1
|
Yu H, Wu M, Zhao N, Dong M, Wang Y, Yu K, Sun C, Xu N, Ge L, Liu W. Anti-Ricin toxin human neutralizing antibodies and DMAbs protection against ricin toxin poisoning. Toxicol Lett 2023:S0378-4274(23)00209-6. [PMID: 37390852 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
DNA-encoded monoclonal antibodies (DMAbs) and in vivo expression of antibody therapeutics presents an innovative alternative to conventional delivery methods. Therefore, in order to prevent the lethal dose of ricin toxin (RT) and to avoid human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA) reaction, we developed the human neutralizing antibody 4-4E against RT and constructed DMAb-4-4E. The human neutralizing antibody 4-4E could neutralize RT in vitro and in vivo, while the mice in RT group all died. Using intramuscular electroporation (IM EP), antibodies were rapidly expressed in vivo within 7 days and were enriched in intestine and gastrocnemius muscle mostly. Besides, we found that DMAbs have shown a broad protective efficacy of RT poisoning prophylaxis. Driven by plasmids for IgG expression, mice were survived and the blood glucose level of mice in DMAb-IgG group returned to normal at 72h post RT challenge, and the RT group died within 48h. Furthermore, hindrance of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and accumulation of RT in endosomes were found in IgG-protected cells, revealing the possible mechanism of neutralization details. These data support the further study of RT-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in the development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Yu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Mingxin Dong
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, No.1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130122, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Kaikai Yu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Chengbiao Sun
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Na Xu
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun, 130122, China.
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Wensen Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun, 130122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ricin toxin and its neutralizing antibodies: A review. Toxicon 2022; 214:47-53. [PMID: 35595086 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ricin toxin (RT) belongs to the ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) family of toxins and is considered to be a moderate threat by the US Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). RT poses a great potential threat to the public, but there has been a lack of effective treatment options so far. Over the past few decades, researches on the prevention and treatment of RT poisoning have been investigated, among which neutralizing antibodies targeting RT specifically have always been a research hotspot. In this review, we have summarized the mechanism of action of RT, the research results and the design strategies of RT neutralizing antibodies, and discussed the key issues in the development of RT neutralizing antibody researches.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ricin: An Ancient Story for a Timeless Plant Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11060324. [PMID: 31174319 PMCID: PMC6628454 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The castor plant (Ricinus communis L.) has been known since time immemorial in traditional medicine in the pharmacopeia of Mediterranean and eastern ancient cultures. Moreover, it is still used in folk medicine worldwide. Castor bean has been mainly recommended as anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, anti-bacterial, laxative, abortifacient, for wounds, ulcers, and many other indications. Many cases of human intoxication occurred accidentally or voluntarily with the ingestion of castor seeds or derivatives. Ricinus toxicity depends on several molecules, among them the most important is ricin, a protein belonging to the family of ribosome-inactivating proteins. Ricin is the most studied of this category of proteins and it is also known to the general public, having been used for several biocrimes. This manuscript intends to give the reader an overview of ricin, focusing on the historical path to the current knowledge on this protein. The main steps of ricin research are here reported, with particular regard to its enzymatic activity, structure, and cytotoxicity. Moreover, we discuss ricin toxicity for animals and humans, as well as the relation between bioterrorism and ricin and its impact on environmental toxicity. Ricin has also been used to develop immunotoxins for the elimination of unwanted cells, mainly cancer cells; some of these immunoconjugates gave promising results in clinical trials but also showed critical limitation.
Collapse
|
4
|
Sadraeian M, Guimarães FEG, Araújo APU, Worthylake DK, LeCour LJ, Pincus SH. Selective cytotoxicity of a novel immunotoxin based on pulchellin A chain for cells expressing HIV envelope. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7579. [PMID: 28790381 PMCID: PMC5548917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotoxins (ITs), which consist of antibodies conjugated to toxins, have been proposed as a treatment for cancer and chronic infections. To develop and improve the ITs, different toxins such as ricin, have been used, aiming for higher efficacy against target cells. The toxin pulchellin, isolated from the Abrus pulchellus plant, has similar structure and function as ricin. Here we have compared two plant toxins, recombinant A chains from ricin (RAC) and pulchellin (PAC) toxins, for their ability to kill HIV Env-expressing cells. In this study, RAC and PAC were produced in E. coli, and chromatographically purified, then chemically conjugated to two different anti-HIV monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), anti-gp120 MAb 924 or anti-gp41 MAb 7B2. These conjugates were characterized biochemically and immunologically. Cell internalization was studied by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Results showed that PAC can function within an effective IT. The ITs demonstrated specific binding against native antigens on persistently HIV-infected cells and recombinant antigens on Env-transfected cells. PAC cytotoxicity appears somewhat less than RAC, the standard for comparison. This is the first report that PAC may have utility for the design and construction of therapeutic ITs, highlighting the potential role for specific cell targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sadraeian
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13560-970, Brazil
- Research Institute for Children, Children's Hospital, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, United States
| | - Francisco E G Guimarães
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13560-970, Brazil.
