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Tadesse D, Retta N, Girma M, Ndiwa N, Dessie T, Hanotte O, Getachew P, Dannenberger D, Maak S. Yolk Fatty Acid Content, Lipid Health Indices, and Oxidative Stability in Eggs of Slow-Growing Sasso Chickens Fed on Flaxseed Supplemented with Plant Polyphenol Extracts. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091819. [PMID: 37174357 PMCID: PMC10178081 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous attempts to increase the level of flaxseed in hens' diet for the production of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs)-enriched eggs have been commonly associated with undesirable effects on production efficiency, lipid health indices, and oxidative stability of eggs, requiring adequate research attention. This study investigated the effects of feeding a moderate level of flaxseed (FS) and plant polyphenol extracts (PPEs) on fatty acid content, oxidative stability, and lipid health indices in eggs of slow-growing Sasso T451A laying hens. One hundred and five hens were assigned to five groups (seven replicates of three) and fed on FS (75 g flaxseed and no antioxidants), VE8 (75 g flaxseed and 800 mg vitamin E), TS8 (75 g flaxseed and 800 mg Thymus schimperi), DA8 (75 g flaxseed and 800 mg Dodonaea angustifolia), and CD8 (75 g flaxseed and 800 mg Curcuma domestica) extract per kg diets. The egg yolk content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 n-3) in the DA8, TS8, and CD8 diets and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3) in TS8 and CD8 diets significantly (p < 0.05) increased compared with the FS diet. The FS diet significantly increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in egg yolks, whereas the TS8 diet decreased it by 67% (p < 0.05). Little difference was observed in yolk fatty acid content between cooked and raw eggs. Production of n-3 PUFA-enriched eggs with favorable lipid health indices was possible through inclusion of PPEs extracted from local plant species grown in Ethiopia and a moderate dose of flaxseed in the diet of laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desalew Tadesse
- Department of Animal Production and Welfare, Mekelle University, Mekelle 231, Ethiopia
- Center for Food Science and Nutrition, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 1176, Ethiopia
- LiveGene, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa 5689, Ethiopia
| | - Negussie Retta
- Center for Food Science and Nutrition, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 1176, Ethiopia
| | - Mekonnen Girma
- LiveGene, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa 5689, Ethiopia
| | - Nicholas Ndiwa
- Research Methods Group, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi 30709, Kenya
| | - Tadelle Dessie
- LiveGene, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa 5689, Ethiopia
| | - Olivier Hanotte
- LiveGene, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa 5689, Ethiopia
- Center for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), The Roslin Institute, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG72UH, UK
| | - Paulos Getachew
- Center for Food Science and Nutrition, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 1176, Ethiopia
| | - Dirk Dannenberger
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Steffen Maak
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
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Lacasta A, Kim HC, Kepl E, Gachogo R, Chege N, Ojuok R, Muriuki C, Mwalimu S, Touboul G, Stiber A, Poole EJ, Ndiwa N, Fiala B, King NP, Nene V. Design and immunological evaluation of two-component protein nanoparticle vaccines for East Coast fever. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1015840. [PMID: 36713406 PMCID: PMC9880323 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1015840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle vaccines usually prime stronger immune responses than soluble antigens. Within this class of subunit vaccines, the recent development of computationally designed self-assembling two-component protein nanoparticle scaffolds provides a powerful and versatile platform for displaying multiple copies of one or more antigens. Here we report the generation of three different nanoparticle immunogens displaying 60 copies of p67C, an 80 amino acid polypeptide from a candidate vaccine antigen of Theileria parva, and their immunogenicity in cattle. p67C is a truncation of p67, the major surface protein of the sporozoite stage of T. parva, an apicomplexan parasite that causes an often-fatal bovine disease called East Coast fever (ECF) in sub-Saharan Africa. Compared to I32-19 and I32-28, we found that I53-50 nanoparticle scaffolds displaying p67C had the best biophysical characteristics. p67C-I53-50 also outperformed the other two nanoparticles in stimulating p67C-specific IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies and CD4+ T-cell responses, as well as sporozoite neutralizing capacity. In experimental cattle vaccine trials, p67C-I53-50 induced significant immunity to ECF, suggesting that the I53-50 scaffold is a promising candidate for developing novel nanoparticle vaccines. To our knowledge this is the first application of computationally designed nanoparticles to the development of livestock vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lacasta
- Animal and Human Health program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya,*Correspondence: Anna Lacasta, ; Neil P. King,
| | - Hyung Chan Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Kepl
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rachael Gachogo
- Animal and Human Health program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Naomi Chege
- Animal and Human Health program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rose Ojuok
