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Kalahasthi R, Adepu VK, Nagaraju R. Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy and Clinical Utility of DNA Methylation (5-mC) in Detecting Severity of Occupational Lead Exposure. Indian J Clin Biochem 2024; 39:572-578. [PMID: 39346715 PMCID: PMC11436711 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-023-01138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the diagnostic accuracy (DA) and clinical utility (CU) of DNA methylation (5 methylcytosine) in occupational Pb-exposure from Pb based industry. Blood Lead levels (BLLs) were measured using the ICP-OES method. The total DNA methylation (5-mC) was quantified using ELISA method. Based on their BLLs, the Pb-exposed workers were categorised into three groups: low (< 10 µg/dL), moderate (10-30 µg/dL), and high exposure (> 30 µg/dL). DNA methylation (5-mC) was significantly lower in moderate and high Pb-exposure groups when compared to the low Pb-exposure group. Workers exposed to high levels of Pb-exposure, the DA variables of 5-mC showed that the sensitivity was 74.7% [95% CI 65.4-84.0], specificity was 69.6% [95% CI 50.8-88.4], positive predictive value (PPV) was 89.9% [95% CI 82.7-97.0], Postive likelihood ratio (LR+) was 2.454 [95% CI 1.3-4.6], and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) is 6.3 [95% CI 6.5-7.7]. In moderate Pb-exposure, the DA variables of 5-mC revealed that the sensitivity is 64.9% [95% CI 55.2-74.5], the specificity is 69.6% [95% CI 50.8-88.4], the PPV is 89.7% [95% CI 82.5-97.0], the LR+ is 2.132 [95% CI 1.13-4.03], and the DOR is 4.2 [95% CI 3.6-5.7]. The high Pb-exposure group had higher DA metrics when compared to moderate Pb exposure. The clinical utility (CU+) of 5-mC was found to have good utility of 0.671 [95% CI 0.566-0.776] in the high Pb exposure group and fair utility of 0.582 [95% CI 0.470-0.694] in moderate Pb exposure group. In conclusion, DNA methylation (5mC) could be used as a predictive biomarker for high Pb-exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravibabu Kalahasthi
- Department of Biochemistry, Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), Indian Council of Medical Research, ICMR Complex, Kannamangala Post, Poojanahalli Road Devanahalli Taluk, Bengaluru, Karnataka 562110 India
| | - Vinay Kumar Adepu
- Department of Biochemistry, Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), Indian Council of Medical Research, ICMR Complex, Kannamangala Post, Poojanahalli Road Devanahalli Taluk, Bengaluru, Karnataka 562110 India
| | - Raju Nagaraju
- Department of Biochemistry, Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), Indian Council of Medical Research, ICMR Complex, Kannamangala Post, Poojanahalli Road Devanahalli Taluk, Bengaluru, Karnataka 562110 India
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Fu M, Zhu Z, Xiang Y, Yang Q, Yuan Q, Li X, Yu G. Associations of Blood and Urinary Heavy Metals with Stress Urinary Incontinence Risk Among Adults in NHANES, 2003-2018. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04264-8. [PMID: 38884860 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
People come into contact with heavy metals in various ways in their daily lives. Accumulating evidence shows that toxic metal exposure is hazardous to human health. However, limited information is available regarding the impact of metal mixtures on stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Therefore, we used data from 10,622 adults from the 2003-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to investigate the independent and comprehensive association between heavy metal co-exposure and SUI. Among them, 2455 (23.1%) had been diagnosed with SUI, while the rest had no SUI. We evaluated the independent and combined associations of 3 blood metals and 10 urinary metals with SUI risk, along with subgroup analyses according to age and gender. In the single-exposure model, blood cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), urinary Cd, Pb, and cesium (Cs) were found to be positively connected with SUI risk. Moreover, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, quantile-based g-computation (qgcomp), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) consistently demonstrated blood and urinary metal-mixed exposure were positively associated with the risk of SUI, and emphasized that blood Pb and Cd and urinary Cd and Cs were the main positive drivers, respectively. This association was more pronounced in the young and middle-aged group (20-59 years old) and the female group. Nevertheless, further research is necessary to validate these significant findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoling Fu
- Department of Nursing, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
- School of Nursing, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Aviation Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Zifan Zhu
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Science, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yechen Xiang
- Department of Urology, Hunan University of Medicine General Hospital, Hunan University of Medicine, 370 Jinxi South Road, Huaihua, 418000, Hunan, China
| | - Qiaoyue Yang
- Department of Nursing, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
- School of Nursing, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Aviation Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- School of Nursing, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Aviation Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Nursing, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
- School of Nursing, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Aviation Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Genzhen Yu
