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Mutua F, Su RC, Mesa C, Lopez C, Ball TB, Kiazyk S. Type I interferons and Mycobacterium tuberculosis whole cell lysate induce distinct transcriptional responses in M. tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 143:102409. [PMID: 37729851 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN)-induced genes have the potential for distinguishing active tuberculosis (ATB) from latent TB infection (LTBI) and healthy controls (HC), monitoring treatment, and detection of individuals at risk of progression to active disease. We examined the differential effects of IFN-α, IFN-β and Mycobacterium tuberculosis whole cell lysate (Mtb WCL) stimulation on the expression of selected IFN-stimulated genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from individuals with either LTBI, ATB, and healthy controls. Stimulation with IFN-α and IFN-β induced a higher expression of the interrogated genes while Mtb WCL stimulation induced expression similar to that observed at baseline, with the exception of IL-1A and IL-1B genes that were downregulated. The expression of IFN-α-induced FCGR1A gene, IFN-β-induced FCGR1A, FCGR1B, and SOCS3 genes, and Mtb WCL-induced IFI44, IFI44L, IFIT1, and IFITM3 genes differed significantly between LTBI and ATB. These findings suggest stimulation-driven gene expression patterns could potentially discriminate LTBI and ATB. Mechanistic studies are necessary to define the processes through which distinct type I IFNs and downstream ISGs determine infection outcomes and identify potential host-directed therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Mutua
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Kenyatta National Hospital Campus, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ruey-Chyi Su
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Canada; JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada
| | - Christine Mesa
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada
| | - Carmen Lopez
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Canada; JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada
| | - T Blake Ball
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Canada; JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada
| | - Sandra Kiazyk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Canada; JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada.
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Mutua F, Kiarie G, Mbatha M, Onono J, Boqvist S, Kilonzi E, Mugisha L, Moodley A, Sternberg-Lewerin S. Antimicrobial Use by Peri-Urban Poultry Smallholders of Kajiado and Machakos Counties in Kenya. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050905. [PMID: 37237808 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial use (AMU) is a major driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). An understanding of current practices can lead to better targeting of AMU-reducing interventions. An analysis of the distribution and current usage of veterinary drugs in peri-urban smallholder poultry systems in Kenya was undertaken. A survey among poultry farmers and key informant interviews with agrovet operators and other players in the value chain was conducted in Machakos and Kajiado counties. Interview data were analyzed using descriptive and thematic approaches. A total of 100 farmers were interviewed. The majority (58%) were > 50 years old, and all kept chickens, while 66% kept other livestock. Antibiotics constituted 43% of the drugs reportedly used on the farms (n = 706). These were mostly administered by the farmers themselves (86%) through water (98%). Leftover drugs were stored for later use (89%) or disposed of (11%). Incineration was the main method for the disposal of leftover drugs and empty containers. As described by the key informants (n = 17), the drug distribution chain relied on agrovet shops that were supplied by local distributors and pharmaceutical companies, which, in turn, supplied drugs to the farmers. Farmers reportedly purchased drugs without prescriptions and rarely observed the withdrawal periods. Drug quality was a concern, especially for products requiring reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Mutua
- International Livestock Research Institute, Animal and Human Health Program, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Gideon Kiarie
- International Livestock Research Institute, Animal and Human Health Program, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Miriam Mbatha
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Joshua Onono
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Sofia Boqvist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emily Kilonzi
- International Livestock Research Institute, Animal and Human Health Program, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Lawrence Mugisha
- Department of Wildlife and Animal Resources Management, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
- Ecohealth Research Group, Conservation & Ecosystem Health Alliance, Kampala P.O. Box 34153, Uganda
| | - Arshnee Moodley
- International Livestock Research Institute, Animal and Human Health Program, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Susanna Sternberg-Lewerin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Wenndt A, Mutua F, Grace D, Thomas LF, Lambertini E. Quantitative assessment of aflatoxin exposure and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk associated with consumption of select Nigerian staple foods. Front Sustain Food Syst 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1128540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination of staple grains and legumes has been linked to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and other adverse health outcomes, constituting a substantial public health concern globally. Low-resource food environments in sub-Saharan Africa are often under-regulated and are particularly vulnerable to adverse health and nutrition outcomes associated with aflatoxin exposure. This study identifies levels of HCC risk in the northern Nigerian adult population, leveraging a systematic review of available evidence on aflatoxin contamination in Nigerian maize, groundnut, rice, cowpea, and soybean. Estimated dietary intake (EDI) was computed using publicly available dietary consumption data and a probabilistic quantitative risk assessment was conducted to determine the relative risk of HCC associated with consumption of selected aflatoxin-contaminated commodities. In total, 41 eligible studies reporting aflatoxin contamination were used to model the distribution of aflatoxin concentrations in Nigerian commodities. EDIs for maize, groundnut, rice, and cowpea exceeded the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) level of 1 kgbw-1 day-1, with maize yielding the highest mean EDI (36.7 kgbw-1 day-1). The quantitative risk assessment estimated that 1.77, 0.44, 0.43, 0.15, and 0.01 HCC cases per year/100,000 population were attributable to aflatoxin exposure through maize, groundnut, rice, cowpea, and soybean, respectively. Sensitivity analysis revealed that aflatoxin concentration, dietary consumption levels, consumption frequency, and other variables have differing relative contributions to HCC risk across commodities. These findings constitute a novel multi-study risk assessment approach in the Nigerian context and substantiate existing evidence suggesting that there is reason for public health concern regarding aflatoxin exposure in the Nigerian population.