- Animal and Human Health program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Charity Muriuki
- Animal and Human Health program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stephen Mwalimu
- Animal and Human Health program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gilad Touboul
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ariel Stiber
- Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship Program, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Jane Poole
- Research Methods Group, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nicholas Ndiwa
- Research Methods Group, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Brooke Fiala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Neil P. King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,*Correspondence: Anna Lacasta, ; Neil P. King,
| | - Vishvanath Nene
- Animal and Human Health program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
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3
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Bosire CK, Mtimet N, Enahoro D, Ogutu JO, Krol MS, de Leeuw J, Ndiwa N, Hoekstra AY. Corrigendum/Erratum to “Livestock water and land productivity in Kenya and their implications for future resource us” <[Heliyon Volume 8, Issue 3, March 2022, Article e09006]>. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10069. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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4
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Latre de Late P, Cook EAJ, Wragg D, Poole EJ, Ndambuki G, Miyunga AA, Chepkwony MC, Mwaura S, Ndiwa N, Prettejohn G, Sitt T, Van Aardt R, Morrison WI, Prendergast JGD, Toye P. Inherited Tolerance in Cattle to the Apicomplexan Protozoan Theileria parva is Associated with Decreased Proliferation of Parasite-Infected Lymphocytes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:751671. [PMID: 34804994 PMCID: PMC8602341 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.751671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Theileria parva is the causative agent of East Coast fever and Corridor disease, which are fatal, economically important diseases of cattle in eastern, central and southern Africa. Improved methods of control of the diseases are urgently required. The parasite transforms host lymphocytes, resulting in a rapid, clonal expansion of infected cells. Resistance to the disease has long been reported in cattle from T. parva-endemic areas. We reveal here that first- and second-generation descendants of a single Bos indicus bull survived severe challenge with T. parva, (overall survival rate 57.3% compared to 8.7% for unrelated animals) in a series of five field studies. Tolerant cattle displayed a delayed and less severe parasitosis and febrile response than unrelated animals. The in vitro proliferation of cells from surviving cattle was much reduced compared to those from animals that succumbed to infection. Additionally, some pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL1β, IL6, TNFα or TGFβ which are usually strongly expressed in susceptible animals and are known to regulate cell growth or motility, remain low in tolerant animals. This correlates with the reduced proliferation and less severe clinical reactions observed in tolerant cattle. The results show for the first time that the inherited tolerance to T. parva is associated with decreased proliferation of infected lymphocytes. The results are discussed in terms of whether the reduced proliferation is the result of a perturbation of the transformation mechanism induced in infected cells or is due to an innate immune response present in the tolerant cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perle Latre de Late
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elizabeth A J Cook
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David Wragg
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - E Jane Poole
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gideon Ndambuki
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Antoinette Aluoch Miyunga
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maurine C Chepkwony
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stephen Mwaura
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nicholas Ndiwa
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Tatjana Sitt
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - W Ivan Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James G D Prendergast
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Toye
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Nairobi, Kenya
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Dione M, Kangethe E, Poole EJ, Ndiwa N, Ouma E, Dror I. Digital Extension Interactive Voice Response (IVR) mLearning: Lessons Learnt From Uganda Pig Value Chain. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:611263. [PMID: 34262959 PMCID: PMC8273433 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.611263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the effectiveness of Interactive Voice Response (IVR) technology in delivering biosecurity messages for the control of African swine fever (ASF) in Uganda using a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with 408 smallholder pig farmers. Our results show that IVR technology significantly improved knowledge of farmers who had not been exposed to training on biosecurity. Furthermore, it enhanced knowledge for farmers who had received face-to-face (f2f) training in biosecurity. This group of farmers recorded the highest knowledge gain following IVR training compared to farmers who did not receive f2f training. IVR technology was perceived by farmers as a new technology capable of transforming their lives because it is time efficient, has high potential for resource saving and flexibility. IVR also seems to be gender sensitive as it addresses some of the constraints women face in accessing conventional extension services such as time. IVR is an innovative way for delivery of advisory information to pig farmers. The scalability of IVR technology could further be explored and its feasibility assessed for wider use by the extension systems in Uganda and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Edwin Kangethe
