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Fu Y, Chen YS, Xia DY, Luo XD, Luo HT, Pan J, Ma WQ, Li JZ, Mo QY, Tu Q, Li MM, Zhao Y, Li Y, Huang YT, Chen ZX, Li ZJ, Bernard L, Dione M, Zhang YM, Miao K, Chen JY, Zhu SS, Ren J, Zhou LJ, Jiang XZ, Chen J, Lin ZP, Chen JP, Ye H, Cao QY, Zhu YW, Yang L, Wang X, Wang WC. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ameliorates hyperuricemia in a novel model. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2024; 10:25. [PMID: 38509085 PMCID: PMC10954633 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-024-00486-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a metabolic syndrome caused by abnormal purine metabolism. Although recent studies have noted a relationship between the gut microbiota and gout, whether the microbiota could ameliorate HUA-associated systemic purine metabolism remains unclear. In this study, we constructed a novel model of HUA in geese and investigated the mechanism by which Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) could have beneficial effects on HUA. The administration of antibiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments were used in this HUA goose model. The effects of LGG and its metabolites on HUA were evaluated in vivo and in vitro. Heterogeneous expression and gene knockout of LGG revealed the mechanism of LGG. Multi-omics analysis revealed that the Lactobacillus genus is associated with changes in purine metabolism in HUA. This study showed that LGG and its metabolites could alleviate HUA through the gut-liver-kidney axis. Whole-genome analysis, heterogeneous expression, and gene knockout of LGG enzymes ABC-type multidrug transport system (ABCT), inosine-uridine nucleoside N-ribohydrolase (iunH), and xanthine permease (pbuX) demonstrated the function of nucleoside degradation in LGG. Multi-omics and a correlation analysis in HUA patients and this goose model revealed that a serum proline deficiency, as well as changes in Collinsella and Lactobacillus, may be associated with the occurrence of HUA. Our findings demonstrated the potential of a goose model of diet-induced HUA, and LGG and proline could be promising therapies for HUA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yong-Song Chen
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Dai-Yang Xia
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hao-Tong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Hunan Shihua Biotech Co. Ltd., Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Wei-Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jin-Ze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qian-Yuan Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiang Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Meng-Meng Li
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yi-Teng Huang
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Zhi-Xian Chen
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Zhen-Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Departments of Lymphoma, Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Lukuyu Bernard
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Michel Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - You-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Kai Miao
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Jian-Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Ling-Juan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xian-Zhi Jiang
- Microbiome Research Center, Moon (Guangzhou) Biotech Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, 510535, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Microbiome Research Center, Moon (Guangzhou) Biotech Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, 510535, China
| | - Zhen-Ping Lin
- Shantou Baisha Research Institute of Origin Species of Poultry and Stock, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Jun-Peng Chen
- Shantou Baisha Research Institute of Origin Species of Poultry and Stock, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Hui Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qing-Yun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yong-Wen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Xue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China.
| | - Wen-Ce Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Emes E, Kagambèga A, Dione M. Determinants of animal disease and nontherapeutic antibiotic use on smallholder livestock farms. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1258214. [PMID: 38558948 PMCID: PMC10978738 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1258214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Reducing nontherapeutic antibiotic use (ABU) in livestock animals has been identified as an important way of curbing the growth of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, nontherapeutic ABU may be important for managing animal disease. In order to reduce nontherapeutic ABU, farmers may need to implement other complementary interventions to safeguard animal health and minimize risk. We should therefore investigate if nontherapeutic ABU is associated with better animal health outcomes before advocating to reduce it. We should also investigate non-antibiotic factors which protect animal health and can make nontherapeutic use less necessary, as well as factors which can encourage farmers to improve their antibiotic stewardship. Methods The study investigated these questions using data from the AMUSE survey, which is designed to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to AMR in smallholder livestock farms. The sample included 320 animal herds from 216 smallholder livestock farms in Burkina Faso, with livestock species including poultry, small ruminants, and cattle. The determinants of the occurrence of animal disease and nontherapeutic ABU were investigated using binary logistic regression. Results Results revealed that nontherapeutic ABU was positively associated with animal disease, although the potential reverse causality of this relationship should be investigated further. Going primarily to a public veterinarian for animal health services, and having a higher level of formal education, were negatively associated with the occurrence of disease. Going primarily to a community animal health worker was positively associated with using antibiotics nontherapeutically, whereas going primarily to a public veterinarian was negatively associated with this outcome. Having an animal health professional (of any kind) provide diagnosis and treatment was positively associated with nontherapeutic antibiotic use for goats and sheep. Discussion These findings support the expansion of education access and public veterinary services as a way to encourage better antibiotic stewardship while guarding against any animal health risks associated with doing so. They also highlight that animal health professionals other than public veterinarians may prioritize animal health outcomes over antibiotic stewardship goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Emes
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Assèta Kagambèga
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Epidemiology and Surveillance of Foodborne Bacteria and Viruses, Department of Biochemistry-Microbiology, Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Joseph KI-ZERBO University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Michel Dione
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Dakar, Senegal
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Ba A, Diop GL, Ndiaye M, Dione M, Lo MM. First Report of the Emergence of Peste des Petits Ruminants Lineage IV Virus in Senegal. Viruses 2024; 16:305. [PMID: 38400080 PMCID: PMC10892897 DOI: 10.3390/v16020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease and one of the deadliest affecting wild goats, sheep, and small ruminants; however, goats are generally more sensitive. The causative agent is the Peste des Petits Ruminants virus (PPRV), which is a single-stranded RNA virus of negative polarity belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family. In February 2020, an active outbreak of PPR was reported in a herd of a transhumant farmer in the village of Gainth Pathé (department of Kounguel, Kaffrine region, Senegal). Of the ten swabs collected from the goats, eight returned a positive result through a quantitative real-time PCR. The sample that yielded the strongest signal from the quantitative real-time PCR was further analyzed with a conventional PCR amplification and direct amplicon sequencing. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the sequence of the PPR virus obtained belonged to lineage IV. These results confirm those found in the countries bordering Senegal and reinforce the hypothesis of the importance of animal mobility between these neighboring countries in the control of PPRV. In perspective, following the discovery of this lineage IV in Senegal, a study on its dispersion is underway throughout the national territory. The results that will emerge from this study, associated with detailed data on animal movements and epidemiological data, will provide appropriate and effective information to improve PPR surveillance and control strategies with a view to its eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminata Ba
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Dakar-Hann BP 2057, Senegal; (G.L.D.); (M.N.); (M.M.L.)
| | - Gaye Laye Diop
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Dakar-Hann BP 2057, Senegal; (G.L.D.); (M.N.); (M.M.L.)
| | - Mbengué Ndiaye
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Dakar-Hann BP 2057, Senegal; (G.L.D.); (M.N.); (M.M.L.)
| | - Michel Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Dakar 24265, Senegal;
| | - Modou Moustapha Lo
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Dakar-Hann BP 2057, Senegal; (G.L.D.); (M.N.); (M.M.L.)
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Biguezoton AS, Ilboudo GS, Wieland B, Sawadogo RWY, Dah FF, Sidibe CAK, Zoungrana A, Okoth E, Dione M. Molecular Epidemiology of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus in West Africa: Is Lineage IV Replacing Lineage II in Burkina Faso? Viruses 2024; 16:244. [PMID: 38400020 PMCID: PMC10891519 DOI: 10.3390/v16020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the genetic lineages of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) currently circulating in Burkina Faso. As part of PPR surveillance in 2021 and 2022, suspected outbreaks in different regions were investigated. A risk map was produced to determine high-risk areas for PPR transmission. Based on alerts, samples were obtained from three regions and all sampled localities were confirmed to fall within PPR high risk areas. We collected swab samples from the eyes, mouth, and nose of sick goats. Some tissue samples were also collected from dead animals suspected to be infected by PPRV. In total, samples from 28 goats were analysed. Virus confirmation was performed with RT-PCR amplification targeting the nucleocapsid (N) gene. Partial N gene sequencing (350 bp) was carried out using the RT-PCR products of positives samples to characterise the circulating lineages. Eleven sequences, including ten new sequences, have been obtained. Our study identified the presence of the PPRV lineage IV in the three studied regions in Burkina Faso with a genetic heterogeneity recorded for the sequences analysed. Previously published data and results of this study suggest that PPRV lineage IV seems to be replacing lineage II in Burkina Faso.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel S. Biguezoton
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en Zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Unité de Recherche Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité (UMaVeB), Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 454, Burkina Faso
| | - Guy Sidwatta Ilboudo
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Ouagadougou 01 BP 1496, Burkina Faso
| | - Barbara Wieland
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), 3147 Mittelhausern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rahinata W-Y. Sawadogo
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en Zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Unité de Recherche Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité (UMaVeB), Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 454, Burkina Faso
| | - Fairou F. Dah
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en Zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Unité de Recherche Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité (UMaVeB), Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 454, Burkina Faso
| | - Cheick A. K. Sidibe
- Service Diagnostic et Recherche, Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire (LCV), Bamako BP 2295, Mali
| | - Adrien Zoungrana
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en Zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Unité de Recherche Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité (UMaVeB), Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 454, Burkina Faso
| | - Edward Okoth
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Michel Dione
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Dakar BP 24265, Senegal
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Muloi DM, Kurui P, Sharma G, Ochieng L, Nganga F, Gudda F, Muthini JM, Grace D, Dione M, Moodley A, Muneri C. Antibiotic quality and use practices amongst dairy farmers and drug retailers in central Kenyan highlands. Sci Rep 2023; 13:23101. [PMID: 38155204 PMCID: PMC10754936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding antibiotic use in dairy systems is critical to guide antimicrobial stewardship programs. We investigated antibiotic use practices in small-holder dairy farms, antibiotic quality, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) awareness among veterinary drug retailers in a mixed farming community in the central Kenyan highlands. Data were collected from 248 dairy farms and 72 veterinary drug stores between February 2020 and October 2021. A scale was developed to measure knowledge about AMR and antibiotic use using item response theory, and regression models were used to evaluate factors associated with antibiotic use and AMR knowledge. The active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) content of 27 antibiotic samples was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The presence and levels of 11 antibiotic residues in 108 milk samples collected from the study farms were also investigated using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Almost all farms (98.8%, n = 244) reported using antibiotics at least once in the last year, mostly for therapeutic reasons (35.5%). The most used antibiotics were tetracycline (30.6%), penicillin (16.7%), and sulfonamide (9.4%), either individually or in combination, and predominantly in the injectable form. Larger farm size (OR = 1.02, p < 0.001) and history of vaccination use (OR = 1.17, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with a higher frequency of antibiotic use. Drug retailers who advised on animal treatments had a significantly higher mean knowledge scores than those who only sold drugs. We found that 44.4% (12/27) of the tested antibiotics did not meet the United States Pharmacopeial test specifications (percentage of label claim). We detected nine antibiotics in milk, including oxytetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim. However, only three samples exceeded the maximum residue limits set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. Our findings indicate that antibiotics of poor quality are accessible and used in small-holder dairy systems, which can be found in milk. These results will aid future investigations on how to promote sustainable antibiotic use practices in dairy systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dishon M Muloi
- Animal and Human Health Department, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK.