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Gazu L, Alonso S, Mutua F, Roesel K, Lindahl JF, Amenu K, Maximiano Sousa F, Ulrich P, Guadu T, Dione M, Ilboudo G, Knight-Jones T, Grace D. Foodborne disease hazards and burden in Ethiopia: A systematic literature review, 1990–2019. Front Sustain Food Syst 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1058977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundFoodborne disease (FBD) affects millions of people each year, posing a health burden similar to malaria, tuberculosis or HIV. A recent World Bank study estimated the productivity losses alone attributed to unsafe food within Africa at $20 billion in 2016, and the cost of treating these illnesses at an additional $3.5 billion. Ethiopia faces multiple food safety challenges due to lack of infrastructure and basic pre-requisites for food safety such as clean water and environment, washing facilities, compounded by limited implementation of food safety regulations, and a lack of incentives for producers to improve food safety. A consolidation of our understanding and evidence of the source, nature and scale of FBD in Ethiopia is needed to inform policy and future research. We performed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of publications on FBD occurrence in Ethiopia including hazard presence and impact.MethodThe SLR followed Cochrane and PRISMA guidelines. We searched PubMed and CAB-Direct for relevant publications between 1990 and 2019 (inclusive). Observational studies and reviews were included. Two reviewers screened titles and abstracts, and retained publications were reviewed in full for quality and data extraction.ResultIn total 128 articles met the inclusion criteria. Most articles focused on the identification of biological hazards in food. High levels of microbial contamination in different food value chains were often found in the small, ad hoc, observational studies that dominated the literature. Raw milk (22/128, 17.0%) and raw beef (21/128, 16.4%) were the most studied food products. Foodborne (FB) parasites were often found at higher rates in food than bacterial and viral pathogens, possibly due to differences in ease of identification. High levels of bacterial contamination on the hands of food handlers were widely reported. There were no reports on the incidence of human FBDs or resulting health and economic impacts.ConclusionOur findings reflect existing concerns around food safety in Ethiopia. A lack of substantial, coordinated studies with robust methodologies means fundamental gaps remain in our knowledge of FBD in Ethiopia, particularly regarding FBD burden and impact. Greater investment in food safety is needed, with enhanced and coordinated research and interventions.
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Kwoba E, Oduori DO, Lambertini E, Thomas LF, Grace D, Mutua F. Food safety interventions in low- and middle-income countries in Asia: A systematic review. Zoonoses Public Health 2023; 70:187-200. [PMID: 36718488 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Effective and sustainable interventions are necessary for long-term improvement of food safety. This review provides a summary of food safety interventions evaluated in selected low- and middle-income countries in Asia between 2000 and 2020. A systematic screening of published articles from PubMed and CabDirect databases was carried out with the aid of Rayyan QCRI software. A total of 25 studies were considered in the review. A 'before and after' study design was the most frequently used design (64%), while five studies (20%) used a randomized control trial (RCT) design. Interventions applied focused on training to improve knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) towards safe food (60%) or on specific technologies (40%). Nine of the 25 studies were specific on the value chain considered: cattle (1), poultry (1), pigs (4) and fish value chains (3). Except for one study, all interventions reported some level of success; 17 were rated as having a high level of success, defined differently across studies. However, there is a clear evidence gap for the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of food safety interventions in market settings, both consumer- and vendor-facing. A rigorous and standardized assessment of intervention effectiveness and sustainability is recommended, to not only identify areas of improvement, but also to ensure scaling of interventions with demonstrated evidence of success and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmah Kwoba
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David Obiero Oduori
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Maasai Mara University, Narok, Kenya
| | | | - Lian Francesca Thomas
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Institute of Infection Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
| | - Delia Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, UK
| | - Florence Mutua
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Leahy E, Mutua F, Grace D, Lambertini E, Thomas LF. Foodborne zoonoses control in low- and middle-income countries: Identifying aspects of interventions relevant to traditional markets which act as hurdles when mitigating disease transmission. Front Sustain Food Syst 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.913560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, foodborne zoonoses are responsible for approximately one third of all foodborne disease burden and this picture is likely to worsen if consumption of animal source foods continues to rise with insufficient attention to risk mitigation. Traditional markets represent highly important nodes that can be targeted for risk mitigation; in this series of case studies, we discuss food safety interventions relevant to this nexus. We illustrate that to improve food safety within traditional markets it is essential to consider some of the motivations and incentives of the stakeholders involved and the cultural, social, and economic context in which interventions are undertaken, highlighting barriers, enablers future interventions should aim to avoid, embrace. We also conclude that a holistic approach to foodborne zoonoses control will require the institutionalization of One Health across food systems of which traditional markets are part.
