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Coelho MM, Costa I, de Albuquerque ACF, Santos Junior FMD, Silva B, Silva R, Fernandes C, Remião F, Tiritan ME. Milligram scale enantioresolution of promethazine and its main metabolites, determination of their absolute configuration and assessment of enantioselective effects on human SY-SY5Y cells. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 245:116152. [PMID: 38643704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The misuse of pharmaceuticals has significantly increased in recent decades, becoming a major public health concern. The risks associated with medication misuse are particularly high in cases of overdose, especially when the active substances are chiral, as enantioselectivity plays an important role in toxicity. Promethazine (PMZ) is a chiral antihistamine marketed as a racemate and it is misused in "Purple Drank", a recreational drug beverage, that combines codeine and/or PMZ, with soda or alcohol leading to serious health consequences and fatalities in consumers around the world, particularly among teenagers. Information regarding the enantioselectivity in the toxicity of (R,S)-PMZ and its main metabolites, namely promethazine sulfoxide (PMZSO) and desmonomethyl promethazine (DMPMZ), is unknown. This work reported, for the first time, the enantioseparation, in milligram scale, of (R,S)-PMZ, (R,S)-DMPMZ, (R,S)- PMZSO and the determination of their absolute configurations by electronic circular dichroism (ECD). The enantioseparation of all the six enantiomers was accomplished in a homemade semi-preparative column with amylose tris-3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate (AD) coated with aminopropyl Nucleosil silica. The enantiomeric purity was evaluated using the analytical Lux® 3 µm i-Amylose-3 column, yielding enantiomeric purity values ranging between 94.4% and 99.7%. The elution order of all the enantiomers was accomplished combining the ECD results with an optical rotation detector. The elution order of the enantiomers was influenced only by the chiral selector, rather than the mobile phase. The cytotoxicity of the racemates and the isolated enantiomers towards differentiated SH-SY5Y cells was evaluated. (R,S)-DMPMZ exhibited a significantly higher cytotoxicity than (R,S)-PMZ, suggesting the metabolic bioactivation of (R,S)-PMZ. Conversely, no significant cytotoxicity was found for (R,S)-PMZSO, underscoring a metabolic detoxification pathway. Remarkably, enantioselectivity was observed for the cytotoxicity of PMZ; (R)-PMZ was significantly more cytotoxic than (S)-PMZ. The results underscore the importance to isolate the enantiomers in their enantiomerically form and their correct identification for toxicity enantioselectivity studies, which are vital to understand the drug's behaviour and safety, especially in case of overdoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Miguel Coelho
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Pharmaceuticals, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research University of Porto, Porto de Leixões Cruise Terminal, Matosinhos 4450-208, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB-Insitute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Inês Costa
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Insitute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal; UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | | | | | - Bárbara Silva
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Insitute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal; UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Renata Silva
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Insitute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal; UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Pharmaceuticals, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research University of Porto, Porto de Leixões Cruise Terminal, Matosinhos 4450-208, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Insitute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal; UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Pharmaceuticals, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research University of Porto, Porto de Leixões Cruise Terminal, Matosinhos 4450-208, Portugal; 1H-TOXRUN - One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Gandra 4585-116, Portugal.
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Tripathi N, Sinha A, Ravikanth M. Synthesis of Phenothiazine Embedded Heteroporphyrins. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300952. [PMID: 38055208 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of phenothiazine embedded heteroporphyrins containing one phenothiazine unit, two pyrrole rings and one heterocycle such as furan, thiophene, selenophene and tellurophene connected via four meso carbons were synthesized. The macrocycles were synthesized by condensing the phenothiazine based tripyrrane with corresponding 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)heterocycle under BF3 ⋅ OEt2 catalyzed conditions and compared the structural, spectral, and electrochemical properties with the reported phenothiazinophyrins. The studies showed that the phenothiazine embedded heteroporphyrins were nonaromatic and electronic properties were significantly altered by replacing the pyrrole ring from phenothiazinophyrin with different heterocycles. The X-ray structure of phenothiazine embedded thiaporphyrin revealed that the macrocycle was distorted with an inverted thiophene ring. Both mono-protonated and diprotonated derivatives of macrocycles were generated by the controlled addition of trifluoroacetic acid to the macrocycles. The macrocyclic protons experienced upfield/downfield shifts in protonated derivatives compared to their corresponding neutral phenothiazine embedded heteroporphyrins. However, the heterocyclic ring in both mono- and diprotonated derivatives retained its inverted conformation. The macrocycles in their neutral and protonated form exhibit nonaromatic absorption features. The studies indicated the electron rich nature of macrocycles and DFT/TD-DFT studies were carried out to justify the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Avisikta Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Mangalampalli Ravikanth
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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Martula E, Morak-Młodawska B, Jeleń M, Okechukwu PN, Balachandran A, Tehirunavukarasu P, Anamalay K, Ulaganathan V. Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Novel Dimers of Dipyridothiazine as Promising Antiproliferative Agents. Molecules 2023; 28:7662. [PMID: 38005384 PMCID: PMC10674446 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Many new isomeric dipyridothiazine dimers have been presented as molecules with anticancer potential. These compounds were obtained in efficient syntheses of 1,6-, 1,8-, 2,7- and 3,6-diazaphenothiazines with selected alkylaromatic linkers. The structures of these compounds has been proven with two-dimensional spectroscopic techniques (COSY, NOESY, HSQC and HMBC) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). In silico analyses of probable molecular targets were performed using the Way2Drug server. All new dimers were tested for anticancer activity against breast cancer line MCF7 and colon cancer line SW480. Cytotoxicity was assessed on normal L6 muscle cells. The tested dimers had high anticancer potential expressed as IC50 and the selectivity index SI. The most active derivative, 4c, showed an IC50 activity of less than 1 µM and an SI selectivity index higher than 100. Moreover, the compounds were characterized by low toxicity towards normal cells, simultaneously indicating a high cytostatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Martula
- Doctoral School of The Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Beata Morak-Młodawska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Jeleń
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
| | - Patrick N. Okechukwu
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (P.N.O.); (A.B.); (P.T.); (K.A.)
| | - Abbirami Balachandran
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (P.N.O.); (A.B.); (P.T.); (K.A.)
| | - Prethika Tehirunavukarasu
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (P.N.O.); (A.B.); (P.T.); (K.A.)
| | - Kirthani Anamalay
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (P.N.O.); (A.B.); (P.T.); (K.A.)
| | - Vaidehi Ulaganathan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
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