| | - Peter Kurui
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Garima Sharma
- Animal and Human Health Department, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Linnet Ochieng
- Animal and Human Health Department, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fredrick Nganga
- Animal and Human Health Department, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fredrick Gudda
- Animal and Human Health Department, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Maingi Muthini
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Delia Grace
- Animal and Human Health Department, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, UK
| | - Michel Dione
- Animal and Human Health Department, International Livestock Research Institute, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Arshnee Moodley
- Animal and Human Health Department, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Caroline Muneri
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Theriogenology and Medicine, Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya
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Emes E, Wieland B, Magnusson U, Dione M. How farm practices and antibiotic use drive disease incidence in smallholder livestock farms: Evidence from a survey in Uganda. One Health 2023; 17:100627. [PMID: 38024259 PMCID: PMC10665161 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing threat to human and animal health, and the growth in AMR prevalence globally is thought to be partially driven by non-therapeutic antibiotic use in livestock production. However, livestock farms may depend on antibiotics as a prophylactic disease management tool, and reducing antibiotic use in isolation may harm farmers' economic security. In order to help farmers safely reduce their antibiotic use, we must first determine how necessary non-therapeutic antibiotic use is for disease management, and how other farm practices can guard against disease and make antibiotic use reduction safe and feasible. Methods Using the Antimicrobial Use in Livestock Production Settings (AMUSE) tool, a standardised survey tool for investigating attitudes and practices relating to antibiotic use on farms, we investigated the farming practices and animal disease outcomes of smallholder livestock farms in Uganda. We used logistic regression to investigate the effect of prophylactic antibiotic use; as well as of prophylactic vaccination, non-antimicrobial medicines, and on-farm biosecurity measures; on the likelihood of disease outbreaks. Findings We found that prophylactic antibiotic use did indeed seem to guard against disease outbreaks, underlining the rationality of non-therapeutic antibiotic use in smallholder livestock farms and the need to pair antibiotic use reduction with other interventions in order to mitigate risk. The most effective intervention pairing varied by species, with expanded access to animal health services and the use of prophylactic vaccination demonstrating the greatest potential overall. Implications These findings echo earlier results generated using the AMUSE survey tool. They should be followed by participatory research in which farmers are consulted to explore intervention options, and subsequently by farm-level intervention trials of combined antimicrobial stewardship interventions to verify their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Emes
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Barbara Wieland
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michel Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, Rue 18 Cité Mamelles, BP 24265, Ouakam, Dakar, Senegal
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Ma W, Fu Y, Zhu S, Xia D, Zhai S, Xiao D, Zhu Y, Dione M, Ben L, Yang L, Wang W. Ochratoxin A induces abnormal tryptophan metabolism in the intestine and liver to activate AMPK signaling pathway. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:125. [PMID: 37684661 PMCID: PMC10486098 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin widely present in raw food and feed materials and is mainly produced by Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium verrucosum. Our previous study showed that OTA principally induces liver inflammation by causing intestinal flora disorder, especially Bacteroides plebeius (B. plebeius) overgrowth. However, whether OTA or B. plebeius alteration leads to abnormal tryptophan-related metabolism in the intestine and liver is largely unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the metabolic changes in the intestine and liver induced by OTA and the tryptophan-related metabolic pathway in the liver. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 30 healthy 1-day-old male Cherry Valley ducks were randomly divided into 2 groups. The control group was given 0.1 mol/L NaHCO3 solution, and the OTA group was given 235 μg/kg body weight OTA for 14 consecutive days. Tryptophan metabolites were determined by intestinal chyme metabolomics and liver tryptophan-targeted metabolomics. AMPK-related signaling pathway factors were analyzed by Western blotting and mRNA expression. RESULTS Metabolomic analysis of the intestinal chyme showed that OTA treatment resulted in a decrease in intestinal nicotinuric acid levels, the downstream product of tryptophan metabolism, which were significantly negatively correlated with B. plebeius abundance. In contrast, OTA induced a significant increase in indole-3-acetamide levels, which were positively correlated with B. plebeius abundance. Simultaneously, OTA decreased the levels of ATP, NAD+ and dipeptidase in the liver. Liver tryptophan metabolomics analysis showed that OTA inhibited the kynurenine metabolic pathway and reduced the levels of kynurenine, anthranilic acid and nicotinic acid. Moreover, OTA increased the phosphorylation of AMPK protein and decreased the phosphorylation of mTOR protein. CONCLUSION OTA decreased the level of nicotinuric acid in the intestinal tract, which was negatively correlated with B. plebeius abundance. The abnormal metabolism of tryptophan led to a deficiency of NAD+ and ATP in the liver, which in turn activated the AMPK signaling pathway. Our results provide new insights into the toxic mechanism of OTA, and tryptophan metabolism might be a target for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yang Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Daiyang Xia
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519082 China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhai
- College of Animal Science, YangtzeUniversity, Jingzhou, 434025 China
| | - Deqin Xiao
- College of Mathematics and Informatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yongwen Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | | | - Lukuyu Ben
- Int Livestock Res Inst, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya
| | - Lin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Wence Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
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Sentamu DN, Kungu J, Dione M, Thomas LF. Prevention of human exposure to livestock faecal waste in the household: a scoping study of interventions conducted in sub-Saharan Africa. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1613. [PMID: 37612675 PMCID: PMC10463677 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16567-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poorly managed animal faecal waste can result in detrimental environmental and public health implications. Limiting human exposure to animal waste through Animal inclusive Water Sanitation and Hygiene (A-WASH) strategies is imperative to improve public health in livestock keeping households but has received little attention to date. A small number of A-WASH interventions have previously been identified through a systematic review by another research team, and published in 2017. To inform intervention design with the most up-to-date information, a scoping study was conducted to map the existing evidence for A-WASH in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) emerging since the previous review. METHODS This review followed PRISMA guidelines to identify interventions in SSA published between January 2016 to October 2022. Databases searched included PubMed, PMC Europe, CabDirect and Web of Science. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were written in English and documented interventions limiting human contact with animal faecal material in the SSA context. Key data extracted included: the intervention itself, its target population, cost, measure of effectiveness, quantification of effect, assessment of success, acceptability and limitations. These data were synthesized into a narrative, structured around the intervention type. FINDINGS Eight eligible articles were identified. Interventions to reduce human exposure to animal faecal matter were conducted in combination with 'standard' human-centric WASH practices. Identified interventions included the management of human-animal co-habitation, educational programs and the creation of child-safe spaces. No novel A-WASH interventions were identified in this review, beyond those identified by the review in 2017. Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) were used to evaluate six of the eight identified interventions, but as effect was evaluated through various measures, the ability to formally compare efficacy of interventions is lacking. CONCLUSION This study indicates that the number of A-WASH studies in SSA is increasing and the use of RCTs suggests a strong desire to create high-quality evidence within this field. There is a need for standardisation of effect measures to enable meta-analyses to be conducted to better understand intervention effectiveness. Evaluation of scalability and sustainability of interventions is still lacking in A - WASH research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick N Sentamu
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, P.O Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Joseph Kungu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michel Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, c/o AfricaRice, Rue 18 CitéMamelles, BP 24265, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Lian F Thomas
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, P.O Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Liverpool, CH64 7TE, UK.
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Aboah J, Ngom B, Emes E, Fall AG, Seydi M, Faye A, Dione M. Mapping the effect of antimicrobial resistance in poultry production in Senegal: an integrated system dynamics and network analysis approach. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1189109. [PMID: 37519996 PMCID: PMC10374361 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1189109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) extends beyond the farm-level to other stakeholders warranting the need for a collaborative approach to combat AMR while optimising production objectives and safeguarding human health. This study maps out the effect of AMR originating from poultry production in Senegal and highlights the entry points for interventions from stakeholders' perspectives. A causal loop diagram (CLD) was developed following a group model building procedure with 20 stakeholders and integrated with network analysis by translating the CLD into an unweighted directed network. Results indicate that with an eigenvector centrality of 1, 0.85, and 0.74, the production cost, on-farm profit, and on-farm productivity, respectively are the most ranked influential variables driving the complexity of AMR in the poultry production system. Two reinforcing feedback loops highlight the dual benefits of improving on-farm productivity and increasing on-farm profit. However, one balancing feedback loop that revolves around the causal link between producers' investment in qualified human resource personnel to ensure good farm management practices underline the financial implication of producers' investment decisions. The findings provide precursory groundings for the development of a quantitative SD model, the formulation of intervention scenarios and ex-ante impact assessment of the cost-effectiveness of the interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Aboah
- International Livestock Research Institute (Senegal), Saint-Louis, Senegal
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Babacar Ngom
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock and Animal Productions, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Eves Emes
- Vaccine Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Awa Gueye Fall
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock and Animal Productions, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Moutar Seydi
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock and Animal Productions, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ardiouma Faye
- Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Département de Sociologie, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Michel Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute (Senegal), Saint-Louis, Senegal
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Aboah J, Apolloni A, Duboz R, Wieland B, Kotchofa P, Okoth E, Dione M. Ex-ante impact of pest des petits ruminant control on micro and macro socioeconomic indicators in Senegal: A system dynamics modelling approach. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287386. [PMID: 37405996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is considered as the main tool for the Global Control and Eradication Strategy for peste des petits ruminants (PPR), and the efficacity of the PPR-vaccine in conferring long-life immunity has been established. Despite this, previous studies asserted that vaccination can be expensive and consequently, the effectiveness of disease control may not necessarily translate to overall profit for farmers. Also, the consequences of PPR control on socioeconomic indicators like food and nutrition security at a macro-national level have not been explored thoroughly. Therefore, this study seeks to assess ex-ante the impact of PPR control strategies on farm-level profitability and the socioeconomic consequences concerning food and nutrition security at a national level in Senegal. A bi-level system dynamics model, compartmentalised into five modules consisting of integrated production-epidemiological, economics, disease control, marketing, and policy modules, was developed with the STELLA Architect software, validated, and simulated for 30 years at a weekly timestep. The model was parameterised with data from household surveys from pastoral areas in Northern Senegal and relevant existing data. Nine vaccination scenarios were examined considering different vaccination parameters (vaccination coverage, vaccine wastage, and the provision of government subsidies). The findings indicate that compared to a no-vaccination scenario, all the vaccination scenarios for both 26.5% (actual vaccination coverage) and 70% (expected vaccination coverage) resulted in statistically significant differences in the gross margin earnings and the potential per capita consumption for the supply of mutton and goat meat. At the prevailing vaccination coverage (with or without the provision of government subsidies), farm households will earn an average gross margin of $69.43 (annually) more than without vaccination, and the average per capita consumption for mutton and goat meat will increase by 1.13kg/person/year. When the vaccination coverage is increased to the prescribed threshold for PPR eradication (i.e., 70%), with or without the provision of government subsidies, the average gross margin earnings would be $72.23 annually and the per capita consumption will increase by 1.23kg/person/year compared to the baseline (without vaccination). This study's findings offer an empirical justification for a sustainable approach to PPR eradication. The information on the socioeconomic benefits of vaccination can be promoted via sensitization campaigns to stimulate farmers' uptake of the practice. This study can inform investment in PPR control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Aboah
