food
Chain, Max-Dohrn-Strasse
8-10, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Jorge Numata
- German
Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food
Chain, Max-Dohrn-Strasse
8-10, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Carola Fischer-Tenhagen
- German
Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Experimental Toxicology
and ZEBET, Alt-Marienfelde
17-21, Berlin 12277, Germany
| | - Benjamin Sachse
- German
Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Bernd Schäfer
- German
Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Hildburg Fry
- German
Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food
Chain, Max-Dohrn-Strasse
8-10, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Oliver Kappenstein
- German
Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food
Chain, Max-Dohrn-Strasse
8-10, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- German
Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food
Chain, Max-Dohrn-Strasse
8-10, Berlin 10589, Germany
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Taenzer J, Gehling M, Klevenhusen F, Saltzmann J, Dänicke S, These A. Rumen Metabolism of Senecio Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids May Explain Why Cattle Tolerate Higher Doses Than Monogastric Species. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:10111-10120. [PMID: 35948427 PMCID: PMC9413219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rumen metabolism of Senecio pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and their N-oxide forms was studied by mass spectrometry in in vitro batch culture incubates and confirmed in in vivo samples. Most N-oxides were found to undergo rapid conversion to their corresponding free bases, followed by biotransformation to metabolites hydrogenated at both the necine base and the necic acid moiety. Therefore, rumen metabolism can be considered a detoxification step, as saturated necine base structures are known as the platyphylline type, which is regarded as less or nontoxic. Individual Senecio PAs, such as jacoline, are metabolized slowly during rumen fermentation. PAs that showed limited biotransformation in the rumen in this study also showed limited transformation and CYP-mediated bioactivation in the liver in other studies. This could not only explain why PAs that are comparatively metabolically stable can pass into milk but also suggest that such PAs might be considered compounds of lesser concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Taenzer
- Department
Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal
Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Gehling
- Department
Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal
Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fenja Klevenhusen
- Department
Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal
Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Saltzmann
- Institute
of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research
Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute
of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research
Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anja These
- Department
Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal
Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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5
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Klevenhusen F, These A, Taenzer J, Weiß K, Pieper R. Effects of ensiling conditions on pyrrolizidine alkaloid degradation in silages mixed with two different Senecio spp. Arch Anim Nutr 2022; 76:93-111. [PMID: 35766237 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2022.2084321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) producing plants like Senecio jacobaea or Senecio vernalis are undesirable in fields for forage production, since PA are toxic to animals and humans. Previous studies have shown that ensiling can decrease the PA content in forages; however, no direct comparison of diverse PA from different Senecio spp. under various ensiling conditions has been made. Therefore, it was hypothesised that individual PA might react differently to ensiling, and silage inoculation with Lactobacillus will affect PA degradation because of a quick drop in pH, contrastingly to poor silage qualities resulting from contamination with soil. Laboratory scale grass silages were prepared in a multifactorial design with two levels of dry matter contents, four ensiling treatments and two storage durations (10 and 90 d). For each combination, four replicates were prepared individually. Ensiling treatments were (1) 10 ml water per kg fresh matter as control (CON), (2) 10 ml heterofermentative Lactobacillus buchneri strain LN4637 at 3 · 105 cfu/kg fresh matter plus 25 g molasses/kg fresh matter (LBHE), (3) 10 ml homofermentative lactobacilli at 3 · 105 cfu/kg fresh matter plus 25 g molasses/kg fresh matter (LBHO) and (4) 10 g soil/kg fresh matter (SOIL). Treatments affected formation of fermentation acids. Acetic acid was highest with treatment LBHE, and butyric acid was highest with treatment SOIL. All ensiling treatments effectively reduced total PA content by degrading the PA N-oxide (PANO) fraction. In parallel, though, the fraction of the tertiary base forms increased by around one-tenth of the original PANO content. Contents of jaconine and senkirkine were higher after ensiling than before, with regards to the sum of PA and PANO for jaconine, indicating higher stability or new formation through degradation of other PA. Overall, ensiling offers opportunities to decrease the PA-PANO content in feed and therefore lowers the risk of intoxication by Senecio in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenja Klevenhusen
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja These
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Taenzer
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirsten Weiß
- of Agricultural and Horticultural Science, Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinAlbrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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Poier G, Terler G, Klevenhusen F, Sharma S, Zebeli Q. Replacing concentrates with a high-quality hay in the starter feed of dairy calves: II. Effects on the development of chewing and gut fermentation, and selected systemic health variables. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:3113-3128. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Terler G, Poier G, Klevenhusen F, Zebeli Q. Replacing concentrates with a high-quality hay in the starter feed in dairy calves: I. Effects on nutrient intake, growth performance, and blood metabolic profile. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:2326-2342. [PMID: 35086709 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Concentrate-rich starter feeds are commonly fed to dairy calves to stimulate early solid feed intake and growth performance; yet, starter feeds lacking in forage fiber may jeopardize gut development. This research primarily aimed to test a complete or partial replacement of concentrates with hay of different qualities in the starter feed on nutrient intake, growth performance, apparent total-tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, and blood metabolites in dairy calves. Immediately after birth, 40 Holstein Friesian calves were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 starter diets, which differed in hay quality and concentrate inclusion [MQH = 100% medium-quality hay, 9.4 MJ of metabolizable energy (ME), 149 g of crude protein (CP), 522 g of neutral detergent fiber (NDF)/kg of dry matter (DM); HQH = 100% high-quality hay, 11.2 MJ of ME, 210 g of CP, 455 g of NDF/kg of DM; MQH+C = 30% medium-quality hay + 70% starter concentrate; HQH+C = 30% high-quality hay + 70% starter concentrate]. The concentrate consisted mainly of grains, oilseeds, and mineral supplements (13.5 MJ of ME, 193 g of CP, 204 g of NDF/kg of DM). Calves were used in the experiment from d 1 to 99 of life. During the first 4 wk, all calves were fed acidified whole milk ad libitum, and afterward they were gradually weaned from wk 5 to 12. Calves had ad libitum access to their starter diets and water throughout the experiment. Milk, water, and solid feed intake was recorded daily, live weight was measured once a week, and blood samples were collected on d 1, 3, 7, 21, 49, 77, and 91 and analyzed for selected metabolites. The ATTD was measured in wk 14 of life. Total DM intake and daily weight gain of calves were not affected by the starter feed during the first 8 wk of life. However, from wk 9 to 14, calves fed the MQH diet had lower DM, ME, and CP intake and gained less weight than calves from the other experimental groups. Feeding the HQH diet resulted in similar CP and ME intake and growth performance compared with calves receiving diets containing concentrates. Furthermore, feeding the HQH diet improved the ATTD of NDF, resulting in similar ATTD of organic matter with the HQH+C and MQH+C groups. Interestingly, calves fed the HQH+C diet showed less sorting for concentrate, compared with the MQH+C group. Concentration of blood metabolites, including glucose, lactate, insulin, nonesterified fatty acids, triglycerides, and total protein, did not differ after the first week of life. However, serum β-hydroxybutyrate was higher in calves fed the HQH diet starting from wk 11. Both groups fed the hay-only diets maintained higher cholesterol levels after weaning compared with the groups fed hay-concentrate mixtures. In conclusion, feeding high-quality hay can fully replace starter concentrates in the feeding of dairy calves without adverse effects on performance during the rearing period, while increasing forage fiber intake and utilization, which enhanced ruminal ketogenesis and cholesterogenesis around weaning. Further research is needed to evaluate long-term effects of feeding high-quality hay on health and development of dairy calves, especially in terms of the observed improvements in ruminal ketogenesis and cholesterogenesis around weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Terler
- Institute for Livestock Research, Agricultural Research and Education Centre Raumberg-Gumpenstein, 8952 Irdning-Donnersbachtal, Austria.