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Fasina FO, Bett B, Dione M, Mutua F, Roesel K, Thomas L, Kwoba E, Ayebazibwe C, Mtika N, Gebeyehu DT, Mtui-Malamsha N, Sambo M, Swai ES, Bebay C. One Health gains momentum in Africa but room exists for improvement. One Health 2022; 15:100428. [PMID: 36277101 PMCID: PMC9582571 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Sharma G, Mutua F, Deka RP, Shome R, Bandyopadhyay S, Shome BR, Kumar NG, Grace D, Dey TK, Lindahl J. Comparing the Effectiveness of Different Approaches to Raise Awareness About Antimicrobial Resistance in Farmers and Veterinarians of India. Front Public Health 2022; 10:837594. [PMID: 35784225 PMCID: PMC9244170 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.837594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the animal health sector contributes to increasing rates of AMR and studies involving dairy farmers in India have found knowledge levels regarding antibiotics and AMR to be very low. The purpose of this study was to assess different methods to raise awareness and knowledge about AMR and antibiotic use among dairy farmers, paravets (veterinary assistants), and veterinarians.Materials and MethodsThe study was conducted in September-December of 2018 in some parts of Haryana, Assam, Karnataka, and West Bengal. It had two parts: an intervention meeting (September–October 2018) which consisted of focus group discussions (FGD) with farmers, key informant interviews (KII) with veterinary professionals along with distribution of information packages, and then a follow-up survey (November–December 2018). The villages were randomly allocated to either one of the four intervention approaches (1-FGD/KII and information package on AMR; 2-FGD/KI and information on animal health; 3- FGD/KII and information package on animal health plus information on AMR; or 4- only the FGD/KII). A follow-up survey was done to assess the effect of interventions.ResultsIn total, 274 dairy farmers and 51 veterinary professionals (21 veterinarians and 30 paravets) participated in the follow-up survey. Many of the farmers and veterinary professionals who participated in the follow-up survey had been part of the intervention meetings. The average knowledge score of farmers was 7.8. It was found that the knowledge score was higher amongst farmers who had participated in the intervention meetings (p < 0.05), had received intervention approach 2 (p = 0.03) or approach 3 (p = 0.01), and amongst female farmers (p = 0.03) compared to male. The veterinary professionals had good knowledge but lacked interest in training the farmers about antimicrobial resistance.ConclusionOur research demonstrated that a higher percentage of farmers and veterinary professionals who attended the intervention meeting had improved knowledge. Dairy farmers should be regularly educated on antibiotic usage and how to avoid misusing them. Also, veterinary experts should be provided with tools and strategies to educate farmers on the use of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Sharma
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- *Correspondence: Garima Sharma
| | - Florence Mutua
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ram Pratim Deka
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rajeshwari Shome
- Bacteriology Lab 1, 2, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Bibek Ranjan Shome
- Bacteriology Lab 1, 2, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, India
| | - Naresh Goyal Kumar
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Delia Grace
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Food and Markets Department, Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Tushar Kumar Dey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Bacteriology Lab 1, 2, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, India
| | - Johanna Lindahl
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Oduori DO, Kwoba E, Thomas L, Grace D, Mutua F. Assessment of Foodborne Disease Hazards in Beverages Consumed in Nigeria: A Systematic Literature Review. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 19:1-18. [PMID: 34529521 PMCID: PMC8785768 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Risk assessment is a formal process of identifying hazards and assessing the risk associated with them (risk is a combination of the severity of illness and the probability of occurrence). This review highlights foodborne disease hazards reported in beverages consumed in Nigeria for the period between 2000 and 2020. Based on a preregistered protocol and search syntax, studies were retrieved from the PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases. Rayyan QCRI software was used to screen the articles. Data were then extracted from the included full-text articles, into a standardized excel workbook. A total of 18,762 articles were identified, from which 126 were included in the final analyses. The common beverages studied were sachet water (14.9%), borehole/well water (13.9%), cereal-based beverages (12.1%), raw/fresh milk (8.3%) and nono/nunu, which is a fermented milk-cereal beverage (7.2%). Sufficient data were available to undertake pooled prevalence estimates for some hazards within select beverages and revealed contamination rates for Staphylococcus spp. in raw/fresh milk, 12.3% (95% CI 6.3–20.0); Salmonella spp. in borehole/well water, 19.8% (95% CI 13.1–27.4); Klebsiella spp. in sachet water, 40.0% (95% CI 12.4–71.7); Staphylococcus spp. in nono/nunu, 32.6% (95% CI 14.7–53.8), and Escherichia spp. in nono/nunu, 30.7% (95% CI 21.9–40.2). Heterogeneity was present in the aggregate summary estimates. This review has highlighted the presence of several hazards of high importance to public health in commonly consumed beverages in Nigeria. The data presented here provide an entry point for future quantitative risk assessments both to determine the level of exposure of the community to these hazards and also for the identification of the most effective mitigation strategies to reduce these risks and improve health outcomes in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Oduori
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Animal Health and Production, Maasai Mara University, Narok, Kenya
| | - Emmah Kwoba
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lian Thomas
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Institute of Infection Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Wirral, United Kingdom
| | - Delia Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Natural Resource Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Florence Mutua
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Mutua F, Dione M. The Context of Application of Biosecurity for Control of African Swine Fever in Smallholder Pig Systems: Current Gaps and Recommendations. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:689811. [PMID: 34409087 PMCID: PMC8364973 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.689811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal disease of pigs. It is a threat to the pig industry as it lowers production and significantly impacts on livelihoods. ASF has no cure and a vaccine against it is yet to be developed. Outbreaks continue to be reported in Africa and Asia, where the setting of the pig value chain (farm, market, and slaughter practices) coupled with the risky behaviors of actors, contribute to persistence of the virus in pig populations. The role of these factors in the epidemiology of the disease is reviewed with a focus on smallholder pig systems in Africa. Biosecurity at the farm level is particularly emphasized, and factors influencing its adoption highlighted. Socio-cultural factors and weaknesses at the disease control policy level are critical and should not be ignored. Gender and equity are important aspects and ought to be considered in discussions to improve the sector. The findings are expected to define priorities for interventions to improve pig productivity (as these regions wait for the vaccine to be developed).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Mutua
