1
|
Wragg D, Cook EAJ, Latré de Laté P, Sitt T, Hemmink JD, Chepkwony MC, Njeru R, Poole EJ, Powell J, Paxton EA, Callaby R, Talenti A, Miyunga AA, Ndambuki G, Mwaura S, Auty H, Matika O, Hassan M, Marshall K, Connelley T, Morrison LJ, Bronsvoort BMD, Morrison WI, Toye PG, Prendergast JGD. A locus conferring tolerance to Theileria infection in African cattle. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010099. [PMID: 35446841 PMCID: PMC9022807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
East Coast fever, a tick-borne cattle disease caused by the Theileria parva parasite, is among the biggest natural killers of cattle in East Africa, leading to over 1 million deaths annually. Here we report on the genetic analysis of a cohort of Bos indicus (Boran) cattle demonstrating heritable tolerance to infection with T. parva (h2 = 0.65, s.e. 0.57). Through a linkage analysis we identify a 6 Mb genomic region on bovine chromosome 15 that is significantly associated with survival outcome following T. parva exposure. Testing this locus in an independent cohort of animals replicates this association with survival following T. parva infection. A stop gained variant in a paralogue of the FAF1 gene in this region was found to be highly associated with survival across both related and unrelated animals, with only one of the 20 homozygote carriers (T/T) of this change succumbing to the disease in contrast to 44 out of 97 animals homozygote for the reference allele (C/C). Consequently, we present a genetic locus linked to tolerance of one of Africa’s most important cattle diseases, raising the promise of marker-assisted selection for cattle that are less susceptible to infection by T. parva. More than a million cattle die of East Coast fever in Africa each year, the impact of which disproportionately falls onto low-income, smallholder farmers. The lack of a widely accessible vaccine, heavy reliance on chemicals to control the tick vector and inadequate drug treatments means that new approaches for controlling the disease are urgently required. Through a genetic study of an extended pedigree of Boran cattle that are more than three times less likely to succumb to the disease than matched controls, we identify a region on chromosome 15 of the cattle genome associated with a high level of tolerance to the disease. We show that a nonsense variant in a predicted paralogue of FAS-associated factor 1 (FAF1) in this region is also associated with survival in an independent cohort, and is linked to rates of cell expansion during infection. This genetic variant can therefore support marker-assisted selection, allowing farmers to breed tolerant cattle and offers a route to introduce this beneficial DNA to non-native breeds, enabling reduced disease incidence and increased productivity, which would be of benefit to millions of rural smallholder farmers across Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Wragg
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A. J. Cook
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Perle Latré de Laté
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Johanneke D. Hemmink
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Regina Njeru
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Jessica Powell
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Edith A. Paxton
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Callaby
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EEA) Group, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Talenti
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Antoinette A. Miyunga
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gideon Ndambuki
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Harriet Auty
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Oswald Matika
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Musa Hassan
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Marshall
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Timothy Connelley
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J. Morrison
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - B. Mark deC. Bronsvoort
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - W. Ivan Morrison
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philip G. Toye
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail: (PGT); (JGDP)
| | - James G. D. Prendergast
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (PGT); (JGDP)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Latre de Late P, Cook EAJ, Wragg D, Poole EJ, Ndambuki G, Miyunga AA, Chepkwony MC, Mwaura S, Ndiwa N, Prettejohn G, Sitt T, Van Aardt R, Morrison WI, Prendergast JGD, Toye P. Inherited Tolerance in Cattle to the Apicomplexan Protozoan Theileria parva is Associated with Decreased Proliferation of Parasite-Infected Lymphocytes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:751671. [PMID: 34804994 PMCID: PMC8602341 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.751671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Theileria parva is the causative agent of East Coast fever and Corridor disease, which are fatal, economically important diseases of cattle in eastern, central and southern Africa. Improved methods of control of the diseases are urgently required. The parasite transforms host lymphocytes, resulting in a rapid, clonal expansion of infected cells. Resistance to the disease has long been reported in cattle from T. parva-endemic areas. We reveal here that first- and second-generation descendants of a single Bos indicus bull survived severe challenge with T. parva, (overall survival rate 57.3% compared to 8.7% for unrelated animals) in a series of five field studies. Tolerant cattle displayed a delayed and less