- Department of Nursing, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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Harshitha P, Bose K, Dsouza HS. Influence of lead-induced toxicity on the inflammatory cytokines. Toxicology 2024; 503:153771. [PMID: 38452865 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Lead (Pb2+) is a hazardous heavy metal that is pervasive in the human environment as a result of anthropogenic activity, and poses serious health risks, particularly in children. Due to its innumerable unique physical and chemical properties, it has various applications; therefore, it has become a common environmental pollutant. Lead may cause oxidative stress, and accumulating evidence indicates that oxidative stress influences the pathophysiology of lead poisoning, also called plumbism. The immune system is continually exposed to various environmental pathogens and xenobiotics, including heavy metals such as lead, and appears to be one of the most vulnerable targets. After being exposed to lead, cells are subjected to oxidative stress as a result of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. When the generation and consumption of ROS are out of equilibrium, various cell structures, particularly phospholipids are disrupted leading to lipid peroxidation. Various inflammatory signalling pathways are activated as a consequence, along with reduced disease resistance, inflammation, autoimmunity, sensitization and disruption of the cell-mediated and humoral immune systems. Lead negatively affects the metabolism of cytokines, including the interleukins IL-2, IL-1b, IL-6, IL-4, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon-gamma (IFN), as well as the expression and functioning of inflammatory enzymes such as cyclooxygenases. However, the cause of toxicity depends on the kind of lead, dosage, route of entry, exposure period, age, host and genetic predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Harshitha
- Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Kalpita Bose
- Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Herman Sunil Dsouza
- Department of Radiation Biology and Toxicology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.
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Song J, Pan T, Xu Z, Yi W, Pan R, Cheng J, Hu W, Su H. A systematic analysis of chronic kidney disease burden attributable to lead exposure based on the global burden of disease study 2019. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168189. [PMID: 37907111 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM As an important toxic heavy metal, lead exposure can lead to the occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the analysis of its disease burden pattern on a global scale is lacking. This study aimed to analyze the CKD burden attributable to lead exposure globally, regionally and temporally, as well as to examine the role of socio-economic factors. METHOD This study used data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2019. We obtained the global burden of CKD caused by lead exposure between 1990 and 2019, and stratified this burden according to factors such as gender, age, GBD regions, and countries. From 1990 to 2019, the changing trend of the disease burden of CKD attributed to lead exposure was estimated using Joinpoint regression model with the average annual percent change (AAPC) estimated. Finally, the relationship between country-level socio-economic factors and lead exposure related CKD burden was explored using a panel data model analysis. RESULTS In 2019, worldwide, there were 52.94 thousand deaths (95 % uncertainty interval (UI): 31.64, 76.23) and 1225.2 thousand disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) (95 % UI: 707.88, 1818) of CKD caused by lead exposure, accounting for 3.71 % of total CKD deaths and 2.95 % of total CKD DALYs. The age-standardized death and DALY rates per 100,000 population were 0.68 (95 % UI: 0.40, 0.98) and 15.02 (95 % UI: 8.68, 22.26) respectively, indicating an upward trend and stable trend between 1990 and 2019. However, the age-standardized rates attributed to lead exposure showed a wide variability across regions, with the highest rates in Central Latin America and the lowest in Eastern Europe. Moreover, the results of panel model analysis indicated that GDP growth was positively associated with lead exposure related CKD death rate and DALY rate. However, there were inverse associations between life expectancy at birth and hospital beds (per 1000 people) with lead exposure-related CKD DALY rate. CONCLUSION In summary, a significant burden of CKD can be attributed to lead exposure, with noticeable regional discrepancies. Findings here are valuable to deploy efficient measures at curbing lead exposure worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, No.81 Meishan road, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Ecosystem Change and Population Health Research Group, School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - TianRong Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Jingkai District, Hefei 230061, Anhui Province, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Jingkai District, Hefei 230061, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Weizhuo Yi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, No.81 Meishan road, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Rubing Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, No.81 Meishan road, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, No.81 Meishan road, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Wenbiao Hu
- Ecosystem Change and Population Health Research Group, School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
| | - Hong Su
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, No.81 Meishan road, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China.