| | - G Poier
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - F Klevenhusen
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Q Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Klevenhusen F, Zebeli Q. A review on the potentials of using feeds rich in water-soluble carbohydrates to enhance rumen health and sustainability of dairy cattle production. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:5737-5746. [PMID: 34091911 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cows are adapted to degrade structural plant carbohydrates (SC), such as cellulose and hemicelluloses, prevailing in grasses. Yet, the need for energy-dense diets in many intensive dairy production systems has shifted the dairy cattle's diet from SC-rich to high levels of starch. Feeding of starch-rich diets increases the risk of ruminal acidosis in cows, and feeding starch in the form of grains intensifies the competition over cereal grains and arable land among different livestock species, as well as between livestock and humans. Besides cellulose and hemicelluloses, grasses are also often rich in water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), which comprise mono-, di-, oligo- and polysaccharides (fructans). Although the ruminal fermentation profile of mono- and disaccharides resembles that of starch, the degradation of oligo- and polysaccharides is slower, and their fermentation elicits a rather protecting effect on ruminal pH. When harvested in an early phase (i.e. ear emergence), grass hay and silages can reach WSC levels up to 150-200 g kg-1 dry matter and energy levels close to starch-rich diets, allowing a significantly reduced inclusion of concentrate supplements. By doing so, this will enhance both rumen health and the sustainability of milk production. However, because the WSC are chemically very heterogeneous, the patterns and extent of their ruminal fermentation are difficult to predict without a clear analytical characterization. This review article aims to summarize both the benefits and potentials, as well as the challenges, with respect to using WSC-rich feedstuffs in the nutrition of dairy cattle and their effects on ruminal fermentation characteristics and milk production. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenja Klevenhusen
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Klevenhusen F, Südekum KH, Breves G, Kolrep F, Kietzmann M, Gerletti P, Numata J, Spolders M, Pieper R, Kowalczyk J. Predicting the transfer of contaminants in ruminants by models - potentials and challenges. ALTEX 2020; 38:398-418. [PMID: 33330944 DOI: 10.14573/altex.2007081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Undesirable substances in feed can transfer into foods of animal origin after ingestion by livestock animals. These contaminants in food may threaten consumer health. Commonly, feeding trials are conducted with animals to assess the transfer of undesirable substances into animal tissues or milk. Such feeding trials explore the effects of the various physiological systems (e.g., ruminant and non-ruminant gastro-intestinal tracts) as well as different livestock production intensities on transfer. Using alternative methods to mimic the complex physiological processes of several organs is highly challenging. This review proposes a potential cascade of in vitro and ex vivo models to investigate the transfer of contaminants from feed into foods of animal origin. One distinct challenge regarding the models for ruminants is the simulation of the forestomach system, with the rumen as the anaerobic fermentation chamber and its epithelial surfaces for absorption. Therefore, emphasis is placed on in vitro systems simulating the rumen with its microbial ecosystem as well as on ex vivo systems to replicate epithelial absorption. Further, the transfer from blood into milk must be evaluated by employing a suitable model. Finally, in silico approaches are introduced that can fill knowledge gaps or substitute in vitro and ex vivo models. Physiologically-based toxicokinetics combines the information gained from all alternative methods to simulate the transfer of ingested undesirable substances into foods of animal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gerhard Breves
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Manfred Kietzmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Pietro Gerletti
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jorge Numata
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Spolders
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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Khiaosa-ard R, Kleefisch MT, Zebeli Q, Klevenhusen F. Milk fatty acid composition reflects metabolic adaptation of early lactation cows fed hay rich in water-soluble carbohydrates with or without concentrates. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Klevenhusen F, Pieper R, Winter J, Ronczka S, Speer K. Stability of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Senecio vernalis in grass silage under different ensilage conditions. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:6649-6654. [PMID: 31368529 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the degradation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from eastern groundsel (Senecio vernalis) in grass silage prepared with different inoculants. Silages were produced from ryegrass with 230 g kg-1 dry matter (DM) content and mixed with eastern groundsel (9:1; w/w fresh matter basis) containing 5.5 g kg-1 DM PA. Treatments were: CON (untreated control), LP (3.0 × 105 cfu g-1 Lactobacillus plantarum DSMZ 8862/8866) or LBLC (7.3 × 104 cfu g-1 Lactobacillus buchneri LN40177 / Lactobacillus casei LC32909), and each of the treatments in combination with 30 g kg-1 molasses. Silages were prepared in glass jars and opened after 3, 10, and 90 days. Fermentation characteristics were determined and the PAs analyzed. RESULTS Although the levels of fermentation acids differed between treatments, results indicated good quality of all silages during 90 days. Significant time (P < 0.001) and treatment (P < 0.001) effects were observed for PAs. Concentrations of senecionine and seneciphylline decreased with molasses, declined over time, and were negatively correlated with lactic, propionic, and butyric acid, or with lactic and butyric acid in case of seneciphylline. In all silages, seneciphylline and senecionine N-oxides were undetectable after 3 days, whereas senkirkine, the most abundant PA, remained stable. CONCLUSIONS Silage prepared from grass contaminated with eastern groundsel still contained high PA levels, and was hence a potential health hazard. Molasses supplementation reduced concentrations of senecionine and seneciphylline, while the bacterial inoculants had no effect. Other potentially toxic PA metabolites were not analyzed in the present study and further research is needed. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenja Klevenhusen
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Unit Feed and Feed Additives, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Unit Feed and Feed Additives, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Winter
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Ronczka
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karl Speer
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Sarnataro C, Petri RM, Spanghero M, Zebeli Q, Klevenhusen F. A nutritional and rumen ecological evaluation of the biorefinery by-product alfalfa silage cake supplemented with Scrophularia striata extract using the rumen simulation technique. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:4414-4422. [PMID: 30859565 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND By-products of the food production chain are gaining importance as feedstuffs for ruminants. Alfalfa silage cake (AC) is an unexploited biorefinery by-product rich in fiber. The aim of this study was to test AC, using an in vitro rumen simulation technique (Rusitec), for its suitability as a fiber source for cattle. Three diets with similar crude protein (CP) content were formulated; they contained the biorefinery by-product AC, the original alfalfa silage (OA), or a fiber-rich hay. As fibrous feedstuffs are known to promote ruminal methanogenesis, we additionally tested a plant extract of Scrophularia striata (60 mg g-1 dry matter) for its methane mitigation and antimicrobial properties. RESULTS Diets containing AC displayed lower nutrient degradability, with the largest difference in CP degradation (P < 0.001). Sequencing of microbial DNA revealed several effects of the diet and of the addition of S. striata extract, but no inhibitory effect on methanogens. Likewise, methane production, which, in general, is lower with AC and OA diets, was not inhibited by S. striata extract, while the short chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles were unaffected. CONCLUSION Although CP degradation of the AC diet was lower, degradation of the fiber fractions was similar among diets. According to the present results, AC can be used as fibrous feedstuff for ruminants. Supplementation with S. striata extract did not inhibit methane formation. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Sarnataro
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Renee M Petri
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mauro Spanghero
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fenja Klevenhusen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Petri RM, Münnich M, Zebeli Q, Klevenhusen F. Graded replacement of corn grain with molassed sugar beet pulp modulates the fecal microbial community and hindgut fermentation profile in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5019-5030. [PMID: 30928269 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