severe parasitosis and febrile response than unrelated animals. The in vitro proliferation of cells from surviving cattle was much reduced compared to those from animals that succumbed to infection. Additionally, some pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL1β, IL6, TNFα or TGFβ which are usually strongly expressed in susceptible animals and are known to regulate cell growth or motility, remain low in tolerant animals. This correlates with the reduced proliferation and less severe clinical reactions observed in tolerant cattle. The results show for the first time that the inherited tolerance to T. parva is associated with decreased proliferation of infected lymphocytes. The results are discussed in terms of whether the reduced proliferation is the result of a perturbation of the transformation mechanism induced in infected cells or is due to an innate immune response present in the tolerant cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Perle Latre de Late
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elizabeth A J Cook
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David Wragg
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - E Jane Poole
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gideon Ndambuki
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Antoinette Aluoch Miyunga
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maurine C Chepkwony
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stephen Mwaura
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nicholas Ndiwa
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Tatjana Sitt
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - W Ivan Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James G D Prendergast
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Toye
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cook EAJ, Sitt T, Poole EJ, Ndambuki G, Mwaura S, Chepkwony MC, Latre de Late P, Miyunga AA, van Aardt R, Prettejohn G, Wragg D, Prendergast JGD, Morrison WI, Toye P. Clinical Evaluation of Corridor Disease in Bos indicus (Boran) Cattle Naturally Infected With Buffalo-Derived Theileria parva. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:731238. [PMID: 34660767 PMCID: PMC8511504 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.731238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Corridor disease (CD) is a fatal condition of cattle caused by buffalo-derived Theileria parva. Unlike the related condition, East Coast fever, which results from infection with cattle-derived T. parva, CD has not been extensively studied. We describe in detail the clinical and laboratory findings in cattle naturally infected with buffalo-derived T. parva. Forty-six cattle were exposed to buffalo-derived T. parva under field conditions at the Ol Pejeta Conservancy, Kenya, between 2013 and 2018. The first signs of disease observed in all animals were nasal discharge (mean day of onset was 9 days post-exposure), enlarged lymph nodes (10 days post-exposure), and pyrexia (13.7 days post-exposure). Coughing and labored breathing were observed in more than 50% of animals (14 days post-exposure). Less commonly observed signs, corneal edema (22%) and diarrhea (11%), were observed later in the disease progression (19 days post-exposure). All infections were considered clinically severe, and 42 animals succumbed to infection. The mean time to death across all studies was 18.4 days. The mean time from onset of clinical signs to death was 9 days and from pyrexia to death was 4.8 days, indicating a relatively short duration of clinical illness. There were significant relationships between days to death and the days to first temperature (chi2 = 4.00, p = 0.046), and days to peak temperature (chi2 = 25.81, p = 0.001), animals with earlier onset pyrexia died sooner. These clinical indicators may be useful for assessing the severity of disease in the future. All infections were confirmed by the presence of macroschizonts in lymph node biopsies (mean time to parasitosis was 11 days). Piroplasms were detected in the blood of two animals (4%) and 20 (43%) animals seroconverted. In this study, we demonstrate the successful approach to an experimental field study for CD in cattle. We also describe the clinical progression of CD in naturally infected cattle, including the onset and severity of clinical signs and pathology. Laboratory diagnoses based on examination of blood samples are unreliable, and alternatives may not be available to cattle keepers. The rapid development of CD requires recognition of the clinical signs, which may be useful for early diagnosis of the disease and effective intervention for affected animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. J. Cook
- Livestock Genetics, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), International Livestock Research Insitute (ILRI) Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tatjana Sitt
- Livestock Genetics, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - E. Jane Poole
- Livestock Genetics, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gideon Ndambuki
- Livestock Genetics, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stephen Mwaura
- Livestock Genetics, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maurine C. Chepkwony
- Livestock Genetics, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), International Livestock Research Insitute (ILRI) Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Perle Latre de Late
- Livestock Genetics, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), International Livestock Research Insitute (ILRI) Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Antoinette A. Miyunga
- Livestock Genetics, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - David Wragg