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Michel Dione
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Dakar, Senegal
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Anyango G, Kagera I, Mutua F, Kahenya P, Kyallo F, Andang’o P, Grace D, Lindahl JF. Effectiveness of Training and Use of Novasil Binder in Mitigating Aflatoxins in Cow Milk Produced in Smallholder Farms in Urban and Periurban Areas of Kenya. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:281. [PMID: 33920858 PMCID: PMC8071220 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins, which commonly contaminate animal feeds and human food, present a major public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa. After ingestion by cows, aflatoxin B1 is metabolized to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), some of which is excreted in milk. This study involved smallholder dairy farms in urban and periurban areas of Nairobi and Kisumu, Kenya. The objective was to determine the effectiveness of training and providing farmers with aflatoxin binder (NovaSil®) on AFM1 contamination in raw milk. A baseline survey was undertaken and 30 farmers whose milk had AFM1 levels above 20 ppt were randomly selected for inclusion in the study. Of these, 20 farmers were part of the intervention, and were given training on the usage of the NovaSil® binder, while 10 served as a control group. All farmers were visited biweekly for three months for interviews and milk samples were collected to measure the AFM1 levels. The AFM1 levels were quantified by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The NovaSil® binder significantly reduced AFM1 concentrations in the raw milk produced by the farmers in the intervention group over the duration of the study (p < 0.01). The control farms were more likely to have milk with AFM1 levels exceeding the regulatory limit of 50 ppt compared to the intervention farms (p < 0.001) (odds ratio = 6.5). The farmers in the intervention group perceived that there was an improvement in milk yield, and in cow health and appetite. These farmers also felt that the milk they sold, as well as the one they used at home, was safer. In conclusion, the use of binders by dairy farmers can be effective in reducing AFM1 in milk. Further research is needed to understand their effectiveness, especially when used in smallholder settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Anyango
- Department of Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.A.); (I.K.); (F.M.); (D.G.)
- Department of Public Health, Maseno University, Kisumu 40100, Kenya;
| | - Irene Kagera
- Department of Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.A.); (I.K.); (F.M.); (D.G.)
- Department of Human Nutrition Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi 00200, Kenya;
| | - Florence Mutua
- Department of Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.A.); (I.K.); (F.M.); (D.G.)
| | - Peter Kahenya
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi 00200, Kenya;
| | - Florence Kyallo
- Department of Human Nutrition Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi 00200, Kenya;
| | - Pauline Andang’o
- Department of Public Health, Maseno University, Kisumu 40100, Kenya;
| | - Delia Grace
- Department of Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.A.); (I.K.); (F.M.); (D.G.)
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Johanna F. Lindahl
- Department of Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.A.); (I.K.); (F.M.); (D.G.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Zoonosis Science Centre, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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Sharma G, Mutua F, Deka RP, Shome R, Bandyopadhyay S, Shome BR, Goyal Kumar N, Grace D, Dey TK, Venugopal N, Sahay S, Lindahl J. A qualitative study on antibiotic use and animal health management in smallholder dairy farms of four regions of India. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2020; 10:1792033. [PMID: 32944162 PMCID: PMC7480485 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2020.1792033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global public health issue. In India, access to medicines is poorly regulated and therefore antibiotics in dairy cattle are commonly used by farmers without consulting with veterinarians. This study was conducted to understand practices and knowledge related to antibiotic use and AMR among dairy farmers and veterinary professionals in selected urban and peri-urban areas of India. Methods A total of 28 focus group discussions with farmers and 53 interviews with veterinary professionals were carried out. Results Mastitiswas identified as the main animal health challenge. Antibiotic consultation behavior of farmers depended on the availability of veterinarians. Except in Bangalore, farmers were found to often treat animals on their own. They were found unaware of the concept of AMR, but knew the importance of vaccination. Veterinarians included in the study had a good understanding of antibiotics, AMR, and zoonotic diseases. Conclusion The knowledge level and practices observed in the study related to the use/abuse of antibiotics can potentially increase the risk of development of AMR and its transfer in the community. Our findings can help support AMR – mitigation efforts in the country, including the design of better policies on antibiotic use in dairy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Sharma
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Florence Mutua
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ram Pratim Deka
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rajeshwari Shome
- Bacteriology lab 1,2, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, India
| | | | - B R Shome
- Bacteriology lab 1,2, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, India
| | - Naresh Goyal Kumar
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Delia Grace
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tushar Kumar Dey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Bacteriology lab 1,2, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, India
| | - Nimita Venugopal
- Bacteriology lab 1,2, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, India
| | - Swati Sahay
- Bacteriology lab 1,2, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, India
| | - Johanna Lindahl