- International Livestock Research Institute, West Africa Regional Office, Dakar, Senegal
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture & Food Business Unit, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - Barbara Wieland
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pacem Kotchofa
- International Water Management Institute, C/o ILRI 2R87+GPC, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Edward Okoth
- International Livestock Research Institute, West Africa Regional Office, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Michel Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, West Africa Regional Office, Dakar, Senegal
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Ouma EA, Kankya C, Dione M, Kelly T, Enahoro D, Chiwanga G, Abukari Y, Msoffe P, Kayang BB, Zhou H. Poultry health constraints in smallholder village poultry systems in Northern Ghana and Central Tanzania. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1159331. [PMID: 37465273 PMCID: PMC10352078 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1159331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Smallholder poultry production is a major contributor to food security and rural livelihoods in low-and middle-income countries. However, infectious diseases limit improvements to smallholder poultry production and performance of the sector in general. Infectious diseases of poultry, especially viral diseases, have major impacts on the health and productivity of flocks and account for significant morbidities and mortalities of birds each year. Methods This study utilized participatory epidemiology approaches to better understand the poultry health constraints and challenges faced by smallholder poultry producers in village poultry systems in Northern Ghana and Central Tanzania. Results The results show dominance of small-scale semi-intensive and extensive scavenging poultry production systems in the study areas. Newcastle disease ranked as the highest cause of morbidity and mortality in chickens in the two countries. The disease occurred mainly during the months coinciding with the dry season in both countries. Other health challenges among poultry flocks included worm infestation, fowl pox, coryza, and coccidiosis. Producers, especially in rural locations, had poor access to veterinary services and critical inputs necessary for poultry production. In the Northern region of Ghana, producers lacked definitive diagnoses for sick poultry due to a shortage of veterinary personnel and diagnostic laboratories. Discussion These challenges point to the need for increased investment in poultry disease control and prevention programs, particularly in rural areas. Interventions focused on expansion of veterinary and agricultural extension services and diagnostic laboratory capacity in rural areas and increased gender-sensitive training to enhance smallholder knowledge in poultry husbandry and disease prevention measures will support the development of the smallholder village poultry systems. Tapping into the diverse genetic reservoir of local chicken ecotypes with enhanced resistance to Newcastle disease through genomic selection, coupled with models for enhancing ND vaccination supply and use in the rural areas are potential future avenues for addressing ND constraints to production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Awuor Ouma
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Clovice Kankya
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michel Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Terra Kelly
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dolapo Enahoro
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Gaspar Chiwanga
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, South Zone, Mtwara, Tanzania
| | - Yakubu Abukari
- Regional Department of Agriculture, Northern Regional Coordinating Council, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Peter Msoffe
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Boniface Baboreka Kayang
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Oba P, Dione M, Mwiine FN, Wieland B, Erume J, Ouma E. Economic losses associated with respiratory and helminth infections in domestic pigs in Lira district, Northern Uganda. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1198461. [PMID: 37396993 PMCID: PMC10312371 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1198461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study sought to quantify direct economic losses due to respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI) helminth infections in domestic pigs in Uganda. In a longitudinal study design with repeated measures, farm visits were made at 2 month intervals from October 2018 to September 2019. Weaner and grower pigs (n = 288) aged 2-6 months from 94 farms were sampled. The pigs were monitored for growth and screened for exposure to four important respiratory pathogens: porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) using ELISA tests. Farm management practices were recorded and used to generate management level scores. Treatment expenses incurred were recorded throughout the study. A mixed effects model was fitted to quantify effects of respiratory and helminth infections on average daily weight gains (ADGs), with farm and pig as random effects. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine differences in mean treatment costs by farm management standard. Financial losses were estimated from average carcass dressing percentage, ADG reductions during fattening (200 days). Results showed a grower pig in a given farm exposed to PRRSv and Ascaris spp. had significantly lower ADG by 17.10 gr/day and 16.80 grams/day respectively, compared to a similar unexposed pig (p < 0.05). Mean treatment costs per pig declined significantly with increase in management standard scores (MSS), from USD 1.13 per pig in MSS 1 (poor management) farms to USD 0.95 for MSS 3 (better management) farms (p < 0.05). We show that monetary losses due to PRRSv and Ascaris spp. infection amounted to USD 6.6 ± 2.7 and 6.50 ± 3.2 (Mean ± SEM) per pig, respectively during 200 days of fattening. This study strengthens evidence that improving management practices to reduce infections mitigates economic losses. To guide interventions, further studies are required to unravel the full extent of indirect economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Oba
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Kampala, Uganda
- National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), Abi Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute (Abi ZARDI), Arua, Uganda
| | - Michel Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Frank N. Mwiine
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Barbara Wieland
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joseph Erume
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Emily Ouma
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Kampala, Uganda
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Emes E, Faye A, Naylor N, Belay D, Ngom B, Fall AG, Knight G, Dione M. Drivers of Antibiotic Use in Semi-Intensive Poultry Farms: Evidence from a Survey in Senegal. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:460. [PMID: 36978328 PMCID: PMC10044536 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the capacity of microbial pathogens to survive in the presence of antimicrobials, is considered one of the greatest threats to human health worldwide and is growing rapidly in importance. AMR is thought to be driven in part by the use of antimicrobials (AMU) in livestock production. AMU reduction in agriculture is therefore important, but doing so may endanger farmers' livelihoods and hamper broader food security. Understanding the drivers for farmers' antibiotics use is essential for designing interventions which avoid harming agricultural output and to safeguard farmers' economic security. In this study, we analyse AMUSE survey data from poultry farmers in Senegal to explore the effects of vaccination, attitudes towards AMR, and biosecurity practices on: AMU, animal mortality, and farm productivity. We found that farmers with more "AMR-aware" attitudes may be less likely to use antibiotics in healthy birds. Stronger on-farm biosecurity was associated with less use of antibiotics in healthy birds, and in some specifications was linked to higher broiler productivity. Vaccination and AMU were both higher in farms with a higher disease prevalence, and both factors appeared conducive to higher broiler productivity. Overall, there is evidence that awareness raising and biosecurity improvements could encourage prudent use of antibiotics, and that biosecurity and vaccination could to some extent replace antibiotic use as productivity-enhancing and disease management tools in broiler farms. Finally, issues of farm antimicrobial stewardship must be considered at the structural level, with farm behaviours contingent on interaction with state and private stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Emes
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Adiouma Faye
- International Livestock Research Institute, Rue 18 Cité Mamelles, Dakar BP 24265, Senegal
| | - Nichola Naylor
- UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Av., London NW9 5EQ, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, Centre for Antibiotic Resistance, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Dagim Belay
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Nørregade 10, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Babacar Ngom
- Veterinary Services Directorate, Ministry of Livestock and Animal Products of the Republic of Senegal, 37 Avenue Pasteur, Dakar BP 67, Senegal
| | - Awa Gueye Fall
- Veterinary Services Directorate, Ministry of Livestock and Animal Products of the Republic of Senegal, 37 Avenue Pasteur, Dakar BP 67, Senegal
| | - Gwen Knight
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, Centre for Antibiotic Resistance, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Michel Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, Rue 18 Cité Mamelles, Dakar BP 24265, Senegal
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Gazu L, Alonso S, Mutua F, Roesel K, Lindahl JF, Amenu K, Maximiano Sousa F, Ulrich P, Guadu T, Dione M, Ilboudo G, Knight-Jones T, Grace D. Foodborne disease hazards and burden in Ethiopia: A systematic literature review, 1990–2019. Front Sustain Food Syst 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1058977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundFoodborne disease (FBD) affects millions of people each year, posing a health burden similar to malaria, tuberculosis or HIV. A recent World Bank study estimated the productivity losses alone attributed to unsafe food within Africa at $20 billion in 2016, and the cost of treating these illnesses at an additional $3.5 billion. Ethiopia faces multiple food safety challenges due to lack of infrastructure and basic pre-requisites for food safety such as clean water and environment, washing facilities, compounded by limited implementation of food safety regulations, and a lack of incentives for producers to improve food safety. A consolidation of our understanding and evidence of the source, nature and scale of FBD in Ethiopia is needed to inform policy and future research. We performed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of publications on FBD occurrence in Ethiopia including hazard presence and impact.MethodThe SLR followed Cochrane and PRISMA guidelines. We searched PubMed and CAB-Direct for relevant publications between 1990 and 2019 (inclusive). Observational studies and reviews were included. Two reviewers screened titles and abstracts, and retained publications were reviewed in full for quality and data extraction.ResultIn total 128 articles met the inclusion criteria. Most articles focused on the identification of biological hazards in food. High levels of microbial contamination in different food value chains were often found in the small, ad hoc, observational studies that dominated the literature. Raw milk (22/128, 17.0%) and raw beef (21/128, 16.4%) were the most studied food products. Foodborne (FB) parasites were often found at higher rates in food than bacterial and viral pathogens, possibly due to differences in ease of identification. High levels of bacterial contamination on the hands of food handlers were widely reported. There were no reports on the incidence of human FBDs or resulting health and economic impacts.ConclusionOur findings reflect existing concerns around food safety in Ethiopia. A lack of substantial, coordinated studies with robust methodologies means fundamental gaps remain in our knowledge of FBD in Ethiopia, particularly regarding FBD burden and impact. Greater investment in food safety is needed, with enhanced and coordinated research and interventions.
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Assefa A, Dione M, Ilboudo G, Lallogo V, Gemeda BA, Grace D, Knight-Jones TJD. Quantitative analysis of knowledge, attitude and practice of workers in chicken slaughter slabs toward food safety and hygiene in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Front Sustain Food Syst 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.1091209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionIn low- and middle-income countries, chicken serves as a cheap source of protein and an income source for many households. It is particularly important in the capital, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, where chicken is regularly consumed. However, hygiene standards are very low, posing a significant public health risk.MethodsTo better understand the food safety situation, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of the hygienic practices of 155 randomly selected chicken slaughter outlets and carcass shops with a semi-structured questionnaire.Results and discussionOf the outlets visited, 59% are not licensed, and 63% are not regularly inspected, operating in the dominant, largely unregulated informal sector. More than 80% of the chickens are sourced from village production systems, but around 6% of the birds die during transport. The monetary loss due to chicken death during transportation is around four million USD annually. Market hygiene is poor; 86% of the holding pens have no hard floor and are not washed regularly. Almost all (92%) chickens are slaughtered on bare earth floors; bleeding, plucking, and evisceration are done on a wooden table that is rarely washed. On average, the same scalding water is used for 33 birds, seven scalded at a time. Most respondents (49%) thought that plucking and evisceration were the major cause of contamination of carcasses with foodborne pathogens. Most operators only washed their hands and knives with tap water at the beginning of the slaughtering process. Some shops use refrigerators and freezers to store carcasses before selling. However, they store carcasses with other foods like fish, beef and vegetables, facilitating further cross-contamination. There were rats (26%), cats (39%) and dogs (30%) present at outlets, roaming for food, especially roadside outlets. Training schemes on hygienic food handling practices were favoured by outlets as an approach to improve matters; however, improvements in food safety will be limited without significant upgrades in infrastructure and facilities. Slaughter slabs need a standard house with stable energy, adequate airflow, clean water, toilets, detergents and freezers. Also, they need equipment like knives, tables and dishes made of high-quality, easy-to-clean materials.