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - James G. D. Prendergast
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - W. Ivan Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Toye
- Livestock Genetics, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), International Livestock Research Insitute (ILRI) Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sitt T, Kenney M, Barrera J, Pandya M, Eckstrom K, Warner M, Pacheco JM, LaRocco M, Palarea-Albaladejo J, Brake D, Rieder E, Arzt J, Barlow JW, Golde WT. Duration of protection and humoral immunity induced by an adenovirus-vectored subunit vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Holstein steers. Vaccine 2019; 37:6221-6231. [PMID: 31493951 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral infection of cloven hooved animals that continues to cause economic disruption in both endemic countries or when introduced into a formally FMD free country. Vaccines that protect against clinical disease and virus shedding are critical to control FMD. The replication deficient human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vaccine vector expressing empty FMD virus (FMDV) capsid, AdtFMD, is a promising new vaccine platform. With no shedding or spreading of viral vector detected in field trials, this vaccine is very safe to manufacture, as there is no requirement for high containment faciitites. Here, we describe three studies assessing the proportion of animals protected from clinical vesicular disease (foot lesions) following live-FMDV challenge by intradermolingual inoculation at 6 or 9 months following a single vaccination with the commercial AdtFMD vaccine, provisionally licensed for cattle in the United States. Further, we tested the effect of vaccination route (transdermal, intramuscular, subcutaneous) on clinical outcome and humoral immunity. Results demonstrate that a single dose vaccination in cattle with the commercial vaccine vector expressing capsid proteins of the FMDV strain A24 Cruzeiro (Adt.A24), induced protection against clinical FMD at 6 months (100% transdermal, 80% intramuscular, and 60% subcutaneous) that waned by 9 months post-vaccination (33% transdermal and 20% intramuscular). Post-vaccination serum from immunized cattle (all studies) generally contained FMDV specific neutralizing antibodies by day 14. Anti-FMDV antibody secreting cells are detected in peripheral blood early following vaccination, but are absent after 28 days post-vaccination. Thus, the decay in antibody mediated immunity over time is likely a function of FMDV-specific antibody half-life. These data reveal the short time span of anti-FMDV antibody secreting cells (ASCs) and important performance characteristics of needle-free vaccination with a recombinant vectored subunit vaccine for FMDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Sitt
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 201 Terrill Bldg., 570 Main Street, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, United States
| | - Mary Kenney
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, United States
| | - José Barrera
- Leidos, Inc., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, United States
| | - Mital Pandya
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 201 Terrill Bldg., 570 Main Street, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Korin Eckstrom
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 201 Terrill Bldg., 570 Main Street, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Megan Warner
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, United States
| | - Juan M Pacheco
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, United States
| | - Michael LaRocco
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, United States
| | | | - David Brake
- BioQuest Associates, LLC. Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848 Greenport, NY, 11944, United States
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, United States
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, United States
| | - John W Barlow
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 201 Terrill Bldg., 570 Main Street, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - William T Golde
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, United States; Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sitt T, Henson S, Morrison WI, Toye P. Similar levels of diversity in the gene encoding the p67 sporozoite surface protein of Theileria parva are observed in blood samples from buffalo and cattle naturally infected from buffalo. Vet Parasitol 2019; 269:21-27. [PMID: 31079824 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Theileria parva is a tick-transmitted, apicomplexan protozoan found in buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and cattle in eastern, central and southern Africa. The parasite causes a fatal, lymphoproliferative disease in susceptible cattle. Previous studies have shown that the parasites in buffalo comprise a more heterogeneous population than those in cattle, which has led to the concept that the population of parasites circulating in cattle represents a restricted subpopulation of those in buffalo. The present study was undertaken to identify if and where this restriction may occur in cattle naturally infected with parasites from buffalo, by sequencing the T. parva p67 antigen gene from eight buffalo and 12 acutely infected cattle from the same endemic site in Kenya. From 103 sequences, we detected 44 different alleles. Nine alleles were found in both cattle and buffalo, and 17 and 18 found only in the cattle and buffalo populations respectively. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence analyses revealed a similar level of diversity of parasites in both hosts. Principal coordinates and phylogenetic tree analyses did not reveal any clustering associated with the host animals, and the number and degree of mixed T. parva infections was similar in the respective populations. The results suggest that any restriction in the ability of T. parva from buffalo to survive and be transmitted from cattle occurs after entry into and initial transformation of bovine lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Sitt
