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Rodrigo AP, Moutinho Cabral I, Alexandre A, Costa PM. Exploration of Toxins from a Marine Annelid: An Analysis of Phyllotoxins and Accompanying Bioactives. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:635. [PMID: 38396603 PMCID: PMC10885894 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteinaceous toxins are peptides or proteins that hold great biotechnological value, evidenced by their ecological role, whether as defense or predation mechanisms. Bioprospecting using bioinformatics and omics may render screening for novel bioactives more expeditious, especially considering the immense diversity of toxin-secreting marine organisms. Eulalia sp. (Annelida: Phyllodocidae), a toxin bearing marine annelid, was recently shown to secrete cysteine-rich protein (Crisp) toxins (hitherto referred to as 'phyllotoxins') that can immobilize its prey. By analyzing and validating transcriptomic data, we narrowed the list of isolated full coding sequences of transcripts of the most abundant toxins or accompanying bioactives secreted by the species (the phyllotoxin Crisp, hyaluronidase, serine protease, and peptidases M12A, M13, and M12B). Through homology matching with human proteins, the biotechnological potential of the marine annelid's toxins and related proteins was tentatively associated with coagulative and anti-inflammatory responses for the peptidases PepM12A, SePr, PepM12B, and PepM13, and with the neurotoxic activity of Crisp, and finally, hyaluronidase was inferred to bear properties of an permeabilizing agent. The in silico analysis succeeded by validation by PCR and Sanger sequencing enabled us to retrieve cDNAs can may be used for the heterologous expression of these toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. Rodrigo
- Associate Laboratory i4HB Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (I.M.C.); (A.A.)
- UCIBIO Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Inês Moutinho Cabral
- Associate Laboratory i4HB Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (I.M.C.); (A.A.)
- UCIBIO Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - António Alexandre
- Associate Laboratory i4HB Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (I.M.C.); (A.A.)
- UCIBIO Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro M. Costa
- Associate Laboratory i4HB Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (I.M.C.); (A.A.)
- UCIBIO Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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2
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Miyamoto JG, Kitano ES, Zelanis A, Nachtigall PG, Junqueira-de-Azevedo I, Sant'Anna SS, Lauria da Silva R, Bersanetti PA, Carmona AK, Barbosa Pereira PJ, Serrano SMT, Vilela Oliva ML, Tashima AK. A novel metalloproteinase-derived cryptide from Bothrops cotiara venom inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme activity. Biochimie 2024; 216:90-98. [PMID: 37839625 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Snake venoms are primarily composed of proteins and peptides, which selectively interact with specific molecular targets, disrupting prey homeostasis. Identifying toxins and the mechanisms involved in envenoming can lead to the discovery of new drugs based on natural peptide scaffolds. In this study, we used mass spectrometry-based peptidomics to sequence 197 peptides in the venom of Bothrops cotiara, including a novel 7-residue peptide derived from a snake venom metalloproteinase. This peptide, named Bc-7a, features a pyroglutamic acid at the N-terminal and a PFR motif at the C-terminal, homologous to bradykinin. Using FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) substrate assays, we demonstrated that Bc-7a strongly inhibits the two domains of angiotensin converting enzyme (Ki < 1 μM). Our findings contribute to the repertoire of biologically active peptides from snake venoms capable of inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), beyond current known structural motifs and precursors. In summary, we report a novel snake venom peptide with ACE inhibitory activity, suggesting its potential contribution to the hypotensive effect observed in envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Gabriel Miyamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Shigueo Kitano
- Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling, Butantan Institute, SP, 05503-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Zelanis
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo (ICT-UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Pedro Gabriel Nachtigall
- Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling, Butantan Institute, SP, 05503-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Inácio Junqueira-de-Azevedo
- Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling, Butantan Institute, SP, 05503-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rogério Lauria da Silva
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pedro José Barbosa Pereira
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Solange M T Serrano
- Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling, Butantan Institute, SP, 05503-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Vilela Oliva
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Keiji Tashima
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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3