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Nicholas Ndiwa
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Emily Ouma
- International Livestock Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Iddo Dror
- International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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6
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Lacasta A, Mody KT, De Goeyse I, Yu C, Zhang J, Nyagwange J, Mwalimu S, Awino E, Saya R, Njoroge T, Muriuki R, Ndiwa N, Poole EJ, Zhang B, Cavallaro A, Mahony TJ, Steinaa L, Mitter N, Nene V. Synergistic Effect of Two Nanotechnologies Enhances the Protective Capacity of the Theileria parva Sporozoite p67C Antigen in Cattle. J Immunol 2021; 206:686-699. [PMID: 33419770 PMCID: PMC7851744 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
East Coast fever (ECF), caused by Theileria parva, is the most important tick-borne disease of cattle in sub-Saharan Africa. Practical disadvantages associated with the currently used live-parasite vaccine could be overcome by subunit vaccines. An 80-aa polypeptide derived from the C-terminal portion of p67, a sporozoite surface Ag and target of neutralizing Abs, was the focus of the efforts on subunit vaccines against ECF and subjected to several vaccine trials with very promising results. However, the vaccination regimen was far from optimized, involving three inoculations of 450 μg of soluble p67C (s-p67C) Ag formulated in the Seppic adjuvant Montanide ISA 206 VG. Hence, an improved formulation of this polypeptide Ag is needed. In this study, we report on two nanotechnologies that enhance the bovine immune responses to p67C. Individually, HBcAg-p67C (chimeric hepatitis B core Ag virus-like particles displaying p67C) and silica vesicle (SV)-p67C (s-p67C adsorbed to SV-140-C18, octadecyl-modified SVs) adjuvanted with ISA 206 VG primed strong Ab and T cell responses to p67C in cattle, respectively. Coimmunization of cattle (Bos taurus) with HBcAg-p67C and SV-p67C resulted in stimulation of both high Ab titers and CD4 T cell response to p67C, leading to the highest subunit vaccine efficacy we have achieved to date with the p67C immunogen. These results offer the much-needed research depth on the innovative platforms for developing effective novel protein-based bovine vaccines to further the advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lacasta
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
| | - Karishma T Mody
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ine De Goeyse
- Enzootic, Vector-borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chengzhong Yu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jun Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James Nyagwange
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Stephen Mwalimu
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Elias Awino
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Rosemary Saya
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Thomas Njoroge
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Robert Muriuki
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Nicholas Ndiwa
- Research Methods Group, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; and
| | - Elisabeth Jane Poole
- Research Methods Group, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; and
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Antonino Cavallaro
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Timothy J Mahony
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lucilla Steinaa
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Neena Mitter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Vishvanath Nene
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
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7
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Dione MM, Dohoo I, Ndiwa N, Poole J, Ouma E, Amia WC, Wieland B. Impact of participatory training of smallholder pig farmers on knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding biosecurity for the control of African swine fever in Uganda. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2482-2493. [PMID: 32311216 PMCID: PMC7754142 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the impact of a participatory training of pig farmers on knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of biosecurity relating to ASF control in two districts of Uganda using a randomized control trial (RCT). A total of 830 pig farmers from 32 villages were included in the study, with 425 farmers receiving training, while 405 did not. An item response theory model was used to assess the impact of the training on farmer's KAP. Logistic regression models were used to assess the factors that affected knowledge gain and change in attitude and practices after training. Focus group discussions (FGD) were carried out with selected farmers from the treatment group at the end of the intervention, to share their experiences and discuss potential factors that could hinder adoption of biosecurity in their communities. Results of the regression analyses showed that there was a significant effect of biosecurity training (p = .038) on gain in knowledge after 12 months, but there were limited changes in farmer's attitude and practice at 12 and 28 months after training. Pig production domain (peri-urban/urban production), group membership, gender (male) and education of the farmer positively influenced knowledge gain and attitude of farmers towards biosecurity. This paper provides empirical evidence on the impact of training intervention on biosecurity practices for disease prevention or control. In addition, it breaks down the components of the biosecurity practices and documents the specific challenges to its uptake by the farmers. It therefore relaxes the assumption of knowledge constraint as a barrier to uptake. The results clearly show that knowledge is not the binding constraint to uptake of the biosecurity interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Dohoo