High starch lactation diets not only enhance the risk of subacute ruminal acidosis but also of hindgut acidosis, which increases the risk of dysbiosis and the depression of fiber degradation. We recently showed that replacing corn with molassed sugar beet pulp (Bp) improved fiber degradation in high-producing dairy cattle, possibly because of an improvement of rumen and hindgut conditions for microbes by Bp feeding. However, little is known about the effects of high inclusion rates of Bp on hindgut microbes and fermentation. Thus fecal grab samples were taken from 18 high-yielding Simmental cows after 28 d of feeding 3 different levels of Bp (n = 6) for bacterial 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. In addition, the reticular pH was continuously monitored with indwelling sensors and eating and ruminating behavior was evaluated with noseband sensors. The Bp inclusion rates were 0 g/kg (i.e., no Bp inclusion as control, CON), 120 g/kg (12Bp), or 240 g/kg (24Bp) replacing corn grain and limestone on a dry matter basis. The amount of time spent eating and ruminating was unaffected by Bp level, and the daily fluctuation in the reticular pH was reduced by 25% with Bp inclusion from 0.8 in the CON diet to 0.6 in 24Bp fed animals. Also, the fecal pH tended to increase with dietary Bp inclusion. Fecal acetate production showed a quadratic tendency with the lowest concentration (58.9%) of the total short-chain fatty acid in the 12Bp treatment. Inclusion of Bp up to 24% of the diet decreased the fecal butyrate proportion by 27%. The Shannon diversity index was increased from 5.50 to 8.09 with dietary Bp inclusion indicating increased species diversity. Of the 200 most abundant operational taxonomic units, 25 were increased by dietary Bp inclusion, whereas 15 were decreased and 7 were quadratically affected. The second most abundant group was proposed taxon "CF231" of the family Paraprevotellaceae. Although it accounted for only 2.52% of the operational taxonomic units in the CON diet, it was increased by 64% with dietary Bp inclusion. The largest relative change in the abundance was found for the genus Fibrobacter that increased more than 14-fold from 0.04% (CON) to 0.66% (24Bp). In conclusion, feeding molassed sugar beet pulp as partial substitution of corn up to 240 g/kg is a viable alternative that promotes ruminal and hindgut fermentation by supporting physiological pH and bacterial diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Maxine Petri
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Matthias Münnich
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fenja Klevenhusen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Petri RM, Mickdam E, Klevenhusen F, Beyer B, Zebeli Q. Effects of the supplementation of plant-based formulations on microbial fermentation and predicted metabolic function in vitro. Anaerobe 2019; 57:19-27. [PMID: 30851428 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at testing the effects of three different formulations of feed supplements based on three different combinations of plant derived alkaloids, prebiotics, tannins, vitamins and minerals on rumen fermentation and the microbiome in vitro. A Rusitec experiment was conducted in 2 identical runs using a complete randomized design with 3 replicates per treatment resulting in total of 6 treatment combinations (n = 6). Each run lasted 12 d with sampling occurring in the last 5 d. Diets were a standard dairy ration (60:40; concentrate:forage) supplemented with one of 3 different plant-based combinations (PI, PII, and PIII) at a level of 100 mg/l and a non-supplemented control (basal diet, control). Microbial DNA samples were taken on the last day of each run and the 16S rRNA target gene sequenced using Illumina MiSeq technology. The supplementations had no effect on the pH, methane and carbon dioxide production. However, both total SCFA (P = 0.08) and molar concentrations of acetate (P = 0.06) tended to be increased in the treatment groups in comparison to control, with PII having the highest overall values (102.7 mmol/L and 43.3 mmol/L, respectively). Alpha diversity indices Shannon, Simpson and Chao1 showed no effect of supplementations or combinations. The addition of PII increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes compared to all other treatments (P = 0.05). Supplementation with plant-based combinations reduced the relative abundance of Pyramidobacter from the family Dethiosulfovibrionaceae in comparison with the control diet (P = 0.05). Evaluation of predicted gene function through PICRUSt analysis showed variation in predicted cellular function and metabolism between bacterial communities supplemented with plant-based combinations compared to the control diet. This shows that the addition of plant-based combinations can have the potential to modulate the metabolic function of rumen microbes, and likely the production of small-sized rumen metabolites, without disrupting the rumen microbial community structure and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Maxine Petri
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster "Animal Gut Health", Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Elsayed Mickdam
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria; Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, 83523, Qena, Egypt
| | - Fenja Klevenhusen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster "Animal Gut Health", Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Beyer
- Phytobiotics Futterzusatzstoffe GmbH, Wallufer Str. 10, 65343, Eltville Am Rhein, Germany
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster "Animal Gut Health", Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Klevenhusen F, Kleefisch MT, Zebeli Q. Feeding hay rich in water-soluble carbohydrates improves ruminal pH without affecting rumination and systemic health in early lactation dairy cows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 103:466-476. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fenja Klevenhusen
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Maria-Theresia Kleefisch
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Vienna Austria
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16
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Petri RM, Pourazad P, Khiaosa-Ard R, Klevenhusen F, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Zebeli Q. Correction: Temporal dynamics of in-situ fiber-adherent bacterial community under ruminal acidotic conditions determined by 16S rRNA gene profiling. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204600. [PMID: 30235338 PMCID: PMC6147598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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17
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Bagheri Varzaneh M, Klevenhusen F, Zebeli Q, Petri R. Scrophularia striata Extract Supports Rumen Fermentation and Improves Microbial Diversity in vitro Compared to Monensin. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2164. [PMID: 30283414 PMCID: PMC6156526 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for natural alternatives to antibiotic feed additives, we compared the efficacy of two doses of Scrophularia striata extract [S. striata-Low at 40 and S. striata-High at 80 mg g-1 dry matter (DM)] with monensin (monensin) and a negative control in the modulation of rumen fermentation, methane production and microbial abundance in vitro. Microbes were investigated using qPCR and 16S rRNA targeted sequencing. Data showed that the addition of S. striata increased production of total short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in comparison to both monensin and control (P = 0.04). The addition of S. striata increased acetate production, and increased propionate at the higher dosage (P < 0.001). Supplementation of S. striata lowered methane production (P < 0.001) compared to control but with no effect compared to monensin. Ammonia concentration decreased by 52% (P < 0.001) with S. striata-High supplementation (4.14 mmol L-1) compared to control, which was greater than that of monensin (36%). The diversity of rumen bacteria was reduced (P < 0.001) for monensin and S. striata for both the number of observed OTUs and the Chao1 index. Quantitative analysis of Protozoa showed a decrease in the monensin treatment (P = 0.05) compared to control. Archaea copy numbers decreased equally in both S. striata-High and monensin treatments compared to the control group. Supplementation with S. striata increased relative abundances of Fibrobacteres (P < 0.001) and Planctomycetes (P = 0.001) in comparison to both the control and monensin treatments. Significant negative correlations were observed between the abundances of Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, and Succinivibrio genera and methane (r > -0.71; P ≤ 0.001). The abundance of Fibrobacter genera and total SCFA (r = 0.86), acetate (r = 0.75), and valerate (r = -0.51; P < 0.001) correlated positively. These results suggest that S. striata supplementation at 80 mg g-1 DM inclusion, similar to monensin, supports rumen fermentation, lowers methane and ammonia production. However, S. striata supported rumen fermentation toward higher total SCFA and propionate production, while unlike monensin still supported a diverse rumen microbiome and an increase in cellulolytic bacteria such as Fibrobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Bagheri Varzaneh
- Department of Agriculture, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fenja Klevenhusen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renee Petri