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Lecaudey LA, Netzer R, Wibberg D, Busche T, Bloecher N. Metatranscriptome analysis reveals the putative venom toxin repertoire of the biofouling hydroid Ectopleura larynx. Toxicon 2024; 237:107556. [PMID: 38072317 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Cnidarians thriving in biofouling communities on aquaculture net pens represent a significant health risk for farmed finfish due to their stinging cells. The toxins coming into contact with the fish, during net cleaning, can adversely affect their behavior, welfare, and survival, with a particularly serious health risk for the gills, causing direct tissue damage such as formation of thrombi and increasing risks of secondary infections. The hydroid Ectopleura larynx is one of the most common fouling organisms in Northern Europe. However, despite its significant economic, environmental, and operational impact on finfish aquaculture, biological information on this species is scarce and its venom composition has never been investigated. In this study, we generated a whole transcriptome of E. larynx, and identified its putative expressed venom toxin proteins (predicted toxin proteins, not functionally characterized) based on in silico transcriptome annotation mining and protein sequence analysis. The results uncovered a broad and diverse repertoire of putative toxin proteins for this hydroid species. Its toxic arsenal appears to include a wide and complex selection of toxin proteins, covering a large panel of potential biological functions that play important roles in envenomation. The putative toxins identified in this species, such as neurotoxins, GTPase toxins, metalloprotease toxins, ion channel impairing toxins, hemorrhagic toxins, serine protease toxins, phospholipase toxins, pore-forming toxins, and multifunction toxins may cause various major deleterious effects in prey, predators, and competitors. These results provide valuable new insights into the venom composition of cnidarians, and venomous marine organisms in general, and offer new opportunities for further research into novel and valuable bioactive molecules for medicine, agronomics and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roman Netzer
- SINTEF Ocean, Aquaculture Department, Brattørkaia 17c, 7010, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Daniel Wibberg
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany; Medical School OWL, Bielefeld University, Morgenbreede 1, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Nina Bloecher
- SINTEF Ocean, Aquaculture Department, Brattørkaia 17c, 7010, Trondheim, Norway
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4
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Platelet depletion enhances lethal, hemorrhagic and myotoxic activities of Bothrops asper snake venom in a murine model. Toxicon 2022; 219:106936. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.106936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Vanuopadath M, Raveendran D, Nair BG, Nair SS. Venomics and antivenomics of Indian spectacled cobra (Naja naja) from the Western Ghats. Acta Trop 2022; 228:106324. [PMID: 35093326 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Venom proteome profiling of Naja naja from the Western Ghats region in Kerala was achieved through SDS-PAGE and RP-HPLC followed by Q-TOF LC-MS/MS analysis, incorporating PEAKS and Novor assisted de novo sequencing methodologies. A total of 115 proteins distributed across 17 different enzymatic and non-enzymatic venom protein families were identified through conventional and 39 peptides through homology-driven proteomics approaches. Fourteen peptides derived through de novo complements the Mascot data indicating the importance of homology-driven approaches in improving protein sequence information. Among the protein families identified, glutathione peroxidase and endonuclease were reported for the first time in the Indian cobra venom. Immunological cross-reactivity assessed using Indian polyvalent antivenoms suggested that VINS showed better EC50 (2.48 µg/mL) value than that of PSAV (6.04 µg/mL) and Virchow (6.03 µg/mL) antivenoms. Western blotting experiments indicated that all the antivenoms elicited poor binding specificities, especially towards low molecular mass proteins. Second-generation antivenomics studies revealed that VINS antivenom was less efficient to detect many low molecular mass proteins such as three-finger toxins and Kunitz-type serine protease Inhibitors. Taken together, the present study enabled a large-scale characterization of the venom proteome of Naja naja from the Western Ghats and emphasized the need for developing more efficient antivenoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dileepkumar Raveendran
- Indriyam Biologics Pvt. Ltd., SCTIMST-TIMed, BMT Wing-Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012, Kerala, India
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Teodoro A, Gonçalves FJ, Oliveira H, Marques S. Venom of Viperidae: A Perspective of its Antibacterial and Antitumor
Potential. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:126-144. [DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210811164517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
:
The emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria and limitations on cancer treatment represent
two important challenges in modern medicine. Biological compounds have been explored with
a particular focus on venoms. Although they can be lethal or cause considerable damage to humans,
venom is also a source rich in components with high therapeutic potential.