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Mutua F, Sharma G, Grace D, Bandyopadhyay S, Shome B, Lindahl J. A review of animal health and drug use practices in India, and their possible link to antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2020; 9:103. [PMID: 32641109 PMCID: PMC7346624 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-020-00760-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Livestock production, particularly the dairy sector, is important for food and nutritional wellbeing of communities in India, it supports livelihoods of many farmers, and contributes to the economy of the country. India is a high consumer of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria are a major public health concern. OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to identify animal health and drug use practices that may contribute to emergence and spread of AMR in the country, review previous AMR- mitigation strategies, and discuss "theory of change" as an approach to informing the choice of interventions. METHODS We undertook a desk review of literature to identify practices with potential to contribute to emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance in India. Searches were done in PubMed, Google scholar, and Google. Data were synthesized and discussed by themes. RESULTS Animal disease surveillance is less developed and infrastructure to support delivery of services is inadequate. Several groups are known to offer animal health services. The untrained "animal health workers" and para-veterinarians are more popular with farmers as they charge less for consultations (compared to veterinarians who are few and charge more). Over-the-counter access of antibiotics, without prescription, and direct marketing of drugs to farmers are common. Because of this, farmers are able to treat their animals and only consult when cases become non- responsive to treatment. Antibiotics are mostly used in management of mastitis cases. Drug withdrawal periods are rarely observed and occurrence of antibiotic- contaminated milk has been reported. Awareness on AMR is low and antimicrobial stewardship in livestock is yet to be developed. Initiatives such as the National programme for containment of AMR, National Action Plan on AMR, and the National Health policy point to government's commitment in addressing the problem of AMR in the country. CONCLUSION Several animal health and drug use practices, with potential to cause AMR, have been described, and their contribution can be discussed further by engaging stakeholders in a "theory of change" exercise. Interventions that address AMR from the animal health perspective should be promoted, and incentives to increase their adoption explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Mutua
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - Garima Sharma
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
- Zoonoses Science Centre, Uppsala University, P. O. Box 70790, SE 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Delia Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Samiran Bandyopadhyay
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata, 700 037, India
| | - Bibek Shome
- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, India
| | - Johanna Lindahl
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
- Zoonoses Science Centre, Uppsala University, P. O. Box 70790, SE 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 70790, SE 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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Mutua F, Lindahl J, Randolph D. Possibilities of establishing a smallholder pig identification and traceability system in Kenya. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 52:859-870. [PMID: 31529303 PMCID: PMC7039844 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Consumers have a right to safer foods, and traceability is one approach to meeting their expectations. Kenya does not have an operational animal traceability system, and while a few initiatives have been piloted, these have only focused on the beef value chain. In this paper, we begin a discussion on traceability in the pig value chain, with an initial focus on smallholder systems of Western Kenya. First, a background to local pig production is given, and a description of animal identification and traceability options applicable to these systems is explained. Based on this, a “butcher-to-farm” traceability system, with health, production and food safety as objectives, is discussed. Requirements for establishing such a system (including actor incentives) are additionally discussed. The proposed approach can be piloted in the field and findings used to inform the design of a larger pilot and possibly pave way for implementation of a national traceability system, in line with the guidelines provided by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Organized systems in the area (including commercial producer and trader groups) would offer a useful starting point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Mutua
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - Johanna Lindahl
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.,Zoonoses Science Centre, Uppsala University, P. O. Box 70790, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 70790, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Delia Randolph
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
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Kuboka MM, Imungi JK, Njue L, Mutua F, Grace D, Lindahl JF. Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk traded in peri-urban Nairobi, and the effect of boiling and fermentation. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2019; 9:1625703. [PMID: 31258853 PMCID: PMC6586110 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2019.1625703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dairy production in Kenya is important and dominated by small-holder farmers who market their produce through small-scale traders in the informal sector. Method: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of aflatoxin (AFM1) in informally marketed milk in peri-urban Nairobi, Kenya, and to assess knowledge of milk traders on aflatoxins using questionnaires. A total of 96 samples were analyzed for AFM1 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, boiling and fermentation experiments were carried out in the laboratory. Results: All samples had AFM1 above the limit of detection (5 ng/kg) (mean of 290.3 ± 663.4 ng/kg). Two-thirds of the samples had AFM1 levels above 50 ng/kg and 7.5% of the samples exceeded 500 ng/kg. Most of the traders had low (69.8%) or medium (30.2%) knowledge. Educated (p = 0.01) and female traders (p= 0.04) were more knowledgeable. Experimentally, fermenting milk to lala (a traditional fermented drink) and yogurt significantly reduced AFM1 levels (p< 0.01) (71.8% reduction in lala after incubation at room temperature for 15 h, and 73.6% reduction in yogurt after incubation at 45ºC for 4h). Boiling had no effect. Conclusion: The study concluded that the prevalence of raw milk with AFM1 was high, while knowledge was low. Fermentation reduced the AFM1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen M Kuboka
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jasper K Imungi
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lucy Njue
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Florence Mutua
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Delia Grace
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Johanna F Lindahl
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Zoonosis Science Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Anyango G, Mutua F, Kagera I, Andang`O P, Grace D, Lindahl JF. A survey of aflatoxin M1 contamination in raw milk produced in urban and peri-urban areas of Kisumu County, Kenya. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2018.1547094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Anyango