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Sawadogo A, Kagambèga A, Moodley A, Ouedraogo AA, Barro N, Dione M. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Related to Antibiotic Use and Antibiotic Resistance among Poultry Farmers in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010133. [PMID: 36671334 PMCID: PMC9854744 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased use of antibiotics in livestock is a public health concern, as it poses risks of antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant pathogens entering the food chains and infecting humans. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 216 poultry farms to study knowledge, attitudes and practices of poultry farmers on the use of antibiotics in urban and peri-urban areas of Ouagadougou. Results show that only 17.13% (37/216) of farmers attended training on poultry production. Majority of farmers-85.65% (185/216) were not knowledgeable about the rational use of antibiotics. When there was a disease outbreak, 31.98% (63/197) of farmers used veterinary drugs without a prescription and 22.34% (44/197) consulted a community animal health worker. It should also be noted that 79.19% (156/197) of farmers reported using chicken meat as per normal if the bird died during or right after treatment with an antibiotic. Knowledge of rational use of antibiotics was positively influenced by a good attitude adopted by the farmer during the illness of birds and negatively influenced by disease treatment success and high level of education of the farmer. Lack of knowledge about the rational use of antibiotics including their use without a prescription are serious risk factors for the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Awareness of farmers and other veterinary drug supply chain actors such as drug stockists and animal health workers on best practices in antimicrobial use and promotion of good biosecurity on farms are important to reduce the misuse of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Sawadogo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Epidemiology and Surveillance of Foodborne Bacteria and Viruses, Department of Biochemistry-Microbiology, Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Joseph KI-ZERBO University, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
- Correspondence: authors: (A.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Assèta Kagambèga
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Epidemiology and Surveillance of Foodborne Bacteria and Viruses, Department of Biochemistry-Microbiology, Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Joseph KI-ZERBO University, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
| | - Arshnee Moodley
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1817 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Abdoul Aziz Ouedraogo
- National Institute of Statistics and Demography, Ouagadougou 01 BP 374, Burkina Faso
| | - Nicolas Barro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Epidemiology and Surveillance of Foodborne Bacteria and Viruses, Department of Biochemistry-Microbiology, Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Joseph KI-ZERBO University, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
| | - Michel Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, Dakar BP 24265, Senegal
- Correspondence: authors: (A.S.); (M.D.)
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Fasina FO, Bett B, Dione M, Mutua F, Roesel K, Thomas L, Kwoba E, Ayebazibwe C, Mtika N, Gebeyehu DT, Mtui-Malamsha N, Sambo M, Swai ES, Bebay C. One Health gains momentum in Africa but room exists for improvement. One Health 2022; 15:100428. [PMID: 36277101 PMCID: PMC9582571 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Ilboudo GS, Kane PA, Kotchofa P, Okoth E, Maiga A, Dione M. Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Vaccination Cost Estimates in Burkina Faso. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162152. [PMID: 36009742 PMCID: PMC9405497 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Every year the government organizes country-wide vaccination campaigns targeting peste des petits ruminants (PPR) for small ruminants (sheep and goats). Despite the heavy investment in vaccination, no study has either rigorously estimated or described the cost of vaccine delivery. This study aimed to fill this gap by assessing and describing the cost of delivery of vaccines against PPR using the 2020 vaccination campaign data. The microcosting approach based on the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines to construct comprehensive multiyear plans (cMYP) for human immunization programs was used. The cost data is presented for the public and private vaccine delivery channels separately and analyzed using three approaches considering activity lines, inputs, and nature of cost (fixed versus variable). Results show that the unit cost of vaccinating a sheep or goat is estimated at XOF 169 (USD 0.3) and XOF 103 (USD 0.18) through the public and private channels, respectively. Using the activity line framework, we found that the field activities including charges for vaccinator, cost of vaccination materials, and field transportation account for more than 50% of the vaccination cost. In terms of inputs, the personnel cost is the most significant contributor with 65%. Fixed costs are higher in the public sector with up to 46% compared to the private sector which is estimated to take 26% of the cost. This study informs veterinary services’ investment decision options for a better allocation of resources in implementing PPR and other small ruminant disease control efforts in Burkina Faso and the Sahel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Sidwatta Ilboudo
- International Livestock Research Institute, Ouagadougou 01 BP 1496, Burkina Faso
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +226-25-33-33-10
| | - Papa Abdoulaye Kane
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Bureau d’Analyse Macroéconomique, Dakar BP 3120, Senegal
| | - Pacem Kotchofa
- International Livestock Research Institute, Ouakam, Dakar BP 24265, Senegal
| | - Edward Okoth
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi P.O. Box 30709-00100, Kenya
| | - Adama Maiga
- Direction Générale des Services Vétérinaires, Ouagadougou 09 BP 907, Burkina Faso
| | - Michel Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, Ouakam, Dakar BP 24265, Senegal
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Penrith ML, Depner K, Jori F, Dione M, Alders R, Chenais E. Editorial: African Swine Fever in Smallholder and Traditional Pig Farming Systems: Research, Challenges and Solutions. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:878928. [PMID: 35558893 PMCID: PMC9087346 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.878928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Louise Penrith
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Mary-Louise Penrith
| | - Klaus Depner
- Institut für Internationale Tiergesundheit/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ferran Jori
- UMR ASTRE (Animals, Health, Territories, Risk and Ecosystems), CIRAD-INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Dione
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Robyn Alders
- Development Policy Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Kyeema Foundation, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Erika Chenais
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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Doyle RE, Campbell AJD, Dione M, Woodruff M, Munoz C, Alemayehu G, Berhe T, Knight-Jones T. The role of animal welfare in improving the future of farming. Anim Prod Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/an21562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Ebruke BE, Deloria Knoll M, Haddix M, Zaman SMA, Prosperi C, Feikin DR, Hammitt LL, Levine OS, O’Brien KL, Murdoch DR, Brooks WA, Scott JAG, Kotloff KL, Madhi SA, Thea DM, Baillie VL, Chisti MJ, Dione M, Driscoll AJ, Fancourt N, Karron RA, Le TT, Mohamed S, Moore DP, Morpeth SC, Mwaba J, Mwansa J, Bin Shahid ASMS, Sow SO, Tapia MD, Antonio M, Howie SRC. The Etiology of Pneumonia From Analysis of Lung Aspirate and Pleural Fluid Samples: Findings From the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) Study. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e3788-e3796. [PMID: 32710751 PMCID: PMC8662778 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An improved understanding of childhood pneumonia etiology is required to inform prevention and treatment strategies. Lung aspiration is the gold standard specimen for pneumonia diagnostics. We report findings from analyses of lung and pleural aspirates collected in the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) study. METHODS The PERCH study enrolled children aged 1-59 months hospitalized with World Health Organization-defined severe or very severe pneumonia in 7 countries in Africa and Asia. Percutaneous transthoracic lung aspiration (LA) and pleural fluid (PF) aspiration was performed on a sample of pneumonia cases with radiological consolidation and/or PF in 4 countries. Venous blood and nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs were collected from all cases. Multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and routine microbiologic culture were applied to clinical specimens. RESULTS Of 44 LAs performed within 3 days of admission on 622 eligible cases, 13 (30%) had a pathogen identified by either culture (5/44) or by PCR (11/29). A pathogen was identified in 12/14 (86%) PF specimens tested by either culture (9/14) or PCR (9/11). Bacterial pathogens were identified more frequently than viruses. All but 1 of the cases with a virus identified were coinfected with bacterial pathogens. Streptococcus pneumoniae (9/44 [20%]) and Staphylococcus aureus (7/14 [50%]) were the predominant pathogens identified in LA and PF, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Bacterial pathogens predominated in this selected subgroup of PERCH participants drawn from those with radiological consolidation or PF, with S. pneumoniae and S. aureus the leading pathogens identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard E Ebruke
- Medical Research Council Unit, Basse, The Gambia
- International Foundation Against Infectious Disease in Nigeria (IFAIN), Herbert Macaulay Way Central Business District, Abuja, Nigeria
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Maria Deloria Knoll
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Meredith Haddix
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Syed M A Zaman
- Medical Research Council Unit, Basse, The Gambia
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Prosperi
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel R Feikin
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura L Hammitt
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Orin S Levine
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine L O’Brien
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David R Murdoch
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Microbiology Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - W Abdullah Brooks
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - J Anthony G Scott
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen L Kotloff
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Donald M Thea
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vicky L Baillie
- Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mohammod Jobayer Chisti
- Dhaka Hospital, Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Michel Dione
- Medical Research Council Unit, Basse, The Gambia
- International Livestock Research Institute, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Amanda J Driscoll
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas Fancourt
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia
| | - Ruth A Karron
- Department of International Health, Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tham T Le
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shebe Mohamed
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - David P Moore
- Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Susan C Morpeth
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Microbiology Laboratory, Middlemore Hospital, Counties Manukau District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John Mwaba
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
- Zambia Center for Applied Health Research and Development, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - James Mwansa
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Microbiology, Lusaka Apex Medical University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Samba O Sow
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins, Bamako, Mali
| | - Milagritos D Tapia
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Martin Antonio
- Medical Research Council Unit, Basse, The Gambia
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R C Howie
- Medical Research Council Unit, Basse, The Gambia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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22
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Bisimwa PN, Dione M, Basengere B, Mushagalusa CA, Steinaa L, Ongus J. Risk factors of African swine fever virus in suspected infected pigs in smallholder farming systems in South-Kivu province, Democratic Republic of Congo. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e35. [PMID: 34056876 PMCID: PMC8170224 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious viral disease of domestic pigs that presents as a hemorrhagic fever, and for which no effective vaccine is available. The disease has a serious negative social and economic impact on pig keepers. There is limited information on the potential risk factors responsible for the spread of ASF in South Kivu. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the potential risk factors associated with ASF infection in suspected ASF virus (ASFV)-infected pigs. METHODS We sampled whole blood from 391 pigs. Additionally, 300 pig farmers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Viral DNA was detected by using the real-time polymerase chain reaction technique. RESULTS The majority of pigs sampled, 78% (95% confidence interval [CI], 74.4-82.6), were of local breeds. Over half, 60.4% (95% CI, 55.5-65.2), were female, and most of them, 90.5% (95% CI, 87.6-93.4), were adult pigs (> 1 year old). Viral DNA was detected in 72 of the 391 sampled pigs, indicating an overall infection rate of 18.4% (95% CI, 14.5-22.4). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed several risk factors positively associated with ASFV infection: feeding with swill in pen (odds ratio [OR], 3.8; 95% CI, 2.12-6.77); mixed ages of pigs in the same pen (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.99-5.57); introduction of new animals to the farm (OR, 5.4; 95% CI, 1.91-15.28). The risk factors that were negatively (protective) correlated with ASFV positivity were the presence of male animals and the use of an in-pen breeding system. CONCLUSION Local pig farmers should be encouraged to adopt proper husbandry and feeding practices in order to increase the number of ASF-free farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick N Bisimwa
- Department of Animal Sciences and Production, Université Evangélique en Afrique, Bukavu 3323, Democratic Republic of Congo.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan African University Institute of Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Nairobi 62000-00200, Kenya.