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Ana P U Araújo
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - David K Worthylake
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, United States
| | - Louis Jr LeCour
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, United States
| | - Seth H Pincus
- Research Institute for Children, Children's Hospital, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, United States.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yue G, Su S, Li N, Shuai M, Lai X, Astruc D, Zhao P. Gold nanoparticles as sensors in the colorimetric and fluorescence detection of chemical warfare agents. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
6
|
Riproximin modulates multiple signaling cascades leading to cytostatic and apoptotic effects in human breast cancer cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 142:135-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-2013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
7
|
Hirayama H, Hosomi A, Suzuki T. Physiological and molecular functions of the cytosolic peptide:N-glycanase. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 41:110-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
8
|
Hu J, Ni P, Dai H, Sun Y, Wang Y, Jiang S, Li Z. A facile label-free colorimetric aptasensor for ricin based on the peroxidase-like activity of gold nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra17327a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile colorimetric aptasensor for ricin based on the peroxidase-like activity of gold nanoparticles was demonstrated for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- PR China
| | - Pengjuan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- PR China
| | - Haichao Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- PR China
| | - Yujing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- PR China
| | - Yilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- PR China
| | - Shu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- PR China
| | - Zhuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- PR China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu J, Dai H, Sun Y, Ni P, Wang Y, Jiang S, Li Z. Highly sensitive and rapid visual detection of ricin using unmodified gold nanoparticle probes. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra06001f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A sensitive aptamer-based colorimetric biosensor for the detection of ricin using unmodified gold nanoparticles as probe was developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, PR China
- Graduate School of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Haichao Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, PR China
- Graduate School of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yujing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, PR China
| | - Pengjuan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, PR China
- Graduate School of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, PR China
- Graduate School of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Shu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, PR China
- Graduate School of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Zhuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yin HQ, Jia MX, Shi LJ, Liu J, Wang R, Lv MM, Ma YY, Zhao X, Zhang JG. Evaluation of a novel ultra-sensitive nanoparticle probe-based assay for ricin detection. J Immunotoxicol 2013; 11:291-5. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2013.847994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
11
|
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) were first isolated over a century ago and have been shown to be catalytic toxins that irreversibly inactivate protein synthesis. Elucidation of atomic structures and molecular mechanism has revealed these proteins to be a diverse group subdivided into two classes. RIPs have been shown to exhibit RNA N-glycosidase activity and depurinate the 28S rRNA of the eukaryotic 60S ribosomal subunit. In this review, we compare archetypal RIP family members with other potent toxins that abolish protein synthesis: the fungal ribotoxins which directly cleave the 28S rRNA and the newly discovered Burkholderia lethal factor 1 (BLF1). BLF1 presents additional challenges to the current classification system since, like the ribotoxins, it does not possess RNA N-glycosidase activity but does irreversibly inactivate ribosomes. We further discuss whether the RIP classification should be broadened to include toxins achieving irreversible ribosome inactivation with similar turnovers to RIPs, but through different enzymatic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Walsh
- RNA Biology Laboratory; Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN); Department of Neuroscience; University of Sheffield; Sheffield, UK
| | - Jennifer E Dodd
- RNA Biology Laboratory; Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN); Department of Neuroscience; University of Sheffield; Sheffield, UK
| | - Guillaume M Hautbergue