:
Viperidae family is one of the most emblematic venomous snake families and several studies highlighted
the antibacterial and antitumor potential of viper toxins. According to the literature, these
activities are mainly associated to five protein families - svLAAO, Disintegrins, PLA2, SVMPs and
C-type lectins- that act through different mechanisms leading to the inhibition of the growth of bacteria,
as well as, cytotoxic effects and inhibition of metastasis process. In this review, we provide
an overview of the venom toxins produced by species belonging to the Viperidae family, exploring
their roles during the envenoming and their pharmacological properties, in order to demonstrate its
antibacterial and antitumor potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Teodoro
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fernando J.M. Gonçalves
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM- Centre for Environmental and
Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Helena Oliveira
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM- Centre for Environmental and
Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Marques
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM- Centre for Environmental and
Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Sun QY, Wang CE, Li YN, Bao J. Inhibition of platelet aggregation and blood coagulation by a P-III class metalloproteinase purified from Naja atra venom. Toxicon 2020; 187:223-231. [PMID: 32971099 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are an important component in viperid and crotalid venoms, and these SVMPs play important and versatile roles in the pathogenesis of snakebite envenoming. The SVMPs from elapid venoms are not well elucidated compared with those from viperid and crotalid venoms. Atrase B is a nonhemorrhagic P-III SVMP purified from the Naja atra venom, which possesses a weak fibrinogenolytic activity. In this paper, the activity and mechanism of atrase B against platelet aggregation and blood coagulation were investigated. The in vitro assay showed that atrase B remarkably inhibited ristocetin- and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation by cleavage of the platelet membrane glycoprotein Ib, and the coagulation of normal human plasma, which may be caused by inhibiting coagulation factor VIII predominantly. When atrase B was intravenously injected into rats at doses of 0.05 and 0.30 mg/kg, the activated partial thromboplastin and the thrombin times were significantly prolonged in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, the fibrinogen level decreased, but only a high dose of atrase B showed remarkable activity against platelet aggregation. Results suggested that anticoagulation was a more important function of atrase B compared with its activity against platelet aggregation. These results indicated that atrase B may play an important role in the anticoagulant properties of Naja atra venom. In addition, atrase B may be a potent anticoagulant agent because its effectiveness in vivo against platelet aggregation and blood coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products, Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, China.
| | - Cai-E Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products, Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products, Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Juan Bao
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products, Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, China
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8
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Venom Ophthalmia and Ocular Complications Caused by Snake Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090576. [PMID: 32911777 PMCID: PMC7551025 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the detailed clinical description, pathophysiology, and efficacy of treatments for ocular envenoming (venom ophthalmia) caused by venom of the spitting elapid and other snakes, as well as ocular complications caused by snake venom injection. In this paper, we review clinical information of case reports regarding venom ophthalmia and snake venom injection with associated ocular injuries in Asia, Africa, and the United States. We also review the literature of snake venom such as their compositions, properties, and toxic effects. Based on the available clinical information and animal studies, we further discuss possible mechanisms of venom ophthalmia derived from two different routes (Duvernoy's gland in the mouth and nuchal gland in the dorsal neck) and the pathophysiology of snake venom injection induced ocular complications, including corneal edema, corneal erosion, cataract, ocular inflammation, retinal hemorrhage, acute angle closure glaucoma, as well as ptosis, diplopia, and photophobia. Finally, we discuss the appropriate first aid and novel strategies for treating venom ophthalmia and snake envenoming.
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9
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Ajisebiola BS, Rotimi S, Anwar U, Adeyi AO. Neutralization of Bitis arietans venom-induced pathophysiological disorder, biological activities and genetic alterations by Moringa oleifera leaves. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1793780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Solomon Rotimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Ullah Anwar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Isabela Avila-Rodríguez M, Meléndez-Martínez D, Licona-Cassani C, Manuel Aguilar-Yañez J, Benavides J, Lorena Sánchez M. Practical context of enzymatic treatment for wound healing: A secreted protease approach (Review). Biomed Rep 2020; 13:3-14. [PMID: 32440346 PMCID: PMC7238406 DOI: 10.3892/br.2020.1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin wounds have been extensively studied as their healing represents a critical step towards achieving homeostasis following a traumatic event. Dependent on the severity of the damage, wounds are categorized as either acute or chronic. To date, chronic wounds have the highest economic impact as long term increases wound care costs. Chronic wounds affect 6.5 million patients in the United States with an annual estimated expense of $25 billion for the health care system. Among wound treatment categories, active wound care represents the fastest-growing category due to its specific actions and lower costs. Within this category, proteases from various sources have been used as successful agents in debridement wound care. The wound healing process is predominantly mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that, when dysregulated, result in defective wound healing. Therapeutic activity has been described for animal secretions including fish epithelial mucus, maggot secretory products and snake venom, which contain secreted proteases (SPs). No further alternatives for use, sources or types of proteases used for wound healing have been found in the literature to date. Through the present review, the context of enzymatic wound care alternatives will be discussed. In addition, substrate homology of SPs and human MMPs will be compared and contrasted. The purpose of these discussions is to identify and propose the stages of wound healing in which SPs may be used as therapeutic agents to improve the wound healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Meléndez-Martínez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64849, Mexico
| | | | - José Manuel Aguilar-Yañez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64849, Mexico
- Scicore Medical SAPI de CV, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64920, Mexico
| | - Jorge Benavides
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64849, Mexico
| | - Mirna Lorena Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Materiales Biotecnológicos, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes-Imbice-Conicet-Cicpba, Bernal, Buenos Aires B1876BXD, Argentina
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11
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Toxinological characterization of venom from Leptodeira annulata (Banded cat-eyed snake; Dipsadidae, Imantodini). Biochimie 2020; 174:171-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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12
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Oliveira LS, Estevão-Costa MI, Alvarenga VG, Vivas-Ruiz DE, Yarleque A, Lima AM, Cavaco A, Eble JA, Sanchez EF. Atroxlysin-III, A Metalloproteinase from the Venom of the Peruvian Pit Viper Snake Bothrops atrox (Jergón) Induces Glycoprotein VI Shedding and Impairs Platelet Function. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193489. [PMID: 31561469 PMCID: PMC6803841 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Atroxlysin-III (Atr-III) was purified from the venom of Bothrops atrox. This 56-kDa protein bears N-linked glycoconjugates and is a P-III hemorrhagic metalloproteinase. Its cDNA-deduced amino acid sequence reveals a multidomain structure including a proprotein, a metalloproteinase, a disintegrin-like and a cysteine-rich domain. Its identity with bothropasin and jararhagin from Bothrops jararaca is 97% and 95%, respectively. Its enzymatic activity is metal ion-dependent. The divalent cations, Mg2+ and Ca2+, enhance its activity, whereas excess Zn2+ inhibits it. Chemical modification of the Zn2+-complexing histidine residues within the active site by using diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) inactivates it. Atr-III degrades plasma fibronectin, type I-collagen, and mainly the α-chains of fibrinogen and fibrin. The von Willebrand factor (vWF) A1-domain, which harbors the binding site for GPIb, is not hydrolyzed. Platelets interact with collagen via receptors for collagen, glycoprotein VI (GPVI), and α2β1 integrin. Neither the α2β1 integrin nor its collagen-binding A-domain is fragmented by Atr-III. In contrast, Atr-III cleaves glycoprotein VI (GPVI) into a soluble ~55-kDa fragment (sGPVI). Thereby, it inhibits aggregation of platelets which had been stimulated by convulxin, a GPVI agonist. Selectively, Atr-III targets GPVI antagonistically and thus contributes to the antithrombotic effect of envenomation by Bothrops atrox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana S Oliveira
- Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, 30510-010 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Maria Inácia Estevão-Costa
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Valéria G Alvarenga
- Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, 30510-010 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Dan E Vivas-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular-Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Lima 14-0576, Peru.
| | - Armando Yarleque
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular-Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Lima 14-0576, Peru.
| | - Augusto Martins Lima
- Laboratory of Hemodynamics and Cardiovascular Technology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Ana Cavaco
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Eladio F Sanchez
- Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, 30510-010 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Ferraz CR, Arrahman A, Xie C, Casewell NR, Lewis RJ, Kool J, Cardoso FC. Multifunctional Toxins in Snake Venoms and Therapeutic Implications: From Pain to Hemorrhage and Necrosis. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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14