| | - Michel Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, Dakar 24265, Senegal.,Department of Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 30709, Kenya
| | - Bisimwa Basengere
- Department of Animal Sciences and Production, Université Evangélique en Afrique, Bukavu 3323, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Ciza Arsène Mushagalusa
- Department of Animal Sciences and Production, Université Evangélique en Afrique, Bukavu 3323, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Lucilla Steinaa
- International Livestock Research Institute, Dakar 24265, Senegal.,Department of Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 30709, Kenya
| | - Juliette Ongus
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan African University Institute of Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Nairobi 62000-00200, Kenya.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi 62000-00200, Kenya
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Mutua F, Dione M. The Context of Application of Biosecurity for Control of African Swine Fever in Smallholder Pig Systems: Current Gaps and Recommendations. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:689811. [PMID: 34409087 PMCID: PMC8364973 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.689811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal disease of pigs. It is a threat to the pig industry as it lowers production and significantly impacts on livelihoods. ASF has no cure and a vaccine against it is yet to be developed. Outbreaks continue to be reported in Africa and Asia, where the setting of the pig value chain (farm, market, and slaughter practices) coupled with the risky behaviors of actors, contribute to persistence of the virus in pig populations. The role of these factors in the epidemiology of the disease is reviewed with a focus on smallholder pig systems in Africa. Biosecurity at the farm level is particularly emphasized, and factors influencing its adoption highlighted. Socio-cultural factors and weaknesses at the disease control policy level are critical and should not be ignored. Gender and equity are important aspects and ought to be considered in discussions to improve the sector. The findings are expected to define priorities for interventions to improve pig productivity (as these regions wait for the vaccine to be developed).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Mutua
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Michel Dione
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Dakar, Senegal
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24
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Dione M, Kangethe E, Poole EJ, Ndiwa N, Ouma E, Dror I. Digital Extension Interactive Voice Response (IVR) mLearning: Lessons Learnt From Uganda Pig Value Chain. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:611263. [PMID: 34262959 PMCID: PMC8273433 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.611263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the effectiveness of Interactive Voice Response (IVR) technology in delivering biosecurity messages for the control of African swine fever (ASF) in Uganda using a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with 408 smallholder pig farmers. Our results show that IVR technology significantly improved knowledge of farmers who had not been exposed to training on biosecurity. Furthermore, it enhanced knowledge for farmers who had received face-to-face (f2f) training in biosecurity. This group of farmers recorded the highest knowledge gain following IVR training compared to farmers who did not receive f2f training. IVR technology was perceived by farmers as a new technology capable of transforming their lives because it is time efficient, has high potential for resource saving and flexibility. IVR also seems to be gender sensitive as it addresses some of the constraints women face in accessing conventional extension services such as time. IVR is an innovative way for delivery of advisory information to pig farmers. The scalability of IVR technology could further be explored and its feasibility assessed for wider use by the extension systems in Uganda and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Edwin Kangethe
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Nicholas Ndiwa
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Emily Ouma
- International Livestock Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Iddo Dror
- International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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25
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Enahoro D, Galiè A, Abukari Y, Chiwanga GH, Kelly TR, Kahamba J, Massawe FA, Mapunda F, Jumba H, Weber C, Dione M, Kayang B, Ouma E. Strategies to Upgrade Animal Health Delivery in Village Poultry Systems: Perspectives of Stakeholders From Northern Ghana and Central Zones in Tanzania. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:611357. [PMID: 34164447 PMCID: PMC8215278 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.611357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Village chicken production holds much potential for the alleviation of malnutrition and poverty in rural communities in Africa. Owing to their subsistence nature, however, such systems are rife with infectious poultry diseases such as Newcastle disease (ND). Strategies common for the management of ND and other poultry diseases in intensive production systems, including vaccination and biosecurity measures, have seen limited success in the village production systems. New approaches are needed that can successfully deliver animal health inputs and services for the effective management of poultry health challenges in low-input systems. Our study utilized focus group discussions with men and women farmers as well as other poultry value chain actors such as input suppliers, live bird traders and processed poultry meat retailers, to investigate potential options for delivery of animal health care to village poultry systems in northern Ghana and central Tanzania. ND was commonly reported as a major disease constraint in the study sites of the two countries, with resulting fatalities particularly impactful on men and women producers and on traders. We therefore also conducted interviews that focused specifically on the gender component of village chicken production. The key health related challenges prioritized by women and men participants included limited access to, and poor quality of, vaccines and veterinary drugs, a shortage of veterinary officers, and insufficient knowledge and training of farmers on flock management practices. Women, more than men, emphasized the difficulties of accessing poultry health services. Our assessments suggest that for poultry health care delivery in the studied communities to be effective, there is need to improve the supply of good quality drugs and vaccines in rural areas, respond to the needs of both men and women, and recognize the different incentives for farmers, traders and other value chain actors. Community-based approaches and increased use of ICT technology such as mobile phones have much to offer in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolapo Enahoro
- International Livestock Research Institute, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Yakubu Abukari
- Regional Department of Agriculture, Northern Regional Coordinating Council, Tamale, Ghana
| | | | - Terra R Kelly
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Judith Kahamba
- Department of Development Studies, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Fatihiya A Massawe
- Department of Planning, Policy and Management, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Fausta Mapunda
- Department of Planning, Policy and Management, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Humphrey Jumba
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Michel Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Boniface Kayang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Emily Ouma
- International Livestock Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
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26
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Ouma E, Dione M, Mtimet N, Lule P, Colston A, Adediran S, Grace D. Demand for Taenia solium Cysticercosis Vaccine: Lessons and Insights From the Pig Production and Trading Nodes of the Uganda Pig Value Chain. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:611166. [PMID: 33987216 PMCID: PMC8110731 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.611166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium cysticercosis disease remains a key challenge to the pig sector in low- and middle-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and South East Asia, resulting in both economic losses and public health impacts. The World Health Organization has ranked it first on the global scale of foodborne parasites. A One Health approach has been recommended for reduction of infection pressure and eradication in the longer term. A new vaccine TSOL18 (Cysvax™), applied in combination with oxfendazole (Paranthic 10%™), a dewormer drug has been developed and field tested for the control of T. solium cysticercosis, with high potential to break the disease cycle. It is however unclear whether the products can be marketed through a market driven approach, and if smallholder pig farmers would be willing to take up and pay for the vaccine–oxfendazole combination. A choice experiment methodology was used to assess the potential demand and willingness to pay for the vaccine—oxfendazole combination by Ugandan smallholder pig farmers, and demand for vaccinated pigs by pig traders. The results showed that farmers highly valued quality assurance attributes and were not keen on the vaccine if there were no associated returns in the form of premium price for vaccinated pigs during sales. They were willing to pay US$ 2.31 for the vaccine if it resulted in a premium price for vaccinated pigs. Furthermore, they preferred an accompanying vaccine viability detector as part of its quality assurance. The pig traders on the other hand preferred high carcass weight of pigs, potentially achieved by using oxfendazole. The results show that unless the pig market systems pay a premium price for vaccinated pigs, and quality assurance systems guarantee quality vaccine, uptake of the TSOL18 vaccine and oxfendazole by farmers through market mechanisms may be unsuccessful. The current pig marketing system does not reward food safety, the focus is mainly on carcass weight. Alternative delivery mechanisms for the vaccine through a mix of private–public investments needs to be explored, as the benefits of vaccinated pigs are societal and include reduction and elimination of neurocysticercosis in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ouma
- Policies, Institutions and Livelihood Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michel Dione
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Nadhem Mtimet
- International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Peter Lule
- Policies, Institutions and Livelihood Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Angie Colston
- Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Adediran
- Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines, Nairobi, Kenya.,Impact at Scale Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Delia Grace
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Food Safety Systems, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, United Kingdom
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27
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Ikwap K, Gertzell E, Hansson I, Dahlin L, Selling K, Magnusson U, Dione M, Jacobson M. The presence of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia coli in smallholder pig farms in Uganda. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:31. [PMID: 33461527 PMCID: PMC7814613 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02727-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of antimicrobial resistance is of global concern, and is commonly monitored by the analysis of certain bacteria. The aim of the present study was to study the antibiotic susceptibility in isolates of Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia (E.) coli obtained from healthy pigs originating from nineteen herds enrolled in a study on herd health management in Lira district, northern Uganda. Skin and nasal swabs were analyzed for the presence of Staphylococcus spp., and selectively cultivated to investigate the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (S.) aureus (MRSA), and rectal swabs were analyzed for the presence of E. coli. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested by broth micro-dilution. Information on the antibiotic usage and treatment regimens during the previous year was gathered using structured interviews and longitudinal data. RESULTS In Staphylococcus spp., resistance to penicillin (10/19 isolates; 53%), fusidic acid (42%) and tetracycline (37%) were most commonly found. In E. coli, resistance to sulfamethoxazole (46/52 isolates; 88%), tetracycline (54%) and trimethoprim (17%) was most frequent. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus was found in one sample (1/50; 2%). Multi-drug resistant isolates of Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli were found in 54 and 47% of the herds, respectively. At the herd level, no associations could be made between antibiotic resistance and herd size or treatment regimens for either of the bacteria. CONCLUSION In conclusion, resistance to important antibiotics frequently used in animals in Uganda was common, and the presence of MRSA was demonstrated, in Ugandan pig herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ikwap
- Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - E Gertzell
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - I Hansson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Dahlin
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K Selling
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - U Magnusson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, Dakar, Senegal
| | - M Jacobson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Uppsala, Sweden
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28
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Wane A, Dione M, Wieland B, Rich KM, Yena AS, Fall A. Willingness to Vaccinate (WTV) and Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Vaccination Against Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Mali. Front Vet Sci 2020; 6:488. [PMID: 32010711 PMCID: PMC6974520 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PPR remains a major challenge to smallholder farmers in Mali. To understand the drivers of low adoption of vaccination by farmers, we analyzed the socio-economic factors influencing farmer WTV during and in the absence of vaccination campaigns. Given that the costs associated with vaccination are largely borne by farmers, we assessed factors that associated with farmer willingness to pay (WTP) more than the current price (150 XOF per dose) by considering two attributes of improvement of the vaccines empirically highlighted as potential leverage points for intervention: access of farmers to vaccines (reducing the distance to the vaccine) and availability of information about the quality of the vaccine (introducing a vaccine viability detector). Data were collected in Mopti and Sikasso regions from 304 producers. Overall (n = 304), 89 percent of respondents vaccinated their herds during official vaccination campaigns. They are associated with receiving information on the campaign calendar more quickly if information is relayed at places of worship and if they have an awareness of the benefits of vaccination, including the protection of third parties. Only 39 percent of respondents vaccinate outside vaccination campaigns. They are positively linked to the credibility of private veterinarians and a recognition of the vital importance of vaccines but are negatively associated with ignorance of vaccination needs and concern about vaccine side-effects. Both distance-effects and quality-tracker effects are associated with farmer willingness to pay more than the current vaccine prices. Farmers practicing semi-intensive production systems are willing to pay 20 percent more than the current vaccine prices, as are users who believe in the beneficial effects of vaccination, users who consider the prices of vaccines as fair, and those who believe that some vaccines are more important than others. Factors that discourage producers from vaccinating or from paying more for vaccination would be more effectively managed with better communication on vaccine benefits through targeted information dissemination campaigns by Malian authorities. Greater price transparency throughout the vaccine production and deployment chain is critical, while timely availability of vaccine tested for viability would increase the willingness to vaccinate while improving access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdrahmane Wane