- RNA Biology Laboratory; Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN); Department of Neuroscience; University of Sheffield; Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Loss-Morais G, Turchetto-Zolet AC, Etges M, Cagliari A, Körbes AP, Maraschin FDS, Margis-Pinheiro M, Margis R. Analysis of castor bean ribosome-inactivating proteins and their gene expression during seed development. Genet Mol Biol 2013; 36:74-86. [PMID: 23569411 PMCID: PMC3615529 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572013005000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are enzymes that inhibit protein synthesis after depurination of a specific adenine in rRNA. The RIP family members are classified as type I RIPs that contain an RNA-N-glycosidase domain and type II RIPs that contain a lectin domain (B chain) in addition to the glycosidase domain (A chain). In this work, we identified 30 new plant RIPs and characterized 18 Ricinus communis RIPs. Phylogenetic and functional divergence analyses indicated that the emergence of type I and II RIPs probably occurred before the monocot/eudicot split. We also report the expression profiles of 18 castor bean genes, including those for ricin and agglutinin, in five seed stages as assessed by quantitative PCR. Ricin and agglutinin were the most expressed RIPs in developing seeds although eight other RIPs were also expressed. All of the RIP genes were most highly expressed in the stages in which the endosperm was fully expanded. Although the reason for the large expansion of RIP genes in castor beans remains to be established, the differential expression patterns of the type I and type II members reinforce the existence of biological functions other than defense against predators and herbivory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Loss-Morais
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tong WM, Sha O, Ng TB, Cho EYP, Kwong WH. Different in vitro toxicity of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) on sensory neurons and Schwann cells. Neurosci Lett 2012; 524:89-94. [PMID: 22819975 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the neurotoxicity induced by Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA), ricin A chain (RTA), and trichosanthin (TCS) in vitro. METHODS Rat neurons and Schwann cells were cultured and real-time up-take of RIPs was traced. TUNEL, Annexin V and DAPI were employed to study the mechanism. RESULTS The purity of both primary neuronal and Schwann cell cultures attained 80-90%. In neuritis, transport of FITC-RCA was demonstrated, but RTA and TCS were not detected. RCA elicited the strongest TUNEL and annexin V signals in both cultures. RTA evoked a stronger apoptotic signal than TCS in neurons. In contrast, compared with TCS, RTA elicited an attenuated apoptotic reaction in Schwann cells. All internalized RIPs were concentrated in the cytoplasm of the cells and their nuclei were not stained by DAPI. CONCLUSION The toxicity of these RIPs on neurons is different from that on Schwann cells. Although they enter cells by different mechanisms they all induce apoptosis. These results may find application in in vivo neural lesioning studies and clinical therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Man Tong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Puri M, Kaur I, Perugini MA, Gupta RC. Ribosome-inactivating proteins: current status and biomedical applications. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:774-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
15
|
Yin HQ, Jia MX, Yang S, Wang SQ, Zhang JG. A nanoparticle-based bio-barcode assay for ultrasensitive detection of ricin toxin. Toxicon 2012; 59:12-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
16
|
McLain DE, Horn TL, Detrisac CJ, Lindsey CY, Smith LA. Progress in biological threat agent vaccine development: a repeat-dose toxicity study of a recombinant ricin toxin A-chain (rRTA) 1-33/44-198 vaccine (RVEc) in male and female New Zealand white rabbits. Int J Toxicol 2011; 30:143-52. [PMID: 21378370 DOI: 10.1177/1091581810396730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A recombinant ricin toxin A-chain 1-33/44-198 vaccine (RVEc) was administered to male and female New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits (10/sex/group) in a repeat-dose toxicity study. The RVEc vaccine was administered on study days 1, 29, 57, and 85 via intramuscular (IM) injection (0, 100, or 200 μg/dose). All study animals were observed throughout treatment until euthanized and submitted for necropsy on study day 88 or 99 (recovery period). There were no treatment-related or toxicologically significant effects observed. There were no statistically significant differences noted in the antibody titers and/or concentrations in 100 μg RVEc-treated animals when compared to 200 μg RVEc-treated animals, suggesting that both doses produced comparable antibody titers/concentrations during the study. The highest immune response was observed on study day 99 (ie, 2 weeks after the last dose). The immune response observed demonstrated that RVEc is biologically active in the rabbit model, with no apparent marked sex differences.