- Department of biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Public Health, Maseno University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Florence Mutua
- Department of biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Irene Kagera
- Department of biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of food science and Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Delia Grace
- Department of biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Johanna F. Lindahl
- Department of biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Zoonosis Science Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Kagera I, Kahenya P, Mutua F, Anyango G, Kyallo F, Grace D, Lindahl J. Status of aflatoxin contamination in cow milk produced in smallholder dairy farms in urban and peri-urban areas of Nairobi County: a case study of Kasarani sub county, Kenya. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2018; 9:1547095. [PMID: 30598736 PMCID: PMC6263096 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2018.1547095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Milk consumption in Kenya supersedes other countries in East Africa. However, milk contamination with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is common, but the magnitude of this exposure and the health risks are poorly understood and need to be monitored routinely. This study aimed at assessing the awareness, knowledge and practices of urban and peri-urban farmers about aflatoxins and determining the levels of aflatoxin contamination in on-farm milk in a selected area within Nairobi County. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess aflatoxin contamination levels of milk in Kasarani sub-county. A total of 84 milk samples were collected from small-holder dairy farms and analyzed for AFM1 using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results and Discussion: Ninety nine percent of the samples (83/84) analysed were contaminated with AFM1. The mean aflatoxin level was 84 ng/kg with 64% of the samples exceeding the EU legal limit of 50 ng/kg. Whereas 80% of the farmers were aware of aflatoxin, there was no correlation between farmers' knowledge and gender with AFM1 prevalence. Conclusion: This study concludes that AFM1 is a frequent contaminant in milk and there is need to enhance farmers awareness on mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Kagera
- Department of Human Nutrition Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peter Kahenya
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Florence Mutua
- Department of Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Public Health, Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gladys Anyango
- Department of Public Health, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Florence Kyallo
- Department of Human Nutrition Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Delia Grace
- Department of Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Johanna Lindahl
- Department of Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Zoonosis Science Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Mutua F, Onono J, Bruck A, Makau L. An overview of animal health and communication constraints in smallholder farming systems of Machakos County, Kenya. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:279-287. [PMID: 30083863 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1682-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Information sharing is an important pillar for any strategy that aims to control infectious diseases especially in farms and systems that are connected. A study was designed to analyze practices related to sharing of animal health information and identify health constraints affecting livestock keeping in smallholder farming systems of Mwala in Machakos County. Data were collected through focus group discussions (number of groups = 3) and one-on-one questionnaire interviews (n = 172). These were analyzed using both descriptive and thematic approaches. The most (33%; n = 158) feared animal disease was pneumonia which was also the most (62%) frequently reported health problem. Rabies, Newcastle disease, and east coast fever were ranked high by the farmer groups. Current animal management practices, for example, failure to confine dogs, predispose the community to a number of health risks including bites from rabid animals. Smallholder farmers in Mwala utilize a number of options to communicate animal health problems; such sharing is, however, constrained by a number of factors including bad roads, poor coverage of mobile networks, and bad relationships between animal health providers and the farmers themselves. Some of the reasons why farmers delay the reporting of disease problems included the tendency for one to first try local herbal formulations, the bad times when cases are observed, and the unavailability of reliable animal health providers at the time when the farmers need them. This study has provided useful baseline data that can then be used to (1) design a village-based animal disease reporting system which is currently lacking in the surveyed villages and (2) support the county government's efforts to manage animal diseases including zoonoses, through better reporting, for improved health, nutrition, and livelihoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mutua
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - J Onono
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - A Bruck
- Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL97TA, UK
| | - L Makau
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock & Fisheries, County Government of Machakos, P.O. Box 149, Mwala, Kenya
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Mutungi C, Irungu FG, Nduko J, Mutua F, Affognon H, Nakimbugwe D, Ekesi S, Fiaboe KKM. Postharvest processes of edible insects in Africa: A review of processing methods, and the implications for nutrition, safety and new products development. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:276-298. [PMID: 28853909 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1365330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In many African cultures, insects are part of the diet of humans and domesticated animals. Compared to conventional food and feed sources, insects have been associated with a low ecological foot print because fewer natural resources are required for their production. To this end, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations recognized the role that edible insects can play in improving global food and nutrition security; processing technologies, as well as packaging and storage techniques that improve shelf-life were identified as being crucial. However, knowledge of these aspects in light of nutritional value, safety, and functionality is fragmentary and needs to be consolidated. This review attempts to contribute to this effort by evaluating the available evidence on postharvest processes for edible insects in Africa, with the aim of identifying areas that need research impetus. It further draws attention to potential postharvest technology options for overcoming hurdles associated with utilization of insects for food and feed. A greater research thrust is needed in processing and this can build on traditional knowledge. The focus should be to establish optimal techniques that improve presentation, quality and safety of products, and open possibilities to diversify use of edible insects for other benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mutungi