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Metzler-Zebeli BU, Haselmann A, Klevenhusen F, Knaus W, Zebeli Q. Lactic acid treatment of by-products and phosphorus level in the diet modulate bacterial microbiome and the predicted metagenome functions using the rumen simulation technique. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9800-9814. [PMID: 30146296 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study used a rumen simulation technique to evaluate the effects of soaking of by-product-rich concentrate (BPC) in 5% lactic acid (LAC; vol/vol) on the rumen microbiota, predicted metagenome, fermentation characteristics, and nutrient degradation without or with supplemented P. The diet was supplemented with 1.6 g of P in the form of monocalcium phosphate per kilogram of dry matter in addition to 284 mg of inorganic P/d per fermentor via artificial saliva. Fermentor fluid was collected for analyses of short-chain fatty acids, fermentation gases, redox potential, and microbiota and feed residues for calculation of nutrient degradation. The microbiota composition was assessed using paired-end Illumina (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA) MiSeq sequencing of the V3 to V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Soaking in LAC reduced the contents of crude protein, neutral and acid detergent fibers, and organic matter fractions as well as ash and P content of the BPC. Both the LAC treatment of BPC and the inorganic P modified the relative bacterial abundances mainly within the predominant orders Bacteroidales and Clostridiales. Supervised DIABLO N-integration networking supported that operational taxonomic units related to BS11, Ruminococcaceae, Christensenellaceae, Eubacterium, and Selenomonas were the most discriminant for the LAC-treated BPC, whereas other operational taxonomic units related to BS11, RFN20, Ruminococcus, and Succiniclasticum were best correlated with the inorganic P supplementation. Integration networking also showed that carbohydrate and pyruvate metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and degradation of several xenobiotics were stimulated by the LAC treatment of BPC. Those data supported the enhanced fermentation activity as indicated by increased total short-chain fatty acid concentration, especially propionate and butyrate, and methane, but decreased ruminal crude protein degradation, with the LAC-treated compared with control-treated BPC. In contrast, despite an increased abundance of imputed functions, such as inositol phosphate metabolism, phosphatidylinositol signaling, and fructose and mannose metabolism, the reduced abundance of the imputed Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway "transcription machinery" as well as the decrease in total short-chain fatty acids and nutrient degradation indicated reduced bacterial metabolic activity with the inorganic P supplementation. In conclusion, soaking of BPC in LAC may favor the proliferation of certain fibrolytic bacterial taxa and stimulate their metabolic activity, whereas the supplemented P to a diet already meeting ruminal P needs may impair ruminal nutrient utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Haselmann
- Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Division of Livestock Sciences, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fenja Klevenhusen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilhelm Knaus
- Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Division of Livestock Sciences, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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19
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Münnich M, Klevenhusen F, Zebeli Q. Feeding of molassed sugar beet pulp instead of maize enhances net food production of high-producing Simmental cows without impairing metabolic health. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Kleefisch MT, Zebeli Q, Humer E, Gruber L, Klevenhusen F. Effects of feeding high-quality hay with graded amounts of concentrate on feed intake, performance and blood metabolites of cows in early lactation. Arch Anim Nutr 2018; 72:290-307. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2018.1474004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Theresia Kleefisch
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elke Humer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leonhard Gruber
- Agricultural Research and Education Centre Raumberg-Gumpenstein, Institute of Livestock Research, Irdning, Austria
| | - Fenja Klevenhusen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Humer E, Aditya S, Kaltenegger A, Klevenhusen F, Petri R, Zebeli Q. Graded substitution of grains with bakery by-products modulates ruminal fermentation, nutrient degradation, and microbial community composition in vitro. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3085-3098. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Münnich M, Khol-Parisini A, Klevenhusen F, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Zebeli Q. Graded replacement of maize grain with molassed sugar beet pulp modulated ruminal microbial community and fermentation profile in vitro. J Sci Food Agric 2018; 98:991-997. [PMID: 28722751 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molassed sugar beet pulp (Bp) is a viable alternative to grains in cattle nutrition for reducing human edible energy input. Yet little is known about the effects of high inclusion rates of Bp on rumen microbiota. This study used an in vitro approach and the quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique to establish the effects of a graded replacement of maize grain (MG) by Bp on the ruminal microbial community, fermentation profile and nutrient degradation. RESULTS Six different amounts of Bp (0-400 g kg-1 ), which replaced MG in the diet, were tested using the in vitro semi-continuous rumen simulation technique. The increased inclusion of Bp resulted in greater dietary content and degradation of neutral detergent fibre (P < 0.01). Further, Bp feeding enhanced (P < 0.01) the abundance of genus Prevotella and shifted (P < 0.01) the short-chain fatty acid patterns in favour of acetate and propionate and at the expense of butyrate. A total replacement of MG with Bp resulted in an increased daily methane production (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Results suggest positive effects of the replacement of MG by Bp especially in terms of stimulating ruminal acetate and propionate fermentation. However, high replacement rates of Bp resulted in lowered utilization of ammonia and higher ruminal methane production. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Münnich
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annabella Khol-Parisini
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fenja Klevenhusen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
- University Clinic for Swine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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23
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Klevenhusen F, Petri RM, Kleefisch MT, Khiaosa-Ard R, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Zebeli Q. Changes in fibre-adherent and fluid-associated microbial communities and fermentation profiles in the rumen of cattle fed diets differing in hay quality and concentrate amount. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2017; 93:4067812. [PMID: 28922800 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rumen microbiota enable important metabolic functions to the host cattle. Feeding of starch-rich concentrate feedstuffs to cattle has been demonstrated to increase the risk of metabolic disorders and to significantly alter the rumen microbiome. Thus, alternative feeding strategies like the use of high-quality hay, rich in sugars, as an alternative energy source need to be explored. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in rumen microbial abundances in the liquid and solid-associated fraction of cattle fed two hay qualities differing in sugar content with graded amounts of starchy concentrate feeds using Illumina MiSeq sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Operational taxonomic units clustered separately between the liquid and the solid-associated fraction. Phyla in the liquid fraction were identified as mainly Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, whereas main phyla of the fibre-associated fraction were Bacteroidetes, Fibrobacteres and Firmicutes. Significant alterations in the rumen bacterial communities at all taxonomic levels as a result of changing the hay quality and concentrate proportions were observed. Several intermicrobial correlations were found. Genera Ruminobacter and Fibrobacter were significantly suppressed by feeding sugar-rich hay, whereas others such as Selenomonas and Prevotella proliferated. This study extends the knowledge about diet-induced changes in ruminal microbiome of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenja Klevenhusen
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.,Research Cluster "Animal Gut Health", Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Renee M Petri
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.,Research Cluster "Animal Gut Health", Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria-Theresia Kleefisch
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.,Research Cluster "Animal Gut Health", Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ratchaneewan Khiaosa-Ard
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.,Research Cluster "Animal Gut Health", Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
- Research Cluster "Animal Gut Health", Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.,Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.,Research Cluster "Animal Gut Health", Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Qumar M, Khiaosa-ard R, Klevenhusen F, Plaizier J, Zebeli Q. Gastrointestinal endotoxin and metabolic responses in cows fed and recovered from two different grain-rich challenges. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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25