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang M, Yu S, Wang C, Kong J. Tracking the endocytic pathway of recombinant protein toxin delivered by multiwalled carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2010; 4:6483-6490. [PMID: 20977256 DOI: 10.1021/nn101445y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The endocytic pathway of a recombinant protein toxin, ricin A-chain (RTA), delivered by multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was tracked in HeLa cells by tagging RTA with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). EGFP-RTA was found to accumulate in the endosome and to be retrogradely transported to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which it translocated into the cytosol. Nuclear staining, Z-axis scanning with a laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that the RTA exerted its toxic effects. Endocytosis-inhibiting tests with LSCM and flow cytometry showed that MWCNT-EGFP-RTA conjugates penetrated cells principally via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. These studies are beneficial to understanding the MWCNT-based intracellular drug delivery mechanism and provide guidelines for designing promising MWCNT-based vectors for targeting diagnostic or therapeutic compounds, not only to specific cells, but even to specific cellular compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kumar A, McClure B. Pollen-pistil interactions and the endomembrane system. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:2001-13. [PMID: 20363870 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The endomembrane system offers many potential points where plant mating can be effectively controlled. This results from two basic features of angiosperm reproduction: the requirement for pollen tubes to pass through sporophytic tissues to gain access to ovules and the physiology of pollen tube growth that provides it with the capacity to do so. Rapid pollen tube growth requires extravagant exocytosis and endocytosis activity as cell wall material is deposited and membrane is recovered from the actively growing tip. Moreover, recent results show that pollen tubes take up a great deal of material from the pistil extracellular matrix. Regarding the stigma and style as organs specialized for mate selection focuses attention on their complementary roles in secreting material to support the growth of compatible pollen tubes and discourage the growth of undesirable pollen. Since these processes also involve regulated activities of the endomembrane system, the potential for regulating mating by controlling endomembrane events exists in both pollen and pistil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Kumar
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, 117 Schweitzer Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Zhuang J, Cheng T, Gao L, Luo Y, Ren Q, Lu D, Tang F, Ren X, Yang D, Feng J, Zhu J, Yan X. Silica coating magnetic nanoparticle-based silver enhancement immunoassay for rapid electrical detection of ricin toxin. Toxicon 2010; 55:145-52. [PMID: 19631678 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
21
|
David J, Wilkinson LJ, Griffiths GD. Inflammatory gene expression in response to sub-lethal ricin exposure in Balb/c mice. Toxicology 2009; 264:119-30. [PMID: 19682533 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The toxin ricin has been shown to cause inflammatory lung damage, leading to pulmonary oedema and, at higher doses, mortality. In order to understand the genetic basis of this inflammatory cascade a custom microarray platform (1509 genes) directed towards immune and inflammatory markers was used to investigate the temporal expression profiles of genes in a Balb/c mouse model of inhalational ricin exposure. To facilitate examination of those genes involved in both inflammatory cascades and wound repair the dose which was investigated was sub-lethal across a 96-h time course. Histopathology of the lung was mapped across the time course and genetic responses considered in the context of overall lung pathology. Six hundred and eighty-five genes were found to be statistically significantly different compared to controls, across the time course and these genes have been investigated in the context of their biological function in ricin poisoning. As well as confirming key inflammatory markers associated with ricin intoxication (TNFalpha and IL1beta) several pathways that are altered in expression were identified following pulmonary exposure to ricin. These genes included those involved in cytokine-cytokine signalling cascades (IL1, IL1r, IL1r2, Ccl 4, 6, 10), focal adhesion (Fn1, ICAM1) and tissue remodelling (VEGF, Pim1). Furthermore, the observed alteration in expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) indicates a key role in membrane integrity and cellular adhesion in ricin poisoning. Data captured using this transcriptomic approach could be used to develop a specific approach to the treatment of inhalational ricin exposure. This work was conducted as part of a wider programme of work to compare a number of militarily relevant lung damaging agents, with a view to establishing a rational basis for the identification of more generic medical countermeasures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan David