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Cesar PHS, Braga MA, Trento MVC, Menaldo DL, Marcussi S. Snake Venom Disintegrins: An Overview of their Interaction with Integrins. Curr Drug Targets 2019; 20:465-477. [DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666181022154737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Disintegrins are non-enzymatic proteins that interfere on cell–cell interactions and signal transduction, contributing to the toxicity of snake venoms and play an essential role in envenomations. Most of their pharmacological and toxic effects are the result of the interaction of these molecules with cell surface ligands, which has been widely described and studied. These proteins may act on platelets, leading to hemorrhage, and may also induce apoptosis and cytotoxicity, which highlights a high pharmacological potential for the development of thrombolytic and antitumor agents. Additionally, these molecules interfere with the functions of integrins by altering various cellular processes such as migration, adhesion and proliferation. This review gathers information on functional characteristics of disintegrins isolated from snake venoms, emphasizing a comprehensive view of the possibility of direct use of these molecules in the development of new drugs, or even indirectly as structural models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Souza Cesar
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Mariana Aparecida Braga
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Cardoso Trento
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Danilo Luccas Menaldo
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Silvana Marcussi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
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Rosa JG, de Albuquerque CZ, Mattaraia VGDM, Santoro ML. Comparative study of platelet aggregation and secretion induced by Bothrops jararaca snake venom and thrombin. Toxicon 2019; 159:50-60. [PMID: 30677414 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Victims of Bothrops jararaca snakebites manifest bleedings, blood incoagulability, platelet dysfunction, and thrombocytopenia, and the latter has been directly implicated in the genesis of hemorrhagic diathesis. We addressed herein the direct effects of B. jararaca venom (BjV) on ex vivo platelet aggregation and granule secretion in washed human and mouse platelets. BjV directly aggregated platelets, but the extent of platelet aggregation was lower in human than mouse platelets. On the other hand, BjV (24.4 μg/mL) and thrombin (0.1 U/mL) induced a similar extent of ATP and platelet factor 4 (PF4) secretion in both species. BjV-induced platelet aggregation was independent of the platelet dense body content, as in pearl mouse (Ap3b1-/-) platelets, whose dense bodies are deficient in adenine nucleotides and serotonin, the extent of platelet aggregation was superior to that induced in BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice. BjV-induced β-hexosaminidase secretion in human platelets was less intense than that evoked by thrombin, and the contrary was observed in mouse platelets. Irreversible inactivation of platelet cyclooxygenase 1 by acetylsalicylic acid did not reduce BjV-induced platelet aggregation. BjV exerted no cytotoxic activity in human and mouse platelets, as evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase loss. Eptifibatide, which inhibits the binding of fibrinogen to platelet glycoprotein complex GPIIb-IIIa, differently blocked BjV-induced platelet aggregation in mice and humans. BjV-induced platelet aggregation did not depend on snake venom serine proteinases nor metalloproteinases in mice, whilst serine proteinases were rather important for platelet aggregation in humans. Our results show that BjV induces direct activation, aggregation, and secretion in human and mouse platelets, but it exerts diverse responses in them, which should be considered in comparative studies to understand pathophysiological events during Bothrops envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Gomes Rosa
- Instituto Butantan, Laboratório de Fisiopatologia, Av. Dr. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcelo Larami Santoro
- Instituto Butantan, Laboratório de Fisiopatologia, Av. Dr. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Su HY, Huang SW, Mao YC, Liu MW, Lee KH, Lai PF, Tsai MJ. Clinical and laboratory features distinguishing between Deinagkistrodon acutus and Daboia siamensis envenomation. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2018; 24:43. [PMID: 30607144 PMCID: PMC6307318 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-018-0179-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are 6 species of venomous snakes in Taiwan. Two of them, Deinagkistrodon acutus (D. acutus) and Daboia siamensis (D. siamensis), can cause significant coagulopathy. However, a significant proportion of patients with snakebites cannot identify the correct snake species after envenomation, which hampers the application of antivenom. Hence, the differential diagnosis between the two snakebites by clinical presentations is important. This study aims to compare their clinical and laboratory features for the purpose of differential diagnosis between the two snakebites. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who arrived at the emergency department due to D. acutus or D. siamensis envenomation, between 2003 and 2016, in one medical center in eastern Taiwan. Since these snakebites are rare, we also included 3 cases reported from another hospital in central Taiwan. Results In total, 15 patients bitten by D. acutus and 12 patients by D. siamensis were analyzed. Hemorrhagic bulla formation and the need for surgical intervention only presented for D. acutus envenomation cases (Both 53.3% vs. 0.0%, P = 0.003). As to laboratory features, lower platelet counts (20.0 × 103/μL [interquartile range, 14–66 × 103/μL] vs. 149.0 × 103/μL [102.3–274.3 × 103/μL], P = 0.001), lower D-dimer level (1423.4 μg/L [713.4–4212.3 μg/L] vs. 12,500.0 μg/L [2351.4–200,000 μg/L], P = 0.008), higher proportion of patients with moderate-to-severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 100 × 103/μL) (80% vs. 16.7%, odds ratio (OR) = 20.0, 95% CI, 2.77–144.31; P = 0.002), and lower proportion of patients with extremely high D-dimer (> 5000 ng/mL) (16.7% vs. 66.7%, adjusted OR = 0.1 (95% CI, 0.01–0.69; P = 0.036) were found among cases of D. acutus envenomation compared to D. siamensis envenomation. The combination of hemorrhagic bulla, thrombocytopenia, and a lack of extremely high D-dimer had good discriminatory power (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.965; 95% CI, 0.904–1.00) for distinguishing D. acutus from D. siamensis envenomation. Conclusions The presentation of moderate to severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 100 × 103/μL) and hemorrhagic bulla formation may indicate D. acutus envenomation. However, the envenomed patient with extremely high D-dimer levels may indicate a D. siamensis envenomation. These findings may help diagnose and select the right antivenom in patients with unknown snakebites who present significant coagulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yuan Su