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Balachandar R, Viramgami A, Singh D, Sivaperumal P, Upadhyay K. Unraveling the interaction between lead and calcium in occupationally exposed males: an exploratory observation study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2023; 96:1393-1399. [PMID: 37889332 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-023-02018-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The systemic illnesses associated with chronic lead exposure are partially explained by the interaction between lead and calcium metabolism. Lead exposure is posited to alter calcium levels either by altering calcium homeostasis markers or altering bone remodeling. The present study investigated the interaction between blood lead levels and calcium homeostasis markers and bone remodeling markers among lead-smelting plant workers. METHOD Adult male workers employed at the lead-smelting plant were clinically investigated as part of their regular occupational health assessment program. Additionally, control participants without occupational lead exposure, employed in administrative and white-collar jobs were invited to participate in the study. Sociodemographic and occupational details were collected by pre-standardized semi-structured questionnaires from all consenting participants, followed by clinical examination and blood collection. Blood lead levels were estimated using microwave-assisted acid digestion and the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique. Serum calcium and total protein and alkaline phosphatase levels were estimated as per standard biochemical techniques. 25-hydroxy vitamin-D3, calcitriol, and osteocalcin were estimated using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition to comparative analysis for comparing the two groups, independent linear regression models were explored to investigate the associations between serum calcium and blood lead and osteocalcin levels. RESULT A total of 189 lead-exposed men employed at the lead-smelting plant and 25 male control participants consented to participate. The two groups were similar in age, diet, and body mass index. Occupationally exposed individuals exhibited significantly lower serum calcium and higher bone remodeling markers (osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase) as compared to controls. However, the serum 25-hydroxy vitamin-D3 and calcitriol levels were not significantly different between the two groups. Lastly, the serum lead and osteocalcin were weakly but significantly associated with serum calcium levels after controlling for variations in total protein, diet, 25-hydroxy vitamin-D3, calcitriol, and alkaline phosphatase in the study participants. CONCLUSION Current observations reinforce the adverse role of lead exposure on calcium metabolism. Although lead exposure is posited to affect calcium metabolism by multiple pathways, current study observations favor the bone remodeling pathway. The observations recommend periodic screening for calcium and bone health among lead-exposed adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Balachandar
- ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, 380016, Gujarat, India
| | - Ankit Viramgami
- ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, 380016, Gujarat, India
| | | | - P Sivaperumal
- ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, 380016, Gujarat, India
| | - Kuldip Upadhyay
- ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Near Raksha Shakti University, Meghaninagar, Ahmedabad, 380016, Gujarat, India.
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Zhao Y, Wu J, Xu H, Li Q, Zhang Y, Zhai Y, Tang M, Liu Y, Liu T, Ye Y, He M, He R, Xu Y, Zhou Z, Kan H, Zhang Y. Lead exposure suppresses the Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling to increase the quiescence of hematopoietic stem cells via reducing the expression of CD70 on bone marrow-resident macrophages. Toxicol Sci 2023; 195:123-142. [PMID: 37436718 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal highly toxic to human health in the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of Pb impact on the quiescence of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). WT C57BL/6 (B6) mice treated with 1250 ppm Pb via drinking water for 8 weeks had increased the quiescence of HSC in the bone marrow (BM), which was caused by the suppressed activation of the Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling. Mechanically, a synergistic action of Pb and IFNγ on BM-resident macrophages (BM-Mφ) reduced their surface expression of CD70, which thereby dampened the Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling to suppress the proliferation of HSC in mice. In addition, a joint action of Pb and IFNγ also suppressed the expression of CD70 on human Mφ to impair the Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling and reduce the proliferation of human HSC purified from umbilical cord blood of healthy donors. Moreover, correlation analyses showed that the blood Pb concentration was or tended to be positively associated with the quiescence of HSC, and was or tended to be negatively associated with the activation of the Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling in HSC in human subjects occupationally exposed to Pb. Collectively, these data indicate that an occupationally relevant level of Pb exposure suppresses the Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling to increase the quiescence of HSC via reducing the expression of CD70 on BM-Mφ in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Shanghai Ji Ai Genetics and IVF Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yufan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yue Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mengke Tang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yalin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Miao He