- Immunotoxicology Group, Biology, Biomedical Sciences, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JQ, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Donayre-Torres AJ, Esquivel-Soto E, Gutiérrez-Xicoténcatl MDL, Esquivel-Guadarrama FR, Gómez-Lim MA. Production and purification of immunologically active core protein p24 from HIV-1 fused to ricin toxin B subunit in E. coli. Virol J 2009; 6:17. [PMID: 19196485 PMCID: PMC2653483 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gag protein from HIV-1 is a polyprotein of 55 kDa, which, during viral maturation, is cleaved to release matrix p17, core p24 and nucleocapsid proteins. The p24 antigen contains epitopes that prime helper CD4 T-cells, which have been demonstrated to be protective and it can elicit lymphocyte proliferation. Thus, p24 is likely to be an integral part of any multicomponent HIV vaccine. The availability of an optimal adjuvant and carrier to enhance antiviral responses may accelerate the development of a vaccine candidate against HIV. The aim of this study was to investigate the adjuvant-carrier properties of the B ricin subunit (RTB) when fused to p24. Results A fusion between ricin toxin B subunit and p24 HIV (RTB/p24) was expressed in E. coli. Affinity chromatography was used for purification of p24 alone and RTB/p24 from cytosolic fractions. Biological activity of RTB/p24 was determined by ELISA and affinity chromatography using the artificial receptor glycoprotein asialofetuin. Both assays have demonstrated that RTB/p24 is able to interact with complex sugars, suggesting that the chimeric protein retains lectin activity. Also, RTB/p24 was demonstrated to be immunologically active in mice. Two weeks after intraperitoneal inoculation with RTB/p24 without an adjuvant, a strong anti-p24 immune response was detected. The levels of the antibodies were comparable to those found in mice immunized with p24 alone in the presence of Freund adjuvant. RTB/p24 inoculated intranasally in mice, also elicited significant immune responses to p24, although the response was not as strong as that obtained in mice immunized with p24 in the presence of the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin. Conclusion In this work, we report the expression in E. coli of HIV-1 p24 fused to the subunit B of ricin toxin. The high levels of antibodies obtained after intranasal and intraperitoneal immunization of mice demonstrate the adjuvant-carrier properties of RTB when conjugated to an HIV structural protein. This is the first report in which a eukaryotic toxin produced in E. coli is employed as an adjuvant to elicit immune responses to p24 HIV core antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto J Donayre-Torres
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Unidad Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte, 36500 Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Uzawa H, Ohga K, Shinozaki Y, Ohsawa I, Nagatsuka T, Seto Y, Nishida Y. A novel sugar-probe biosensor for the deadly plant proteinous toxin, ricin. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 24:929-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
24
|
He X, Lu S, Cheng LW, Rasooly R, Carter JM. Effect of food matrices on the biological activity of ricin. J Food Prot 2008; 71:2053-8. [PMID: 18939752 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.10.2053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A cell-free translation assay was applied for the quick detection of ricin in food samples. Three economically important foods-ground beef, low-fat milk, and liquid chicken egg--were tested. The results indicated that ground beef had very little matrix effect on the assay, whereas low-fat milk and liquid chicken egg showed clear interference on the protein translation. A simple dilution in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) effectively eliminated the translational inhibition from these foods. The concentrations inhibiting 50% of luciferase translation derived from the current study were 0.01 nM for the pure ricin A chain, 0.02 nM for pure ricin, and 0.087 nM for crude ricin in PBS. In most cases, the half inhibitory concentration values for ricin in food matrices were significantly lower than for those in PBS buffer, suggesting that some components in these food matrices might potentiate the activity of ricin. Thermal stability tests indicated that the ricin A chain was the least stable among the three forms of ricin in all matrices measured. The thermal stability of pure and crude ricins varied depending on the matrices. The specific activities of ricin in PBS buffer were confirmed by a neutralization test with ricin-specific and nonspecific antibodies. This study demonstrates that the cell-free translation assay is a rapid and sensitive method for detection of biologically active ricin toxin in ground beef, low-fat milk, and liquid chicken egg and that food matrices can greatly affect the thermal stability of ricin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua He
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ricin (from Ricinus communis) as undesirable substances in animal feed - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
|
26
|
Marshall RS, Jolliffe NA, Ceriotti A, Snowden CJ, Lord JM, Frigerio L, Roberts LM. The role of CDC48 in the retro-translocation of non-ubiquitinated toxin substrates in plant cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:15869-77. [PMID: 18420588 PMCID: PMC3259637 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709316200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