- 1Department of Emergency Medicine, E-Da Hospital and I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,2The School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Huang
- 3Department of Emergency Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Chiao Mao
- 4Division of Clinical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wen Liu
- 3Department of Emergency Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsin Lee
- 1Department of Emergency Medicine, E-Da Hospital and I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,2The School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Fang Lai
- 3Department of Emergency Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Tsai
- 5Department of Emergency Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, No. 539, Zhongxiao Road, East District, Chiayi City, 600 Taiwan
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17
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Estevão-Costa MI, Sanz-Soler R, Johanningmeier B, Eble JA. Snake venom components in medicine: From the symbolic rod of Asclepius to tangible medical research and application. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 104:94-113. [PMID: 30261311 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Both mythologically and logically, snakes have always fascinated man. Snakes have attracted both awe and fear not only because of the elegant movement of their limbless bodies, but also because of the potency of their deadly venoms. Practically, in 2017, the world health organization (WHO) listed snake envenomation as a high priority neglected disease, as snakes inflict up to 2.7 million poisonous bites, around 100.000 casualties, and about three times as many invalidities on man. The venoms of poisonous snakes are a cocktail of potent compounds which specifically and avidly target numerous essential molecules with high efficacy. The individual effects of all venom toxins integrate into lethal dysfunctions of almost any organ system. It is this efficacy and specificity of each venom component, which after analysis of its structure and activity may serve as a potential lead structure for chemical imitation. Such toxin mimetics may help in influencing a specific body function pharmaceutically for the sake of man's health. In this review article, we will give some examples of snake venom components which have spurred the development of novel pharmaceutical compounds. Moreover, we will provide examples where such snake toxin-derived mimetics are in clinical use, trials, or consideration for further pharmaceutical exploitation, especially in the fields of hemostasis, thrombosis, coagulation, and metastasis. Thus, it becomes clear why a snake captured its symbolic place at the Asclepius rod with good reason still nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Inacia Estevão-Costa
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Raquel Sanz-Soler
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Benjamin Johanningmeier
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Rashidi R, Gorji Valokola M, Kamrani Rad SZ, Etemad L, Roohbakhsh A. Antiplatelet properties of snake venoms: a mini review. TOXIN REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2018.1474927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rogayyeh Rashidi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Gorji Valokola
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Zohreh Kamrani Rad
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Etemad
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Burin SM, Menaldo DL, Sampaio SV, Frantz FG, Castro FA. An overview of the immune modulating effects of enzymatic toxins from snake venoms. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 109:664-671. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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20
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A New Platelet-Aggregation-Inhibiting Factor Isolated from Bothrops moojeni Snake Venom. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4315832. [PMID: 29226136 PMCID: PMC5687129 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4315832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the purification and functional characterization of BmooPAi, a platelet-aggregation-inhibiting factor from Bothrops moojeni snake venom. The toxin was purified by a combination of three chromatographic steps (ion-exchange on DEAE-Sephacel, molecular exclusion on Sephadex G-75, and affinity chromatography on HiTrap™ Heparin HP). BmooPAi was found to be a single-chain protein with an apparent molecular mass of 32 kDa on 14% SDS-PAGE, under reducing conditions. Sequencing of BmooPAi by Edman degradation revealed the amino acid sequence LGPDIVPPNELLEVM. The toxin was devoid of proteolytic, haemorrhagic, defibrinating, or coagulant activities and induced no significant oedema or hyperalgesia. BmooPAi showed a rather specific inhibitory effect on ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation in human platelet-rich plasma, whereas it had little or no effect on platelet aggregation induced by collagen and adenosine diphosphate. The results presented in this work suggest that BmooPAi is a toxin comprised of disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domains, originating from autolysis/proteolysis of PIII SVMPs from B. moojeni snake venom. This toxin may be of medical interest because it is a platelet aggregation inhibitor, which could potentially be developed as a novel therapeutic agent to prevent and/or treat patients with thrombotic disorders.