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Petri RM, Pourazad P, Khiaosa-ard R, Klevenhusen F, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Zebeli Q. Temporal dynamics of in-situ fiber-adherent bacterial community under ruminal acidotic conditions determined by 16S rRNA gene profiling. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182271. [PMID: 28763489 PMCID: PMC5538656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Subacute rumen acidotic (SARA) conditions are a consequence of high grain feeding. Recent work has shown that the pattern of grain feeding can significantly impact the rumen epimural microbiota. In a continuation of these works, the objective of this study was to determine the role of grain feeding patterns on the colonization and associated changes in predicted functional properties of the fiber-adherent microbial community over a 48 h period. Eight rumen-cannulated Holstein cows were randomly assigned to interrupted or continuous 60%-grain challenge model (n = 4 per model) to induce SARA conditions. Cows in the continuous model were challenged for 4 weeks, whereas cows of interrupted model had a 1-wk break in between challenges. To determine dynamics of rumen fiber-adherent microbial community we incubated the same hay from the diet samples for 24 and 48 h in situ during the baseline (no grain fed), week 1 and 4 of the continuous grain feeding model as well as during the week 1 following the break in the interrupted model. Microbial DNA was extracted and 16SrRNA amplicon (V3-V5 region) sequencing was done with the Illumina MiSeq platform. A significant decrease (P < 0.001) in fiber-adherent rumen bacterial species richness and diversity was observed at the end of a 4 week continuous SARA challenge in comparison to the baseline. A total of 159 operational taxonominc units (OTUs) were identified from the microbial population representing > 0.1% relative abundance in the rumen, 18 of which were significantly impacted by the feeding challenge model. Correlation analysis of the significant OTUs to rumen pH as an indicator of SARA showed genus Succiniclasticum had a positive correlation to SARA conditions regardless of treatment. Predictive analysis of functional microbial properties suggested that the glyoxylate/dicarboxylate pathway was increased in response to SARA conditions, decreased between 24h to 48h of incubation, negatively correlated with propanoate metabolism and positively correlated to members of the Veillonellaceae family including Succiniclasticum spp. This may indicate an adaptive response in bacterial metabolism under SARA conditions. This research clearly indicates that changes to the colonizing fiber-adherent rumen microbial population and their predicted functional genes occur in both the short (48 h) and long term (4 wk) under both continuous and interrupted SARA challenge models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee M. Petri
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Poulad Pourazad
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ratchaneewan Khiaosa-ard
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fenja Klevenhusen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara U. Metzler-Zebeli
- Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Münnich M, Khiaosa-ard R, Klevenhusen F, Hilpold A, Khol-Parisini A, Zebeli Q. A meta-analysis of feeding sugar beet pulp in dairy cows: Effects on feed intake, ruminal fermentation, performance, and net food production. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kleefisch MT, Zebeli Q, Humer E, Kröger I, Ertl P, Klevenhusen F. Effects of the replacement of concentrate and fibre-rich hay by high-quality hay on chewing, rumination and nutrient digestibility in non-lactating Holstein cows. Arch Anim Nutr 2016; 71:21-36. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2016.1253227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Qumar M, Khiaosa-ard R, Pourazad P, Wetzels SU, Klevenhusen F, Kandler W, Aschenbach JR, Zebeli Q. Evidence of In Vivo Absorption of Lactate and Modulation of Short Chain Fatty Acid Absorption from the Reticulorumen of Non-Lactating Cattle Fed High Concentrate Diets. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164192. [PMID: 27716806 PMCID: PMC5055360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and lactate are endproducts of rumen fermentation and important energy sources for the host ruminant. Because their rapid accumulation results in ruminal acidosis, enhancement of the absorption of SCFA and lactate across reticuloruminal wall is instrumental in increasing energy supply and preventing ruminal acidosis in cattle. This study investigated whether the reticuloruminal absorption of SCFAs and lactate was altered by different strategies of high concentrate feeding. Eight rumen-cannulated, non-lactating Holstein cows were fed a forage-only diet (baseline) and then gradually adapted over 6 d to a 60% concentrate level. Thereafter, this concentrate-rich diet was fed for 4 wk either continuously (Con; n = 8) or interruptedly (Int; n = 8). Absorption of SCFAs and lactate was determined in vivo from the experimental buffer introduced into the washed reticulorumen. The buffer contained acetate, propionate, butyrate and lactate at a concentration of 60, 30, 10 and 5 mmol/L, respectively and Cr-EDTA as a marker for correcting ruminal water fluxes. The reticuloruminal absorption after 35 and 65 min of buffer incubation was measured at the baseline, after 1 wk of 60% concentrate feeding in the interrupted model (Int-1) and after 4 wk of concentrate feeding in both feeding models (Int-4 and Con-4). Data showed that the absorption rates of individual and total SCFAs during the first 35 min of incubation of Con-4 were highest (~1.7 times compared to baseline), while Int-1 and Int-4 were similar to respective baseline. Lactate was not absorbed during forage-only baseline and 1-wk concentrate feeding, but after 4-wk feeding of concentrates in both models. In conclusion, SCFAs absorption across the reticulorumen of non-lactating cattle was enhanced by the 4-wk continuous concentrate feeding, which seems to be more advantageous in terms of rumen acidosis prevention compared to the interrupted feeding model. The study provides evidence of lactate absorption across the reticulorumen of non-lactating cattle after both continuous and interrupted 4-wk concentrate feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Qumar
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ratchaneewan Khiaosa-ard
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Poulad Pourazad
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie U. Wetzels
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fenja Klevenhusen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kandler
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences in Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | - Jörg R. Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Mickdam E, Khiaosa-ard R, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Klevenhusen F, Chizzola R, Zebeli Q. Rumen microbial abundance and fermentation profile during severe subacute ruminal acidosis and its modulation by plant derived alkaloids in vitro. Anaerobe 2016; 39:4-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Wetzels SU, Mann E, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Pourazad P, Qumar M, Klevenhusen F, Pinior B, Wagner M, Zebeli Q, Schmitz-Esser S. Epimural Indicator Phylotypes of Transiently-Induced Subacute Ruminal Acidosis in Dairy Cattle. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:274. [PMID: 26973642 PMCID: PMC4777738 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of a long-term subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) on the bovine epimural bacterial microbiome (BEBM) and its consequences for rumen health is poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate shifts in the BEBM during a long-term transient SARA model consisting of two concentrate-diet-induced SARA challenges separated by a 1-week challenge break. Eight cows were fed forage and varying concentrate amounts throughout the experiment. In total, 32 rumen papilla biopsies were taken for DNA isolation (4 sampling time points per cow: at the baseline before concentrate was fed, after the first SARA challenge, after the challenge break, and after the second SARA challenge). Ruminal pH was continuously monitored. The microbiome was determined using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene (V345 region). In total 1,215,618 sequences were obtained and clustered into 6833 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Campylobacter and Kingella were the most abundant OTUs (16.5 and 7.1%). According to ruminal pH dynamics, the second challenge was more severe than the first challenge. Species diversity estimates and evenness increased during the challenge break compared to all other sampling time points (P < 0.05). During both SARA challenges, Kingella- and Azoarcus-OTUs decreased (0.5 and 0.4 fold-change) and a dominant Ruminobacter-OTU increased during the challenge break (18.9 fold-change; P < 0.05). qPCR confirmed SARA-related shifts. During the challenge break noticeably more OTUs increased compared to other sampling time points. Our results show that the BEBM re-establishes the baseline conditions slower after a SARA challenge than ruminal pH. Key phylotypes that were reduced during both challenges may help to establish a bacterial fingerprint to facilitate understanding effects of SARA conditions on the BEBM and their consequences for the ruminant host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie U Wetzels
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria; Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria; Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Evelyne Mann
- Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria; Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria; Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Poulad Pourazad
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Muhammad Qumar
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Fenja Klevenhusen
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria; Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Beate Pinior
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute for Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria; Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria; Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Schmitz-Esser
- Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria; Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria; Department of Animal Science, Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA, USA
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31
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Pourazad P, Khiaosa-ard R, Qumar M, Wetzels SU, Klevenhusen F, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Zebeli Q. Transient feeding of a concentrate-rich diet increases the severity of subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cattle1. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:726-38. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Harder H, Khol-Parisini A, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Klevenhusen F, Zebeli Q. Treatment of grain with organic acids at 2 different dietary phosphorus levels modulates ruminal microbial community structure and fermentation patterns in vitro. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:8107-20. [PMID: 26299164 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent data indicate positive effects of treating grain with citric (CAc) or lactic acid (LAc) on the hydrolysis of phytate phosphorus (P) and fermentation products of the grain. This study used a semicontinuous rumen simulation technique to evaluate the effects of processing of barley with 50.25 g/L (wt/vol) CAc or 76.25 g/L LAc on microbial composition, metabolic fermentation profile, and nutrient degradation at low or high dietary P supply. The low P diet [3.1g of P per kg of dry matter (DM) of dietary P sources only] was not supplemented with inorganic P, whereas the high P diet was supplemented with 0.5 g of inorganic P per kg of DM through mineral premix and 870 mg of inorganic P/d per incubation fermenter via artificial saliva. Target microbes were determined using quantitative PCR. Data showed depression of total bacteria but not of total protozoa or short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration with the low P diet. In addition, the low P diet lowered the relative abundance of Ruminococcus albus and decreased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradation and acetate proportion, but increased the abundance of several predominantly noncellulolytic bacterial species and anaerobic fungi. Treatment of grain with LAc increased the abundance of total bacteria in the low P diet only, and this effect was associated with a greater concentration of SCFA in the ruminal fluid. Interestingly, in the low P diet, CAc treatment of barley increased the most prevalent bacterial group, the genus Prevotella, in ruminal fluid and increased NDF degradation to the same extent as did inorganic P supplementation in the high P diet. Treatment with either CAc or LAc lowered the abundance of Megasphaera elsdenii but only in the low P diet. On the other hand, CAc treatment increased the proportion of acetate in the low P diet, whereas LAc treatment decreased this variable at both dietary P levels. The propionate proportion was significantly increased by LAc at both P levels, whereas butyrate increased only with the low P diet. Treatments with CAc or LAc reduced the degradation of CP and ammonia concentration compared with the control diet at both P levels. In conclusion, the beneficial effects of CAc and LAc treatment on specific ruminal microbes, fermentation profile, and fiber degradation in the low P diet suggest the potential for the treatment to compensate for the lack of inorganic P supplementation in vitro. Further research is warranted to determine the extent to which the treatment can alleviate the shortage of inorganic P supplementation under in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Harder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Khol-Parisini
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - B U Metzler-Zebeli
- Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - F Klevenhusen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Q Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Wetzels SU, Mann E, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Wagner M, Klevenhusen F, Zebeli Q, Schmitz-Esser S. Pyrosequencing reveals shifts in the bacterial epimural community relative to dietary concentrate amount in goats. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:5572-87. [PMID: 26051320 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ecological balance in the rumen is highly sensitive to concentrate-rich diets. Yet the effects of these feeding practices on the caprine bacterial epimural microbiome (CBEM), a microbial community with putative important physiological functions in the rumen, are largely unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary concentrate amount on ruminal CBEM. Seventeen growing goats were fed diets with 0 [n=5; 6.2MJ of metabolizable energy (ME)/d], 30 (n=6; 7.3MJ of /d), or 60% (n=6; 10.2MJ of ME/d) concentrate for 6 wk. Two hours after their last feeding, goats were euthanized and tissue samples of the ventral rumen wall were collected, washed in phosphate-buffered saline to detach loosely attached bacteria, and stored at -20°C for further processing. Genomic DNA was isolated from thawed rumen mucosa samples and used for Roche/454 Life Science (Branford, CT) 16S rRNA gene amplicon pyrosequencing yielding 122,458 reads. Pyrosequencing data were clustered into 1,879 operational taxonomic units (OTU; 0.03 distance level). Pyrosequencing revealed Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Spirochaetes as the most abundant phyla (97.7%). Compared with the 30% group, both the 60 and 0% concentrate groups harbored significantly more Firmicutes and SR1, respectively. On an OTU level, a Bergeriella-related OTU was most abundant in the CBEM, followed by 2 Campylobacter OTU, which responded differently to diets: 1 OTU was significantly increased whereas the other significantly decreased with highest concentrate amount in the diet. At the genus level, the 0% concentrate group harbored increased Kingella-like sequences compared with the other feeding groups. Furthermore, the 0% concentrate group tended to have more Bergeriella than the 30 and 60% concentrate groups. The genus Bergeriella was significantly decreased in the 60% feeding group compared with the other diets. In conclusion, this is the first report of CBEM using deep-sequencing methods on the genus and OTU level, and our study revealed major shifts in the CBEM in response to concentrate-rich diets with potential health relevance in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- S U Wetzels
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - E Mann
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - B U Metzler-Zebeli
- Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, 1210 Vienna, Austria; University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Wagner
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - F Klevenhusen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Q Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - S Schmitz-Esser
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Ertl P, Knaus W, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Klevenhusen F, Khiaosa-Ard R, Zebeli Q. Substitution of common concentrates with by-products modulated ruminal fermentation, nutrient degradation, and microbial community composition in vitro. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:4762-71. [PMID: 25981072 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A rumen simulation technique was used to evaluate the effects of the complete substitution of a common concentrate mixture (CON) with a mixture consisting solely of by-products from the food industry (BP) at 2 different forage-to-concentrate ratios on ruminal fermentation profile, nutrient degradation, and abundance of rumen microbiota. The experiment was a 2×2 factorial arrangement with 2 concentrate types (CON and BP) and 2 concentrate levels (25 and 50% of diet dry matter). The experiment consisted of 2 experimental runs with 12 fermentation vessels each (n=6 per treatment). Each run lasted for 10d, with data collection on the last 5d. The BP diets had lower starch, but higher neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and fat contents compared with CON. Degradation of crude protein was decreased, but NDF and nonfiber carbohydrate degradation were higher for the BP diets. At the 50% concentrate level, organic matter degradation tended to be lower for BP and CH4 formation per unit of NDF degraded was also lower for BP. The BP mixture led to a higher concentration of propionate and a lower acetate-to-propionate ratio, whereas concentrations of butyrate and caproate decreased. Concentrate type did not affect microbial community composition, except that the abundance of bacteria of the genus Prevotella was higher for BP. Increasing the concentrate level resulted in higher degradation of organic matter and crude protein. At the higher concentrate level, total short-chain fatty acid formation increased and concentrations of isobutyrate and valerate decreased. In addition, at the 50% concentrate level, numbers of protozoa increased, whereas numbers of methanogens, anaerobic fungi, and fibrolytic bacteria decreased. No interaction was noted between the 2 dietary factors on most variables, except that at the higher concentrate level the effects of BP on CH4 and CO2 formation per unit of NDF degraded, crude protein degradation, and the abundance of Prevotella were more prominent. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that BP in the diet can adequately substitute CON with regard to ruminal fermentation profile and microbiota, showing even favorable fermentation patterns when fed at 50% inclusion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ertl
- Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Division of Livestock Sciences, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria.