When the catalytic A subunits of the castor bean toxins ricin and Ricinus communis agglutinin (denoted as RTA and RCA A, respectively) are delivered into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of tobacco protoplasts, they become substrates for ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). As such, these orphan polypeptides are retro-translocated to the cytosol, where a significant proportion of each protein is degraded by proteasomes. Here we begin to characterize the ERAD pathway in plant cells, showing that retro-translocation of these lysine-deficient glycoproteins requires the ATPase activity of cytosolic CDC48. Lysine polyubiquitination is not obligatory for this step. We also show that although RCA A is found in a mannose-untrimmed form prior to its retro-translocation, a significant proportion of newly synthesized RTA cycles via the Golgi and becomes modified by downstream glycosylation enzymes. Despite these differences, both proteins are similarly retro-translocated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard S. Marshall
- Department of Biological Sciences,
University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom and
the Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia
Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15, Milano,
Italy
| | - Nicholas A. Jolliffe
- Department of Biological Sciences,
University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom and
the Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia
Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15, Milano,
Italy
| | - Aldo Ceriotti
- Department of Biological Sciences,
University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom and
the Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia
Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15, Milano,
Italy
| | - Christopher J. Snowden
- Department of Biological Sciences,
University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom and
the Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia
Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15, Milano,
Italy
| | - J. Michael Lord
- Department of Biological Sciences,
University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom and
the Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia
Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15, Milano,
Italy
| | - Lorenzo Frigerio
- Department of Biological Sciences,
University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom and
the Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia
Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15, Milano,
Italy
| | - Lynne M. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences,
University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom and
the Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia
Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15, Milano,
Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sha O, Kwong WH, Pang Cho EY, Wai Yew DT, Ng TB. Different neuronal toxicity of single-chain ribosome-inactivating proteins on the rat retina. Toxicon 2008; 51:45-53. [PMID: 17889920 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the neurotoxicity of two structurally similar single chains of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs): trichosanthin (TCS) and ricin A chain (RTA). METHODS TCS, RTA and Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA, a multi-chain RIP for comparison) were separately injected into rat eyes. Saline was used as control. The data on cell counts, retinal thickness and histopathological scores were collected, and the TUNEL method (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labelling) was used to study the mode of cell death. RESULTS TCS caused distinct retinal changes at 1 nmol. Its toxic effects were most pronounced on the cells of the outer nuclear layer, less so on those of the inner nuclear layer, and little on the ganglion cells. Apoptosis was the predominant type of cell death induced by TCS. In contrast, RTA and RCA, both at 0.01 nmol, brought about acute retinal inflammation and necrosis. CONCLUSION TCS can eliminate specific retinal cells by apoptosis, while RTA and RCA cause retinitis. The B chain of type II RIPs is not obligatory for their neurotoxicity. The RIPs may be useful for creating retinal models and TCS may be useful for the chemical treatment of retinoblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ou Sha
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Sciences Building, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Endocytosis of pulchellin and its recombinant B-chain into K-562 cells: binding and uptake studies. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1770:1660-6. [PMID: 17920772 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Revised: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Most of the type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxins formed by an RNA-N-glycosidase A-chain polypeptide linked to a lectin B-chain by a single disulfide bond. Members of this protein class vary greatly in cytotoxity, correlating more with B-chain diversity rather than to A-chain differences. Pulchellin is a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein toxin found in the seeds of Abrus pulchellus tenuiflorus. Recombinant pulchellin B-Chain (rPBC) has been previously produced as inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli and successfully refolded recovering biological activity. New approaches for using this kind of protein as a biotechnological tool require a better understanding of cell targeting, binding, uptake, intracellular routing and delivery. In this work, cell adhesion experiments were used to determine the interaction of rPBC with mammalian cells. Fluorescence and confocal microscopy revealed the intracellular localization and trafficking. Subcellular sorting of the native pulchellin could also be determined. The results support that the endosomal internalization pathway and the retrograde transport through the Golgi apparatus might be used by both native protein and rPBC.