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Karl M Rich
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Awa Sadio Yena
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Abdou Fall
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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29
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Nguna J, Dione M, Apamaku M, Majalija S, Mugizi DR, Odoch T, Kato CD, Tumwine G, Kabaasa JD, Curtis K, Graham M, Ejobi F, Graham T. Seroprevalence of brucellosis and risk factors associated with its seropositivity in cattle, goats and humans in Iganga District, Uganda. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 33:99. [PMID: 31489077 PMCID: PMC6711673 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.33.99.16960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The burden of brucellosis among smallholder farmers is poorly-documented in Uganda. The disease burden is likely to be high, given the high levels of endemicity, lots of exposures and due to lack of control measures. In order to designate appropriate control measures, the magnitude and risk factors for brucellosis need to be known. We established the burden of and risk factors for Brucella seropositivity in cattle, goats, and humans in Iganga district, eastern Uganda. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in in Kigulamo Parish, Iganga District. We enrolled 226 households and administered a structured questionnaire to heads of households to capture data on socio-demographic characteristics, human brucellosis-related risk factors, and livestock farming practices. Human, cattle, and goat blood samples were collected and tested serologically using commercial indirect-ELISA kits manufactured by USDA, USA. Results Of 451 human blood samples, 20 (4.4%) were positive. Among 345 cattle blood samples, 4 (1.2%) were positive and among 351 goat blood samples, one (0.3%) was positive. Persons who reported consuming locally-made dairy products had 4 times higher odds of Brucella seropositivity (OR = 4.0, CI = 1.14-14.03, p = 0.031) than those who did not. None of the risk factors we asked about were significantly associated with seropositivity in cattle and goats. Conclusion The seroprevalence of brucellosis in humans in smallholder households in Kigulamo was relatively low and associated with consumption of locally made dairy products. No risk factors were significantly associated with seropositivity in livestock, likely due to the small number of seropositive animals. We recommend a One Health approach to control brucellosis simultaneously in animals and humans needed to sustainably reduce the burden of brucellosis in Uganda and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Nguna
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.,Ministry of Health, Uganda
| | - Michel Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, Uganda
| | - Micheal Apamaku
- Veterinarians without Borders, Davis, California, USA.,National Agricultural Research Organization, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Uganda
| | - Samuel Majalija
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Denis Rwabita Mugizi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Terence Odoch
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Charles Drago Kato
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gabriel Tumwine
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John David Kabaasa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kellie Curtis
- Veterinarians without Borders, Davis, California, USA.,University of California Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Francis Ejobi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Thomas Graham
- Veterinarians without Borders, Davis, California, USA
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30
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Dione M, Masembe C, Akol J, Amia W, Kungu J, Lee HS, Wieland B. The importance of on-farm biosecurity: Sero-prevalence and risk factors of bacterial and viral pathogens in smallholder pig systems in Uganda. Acta Trop 2018; 187:214-221. [PMID: 29949731 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The productivity of pigs in smallholder systems is affected by high disease burden, most of which might not be obvious, with their epidemiology and impact being poorly understood. This study estimated the seroprevalence and identified the risk factors of a range of bacterial and viral pathogens of potential economic and public health importance in domestic pigs in Uganda. A total of 522 clinically healthy pigs were randomly selected from 276 pig farms in Masaka (142) and Lira (134) districts of Uganda in 2015. RESULTS Overall the highest animal prevalence was found for Streptococcus suis 73.0% (CI95: 67.0-78.3) in Lira and 68.2% (CI95: 62.7-73.4) in Masaka; followed by Porcine circovirus type 2 with 50.8% (CI95: 44.5-57.2) in Lira and 40.7% (CI95: 35.2-46.5) in Masaka and Actinobacillus pleuro-pneumoniae, 25.6% (CI95: 20.4-31.6) in Lira and 20.5% (CI95: 16.2-25.6) in Masaka. Mycoplasma hyopneumonia prevalence was 20.9% (CI95: 16.2-26.6) in Lira and 10.1% (CI95: 7.1-14.1) in Masaka, while Porcine parvovirus was 6.2% (CI95: 4.0-9.7) in Masaka and 3.4% (CI95: 1.7-6.6) in Lira. Less common pathogens were Influenza A, 8.5% (CI95: 5.6-12.8) in Lira and 2.0% (CI95: 0.9-4.5) in Masaka and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, 1.7% (CI95: 0.7-4.3) in Lira and 1.3% (CI95: 0.5-3.5) in Masaka. Even less common was Rotavirus A with 0.8% (CI95: 0.2-3.0) in Lira and 0.7% (CI95: 0.2-2.5) in Masaka; the same was for Aujeszky virus with 0.4% (CI95: 0.7-2.4) in Lira and 0.0% (CI95: 0.0-0.1) in Masaka. Co-infection with two pathogens was common and there was a significant association of M. hyo and PCV2 co-occurrence (p = 0.016). Multivariate analysis showed that for S. suis the use of disinfectant reduced odds of sero-positivitey (OR = 0.15; p = 0.017) and pigs less than 6 months were more likely to be infected than older pigs (OR = 3.35; p = 0.047). For M. hyo, crossbred pigs had higher odd of infection compared to local breeds (OR = 1.59; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The studied pathogens have high prevalences in smallholder pig production systems and might be silent killers, thus affecting productivity and there is a possibility that some pathogens could spread to humans. Given the limited knowledge of veterinary workers and the poor diagnostic capacities and capabilities in these systems, the diseases are potentially usually under-diagnosed. These findings constitute baseline data to measure the impact of future interventions aiming to reduce disease burden in the pig production systems in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, C/O Bioversity International, P. O. Box 24384 Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Charles Masembe
- College of Natural Sciences, Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Joyce Akol
- International Livestock Research Institute, C/O Bioversity International, P. O. Box 24384 Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Winfred Amia
- International Livestock Research Institute, C/O Bioversity International, P. O. Box 24384 Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Joseph Kungu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala Uganda.
| | - Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute, 298 Kim Ma Street, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Barbara Wieland
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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31
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Driscoll AJ, Karron RA, Morpeth SC, Bhat N, Levine OS, Baggett HC, Brooks WA, Feikin DR, Hammitt LL, Howie SRC, Knoll MD, Kotloff KL, Madhi SA, Scott JAG, Thea DM, Adrian PV, Ahmed D, Alam M, Anderson TP, Antonio M, Baillie VL, Dione M, Endtz HP, Gitahi C, Karani A, Kwenda G, Maiga AA, McClellan J, Mitchell JL, Morailane P, Mugo D, Mwaba J, Mwansa J, Mwarumba S, Nyongesa S, Panchalingam S, Rahman M, Sawatwong P, Tamboura B, Toure A, Whistler T, O'Brien KL, Murdoch DR. Standardization of Laboratory Methods for the PERCH Study. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 64:S245-S252. [PMID: 28575358 PMCID: PMC5447855 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health study was conducted across 7 diverse research sites and relied on standardized clinical and laboratory methods for the accurate and meaningful interpretation of pneumonia etiology data. Blood, respiratory specimens, and urine were collected from children aged 1–59 months hospitalized with severe or very severe pneumonia and community controls of the same age without severe pneumonia and were tested with an extensive array of laboratory diagnostic tests. A standardized testing algorithm and standard operating procedures were applied across all study sites. Site laboratories received uniform training, equipment, and reagents for core testing methods. Standardization was further assured by routine teleconferences, in-person meetings, site monitoring visits, and internal and external quality assurance testing. Targeted confirmatory testing and testing by specialized assays were done at a central reference laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth A Karron
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Susan C Morpeth
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.,Microbiology Laboratory, Middlemore Hospital, Counties Manukau District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Niranjan Bhat
- International Vaccine Access Center, and.,Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, and
| | - Orin S Levine
- International Vaccine Access Center, and.,Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington
| | - Henry C Baggett
- Global Disease Detection Center, Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi.,Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - W Abdullah Brooks
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka and Matlab.,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel R Feikin
- International Vaccine Access Center, and.,Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Laura L Hammitt
- International Vaccine Access Center, and.,Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi
| | - Stephen R C Howie
- Medical Research Council Unit, Basse, The Gambia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Auckland, and.,Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Karen L Kotloff
- Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, and.,Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - J Anthony G Scott
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Donald M Thea
- Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | - Peter V Adrian
- Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, and.,Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Dilruba Ahmed
- InternationalCentre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka and Matlab
| | - Muntasir Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka
| | - Trevor P Anderson
- Microbiology Department, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Martin Antonio
- Medical Research Council Unit, Basse, The Gambia.,Department of Pathogen Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.,Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky L Baillie
- Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, and.,Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michel Dione
- Medical Research Council Unit, Basse, The Gambia.,International Livestock Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hubert P Endtz
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka and Matlab.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Fondation Mérieux, Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Gitahi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi
| | - Angela Karani
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi
| | - Geoffrey Kwenda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Medicine, and.,Zambia Center for Applied Health Research and Development, Lusaka
| | | | - Jessica McClellan
- Medical Research Council Unit, Basse, The Gambia.,Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Joanne L Mitchell
- Microbiology Department, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Palesa Morailane
- Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, and.,Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Daisy Mugo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi
| | - John Mwaba
- Zambia Center for Applied Health Research and Development, Lusaka.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - James Mwansa
- Zambia Center for Applied Health Research and Development, Lusaka.,Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Salim Mwarumba
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi
| | - Sammy Nyongesa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi
| | - Sandra Panchalingam
- Department of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; and
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka
| | - Pongpun Sawatwong
- Global Disease Detection Center, Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi
| | | | - Aliou Toure
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins (CVD-Mali), Bamako
| | - Toni Whistler
- Global Disease Detection Center, Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi.,Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - David R Murdoch
- Microbiology Department, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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32
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Deloria Knoll M, Morpeth SC, Scott JAG, Watson NL, Park DE, Baggett HC, Brooks WA, Feikin DR, Hammitt LL, Howie SRC, Kotloff KL, Levine OS, O'Brien KL, Thea DM, Ahmed D, Antonio M, Awori JO, Baillie VL, Chipeta J, Deluca AN, Dione M, Driscoll AJ, Higdon MM, Jatapai A, Karron RA, Mazumder R, Moore DP, Mwansa J, Nyongesa S, Prosperi C, Seidenberg P, Siludjai D, Sow SO, Tamboura B, Zeger SL, Murdoch DR, Madhi SA. Evaluation of Pneumococcal Load in Blood by Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Diagnosis of Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Young Children in the PERCH Study. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 64:S357-S367. [PMID: 28575374 PMCID: PMC5447847 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Detection of pneumococcus by lytA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in blood had poor diagnostic accuracy for diagnosing pneumococcal pneumonia in children in 9 African and Asian sites. We assessed the value of blood lytA quantification in diagnosing pneumococcal pneumonia. Methods. The Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) case-control study tested whole blood by PCR for pneumococcus in children aged 1–59 months hospitalized with signs of pneumonia and in age–frequency matched community controls. The distribution of load among PCR-positive participants was compared between microbiologically confirmed pneumococcal pneumonia (MCPP) cases, cases confirmed for nonpneumococcal pathogens, nonconfirmed cases, and controls. Receiver operating characteristic analyses determined the “optimal threshold” that distinguished MCPP cases from controls. Results. Load was available for 290 of 291 cases with pneumococcal PCR detected in blood and 273 of 273 controls. Load was higher in MCPP cases than controls (median, 4.0 × 103 vs 0.19 × 103 copies/mL), but overlapped substantially (range, 0.16–989.9 × 103 copies/mL and 0.01–551.9 × 103 copies/mL, respectively). The proportion with high load (≥2.2 log10 copies/mL) was 62.5% among MCPP cases, 4.3% among nonconfirmed cases, 9.3% among cases confirmed for a nonpneumococcal pathogen, and 3.1% among controls. Pneumococcal load in blood was not associated with respiratory tract illness in controls (P = .32). High blood pneumococcal load was associated with alveolar consolidation on chest radiograph in nonconfirmed cases, and with high (>6.9 log10 copies/mL) nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal load and C-reactive protein ≥40 mg/L (both P < .01) in nonconfirmed cases but not controls. Conclusions. Quantitative pneumococcal PCR in blood has limited diagnostic utility for identifying pneumococcal pneumonia in individual children, but may be informative in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Deloria Knoll
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Susan C Morpeth
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.,Microbiology Laboratory, Middlemore Hospital, Counties Manukau District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J Anthony G Scott
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | | | - Daniel E Park
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Milken Institute School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, George Washington University, District of Columbia
| | - Henry C Baggett