- University of Prince Edward Islands, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Nicholas Ndiwa
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jane Poole
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Emily Ouma
- International Livestock Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Barbara Wieland
- International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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8
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Lukuyu MN, Gibson JP, Savage DB, Rao EJO, Ndiwa N, Duncan AJ. Farmers' Perceptions of Dairy Cattle Breeds, Breeding and Feeding Strategies: A Case of Smallholder Dairy Farmers in Western Kenya. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 83:351-367. [PMID: 32309420 PMCID: PMC7099927 DOI: 10.1080/00128325.2019.1659215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
To understand farmers’ preference and perceptions of breed attributes, breeding and feeding practices, 419 households in western Kenya were interviewed in a cross-sectional survey. Respondents scored their preference for cattle breeds, traits and breeding methods on a scale of 1 (most preferred) to 5 (least preferred). Preferences were compared using multinomial logistic regression models on weighted scores. The Ayrshire breed was most preferred followed by the Friesian. Using hardship tolerance as a reference trait, the Friesian was preferred 4.86 times more for high milk production and Ayrshire, Jersey and Guernsey breeds 4.61, 4.60 and 4.18 times (p < 0.01) more, respectively, for milk fat content. The Ayrshire was preferred 4.16 times more for its perceived low feed requirement and 1.22 times more (p < 0.01) for resistance to diseases. Friesian was the only breed preferred (3.18 times more) (p < 0.01) for high growth rate of calves. Artificial insemination (AI) was the breeding method of choice, but majority (>68%) of respondents used natural mating, because it was readily available and cheaper. The current study highlights the importance of taking into account farmers’ objectives and the production environment when designing breed improvement programmes and recommends packaging of breeding together with feeding interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Lukuyu
- University of New England, Armidale, Australia.,BEMAR Livestock Consultants, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - J P Gibson
- University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - D B Savage
- University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - E J O Rao
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - N Ndiwa
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - A J Duncan
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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9
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Marshall K, Mtimet N, Wanyoike F, Ndiwa N, Ghebremariam H, Mugunieri L, Costagli R. The traditional livestock breeding practices of women and men Somali pastoralists: breeding management and beliefs on breeding issues. Anim Prod Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an17481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In Somalia, located in the horn of Africa and one of the world’s poorest countries, livestock are the mainstay of the economy. While strengthening the livestock sector is considered key to reduced poverty and increased food security, few studies have reported the livestock management practices of Somali pastoralists, including on breeding issues. Here, we present the final of a series of papers documenting the breeding practices of women and men Somali pastoralists for goat, sheep, camel and cattle. Data for the study were obtained by surveying 200 livestock-keeping households located within the Tog-Dheer region of Somaliland. The most important livestock species kept, in terms of contribution to household livelihood, were goats and sheep, followed by camel, then cattle. Migration with livestock was practiced by two-thirds of the households for some or all of the year, whereas other households were settled with their livestock. On breeding practices, the main means of acquiring breeding animals was by the animal being born into the herd, and varied means were used to control mating, including castration, culling, separation of male and female animals, purposeful mating of best males to best females, and controlling the size of mating groups. On beliefs on breeding issues, the pastoralists had a varied understanding of whether specific livestock traits were influenced by genetics, environment, or a combination of both, and most could not articulate the basis of inheritance. Knowledge of inbreeding was poor, with almost all respondents indicating they did not consider the mating of related animals to be problematic. Additionally, some pastoralists tried to influence the sex of the livestock progeny born through various practices. Overall, the finding presented here and in the companion studies (Marshall et al. 2014, 2016) indicated that the women and men Somali pastoralists generally employ sound breeding practices, although there is room for capacity building such as on inbreeding.