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21
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de Queiroz MR, de Sousa BB, da Cunha Pereira DF, Mamede CCN, Matias MS, de Morais NCG, de Oliveira Costa J, de Oliveira F. The role of platelets in hemostasis and the effects of snake venom toxins on platelet function. Toxicon 2017; 133:33-47. [PMID: 28435120 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The human body has a set of physiological processes, known as hemostasis, which keeps the blood fluid and free of clots in normal vessels; in the case of vascular injury, this process induces the local formation of a hemostatic plug, preventing hemorrhage. The hemostatic system in humans presents complex physiological interactions that involve platelets, plasma proteins, endothelial and subendothelial structures. Disequilibrium in the regulatory mechanisms that control the growth and the size of the thrombus is one of the factors that favors the development of diseases related to vascular disorders such as myocardial infarction and stroke, which are among the leading causes of death in the western world. Interfering with platelet function is a strategy for the treatment of thrombotic diseases. Antiplatelet drugs are used mainly in cases related to arterial thrombosis and interfere in the formation of the platelet plug by different mechanisms. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is the oldest and most widely used antithrombotic drug. Although highly effective in most cases, aspirin has limitations compared to other drugs used in the treatment of homeostatic disorders. For this reason, research related to molecules that interfere with platelet aggregation are of great relevance. In this regard, snake venoms are known to contain a number of molecules that interfere with hemostasis, including platelet function. The mechanisms by which snake venom components inhibit or activate platelet aggregation are varied and can be used as tools for the diagnosis and the treatment of several hemostatic disorders. The aim of this review is to present the role of platelets in hemostasis and the mechanisms by which snake venom toxins interfere with platelet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Ribeiro de Queiroz
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna Barbosa de Sousa
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Carla Cristine Neves Mamede
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mariana Santos Matias
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Júnia de Oliveira Costa
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Triângulo Mineiro, Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Fábio de Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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22
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Cheng CL, Mao YC, Liu PY, Chiang LC, Liao SC, Yang CC. Deinagkistrodon acutus envenomation: a report of three cases. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2017; 23:20. [PMID: 28344596 PMCID: PMC5364662 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-017-0111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deinagkistrodon acutus envenomation is associated with severe hematological and wound complications but is rarely described. Case presentation Herein, we report three cases of victims bitten by D. acutus and indicate that rapid-onset severe coagulopathy and thrombocytopenia are distinct features of D. acutus snakebite, which are not observed in other crotaline snakebites (i.e., Trimeresurus stejnegeri and Protobothrops mucrosquamatus) in Taiwan. The toxic effects could occur as early as 2 to 3 h following D. acutus envenomation and persist if the administration of specific antivenom is delayed or even not commenced. Based on our findings, 2 to 4 vials of specific antivenom as the first dose should be administered to victims and repeated at 6 to 8 h intervals if coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia persists. Fresh frozen plasma or platelet replacement is probably safe as an adjunct therapy for D. acutus bite in the presence of venom-induced consumptive coagulopathy. Conclusion Severe coagulopathy and thrombocytopenia could occur as early as 2 to 3 h after D. acutus envenomation. The current recommendation for antivenom is 2 to 4 vials as the first dose and repeated every 6– to 8 h if coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia persists. These cases studied may be helpful to first-line medical personnel in the early diagnosis and management of D. acutus envenomation among other crotaline snakebites in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Lung Cheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Clinical Toxicology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Chiao Mao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Clinical Toxicology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201 Sec. 2, Shipai Road., Taipei, 112 Taiwan.,Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yu Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infection, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Liao-Chun Chiang
- National Tsing Hua University, College of Life Sciences, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,National Health Research Institutes, National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Zhunan, Miaoli Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chen Liao
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Guang Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chang Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201 Sec. 2, Shipai Road., Taipei, 112 Taiwan.,Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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23
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Generation of antibodies against disintegrin and cysteine-rich domains by DNA immunization: An approach to neutralize snake venom-induced haemorrhage. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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24