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Sonal Henson
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - W Ivan Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Toye
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sitt T, Poole EJ, Ndambuki G, Mwaura S, Njoroge T, Omondi GP, Mutinda M, Mathenge J, Prettejohn G, Morrison WI, Toye P. Corrigendum to "Exposure of vaccinated and naive cattle to natural challenge from buffalo-derived Theileria parva" [Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl. 4(2) (2015) 244-251]. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2018; 6:219. [PMID: 29988829 PMCID: PMC6031956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Sitt
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - E Jane Poole
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Gideon Ndambuki
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Stephen Mwaura
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Thomas Njoroge
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | | | - Matthew Mutinda
- Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - W Ivan Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - Philip Toye
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hemmink JD, Sitt T, Pelle R, de Klerk-Lorist LM, Shiels B, Toye PG, Morrison WI, Weir W. Ancient diversity and geographical sub-structuring in African buffalo Theileria parva populations revealed through metagenetic analysis of antigen-encoding loci. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:287-296. [PMID: 29408266 PMCID: PMC5854372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An infection and treatment protocol involving infection with a mixture of three parasite isolates and simultaneous treatment with oxytetracycline is currently used to vaccinate cattle against Theileria parva. While vaccination results in high levels of protection in some regions, little or no protection is observed in areas where animals are challenged predominantly by parasites of buffalo origin. A previous study involving sequencing of two antigen-encoding genes from a series of parasite isolates indicated that this is associated with greater antigenic diversity in buffalo-derived T. parva. The current study set out to extend these analyses by applying high-throughput sequencing to ex vivo samples from naturally infected buffalo to determine the extent of diversity in a set of antigen-encoding genes. Samples from two populations of buffalo, one in Kenya and the other in South Africa, were examined to investigate the effect of geographical distance on the nature of sequence diversity. The results revealed a number of significant findings. First, there was a variable degree of nucleotide sequence diversity in all gene segments examined, with the percentage of polymorphic nucleotides ranging from 10% to 69%. Second, large numbers of allelic variants of each gene were found in individual animals, indicating multiple infection events. Third, despite the observed diversity in nucleotide sequences, several of the gene products had highly conserved amino acid sequences, and thus represent potential candidates for vaccine development. Fourth, although compelling evidence for population differentiation between the Kenyan and South African T. parva parasites was identified, analysis of molecular variance for each gene revealed that the majority of the underlying nucleotide sequence polymorphism was common to both areas, indicating that much of this aspect of genetic variation in the parasite population arose prior to geographic separation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanneke D Hemmink
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; The International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tatjana Sitt
- The International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Roger Pelle
- The International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lin-Mari de Klerk-Lorist
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF), National Department of Agriculture, PO Box 12, Skukuza, Kruger National Park, 1350, South Africa
| | - Brian Shiels
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Henry Wellcome Building, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Philip G Toye
- The International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - W Ivan Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - William Weir
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Henry Wellcome Building, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sitt T, Bowen L, Lee CS, Blanchard MT, McBain J, Dold C, Stott JL. Longitudinal evaluation of leukocyte transcripts in killer whales (Orcinus Orca). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 175:7-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
9
|
Bishop RP, Hemmink JD, Morrison WI, Weir W, Toye PG, Sitt T, Spooner PR, Musoke AJ, Skilton RA, Odongo DO. The African buffalo parasite Theileria. sp. (buffalo) can infect and immortalize cattle leukocytes and encodes divergent orthologues of Theileria parva antigen genes. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2015; 4:333-42. [PMID: 26543804 PMCID: PMC4589832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
African Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is the wildlife reservoir of multiple species within the apicomplexan protozoan genus Theileria, including Theileria parva which causes East coast fever in cattle. A parasite, which has not yet been formally named, known as Theileria sp. (buffalo) has been recognized as a potentially distinct species based on rDNA sequence, since 1993. We demonstrate using reverse line blot (RLB) and sequencing of 18S rDNA genes, that in an area where buffalo and cattle co-graze and there is a heavy tick challenge, T. sp. (buffalo) can frequently be isolated in culture from cattle leukocytes. We also show that T. sp. (buffalo), which is genetically very closely related to T. parva, according to 18s rDNA sequence, has a conserved orthologue of the polymorphic immunodominant molecule (PIM) that forms the basis of the diagnostic ELISA used for T. parva serological detection. Closely related orthologues of several CD8 T cell target antigen genes are also shared with T. parva. By contrast, orthologues of the T. parva p104 and the p67 sporozoite surface antigens could not be amplified by PCR from T. sp. (buffalo), using conserved primers designed from the corresponding T. parva sequences. Collectively the data re-emphasise doubts regarding the value of rDNA sequence data alone for defining apicomplexan species in the absence of additional data. ‘Deep 454 pyrosequencing’ of DNA from two Theileria sporozoite stabilates prepared from Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks fed on buffalo failed to detect T. sp. (buffalo). This strongly suggests that R. appendiculatus may not be a vector for T. sp. (buffalo). Collectively, the data provides further evidence that T. sp. (buffalo). is a distinct species from T. parva. Theileria sp. (buffalo) can infect and immortalize cattle leukocytes. Antigen genes of T. sp. (buffalo) vary in level of identity to those of T. parva The tick that transmits T. sp. (buffalo) to cattle is not Rhipicephalus appendiculatus 18s rDNA sequence information alone is insufficient to define species of Theileria
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R P Bishop
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - J D Hemmink
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK
| | - W I Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK
| | - W Weir
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - P G Toye
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - T Sitt
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - P R Spooner
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - A J Musoke
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - R A Skilton
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - D O Odongo
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya ; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sitt T, Poole EJ, Ndambuki G, Mwaura S, Njoroge T, Omondi GP, Mutinda M, Mathenge J, Prettejohn G, Morrison WI, Toye P. Exposure of vaccinated and naive cattle to natural challenge from buffalo-derived Theileria parva. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2015; 4:244-51. [PMID: 26005635 PMCID: PMC4437466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The Muguga cocktail was tested in cattle in a buffalo-only location. Infection with buffalo-derived T. parva caused Corridor disease in cattle. At the conservancy, the cocktail did not protect cattle against Corridor disease. Efficacious vaccines can support integrative livestock/wildlife management.
Integrative management of wildlife and livestock requires a clear understanding of the diseases transmitted between the two populations. The tick-borne protozoan parasite Theileria parva causes two distinct diseases in cattle, East Coast fever and Corridor disease, following infection with parasites derived from cattle or buffalo, respectively. In this study, cattle were immunized with a live sporozoite vaccine containing three T. parva isolates (the Muguga cocktail), which has been used extensively and successfully in the field to protect against cattle-derived T. parva infection. The cattle were exposed in a natural field challenge site containing buffalo but no other cattle. The vaccine had no effect on the survival outcome in vaccinated animals compared to unvaccinated controls: nine out of the 12 cattle in each group succumbed to T. parva infection. The vaccine also had no effect on the clinical course of the disease. A combination of clinical and post mortem observations and laboratory analyses confirmed that the animals died of Corridor disease. The results clearly indicate that the Muguga cocktail vaccine does not provide protection against buffalo-derived T. parva at this site and highlight the need to evaluate the impact of the composition of challenge T. parva populations on vaccine success in areas where buffalo and cattle are present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Sitt
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - E Jane Poole
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Gideon Ndambuki
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Stephen Mwaura
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Thomas Njoroge
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | | | - Matthew Mutinda
- Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Mathenge
- Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Giles Prettejohn
- Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - W Ivan Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Philip Toye