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rui He
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanyi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Nagaraju R, Kalahasthi R, Balachandar R, Bagepally BS. Cadmium exposure and DNA damage (genotoxicity): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Toxicol 2023; 52:786-798. [PMID: 36802997 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2173557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Existing literature suggests an association between chronic cadmium (Cd) exposure and the induction of DNA damage and genotoxicity. However, observations from individual studies are inconsistent and conflicting. Therefore current systematic review aimed to pool evidence from existing literature to synthesize quantitative and qualitative corroboration on the association between markers of genotoxicity and occupational Cd exposed population. Studies that evaluated markers of DNA damage among occupationally Cd-exposed and unexposed workers were selected after a systematic literature search. The DNA damage markers included were chromosomal aberrations (chromosomal, chromatid, sister chromatid exchange), Micronucleus (MN) frequency in mono and binucleated cells (MN with condensed chromatin, lobed nucleus, nuclear buds, mitotic index, nucleoplasmatic bridges, pyknosis, and karyorrhexis), comet assay (tail intensity, tail length, tail moment, and olive tail moment), and oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine). Mean differences or standardized mean differences were pooled using a random-effects model. The Cochran-Q test and I2 statistic were used to monitor heterogeneity among included studies. Twenty-nine studies with 3080 occupationally Cd-exposed and 1807 unexposed workers were included in the review. Cd among the exposed group was higher in blood [4.77 μg/L (-4.94-14.48)] and urine samples [standardized mean difference 0.47 (0.10-0.85)] than in the exposed group. The Cd exposure is positively associated with higher levels of DNA damage characterized by increased frequency of MN [7.35 (-0.32-15.02)], sister chromatid exchange [20.30 (4.34-36.26)], chromosomal aberrations, and oxidative DNA damage (comet assay and 8OHdG [0.41 (0.20-0.63)]) compared to the unexposed. However, with considerable between-study heterogeneity. Chronic Cd exposure is associated with augmented DNA damage. However, more extensive longitudinal studies with adequate sample sizes are necessary to assist the current observations and promote comprehension of the Cd's role in inducing DNA damage.Prospero Registration ID: CRD42022348874.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Nagaraju
- Department of Biochemistry, Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Bengaluru, India
| | - Ravibabu Kalahasthi
- Department of Biochemistry, Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rakesh Balachandar
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, India
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Nagaraju R, Kalahasthi R, Balachandar R, Bagepally BS. Association between lead exposure and DNA damage (genotoxicity): systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2899-2911. [PMID: 35930012 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03352-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Studies suggest that chronic lead (Pb) exposure may induce deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage. However, there is no synthesised evidence in this regard. We systematically reviewed existing literature and synthesised evidence on the association between chronic Pb exposure and markers of genotoxicity. Observational studies reporting biomarkers of DNA damage among occupationally Pb-exposed and unexposed controls were systematically searched from PubMed, Scopus and Embase databases from inception to January 2022. The markers included were micronucleus frequency (MN), chromosomal aberrations, comet assay, and 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine. During the execution of this review, we followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Mean differences in the biological markers of DNA damage between Pb-exposed and control groups were pooled using the random-effects model. The heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochran-Q test and I2 statistic. The review included forty-five studies comparing markers of DNA damage between Pb-exposed and unexposed. The primary studies utilised buccal and/or peripheral leukocytes for evaluating the DNA damage. The pooled quantitative results revealed significantly higher DNA damage characterised by increased levels of MN and SCE frequency, chromosomal aberrations, and oxidative DNA damage (comet assay and 8-OHdG) among Pb-exposed than the unexposed. However, studies included in the review exhibited high levels of heterogeneity among the studies. Chronic Pb exposure is associated with DNA damage. However, high-quality, multicentred studies are required to strengthen present observations and further understand the Pb's role in inducing DNA damage. CRD42022286810.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Nagaraju
- Biochemistry, Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravibabu Kalahasthi
- Biochemistry, Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rakesh Balachandar
- Division of Health Sciences, ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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