- Global Disease Detection Center, Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi.,Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - W Abdullah Brooks
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka and Matlab.,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel R Feikin
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Laura L Hammitt
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi
| | - Stephen R C Howie
- Medical Research Council Unit, Basse, The Gambia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Auckland and.,Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Karen L Kotloff
- Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Orin S Levine
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington
| | - Katherine L O'Brien
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Donald M Thea
- Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | - Dilruba Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka and Matlab
| | - Martin Antonio
- Medical Research Council Unit, Basse, The Gambia.,Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.,Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Juliet O Awori
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi
| | - Vicky L Baillie
- Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit and.,Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - James Chipeta
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia School of Medicine, and University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka
| | - Andrea N Deluca
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michel Dione
- Medical Research Council Unit, Basse, The Gambia.,International Livestock Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Amanda J Driscoll
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Melissa M Higdon
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anchalee Jatapai
- Global Disease Detection Center, Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi
| | - Ruth A Karron
- Department of International Health, Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Razib Mazumder
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka and Matlab
| | - David P Moore
- Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit and.,Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - James Mwansa
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital and.,Zambia Center for Applied Health Research and Development, Lusaka
| | - Sammy Nyongesa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi
| | - Christine Prosperi
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Phil Seidenberg
- Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts.,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
| | - Duangkamon Siludjai
- Global Disease Detection Center, Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi
| | - Samba O Sow
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins (CVD-Mali), Bamako
| | | | - Scott L Zeger
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David R Murdoch
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, and.,Microbiology Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit and.,Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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33
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Ouma E, Dione M, Birungi R, Lule P, Mayega L, Dizyee K. African swine fever control and market integration in Ugandan peri-urban smallholder pig value chains: An ex-ante impact assessment of interventions and their interaction. Prev Vet Med 2017; 151:29-39. [PMID: 29496103 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pig production in peri-urban smallholder value chains in Uganda is severely constrained by impact of disease, particularly African swine fever (ASF), and the economic consequences of an inefficient pig value chain. Interventions in the form of biosecurity to control ASF disease outbreaks and pig business hub models to better link smallholder farmers to pig markets have the potential to address the constraints. However, there is a dearth of evidence of the effects of the interventions on performance and distribution of outcomes along the pig value chain. An ex-ante impact assessment utilising System Dynamics model was used to assess the impact of the interventions in peri-urban pig value chains in Masaka district. The results showed that although implementation of biosecurity interventions results in reduction of ASF outbreaks, it also leads to a 6.3% reduction in farmer profit margins per year but more than 7% increase in other value chain actors' margins. The pig business hub intervention alone results in positive margins for all value chain actors but minimal reduction in ASF outbreaks. When biosecurity and the pig business hub interventions are implemented together, the interaction effects of the interventions result in positive outcomes for both the control of ASF and improvement in farmers' margins. Farmers may therefore be unwilling to adopt biosecurity practices if implemented alone to control ASF outbreaks unless there is a corresponding financial incentive to compensate for the high costs. This has implications for policy or developing institutions to facilitate cost sharing arrangement among chain actors and/or third party subsidy to provide incentives for producers to adopt biosecurity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ouma
- International Livestock Research Institute, c/o Bioversity International P.O. Box 24384 Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Michel Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, c/o Bioversity International P.O. Box 24384 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rosemirta Birungi
- International Livestock Research Institute, c/o Bioversity International P.O. Box 24384 Kampala, Uganda; Department of Extension and Innovation Studies, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Peter Lule
- International Livestock Research Institute, c/o Bioversity International P.O. Box 24384 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lawrence Mayega
- Masaka District Local Government, P.O. Box 634, Masaka, Uganda
| | - Kanar Dizyee
- CSIRO, QLD BioSciences Precinct, 306 Carmody Rd., St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
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Ikumapayi UN, Boisen N, Hossain MJ, Betts M, Lamin M, Saha D, Kwambana-Adams B, Dione M, Adegbola RA, Roca A, Nataro JP, Antonio M. Identification of Subsets of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Associated with Diarrheal Disease among Under 5 Years of Age Children from Rural Gambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:997-1004. [PMID: 28820687 PMCID: PMC5637583 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) cause acute and persistent diarrhea, mostly in children worldwide. Outbreaks of diarrhea caused by EAEC have been described, including a large outbreak caused by a Shiga toxin expressing strain. This study investigated the association of EAEC virulence factors with diarrhea in children less than 5 years. We characterized 428 EAEC strains isolated from stool samples obtained from moderate-to-severe diarrhea cases (157) and healthy controls (217) children aged 0–59 months recruited over 3 years as part of the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) in The Gambia. Four sets of multiplex polymerase chain reaction were applied to detect 21 EAEC-virulence genes from confirmed EAEC strains that target pCVD432 (aatA) and AAIC (aaiC). In addition, Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on 88 EAEC strains following Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines. We observed that the plasmid-encoded enterotoxin [odds ratio (OR): 6.9, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.06–29.20, P < 0.001], aggregative adherence fimbriae/I fimbriae (aggA) [OR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.16–4.29, P = 0.008], and hexosyltransferase (capU) [OR: 1.9, 95% CI 1.02–3.51, P = 0.028] were associated with moderate-to-severe diarrhea among children < 12 months old but not in the older age strata (> 12 months). Our data suggest that some EAEC-virulent factors have age-specific associations with moderate-to-severe diarrhea in infants. Furthermore, our study showed that 85% and 72% of EAEC strains tested were resistant to sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim and ampicillin, respectively. Sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim and ampicillin are among the first-line antibiotics used for the treatment of diarrhea in The Gambia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman N Ikumapayi
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.,Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Nadia Boisen
- Department of Microbiological Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mohammad J Hossain
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Modupeh Betts
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Modou Lamin
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Debasish Saha
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Brenda Kwambana-Adams
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Michel Dione
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Richard A Adegbola
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Anna Roca
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - James P Nataro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Centre for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Martin Antonio
- Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.,Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia.,Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Roesel K, Dohoo I, Baumann M, Dione M, Grace D, Clausen PH. Prevalence and risk factors for gastrointestinal parasites in small-scale pig enterprises in Central and Eastern Uganda. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:335-345. [PMID: 27785599 PMCID: PMC5167772 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In Eastern Africa, small-scale pig keeping has emerged as a popular activity to generate additional household income. Infections of pigs with gastrointestinal helminths can limit production output, increase production costs, and pose zoonotic risks. A cross-sectional, community-based study in three districts in Eastern and Central Uganda examined the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes and associated risk factors in 932 randomly sampled pigs. Using the combined sedimentation-flotation method, 61.4 % (58.2-64.5 %, 95 % confidence interval [CI]) tested positive for one or more gastrointestinal helminths, namely, strongyles (57.1 %, 95 % CI), Metastrongylus spp. (7.6 %, 95 % CI), Ascaris suum (5.9 %, 95 % CI), Strongyloides ransomi (4.2 %, 95 % CI), and Trichuris suis (3.4 %, 95 % CI). Coccidia oocysts were found in 40.7 % of all pigs sampled (37.5-44.0 %, 95 % CI). Significant differences across the three districts were observed for the presence of A. suum (p < 0.001), Metastrongylus spp. (p = 0.001), S. ransomi (p = 0.002), and coccidia oocysts (p = 0.05). All animals tested negative for Fasciola spp. and Balantidium coli. Thirty-five variables were included in univariable analyses with helminth infection as the outcome of interest. A causal model was generated to identify relationships among the potential predictors, and consequently, seven variables with p ≤ 0.15 were included in a multivariable analysis for helminth infection. The final regression models showed that routine management factors had a greater impact on the prevalence of infection than regular, preventive medical treatment or the level of confinement. Factors that negatively correlated with gastrointestinal infection were the routine removal of manure and litter from pig pens (p ≤ 0.05, odds ratio [OR] = 0.667) and the routine use of disinfectants (p ≤ 0.05, OR = 0.548).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Roesel
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30907, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - Ian Dohoo
- University of Prince Edward Islands, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Maximilian Baumann
- Freie Universität Berlin, FAO Reference Centre for Veterinary Public Health, Koenigsweg 67, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michel Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 24384, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Delia Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30907, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Peter-Henning Clausen
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
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Nantima N, Davies J, Dione M, Ocaido M, Okoth E, Mugisha A, Bishop R. Enhancing knowledge and awareness of biosecurity practices for control of African swine fever among smallholder pig farmers in four districts along the Kenya-Uganda border. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 48:727-34. [PMID: 26922740 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A study was undertaken along the Kenya-Uganda border in four districts of Tororo and Busia (Uganda) and Busia and Teso (Kenya) to understand smallholder farmers' knowledge, practices and awareness of biosecurity measures. Information was collected by administering questionnaires to 645 randomly selected pig households in the study area. In addition, focus group discussions were carried out in 12 villages involving 248 people using a standardized list of questions. The outcome suggested that there was a very low level of awareness of biosecurity practices amongst smallholder farmers. We conclude that adoption of specific biosecurity practices by smallholder farmers is feasible but requires institutional support. There is a clear requirement for government authorities to sensitize farmers using approaches that allow active participation of farmers in the design, planning and implementation of biosecurity practices to enable enhanced adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelina Nantima
- Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda.
| | - Jocelyn Davies
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michel Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michael Ocaido
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edward Okoth
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anthony Mugisha
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Richard Bishop
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Ashu EE, Jarju S, Dione M, Mackenzie G, Ikumapayi UN, Manjang A, Azuine R, Antonio M. Population structure, epidemiology and antibiotic resistance patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 5: prior to PCV-13 vaccine introduction in Eastern Gambia. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:33. [PMID: 26822883 PMCID: PMC4731921 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 5 is among the most common serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in The Gambia. We anticipate that introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13) into routine vaccination in The Gambia will reduce serotype 5 IPD. However, the emergence of new clones that have altered their genetic repertoire through capsular switching or genetic recombination after vaccination with PCV-13 poses a threat to this public health effort. In order to monitor for potential genetic changes post-PCV-13 vaccination, we established the baseline population structure, epidemiology, and antibiotic resistance patterns of serotype 5 before the introduction of PCV-13. Methods Fifty-five invasive S. pneumoniae serotype 5 isolates were recovered from January 2009 to August 2011 in a population-based study in the Upper River Region of The Gambia. Serotyping was done by latex agglutination and confirmed by serotype-specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Genotyping was undertaken using Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST). Antimicrobial sensitivity was done using disc diffusion. Contingency table analyses were conducted using Pearson’s Chi2 and Fisher’s exact test. Clustering was performed using Bionumerics version 6.5. Results MLST resolved S. pneumoniae serotype 5 isolates into 3 sequence types (ST), namely ST 289(6/55), ST 3339(19/55) and ST 3404(30/55). ST 289 was identified as the major clonal complex. ST 3339, the prevalent genotype in 2009 [84.6 % (11/13)], was replaced by ST 3404 [70.4 % (19/27)] in 2010 as the dominant ST. Interestingly, ST 3404 showed lower resistance to tetracycline and oxacillin (P < 0.001), an empirical surrogate to penicillin in The Gambia. Conclusions There has been an emergence of ST 3404 in The Gambia prior to the introduction of PCV-13. Our findings provide important background data for future assessment of the impact of PCV-13 into routine immunization in developing countries, such as The Gambia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eta E Ashu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4 K1, Canada. .,Medical Research Council Unit, P. O. Box 273, Fajara, The Gambia.