- a Department of Dairy and Food Science and Technology , Egerton University , Egerton , Kenya.,b International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) , Nairobi , Kenya.,c International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) , Plot No. 25, Mikocheni Light Industrial Area, Dar es Salaam , Tanzania
| | - F G Irungu
- a Department of Dairy and Food Science and Technology , Egerton University , Egerton , Kenya
| | - J Nduko
- a Department of Dairy and Food Science and Technology , Egerton University , Egerton , Kenya
| | - F Mutua
- d Department of Public health, Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Nairobi , Kangemi , Kenya
| | - H Affognon
- e International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) , BP 320 , Bamako , Mali
| | - D Nakimbugwe
- f Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Food Technology, Nutrition and Bio-Engineering , Makerere University , Kampala , Uganda
| | - S Ekesi
- b International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - K K M Fiaboe
- b International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) , Nairobi , Kenya
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Mutua F, Kihara A, Rogena J, Ngwili N, Aboge G, Wabacha J, Bett B. Piloting a livestock identification and traceability system in the northern Tanzania-Narok-Nairobi trade route. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 50:299-308. [PMID: 28965304 PMCID: PMC5780531 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We designed and piloted a livestock identification and traceability system (LITS) along the Northern Tanzania-Narok-Nairobi beef value chain. Animals were randomly selected and identified at the primary markets using uniquely coded ear tags. Data on identification, ownership, source (village), and the site of recruitment (primary market) were collected and posted to an online database. Similar data were collected in all the markets where tagged animals passed through until they got to defined slaughterhouses. Meat samples were collected during slaughter and later analyzed for tetracycline and diminazene residues using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Follow up surveys were done to assess the pilot system. The database captured a total of 4260 records from 741 cattle. Cattle recruited in the primary markets in Narok (n = 1698) either came from farms (43.8%), local markets (37.7%), or from markets in Tanzania (18.5%). Soit Sambu market was the main source of animals entering the market from Tanzania (54%; n = 370). Most tagged cattle (72%, n = 197) were slaughtered at the Ewaso Ng'iro slaughterhouse in Narok. Lesions observed (5%; n = 192) were related to either hydatidosis or fascioliasis. The mean diminazene aceturate residue level was 320.78 ± 193.48 ppb. We used the traceability system to identify sources of animals with observable high drug residue levels in tissues. Based on the findings from this study, we discuss opportunities for LITS-as a tool for surveillance for both animal health and food safety, and outline challenges of its deployment in a local beef value chain-such as limited incentives for uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Mutua
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Department of Public Health, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | | | - Jason Rogena
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Gabriel Aboge
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Wabacha
- African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Ngabonziza JCS, Ssengooba W, Mutua F, Torrea G, Dushime A, Gasana M, Andre E, Uwamungu S, Nyaruhirira AU, Mwaengo D, Muvunyi CM. Diagnostic performance of smear microscopy and incremental yield of Xpert in detection of pulmonary tuberculosis in Rwanda. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:660. [PMID: 27825314 PMCID: PMC5101805 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis control program of Rwanda is currently phasing in light emitting diode-fluorescent microscopy (LED-FM) as an alternative to Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) smear microscopy. This, alongside the newly introduced Xpert (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) is expected to improve diagnosis of tuberculosis and detection of rifampicin resistance in patients at health facilities. We assessed the accuracy of smear microscopy and the incremental sensitivity of Xpert at tuberculosis laboratories in Rwanda. Methods This was a cross-sectional study involving four laboratories performing ZN and four laboratories performing LED-FM microscopy. The laboratories include four intermediate (ILs) and four peripheral (PLs) laboratories. After smear microscopy, the left-over of samples, of a single early-morning sputum from 648 participants, were tested using Xpert and mycobacterial culture as a reference standard. Sensitivity of each test was compared and the incremental sensitivity of Xpert after a negative smear was assessed. Results A total of 96 presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis participants were culture positive for M. tuberculosis. The overall sensitivity in PL of ZN was 55.1 % (40.2–69.3 %), LED-FM was 37 % (19.4–57.6 %) and Xpert was 77.6 % (66.6–86.4 %) whereas in ILs the same value for ZN was 58.3 % (27.7–84.8 %), LED-FM was 62.5 % (24.5–91.5 %) and Xpert was 90 (68.3–98.8 %). The sensitivity for all tests was significantly higher among HIV-negative individuals (all test p <0.05). The overall incremental sensitivity of Xpert over smear microscopy was 32.3 %; p < 0.0001. The incremental sensitivity of Xpert was statistically significant for both smear methods at PL (32.9 %; p = 0.001) but not at the ILs (30 %; p = 0.125) for both smear methods. Conclusions Our study findings of the early implementation of the LED-FM did not reveal significant increment in sensitivity compared to the method being phased out (ZN). This study showed a significant incremental sensitivity for Xpert from both smear methods at peripheral centers where majority of TB patients are diagnosed. Overall our findings support the recommendation for Xpert as an initial diagnostic test in adults and children presumed to have TB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Willy Ssengooba
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Global Health and Amsterdam Institute of Global Health and Development, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Florence Mutua
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gabriela Torrea
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine Prince Leopold, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Augustin Dushime
- Tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Michel Gasana
- Tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Emmanuel Andre
- Pôle de microbiologie médicale, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Schifra Uwamungu
- Biomedical Laboratory Sciences Department, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Dufton Mwaengo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Claude Mambo Muvunyi