| | - W Knaus
- Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Division of Livestock Sciences, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - B U Metzler-Zebeli
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - F Klevenhusen
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - R Khiaosa-Ard
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Q Zebeli
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Khorrami B, Vakili A, Mesgaran MD, Klevenhusen F. Thyme and cinnamon essential oils: Potential alternatives for monensin as a rumen modifier in beef production systems. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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36
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Klevenhusen F, Deckardt K, Sizmaz Ö, Wimmer S, Muro-Reyes A, Khiaosa-ard R, Chizzola R, Zebeli Q. Effects of black seed oil and Ferula elaeochytris supplementation on ruminal fermentation as tested in vitro with the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). Anim Prod Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant bioactive compounds are currently viewed as possible feed additives in terms of methane mitigation and improvement of ruminal fermentation. A range of analyses, including the botanical characterisation, chemical composition and in vitro efficiency, have to be conducted before testing the compounds in vivo. Therefore, the aims of this study were (1) to identify the main bioactive components of black seed (Nigella sativa) oil (BO) and of the root powder of Ferula elaeochytris (FE), and (2) to investigate their effects on ruminal fermentation in vitro, when supplemented in different dosages to a diet (1 : 1, forage : concentrate), using the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). Main compounds of BO were thymoquinone and p-cymene and α-pinene in FE. Supplementation of the diet with BO and FE did not affect concentration of volatile fatty acids but ammonia concentrations decreased with both supplements (P < 0.001). No effects of supplements on protozoal counts were detected but in vitro disappearance of DM and organic matter tended to increase with 50 mg/L FE (P < 0.1), compared with the control.
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Klevenhusen F, Pourazad P, Wetzels SU, Qumar M, Khol-Parisini A, Zebeli Q. Technical note: Evaluation of a real-time wireless pH measurement system relative to intraruminal differences of digesta in dairy cattle1,2. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:5635-9. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. Klevenhusen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - P. Pourazad
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - S. U. Wetzels
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - M. Qumar
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A. Khol-Parisini
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Q. Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Metzler-Zebeli BU, Schmitz-Esser S, Klevenhusen F, Podstatzky-Lichtenstein L, Wagner M, Zebeli Q. Grain-rich diets differently alter ruminal and colonic abundance of microbial populations and lipopolysaccharide in goats. Anaerobe 2013; 20:65-73. [PMID: 23474085 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High grain feeding has been associated with ruminal pH depression and microbial dysbiosis in cattle. Yet, the impact of high grain feeding on the caprine rumen and hindgut microbial community and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) release is largely unknown. Therefore, the objective was to investigate the effect of increasing dietary levels of barley grain on the microbial composition and LPS concentrations in the rumen and colon of goats. Effects were compared with respect to the responses of ruminal and colonic pH and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) generation. Growing goats (n = 5-6) were fed diets containing 0, 30, or 60% coarsely ground barley grain for 6 weeks. Ruminal ciliate protozoa were counted with Bürker counting chamber, and quantitative PCR was used to compare bacterial populations. Increasing dietary grain level linearly increased (P < 0.05) ruminal numbers of entodiniomorphids. With the 60% grain diet, there was a reduction in ruminal abundance of the genus Prevotella and Fibrobacter succinogenes, whereas the ruminal abundance of Lactobacillus spp. increased compared to the 0 and 30% grain diets (P < 0.05). In the colon, abundance of the genus Prevotella and F. succinogenes increased (P < 0.05) in goats fed the 60% grain diet compared to those fed the other diets. Colonic abundance of Clostridium cluster I was related to the presence of grain in the diet. Ruminal LPS concentration decreased (P < 0.05) in response to the 60% grain diet, whereas its colonic concentration increased in response to the same diet (P < 0.05). Present results provide first insight on the adaptive response of rumen protozoa and rumen and colonic bacterial populations to increasing dietary levels of grain in goats. Although luminal pH largely affects microbial populations, fermentable substrate flow to the caprine hindgut may have played a greater role for colonic bacterial populations in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
- Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Klevenhusen F, Hollmann M, Podstatzky-Lichtenstein L, Krametter-Frötscher R, Aschenbach JR, Zebeli Q. Feeding barley grain-rich diets altered electrophysiological properties and permeability of the ruminal wall in a goat model. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:2293-2302. [PMID: 23403198 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
High-producing ruminants are commonly fed large amounts of concentrate to meet their high energy demands for rapid growth or high milk production. However, this feeding strategy can severely impair rumen functioning, leading to subacute ruminal acidosis. Subacute ruminal acidosis might have consequences for electrophysiological properties by changing the net ion transfer and permeability of ruminal epithelia, which may increase the uptake of toxic compounds generated in the rumen into the systemic circulation. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of excessive barley feeding on the electrophysiological and barrier functions of the ruminal epithelium and serum inflammation and ketogenesis markers after a long-term feeding challenge, using growing goats as a ruminant model. A feeding trial was carried out with growing goats allocated to 1 of the 3 groups (n=5-6 animals/group), with diets consisting exclusively of hay (control diet) or hay with 30 or 60% barley grain. Samples of the ventral ruminal epithelium were taken after euthanasia and instantly subjected to Ussing chamber experiments, where electrophysiological properties of the epithelium were measured in parallel with the permeability of marker molecules of different sizes [fluorescein 5(6)-isothiocyanate and horseradish peroxidase] from luminal to apical side. Additionally, ruminal fluid and blood samples were taken at the beginning of the experiment as well as shortly before euthanasia. Ruminal fluid samples were analyzed for volatile fatty acids and pH, whereas blood samples were analyzed for lipopolysaccharide, serum amyloid A, and β-hydroxybutyrate. Electrophysiological data indicated that barley feeding increased the epithelial short-circuit current compared with the control. Tissue conductance also increased with dietary barley inclusion. As shown with both marker molecules, permeability of ruminal epithelia increased with barley inclusion in the diet. Despite a lowered ruminal pH associated with increased volatile fatty acids (such as propionate and butyrate) concentrations as well as altered epithelial properties in response to high-grain feeding, no signs of inflammation became apparent, as blood serum amyloid A concentrations remained unaffected by diet. However, greater amounts of grain in the diet were associated with a quadratic increase in lipopolysaccharide concentration in the serum. Also, increasing the amounts of barley grain in the diet resulted in a tendency to quadratically augment serum concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate and, hence, the alimentary ketogenesis. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of barley inclusion in the development of subacute ruminal acidosis in relation to ruminal epithelial damage and the translocation of toxic compounds in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Klevenhusen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Hollmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - R Krametter-Frötscher
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - J R Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Free University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Q Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Zebeli Q, Klevenhusen F, Drochner W. Characterisation of particle dynamics and turnover in the gastrointestinal tract of Holstein cows fed forage diets differing in fibre and protein contents. Arch Anim Nutr 2012; 66:372-84. [PMID: 22889132 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2012.710083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