Collapse
|
29
|
El-Nikhely N, Helmy M, Saeed HM, Abou Shama LA, Abd El-Rahman Z. Ricin A Chain from Ricinus sanguineus: DNA Sequence, Structure and Toxicity. Protein J 2007; 26:481-9. [PMID: 17687522 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-007-9088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The gene coding for the ricin A-chain from Ricinus sanguineus (RsTA) was isolated and sequenced (GB: DQ661048). Comparison of RsTA with the ricin A-chain from Ricinus communis (RTA) revealed the presence of five differences in the gene sequence. At the protein level only two differences were noticed, the replacement of Asn136 by Ser (N136S) and Ile173 by Val (I174 V). From the RsTA structure model (PMDB: PM0074652), the N136S mutation was predicted to have no effect on RsTA structure. The I174V mutation is believed to have no effect on the RsTA structure or on toxicity since this replacement was found in the Ricinus agglutinin's A-chain and the latter has a comparable toxicity to RTA. The Ser221 of the putative lipase active site was found. Toxicity experiments showed that RsTA and RTA have similar toxicities. This finding proves that the N136S and I174 V mutations have no effect on RsTA toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N El-Nikhely
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
McClure B. New views of S-RNase-based self-incompatibility. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 9:639-46. [PMID: 17027324 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
S-RNase-based self-incompatibility (SI) is the most widespread form of genetically controlled mate selection in plants. S-RNase controls pollination specificity in the pistil, while the newly discovered SLF/SFB controls pollination specificity in the pollen. A widely discussed model suggests that compatibility is explained by ubiquitylation and degradation of nonself-S-RNase and that, conversely, incompatibility is caused by failure to degrade self-S-RNase. This model is consistent with the long-standing view that S-RNase inhibition is central to SI. Recent results show, however, that S-RNase is compartmentalized in pollen tubes and, significantly, that compatibility might not require SLF/SFB. S-RNase compartmentalization and dislocation into the pollen tube cytoplasm might be similar to the trafficking of other cytotoxins such as ricin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce McClure
- Division of Biochemistry, 240a Christopher S Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 East Rollins Street, Columbia, Missouri 65211-7310, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Marsden CJ, Smith DC, Roberts LM, Lord JM. Ricin: current understanding and prospects for an antiricin vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2006; 4:229-37. [PMID: 15889996 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.4.2.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ricin is a potent cytotoxin that can be rapidly internalized into mammalian cells leading to cell death. The ease in obtaining the toxin and its deadly nature combine to implicate ricin as a convenient agent for bioterrorism. Research into the mechanism of toxicity, as well as strategies for treatment and protection from the toxin has been widely undertaken for a number of years. This article reviews the current understanding of the mechanism of action of the toxin, the clinical effects of ricin intoxication and how these relate to current and continuing prospects for vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Marsden
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kim I, Ahn J, Liu C, Tanabe K, Apodaca J, Suzuki T, Rao H. The Png1-Rad23 complex regulates glycoprotein turnover. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 172:211-9. [PMID: 16401726 PMCID: PMC2063551 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200507149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are destroyed by a pathway termed ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). Glycans are often removed from glycosylated ERAD substrates in the cytosol before substrate degradation, which maintains the efficiency of the proteasome. Png1, a deglycosylating enzyme, has long been suspected, but not proven, to be crucial in this process. We demonstrate that the efficient degradation of glycosylated ricin A chain requires the Png1–Rad23 complex, suggesting that this complex couples protein deglycosylation and degradation. Rad23 is a ubiquitin (Ub) binding protein involved in the transfer of ubiquitylated substrates to the proteasome. How Rad23 achieves its substrate specificity is unknown. We show that Rad23 binds various regulators of proteolysis to facilitate the degradation of distinct substrates. We propose that the substrate specificity of Rad23 and other Ub binding proteins is determined by their interactions with various cofactors involved in specific degradation pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikjin Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245
| | - Jungmi Ahn
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245
| | - Kaori Tanabe
- Department of Biochemistry and 21st Century Center of Excellence Program, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jennifer Apodaca
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245
| | - Tadashi Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry and 21st Century Center of Excellence Program, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hai Rao
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Smith DC, Sillence DJ, Falguières T, Jarvis RM, Johannes L, Lord JM, Platt FM, Roberts LM. The association of Shiga-like toxin with detergent-resistant membranes is modulated by glucosylceramide and is an essential requirement in the endoplasmic reticulum for a cytotoxic effect. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 17:1375-87. [PMID: 16381816 PMCID: PMC1382325 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-11-1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-mediated internalization to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and subsequent retro-translocation to the cytosol are essential sequential processes required for the productive intoxication of susceptible mammalian cells by Shiga-like toxin-1 (SLTx). Recently, it has been proposed that the observed association of certain ER-directed toxins and viruses with detergent-resistant membranes (DRM) may provide a general mechanism for their retrograde transport to endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, we show that DRM recruitment of SLTx bound to its globotriosylceramide (Gb(3)) receptor is mediated by the availability of other glycosphingolipids. Reduction in glucosylceramide (GlcCer) levels led to complete protection against SLTx and a reduced cell surface association of bound toxin with DRM. This reduction still allowed efficient binding and transport of the toxin to the ER. However, toxin sequestration within DRM of the ER was abolished under reduced GlcCer conditions, suggesting that an association of toxin with lipid microdomains or rafts in the ER (where these are defined by detergent insolubility) is essential for a later step leading to or involving retro-translocation of SLTx across the ER membrane. In support of this, we show that a number of ER residents, proteins intimately involved in the process of ER dislocation of misfolded proteins, are present in DRM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|