- Clinical Biology Department, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda
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Ombura IP, Onyango N, Odera S, Mutua F, Nyagol J. Prevalence of Drug Resistance Mycobacterium Tuberculosis among Patients Seen in Coast Provincial General Hospital, Mombasa, Kenya. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163994. [PMID: 27711122 PMCID: PMC5053611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although prevention and control of spread of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis strains is a global challenge, there is paucity of data on the prevalence of DR-TB in patients diagnosed with TB in referral hospitals in Kenya. The present study assessed patients’ characteristics and prevalence of drug resistant TB in sputa smear positive TB patients presenting to Coast Provincial General Hospital (CPGH) in Mombasa, Kenya. Methods Drug resistance was evaluated in 258 randomly selected sputa smear TB positive cases between the periods of November 2011 to February 2012 at the CPGH-Mombasa. Basic demographic data was obtained using administered questionnaires, and clinical history extracted from the files. For laboratory analyses, 2mls of sputum was obtained, decontaminated and subjected to mycobacteria DNA analyses. Detection of first line drug resistance genes was done using MDRTDR plus kit. This was followed with random selection of 83 cases for second line drug resistance genes testing using Genotype MDRTBsl probe assay kit (HAINS Lifesciences, GmbH, Germany), in which ethambutol mutation probes were included. The data was then analyzed using SPSS statistical package version 19.0. Results Male to female ratio was 1:2. Age range was 9 to 75 years, with median of 30 years. New treatment cases constituted 253(98%), among which seven turned out to be PTB negative, and further grouped as 4 (1.6%) PTB negative and 3(1.1%) NTM. 237(91.7%) new cases were fully susceptible to INH and RIF. The remaining, 8 (3.1%) and 1(0.4%) had mono- resistance to INH and RIF, respectively. All the retreatment cases were fully susceptible to the first line drugs. HIV positivity was found in 48 (18.6%) cases, of which 46(17.8%) were co-infected with TB. Of these, 44 (17.1%) showed full susceptibility to TB drugs, while 2 (0.8%) were INH resistant. For the second line drugs, one case each showed mono resistance to both and FQ. Also, one case each showed drug cross poly resistance to both ETH and FQ, with second line injectable antibiotics. However, no significant statistical correlation was established between TB and resistance to the second line drugs p = 0.855. Conclusion The findings of this study showed the existence of resistance to both first and second line anti-tubercular drugs, but no MDR-TB and XDR-TB was detected among patients attending TB clinic at CPGH using molecular techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Pam Ombura
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Noel Onyango
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, Unit of Medical Oncology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Susan Odera
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Florence Mutua
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joshua Nyagol
- Department of Human Pathology, Unit of Immunology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
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Jones BA, Grace D, Kock R, Alonso S, Rushton J, Said MY, McKeever D, Mutua F, Young J, McDermott J, Pfeiffer DU. Zoonosis emergence linked to agricultural intensification and environmental change. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:8399-404. [PMID: 23671097 PMCID: PMC3666729 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1208059110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic review was conducted by a multidisciplinary team to analyze qualitatively best available scientific evidence on the effect of agricultural intensification and environmental changes on the risk of zoonoses for which there are epidemiological interactions between wildlife and livestock. The study found several examples in which agricultural intensification and/or environmental change were associated with an increased risk of zoonotic disease emergence, driven by the impact of an expanding human population and changing human behavior on the environment. We conclude that the rate of future zoonotic disease emergence or reemergence will be closely linked to the evolution of the agriculture-environment nexus. However, available research inadequately addresses the complexity and interrelatedness of environmental, biological, economic, and social dimensions of zoonotic pathogen emergence, which significantly limits our ability to predict, prevent, and respond to zoonotic disease emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony A Jones
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
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Wohlgemut J, Dewey C, Levy M, Mutua F. Evaluating the efficacy of teaching methods regarding prevention of human epilepsy caused by Taenia solium neurocysticercosis in Western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 82:634-42. [PMID: 20348512 PMCID: PMC2844555 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium neurocysticercosis is a major cause of adult-onset epilepsy in developing countries. A questionnaire was administered to 282 Kenyan farmers, followed by a workshop, a second questionnaire, one-on-one training, and a third questionnaire. People who attended workshops were more likely to know how T. solium causes epilepsy in humans in the third visit than the second (P = 0.001). The likelihood that farmers would tether their pigs 100% of the time, limiting exposure to tapeworm eggs, increased after the first (P < 0.001) and second visits (P < 0.001). Farmers were more likely to have heard of Cysticercus cellulosae in the second (P = 0.001) and third visits (P = 0.007), and to know how pigs acquire infection in the second (P = 0.03) and third visits (P = 0.003). Farmers with at least a grade 8 education were more likely to know how T. solium is transmitted to humans in the second (P = 0.001) and third visits (P = 0.009), and were more likely to understand the relationship between epilepsy and T. solium in the second (P = 0.03) and third visits (P = 0.03). Grade 8 education may enhance learning from written material. Workshops followed by individual on-farm training enhanced knowledge acquisition and behavior changes. Training local government extension workers contributed to the sustainability of this project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Wohlgemut
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, and Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada; Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cate Dewey
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, and Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada; Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mike Levy
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, and Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada; Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Florence Mutua
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, and Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada; Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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