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bruno DR, Rossitto PV, Bruno RGS, Blanchard MT, Sitt T, Yeargan BV, Smith WL, Cullor JS, Stott JL. Differential levels of mRNA transcripts encoding immunologic mediators in mammary gland secretions from dairy cows with subclinical environmental Streptococci infections. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 138:15-24. [PMID: 20656361 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dry-off, and the period around parturition, are associated with increased susceptibility to intramammary infections in dairy cows. The immunological profiles of mammary gland secretions during these periods are not well described. The objective of the present study was to better characterize association(s) between chronic subclinical Environmental Streptococci infections at dry-off and relative levels of mRNA transcripts encoding multiple immunologic mediators present in cells derived from mammary gland secretions at dry-off and continuing through parturition. The chronic subclinical bacterial infections in the present study were characterized by multiple isolations of Streptococcus species and elevated SSC for a minimum of three weeks prior to dry-off. The majority of differences between principal and control quarters were identified at dry-off. Transcript levels of IL-17, IL2Rα and iNOS were increased while pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, and the regulatory cytokine IL-10, were reduced. Following antibiotic treatment of mammary glands, IL-17 transcripts remained elevated over the course of the study, indicative of a persistent insult. IL-4 transcript levels were modestly elevated at 7 days following dry-off and significantly elevated at 14 days, consistent with activated T(H)1 and T(H)2 lymphocytes in the principal quarters, respectively. From a temporal perspective, transcript levels of IL-8 decreased in all animals through the dry-off period animals and returned to pre-dry-off levels at parturition; levels of iNOS peaked at parturition. Five of the six principal cows experienced recurrent bacterial mastitis during the subsequent lactation; four were in the same quarter as was initially infected with Streptococcus and three of these four were due to coliforms. Taken together, this apparent chronic susceptibility of select mammary glands to bacterial infection would suggest a physiologic and/or immunologic dysfunction. Identification of factor(s) that contribute to the predisposition of mammary glands to developing mastitis should facilitate development of new control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela R Bruno
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Texas A&M, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sitt T, Bowen L, Blanchard MT, Gershwin LJ, Byrne BA, Dold C, McBain J, Stott JL. Cellular immune responses in cetaceans immunized with a porcine erysipelas vaccine. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 137:181-9. [PMID: 20579745 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Clinical erysipelas represents a significant health problem in managed cetacean species. Vaccination was suspended in many oceanariums in the past due to losses associated with vaccine-induced hypersensitivities which were deemed to be a greater threat than clinical erysipelas. A perceived shift in clinical presentation of erysipelas from a chronic dermatologic form to an acute systemic form in dolphins sparked interest in re-initiating vaccination with improved subunit vaccines of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. This manuscript describes the development and application of in vitro correlates of immunity (T(H)1, T(H)2 and T(REG)) in Tursiops truncatus induced by immunization with a commercial porcine 65 kDa subunit E. rhusiopathiae vaccine. Variable degrees of pre-existing T cell memory were identified prior to vaccination. Vaccine-induced IFN gamma responses were consistent with a T(H)1 response and associated with elimination of erysipelas in all vaccinated animals. Comparative analysis between six-month and 12-month vaccination booster regimes demonstrated maintenance of superior memory in the six-month group; however, anamnestic responses induced by booster were only identified in the 12-month group. To our knowledge, this is the first study to develop and apply advanced immunologic analyses for assessing vaccine efficacy in captive or free-ranging wildlife.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Sitt
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sitt T, Bowen L, Blanchard MT, Smith BR, Gershwin LJ, Byrne BA, Stott JL. Quantitation of leukocyte gene expression in cetaceans. Dev Comp Immunol 2008; 32:1253-1259. [PMID: 18572242 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Real-time quantitation of cytokine mRNA is a routine immunologic technique, especially fitting for use in those species for which monoclonal antibodies are not available. Quantitative gene expression assays were developed to assist in the immunologic assessment of three cetacean species including bottlenosed dolphins, Pacific white-sided dolphins and beluga whales. Nine cytokine genes (IL-2, -4, -10, -12, -13, -18, TNFalpha, TGFbeta and IFNgamma) and Cox-2 were selected for analysis. Most mitogen-induced mononuclear leukocyte responses were similar between the three cetacean species with either up- or down-regulation of cytokine genes. IL-10 expression was highly variable between species. No TH/1TH2 polarization was evident. Cytokine gene analysis has the potential to identify immune system perturbations induced by environmental insult as well as providing diagnostic tools for characterizing immune responses to environmental antigens and vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Sitt
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, 4206 VM 3A, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|