| | - Sheikh Jarju
- Medical Research Council Unit, P. O. Box 273, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Michel Dione
- Medical Research Council Unit, P. O. Box 273, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Grant Mackenzie
- Medical Research Council Unit, P. O. Box 273, Fajara, The Gambia
| | | | - Ahmed Manjang
- Medical Research Council Unit, P. O. Box 273, Fajara, The Gambia.,King Fahad Medical City, Central, 11525, Saudi Arabia
| | - Romuladus Azuine
- Center for Global Health and Health Policy, Global Health and Education Projects, P. O. BOX 234, Riverdale, MD, 20738, USA
| | - Martin Antonio
- Medical Research Council Unit, P. O. Box 273, Fajara, The Gambia
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38
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Warren WC, Jasinska AJ, García-Pérez R, Svardal H, Tomlinson C, Rocchi M, Archidiacono N, Capozzi O, Minx P, Montague MJ, Kyung K, Hillier LW, Kremitzki M, Graves T, Chiang C, Hughes J, Tran N, Huang Y, Ramensky V, Choi OW, Jung YJ, Schmitt CA, Juretic N, Wasserscheid J, Turner TR, Wiseman RW, Tuscher JJ, Karl JA, Schmitz JE, Zahn R, O'Connor DH, Redmond E, Nisbett A, Jacquelin B, Müller-Trutwin MC, Brenchley JM, Dione M, Antonio M, Schroth GP, Kaplan JR, Jorgensen MJ, Thomas GWC, Hahn MW, Raney BJ, Aken B, Nag R, Schmitz J, Churakov G, Noll A, Stanyon R, Webb D, Thibaud-Nissen F, Nordborg M, Marques-Bonet T, Dewar K, Weinstock GM, Wilson RK, Freimer NB. The genome of the vervet (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus). Genome Res 2015; 25:1921-33. [PMID: 26377836 PMCID: PMC4665013 DOI: 10.1101/gr.192922.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We describe a genome reference of the African green monkey or vervet (Chlorocebus aethiops). This member of the Old World monkey (OWM) superfamily is uniquely valuable for genetic investigations of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), for which it is the most abundant natural host species, and of a wide range of health-related phenotypes assessed in Caribbean vervets (C. a. sabaeus), whose numbers have expanded dramatically since Europeans introduced small numbers of their ancestors from West Africa during the colonial era. We use the reference to characterize the genomic relationship between vervets and other primates, the intra-generic phylogeny of vervet subspecies, and genome-wide structural variations of a pedigreed C. a. sabaeus population. Through comparative analyses with human and rhesus macaque, we characterize at high resolution the unique chromosomal fission events that differentiate the vervets and their close relatives from most other catarrhine primates, in whom karyotype is highly conserved. We also provide a summary of transposable elements and contrast these with the rhesus macaque and human. Analysis of sequenced genomes representing each of the main vervet subspecies supports previously hypothesized relationships between these populations, which range across most of sub-Saharan Africa, while uncovering high levels of genetic diversity within each. Sequence-based analyses of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) polymorphisms reveal extremely low diversity in Caribbean C. a. sabaeus vervets, compared to vervets from putatively ancestral West African regions. In the C. a. sabaeus research population, we discover the first structural variations that are, in some cases, predicted to have a deleterious effect; future studies will determine the phenotypic impact of these variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley C Warren
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Anna J Jasinska
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA; Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Raquel García-Pérez
- ICREA at Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, (UPF-CSIC) and Centro Nacional de Analisis Genomico (CNAG), PRBB/PCB, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hannes Svardal
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chad Tomlinson
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Mariano Rocchi
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Bari 70126, Italy
| | | | - Oronzo Capozzi
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Patrick Minx
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Michael J Montague
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Kim Kyung
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - LaDeana W Hillier
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Milinn Kremitzki
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Tina Graves
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Colby Chiang
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | | | - Nam Tran
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Yu Huang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Vasily Ramensky
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Oi-Wa Choi
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Yoon J Jung
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Christopher A Schmitt
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Nikoleta Juretic
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | | | - Trudy R Turner
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53705, USA; Department of Genetics Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300 South Africa
| | - Roger W Wiseman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Jennifer J Tuscher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Julie A Karl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Jörn E Schmitz
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Roland Zahn
- Crucell Holland B.V., 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David H O'Connor
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Eugene Redmond
- St. Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Alex Nisbett
- St. Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Béatrice Jacquelin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Jason M Brenchley
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9821, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jay R Kaplan
- Center for Comparative Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem 27157-1040, USA
| | - Matthew J Jorgensen
- Center for Comparative Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem 27157-1040, USA
| | - Gregg W C Thomas
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Matthew W Hahn
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Brian J Raney
- University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA
| | - Bronwen Aken
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Rishi Nag
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Juergen Schmitz
- Institute of Experimental Pathology (ZMBE), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gennady Churakov
- Institute of Experimental Pathology (ZMBE), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Angela Noll
- Institute of Experimental Pathology (ZMBE), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Roscoe Stanyon
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, 50122 Florence, Italy
| | - David Webb
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
| | | | - Magnus Nordborg
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomas Marques-Bonet
- ICREA at Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, (UPF-CSIC) and Centro Nacional de Analisis Genomico (CNAG), PRBB/PCB, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ken Dewar
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - George M Weinstock
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06001, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Tchonda E, Diagne N, Azanmasso H, Dione M, Zahi S, Ahyaoui H, Lmidamni F, Elfatimi A, Rafai M. Total hip prosthesis and Muslim prayer: What quality of life for patients? Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2015.07.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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40
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Chenais E, Boqvist S, Sternberg-Lewerin S, Emanuelson U, Ouma E, Dione M, Aliro T, Crafoord F, Masembe C, Ståhl K. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Related to African Swine Fever Within Smallholder Pig Production in Northern Uganda. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:101-115. [PMID: 25876769 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Uganda is a low-income country with the largest pig population in East Africa. Pig keeping has a large potential, commercially and as a tool for poverty reduction, but African swine fever (ASF) is a major hurdle for development of the sector. The objective of this study was to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and practices related to ASF in the smallholder pig production value chain in northern Uganda. The study included three separate series of participatory rural appraisals (PRA), comprising purposively selected farmers and other actors in the pig production value chain. In the PRAs, various participatory epidemiology tools were used. A total of 49 PRAs and 574 participants, representing 64 different villages, were included. The results indicate that participants were well aware of the clinical signs of ASF, routes for disease spread and measures for disease control. However, awareness of the control measures did not guarantee their implementation. A majority of middlemen and butchers acknowledged having sold live pigs, carcasses or pork they believed infected with ASF. Outbreaks of ASF had a strong negative impact on participants' socio-economic status with loss of revenue and reversal into more severe poverty. In conclusion, lack of knowledge is not what is driving the continuous circulation of ASF virus in this setting. To control ASF and reduce its impact, initiatives that stimulate changes in management are needed. Because the behaviour of all actors in the value chain is largely influenced by the deep rural poverty in the region, this needs to be combined with efforts to reduce rural poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chenais
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Boqvist
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - U Emanuelson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E Ouma
- International Livestock Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - M Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - T Aliro
- Directorate of Production and Marketing, Gulu District Local Government, Gulu, Uganda
| | | | - C Masembe
- Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - K Ståhl
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Liu J, Kabir F, Manneh J, Lertsethtakarn P, Begum S, Gratz J, Becker SM, Operario DJ, Taniuchi M, Janaki L, Platts-Mills JA, Haverstick DM, Kabir M, Sobuz SU, Nakjarung K, Sakpaisal P, Silapong S, Bodhidatta L, Qureshi S, Kalam A, Saidi Q, Swai N, Mujaga B, Maro A, Kwambana B, Dione M, Antonio M, Kibiki G, Mason CJ, Haque R, Iqbal N, Zaidi AKM, Houpt ER. Development and assessment of molecular diagnostic tests for 15 enteropathogens causing childhood diarrhoea: a multicentre study. Lancet Infect Dis 2014; 14:716-724. [PMID: 25022434 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70808-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood diarrhoea can be caused by many pathogens that are difficult to assay in the laboratory. Molecular diagnostic techniques provide a uniform method to detect and quantify candidate enteropathogens. We aimed to develop and assess molecular tests for identification of enteropathogens and their association with disease. METHODS We developed and assessed molecular diagnostic tests for 15 enteropathogens across three platforms-PCR-Luminex, multiplex real-time PCR, and TaqMan array card-at five laboratories worldwide. We judged the analytical and clinical performance of these molecular techniques against comparator methods (bacterial culture, ELISA, and PCR) using 867 diarrhoeal and 619 non-diarrhoeal stool specimens. We also measured molecular quantities of pathogens to predict the association with diarrhoea, by univariate logistic regression analysis. FINDINGS The molecular tests showed very good analytical and clinical performance at all five laboratories. Comparator methods had limited sensitivity compared with the molecular techniques (20-85% depending on the target) but good specificity (median 97·3%, IQR 96·5-98·9; mean 95·2%, SD 9·1). Positive samples by comparator methods usually had higher molecular quantities of pathogens than did negative samples, across almost all platforms and for most pathogens (p<0·05). The odds ratio for diarrhoea at a given quantity (measured by quantification cycle, Cq) showed that for most pathogens associated with diarrhoea-including Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, Cryptosporidium spp, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, heat-stable enterotoxigenic E coli, rotavirus, Shigella spp and enteroinvasive E coli, and Vibrio cholerae-the strength of association with diarrhoea increased at higher pathogen loads. For example, Shigella spp at a Cq range of 15-20 had an odds ratio of 8·0 (p<0·0001), but at a Cq range of 25-30 the odds ratio fell to 1·7 (p=0·043). INTERPRETATION Molecular diagnostic tests can be implemented successfully and with fidelity across laboratories around the world. In the case of diarrhoea, these techniques can detect pathogens with high sensitivity and ascribe diarrhoeal associations based on quantification, including in mixed infections, providing rich and unprecedented measurements of infectious causes. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Next Generation Molecular Diagnostics Project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Furqan Kabir
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Paphavee Lertsethtakarn
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sharmin Begum
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jean Gratz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Steve M Becker
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Darwin J Operario
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mami Taniuchi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lalitha Janaki
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - James A Platts-Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Doris M Haverstick
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mamun Kabir
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shihab U Sobuz
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kaewkanya Nakjarung
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pimmada Sakpaisal
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sasikorn Silapong
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Shahida Qureshi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Adil Kalam
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Queen Saidi
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Ndealilia Swai
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | - Athanasia Maro
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | - Michel Dione
- Medical Research Council Unit, Banjul, The Gambia
| | | | - Gibson Kibiki
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Carl J Mason
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Najeeha Iqbal
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Anita K M Zaidi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Eric R Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Howie SRC, Morris GAJ, Tokarz R, Ebruke BE, Machuka EM, Ideh RC, Chimah O, Secka O, Townend J, Dione M, Oluwalana C, Njie M, Jallow M, Hill PC, Antonio M, Greenwood B, Briese T, Mulholland K, Corrah T, Lipkin WI, Adegbola RA. Etiology of severe childhood pneumonia in the Gambia, West Africa, determined by conventional and molecular microbiological analyses of lung and pleural aspirate samples. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59:682-5. [PMID: 24867789 PMCID: PMC4130311 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular analyses of lung aspirates from Gambian children with severe pneumonia detected pathogens more frequently than did culture and showed a predominance of bacteria, principally Streptococcuspneumoniae, >75% being of serotypes covered by current pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Multiple pathogens were detected frequently, notably Haemophilus influenzae (mostly nontypeable) together with S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafal Tokarz
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Readon C Ideh
- Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, Republic of The Gambia
| | - Osaretin Chimah
- Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, Republic of The Gambia
| | - Ousman Secka
- Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, Republic of The Gambia
| | - John Townend
- Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, Republic of The Gambia
| | - Michel Dione
- Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, Republic of The Gambia
| | | | - Malick Njie
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Banjul, Republic of The Gambia
| | - Mariatou Jallow
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Banjul, Republic of The Gambia
| | - Philip C Hill
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Martin Antonio
- Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, Republic of The Gambia
| | - Brian Greenwood
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Briese
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Kim Mulholland
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Tumani Corrah
- Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, Republic of The Gambia
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Richard A Adegbola
- Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, Republic of The Gambia GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium
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