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10
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Lacasta A, Mwalimu S, Kibwana E, Saya R, Awino E, Njoroge T, Poole J, Ndiwa N, Pelle R, Nene V, Steinaa L. Immune parameters to p67C antigen adjuvanted with ISA206VG correlate with protection against East Coast fever. Vaccine 2018; 36:1389-1397. [PMID: 29429808 PMCID: PMC5835154 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Three doses of p67C antigen generated stronger immune responses than two doses. Antibody titers and CD4+ T-cell proliferation correlated with protection against ECF. The number of doses could not be reduced from three to two without compromising the protection.
East Coast fever (ECF) is a lymphoproliferative disease caused by the tick-transmitted protozoan parasite Theileria parva. ECF is one of the most serious cattle tick-borne diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa. We have previously demonstrated that three doses of the C-terminal part of the sporozoite protein p67 (p67C) adjuvanted with ISA206VG confers partial protection against ECF at a herd level. We have tested the efficacy of two doses of this experimental vaccine, as reducing the vaccination regimen would facilitate its deployment in the field. We reconfirm that three antigen doses gave a significant level of protection to severe disease (46%, ECF score < 6) when compared with the control group, while two doses did not (23%). Animals receiving three doses of p67C developed higher antibody titers and CD4+ T-cell proliferation indices, than those which received two doses. A new panel of immune parameters were tested in order to identify factors correlating with protection: CD4+ proliferation index, total IgG, IgG1, IgG2 and IgM half maximal titers and neutralization capacity of the sera with and without complement. We show that some of the cellular and humoral immune responses provide preliminary correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lacasta
- Animal and Human Health (AHH), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Stephen Mwalimu
- Animal and Human Health (AHH), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Elisabeth Kibwana
- Animal and Human Health (AHH), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Rosemary Saya
- Animal and Human Health (AHH), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Elias Awino
- Animal and Human Health (AHH), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Thomas Njoroge
- Animal and Human Health (AHH), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Jane Poole
- Research Methods Group, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Nicholas Ndiwa
- Research Methods Group, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Roger Pelle
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Vishvanath Nene
- Animal and Human Health (AHH), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Lucilla Steinaa
- Animal and Human Health (AHH), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
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11
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Svitek N, Saya R, Awino E, Munyao S, Muriuki R, Njoroge T, Pellé R, Ndiwa N, Poole J, Gilbert S, Nene V, Steinaa L. An Ad/MVA vectored Theileria parva antigen induces schizont-specific CD8 + central memory T cells and confers partial protection against a lethal challenge. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:35. [PMID: 30245859 PMCID: PMC6134044 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-018-0073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The parasite Theileria parva is the causative agent of East Coast fever (ECF), one of the most serious cattle diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, and directly impacts smallholder farmers’ livelihoods. There is an efficient live-parasite vaccine, but issues with transmission of vaccine strains, need of a cold chain, and antibiotics limit its utilization. This has fostered research towards subunit vaccination. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are crucial in combating the infection by lysing T. parva-infected cells. Tp1 is an immunodominant CTL antigen, which induces Tp1-specific responses in 70–80% of cattle of the A18 or A18v haplotype during vaccination with the live vaccine. In this study, human adenovirus serotype 5 (HAd5) and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) were assessed for their ability to induce Tp1-specific immunity. Both viral vectors expressing the Tp1 antigen were inoculated in cattle by a heterologous prime-boost vaccination regimen. All 15 animals responded to Tp1 as determined by ELISpot. Of these, 14 reacted to the known Tp1 epitope, assayed by ELISpot and tetramer analyses, with CTL peaking 1-week post-MVA boost. Eleven animals developed CTL with specific cytotoxic activity