An improved understanding of the role of forage quality on the processes of particle dynamics and turnover is important for the development of healthier and cost-effective feeding strategies that aim at lowering the proportions of concentrates in the diets of cattle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding hays of different qualities on particle dynamics, digestion kinetics and turnover in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Three non-lactating, rumen fistulated Holstein cows were fed diets consisting exclusively of hay with either low quality [Group LH; 605 ± 12.4 g/kg neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and 63 ± 4.7 g/kg crude protein (CP)] or good quality (Group GH; 551 ± 20.1 g/kg NDF and 116 ± 3.6 g/kg CP). Data showed that in situ dry matter (DM) disappearance of the soluble fraction was greater for Group GH (p < 0.05). Feeding good quality hay also lowered the proportion of particles >1.18 mm particularly during the eating process (p < 0.05). Changes in the particle size occurring afterwards were greater for Group GH as well (p < 0.05); approximately 30% in the comminution in the particle size occurred postruminally. Feeding hay of good quality lowered DM content of solid rumen digesta (p < 0.05), accelerated (p < 0.05) the turnover rate of DM and NDF in the GIT and increased DM intake (p < 0.05). In conclusion, feeding forages of better quality significantly promoted degradation processes and kinetics in the GIT with positive effects on turnover rate of digesta and feed intake in Holstein cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qendrim Zebeli
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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Richter EK, Spangenberg JE, Klevenhusen F, Soliva CR, Kreuzer M, Leiber F. Stable Carbon Isotope Composition of c9,t11-Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Cow’s Milk as Related to Dietary Fatty Acids. Lipids 2011; 47:161-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Klevenhusen F, Meile L, Kreuzer M, Soliva CR. Effects of monolaurin on ruminal methanogens and selected bacterial species from cattle, as determined with the rumen simulation technique. Anaerobe 2011; 17:232-8. [PMID: 21787874 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Before being able to implement effective ruminal methane mitigation strategies via feed supplementation, the assessment of side effects on ruminal fermentation and rumen microbial populations is indispensable. In this respect we investigated the effects of monolaurin, a methane-mitigating lipid, on methanogens and important carbohydrate-degrading bacteria present in ruminal fluid of dairy cattle in continuous culture employing the rumen simulation technique. In six experimental runs, each lasting for 10 days, four diets with different carbohydrate composition, based on hay, maize, wheat and a maize-wheat mixture, either remained non-supplemented or were supplemented with monolaurin and incubated in a ruminal-fluid buffer mixture. Incubation liquid samples from days 6 to 10 of incubation were analyzed with relative quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) of 16S rRNA genes to assess monolaurin-induced shifts in specific rumen microbial populations in relation to the corresponding non-supplemented diets. Monolaurin completely inhibited Fibrobacter succinogenes in all diets while the response of the other cellulolytic bacteria varied in dependence of the diet. Megasphaera elsdenii remained unaffected by monolaurin in the two diets containing maize, but was slightly stimulated by monolaurin with the wheat and largely with the hay diet. The supply of monolaurin suppressed Methanomicrobiales below the detection limit with all diets, whereas relative 16S rRNA gene copy numbers of Methanobacteriales increased by 7-fold with monolaurin in case of the hay diet. Total Archaea were decreased by up to over 90%, but this was significant only for the wheat containing diets. Thus, monolaurin exerted variable effects mediated by unknown mechanisms on important ruminal microbes involved in carbohydrate degradation, along with its suppression of methane formation. The applicability of monolaurin for methane mitigation in ruminants thus depends on the extent to which adverse effects on carbohydrate-degrading bacteria actually impair the supply of digested carbohydrates to the animal.
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Klevenhusen F, Zeitz J, Duval S, Kreuzer M, Soliva C. Garlic oil and its principal component diallyl disulfide fail to mitigate methane, but improve digestibility in sheep. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Klevenhusen F, Bernasconi SM, Kreuzer M, Soliva CR. Corrigendum to: Experimental validation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change default values for ruminant-derived methane and its carbon-isotope signature. Anim Prod Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/an09112_co] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two aspects regarding the ruminant's contribution to global methane (CH4) emissions were investigated: (i) testing the accuracy of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change default values for dairy cows fed different diet types and differing slurry storage temperatures; and (ii) providing carbon-isotope (C-isotope) signature data to contribute information on the characteristics of ruminant-derived CH4 as global source. The experimental diets, fed to 18 dairy cows, were separated into forage-only (hay, C3 plant) and forage-concentrate diets (barley, C3 plant; maize, C4 plant). Accumulated slurry was stored at either 14 or 27�C. The hay diet had the highest CH4 conversion rate (Ym 7.9%). Negligible amounts of CH4 were emitted from slurries stored at low temperature. No diet effect was found at 27�C (~33 L/kg volatile solids). The isotope ratios of enteric CH4 averaged -67.7‰ (C3 plants) and -57.4‰ (C4; maize). High temperature slurry storage resulted in different enrichment factors εCO2-CH4 for maize (33.2‰) and hay (35.9‰). Compared with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change default values for Ym and slurry CH4 emission the results gained in the present experiment were higher and lower, respectively. Slurry-derived CH4 was less depleted in 13C than enteric CH4, which decreases the usefulness of this signature for global ruminant-derived CH4.
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Klevenhusen F, Bernasconi SM, Kreuzer M, Soliva CR. Experimental validation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change default values for ruminant-derived methane and its carbon-isotope signature. Anim Prod Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/an09112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two aspects regarding the ruminant’s contribution to global methane (CH4) emissions were investigated: (i) testing the accuracy of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change default values for dairy cows fed different diet types and differing slurry storage temperatures; and (ii) providing carbon-isotope (C-isotope) signature data to contribute information on the characteristics of ruminant-derived CH4 as global source. The experimental diets, fed to 18 dairy cows, were separated into forage-only (hay, C3 plant) and forage-concentrate diets (barley, C3 plant; maize, C4 plant). Accumulated slurry was stored at either 14 or 27°C. The hay diet had the highest CH4 conversion rate (Ym 7.9%). Negligible amounts of CH4 were emitted from slurries stored at low temperature. No diet effect was found at 27°C (~33 L/kg volatile solids). The isotope ratios of enteric CH4 averaged −67.7‰ (C3 plants) and −57.4‰ (C4; maize). High temperature slurry storage resulted in different enrichment factors ϵCO2-CH4 for maize (33.2‰) and hay (35.9‰). Compared with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change default values for Ym and slurry CH4 emission the results gained in the present experiment were higher and lower, respectively. Slurry-derived CH4 was less depleted in 13C than enteric CH4, which decreases the usefulness of this signature for global ruminant-derived CH4.
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Klevenhusen F, Bernasconi SM, Kreuzer M, Soliva CR. The methanogenic potential and C-isotope fractionation of different diet types represented by either C3 or C4 plants as evaluated in vitro and in dairy cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1071/ea07240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The methanogenic potential of two major feed production systems, grassland and arable land, was tested in vitro and in vivo. Diets were differentiated into C3 (grass, cereals) and C4 plants (maize) to determine whether C-isotope fractionation during methane formation differed between the C3 and C4 plant based diets. In the in vitro experiment, four diets consisting of hay, maize, wheat (the latter two straw and grain) and a 1 : 1 mixture of the maize and wheat diet were investigated using the Rusitec system (n = 4 per diet). In the in vivo experiment with 12 lactating cows, diets were basically similar, but barley was used instead of wheat and no maize–cereal mixture was tested (n = 4 per diet). Diets were always iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous. Methane was either measured by gas chromatography from complete daily collections (in vitro) or by putting cows into respiratory chambers. In vitro, the methanogenic potential of the diets was similar. Methane related to apparently degraded neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was 50% lower in the hay than in the wheat diet, while the other diets ranged in between. The largest C-isotope fractionation between fermentation gases (αCO2 – CH4) was found in the wheat diet. In vivo, methane formation was highest with the barley diet followed by the hay and the maize diet (580, 461 and 453 L/day). Relating methane emission to dry matter intake reduced differences among diets (average 34 L/kg). On average, 118 L of methane were produced per kg digested NDF. Methane conversion rate was higher than the IPCC default value of 6.5% given for diets with less than 90% concentrate. No differences in the C-isotope fractionation were found in vivo. It was shown that forage-only diets, containing higher levels of fermentable fibre, do not necessarily have a higher methanogenic potential than mixed forage-concentrate diets.
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