towards peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) pulsed with the Tp1 epitope. Moreover, 36% of the animals with a Tp1 epitope-specific response survived a lethal challenge with T. parva 5 weeks post-MVA boost. Reduction of the parasitemia correlated with increased percentages of central memory lymphocytes in the Tp1 epitope-specific CD8+ populations. These results indicate that Tp1 is a promising antigen to include in a subunit vaccine and central memory cells are crucial for clearing the parasite. A vaccine expressing parasitic proteins offers more convenient East Coast fever prophylaxis. Current vaccination for the cattle disease, caused by the parasite Theileria parva and a detriment to sub-Saharan African farmers, involves inconvenient injection with live parasites before antibiotic treatment (ITM). A collaboration led by Nicholas Svitek, of the Kenyan International Livestock Research Institute, designed a candidate to provoke cellular immune responses against the parasitic antigen Tp1—an ITM vaccine candidate. In tests on cattle, 93% created Tp1-targeting T cells, and 33% survived a lethal dose of T. parva. The East Coast fever reduction seen in animals in this research outperformed a recent study and was able to generate the same immune memory cells that ITM inspires to provide long-lasting protection. Future research might integrate more antigens with this Tp1 vaccine to provide more comprehensive protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Svitek
- 1International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rosemary Saya
- 1International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elias Awino
- 1International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stephen Munyao
- 1International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Robert Muriuki
- 1International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Thomas Njoroge
- 1International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Roger Pellé
- 1International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nicholas Ndiwa
- 1International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jane Poole
- 1International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- 2The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Vishvanath Nene
- 1International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lucilla Steinaa
- 1International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
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12
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Marshall K, Mtimet N, Wanyoike F, Ndiwa N, Ghebremariam H, Mugunieri L, Costagli R. Traditional livestock breeding practices of men and women Somali pastoralists: trait preferences and selection of breeding animals. J Anim Breed Genet 2016; 133:534-547. [DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Marshall
- International Livestock Research Institute Nairobi Kenya
| | - N. Mtimet
- International Livestock Research Institute Nairobi Kenya
| | - F. Wanyoike
- International Livestock Research Institute Nairobi Kenya
| | - N. Ndiwa
- International Livestock Research Institute Nairobi Kenya
| | - H. Ghebremariam
- IGAD Sheikh Technical Veterinary School (ISTVS) Sheikh Somaliland
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13
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Marcellino WL, Salih DA, Njahira MN, Ndiwa N, Araba A, El Hussein AM, Seitzer U, Ahmed JS, Bishop RP, Skilton RA. The Emergence of Theileria parva
in Jonglei State, South Sudan: Confirmation Using Molecular and Serological Diagnostic Tools. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1229-1235. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. L. Marcellino
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute Hub (BecA-ILRI Hub); Nairobi Kenya
- Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries; Juba South Sudan
| | - D. A. Salih
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute Hub (BecA-ILRI Hub); Nairobi Kenya
- Veterinary Research Institute; Khartoum Sudan
| | - M. N. Njahira
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute Hub (BecA-ILRI Hub); Nairobi Kenya
| | - N. Ndiwa
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI); Nairobi Kenya
| | - A. Araba
- Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries; Juba South Sudan
| | | | - U. Seitzer
- Division of Veterinary Infection Biology and Immunology; Research Center Borstel; Borstel; Schleswig-Holstein Germany
| | - J. S. Ahmed
- Division of Veterinary Infection Biology and Immunology; Research Center Borstel; Borstel; Schleswig-Holstein Germany
| | - R. P. Bishop
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI); Nairobi Kenya
| | - R. A. Skilton
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute Hub (BecA-ILRI Hub); Nairobi Kenya
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