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Jacob-Ferreira AL, Menaldo DL, Sartim MA, Riul TB, Dias-Baruffi M, Sampaio SV. Antithrombotic activity of Batroxase, a metalloprotease from Bothrops atrox venom, in a model of venous thrombosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 95:263-267. [PMID: 27876598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snake venoms are great sources of bioactive molecules, which may be used as models for new drugs. Toxins that interfere in hemostasis have received considerable attention over the years. OBJECTIVES This study aimed at the evaluation of the antithrombotic activity of Batroxase, a P-I metalloprotease from Bothrops atrox venom, in an animal model of venous thrombosis. METHODS The antithrombotic activity of Batroxase was tested in vivo in a model based on two factors of the Virchow's Triad: blood flow alterations (partial stenosis of the inferior vena cava), and vessel wall injury (10% ferric chloride for 5min), in comparison with sodium heparin (positive control) and saline (negative control). Bleeding/clotting time was assessed by a tail bleeding assay. The immunogenicity of Batroxase was also analyzed. RESULTS Batroxase (12mg/kg) reduced thrombus formation in 81%, similarly to heparin (100U/kg), which reduced it in 85% in comparison with the saline group. Both Batroxase and heparin increased bleeding/clotting time in approximately 3 fold. Immunizations of rabbits with Batroxase do not result in detectable levels of antibodies against this metalloprotease. CONCLUSION Batroxase presents antithrombotic activity in vivo. Moreover, its lack of immunogenicity increases the interest on its possible therapeutic potential over thrombogenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Jacob-Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Danilo L Menaldo
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco A Sartim
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thalita B Riul
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suely V Sampaio
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Metalloproteases Affecting Blood Coagulation, Fibrinolysis and Platelet Aggregation from Snake Venoms: Definition and Nomenclature of Interaction Sites. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8100284. [PMID: 27690102 PMCID: PMC5086644 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteases, in addition to their contribution to the digestion of the prey, affect various physiological functions by cleaving specific proteins. They exhibit their activities through activation of zymogens of coagulation factors, and precursors of integrins or receptors. Based on their structure–function relationships and mechanism of action, we have defined classification and nomenclature of functional sites of proteases. These metalloproteases are useful as research tools and in diagnosis and treatment of various thrombotic and hemostatic conditions. They also contribute to our understanding of molecular details in the activation of specific factors involved in coagulation, platelet aggregation and matrix biology. This review provides a ready reference for metalloproteases that interfere in blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation.
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26
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Gutiérrez JM, Escalante T, Rucavado A, Herrera C. Hemorrhage Caused by Snake Venom Metalloproteinases: A Journey of Discovery and Understanding. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:93. [PMID: 27023608 PMCID: PMC4848620 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The historical development of discoveries and conceptual frames for understanding the hemorrhagic activity induced by viperid snake venoms and by hemorrhagic metalloproteinases (SVMPs) present in these venoms is reviewed. Histological and ultrastructural tools allowed the identification of the capillary network as the main site of action of SVMPs. After years of debate, biochemical developments demonstrated that all hemorrhagic toxins in viperid venoms are zinc-dependent metalloproteinases. Hemorrhagic SVMPs act by initially hydrolyzing key substrates at the basement membrane (BM) of capillaries. This degradation results in the weakening of the mechanical stability of the capillary wall, which becomes distended owing of the action of the hemodynamic biophysical forces operating in the circulation. As a consequence, the capillary wall is disrupted and extravasation occurs. SVMPs do not induce rapid toxicity to endothelial cells, and the pathological effects described in these cells in vivo result from the mechanical action of these hemodynamic forces. Experimental evidence suggests that degradation of type IV collagen, and perhaps also perlecan, is the key event in the onset of microvessel damage. It is necessary to study this phenomenon from a holistic, systemic perspective in which the action of other venom components is also taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Teresa Escalante
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Cristina Herrera
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
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Bernardes CP, Menaldo DL, Mamede CC, Zoccal KF, Cintra AC, Faccioli LH, Stanziola L, de Oliveira F, Sampaio SV. Evaluation of the local inflammatory events induced by BpirMP, a metalloproteinase from Bothrops pirajai venom. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:456-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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28
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Evaluation of the in vivo thrombolytic activity of a metalloprotease from Bothrops atrox venom using a model of venous thrombosis. Toxicon 2015; 109:18-25. [PMID: 26556655 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the importance of blood coagulation and platelet aggregation in brain- and cardiovascular diseases, snake venom proteins that interfere in these processes have received significant attention in recent years considering their potential to be used as models for new drugs. OBJECTIVES This study aimed at the evaluation of the in vivo thrombolytic activity of Batroxase, a P-I metalloprotease from Bothrops atrox venom. METHODS In vivo thrombolytic activity of Batroxase was tested on a model of venous thrombosis in rats, with partial stenosis of the inferior vena cava, and vessel wall injury with ferric chloride at 10% for 5 min. After formation of the thrombus, increasing amounts of Batroxase were administered intravenously. The prescription medication Alteplase (tissue-type plasminogen activator) was used as positive control for thrombolytic activity, while saline was used as negative control. Bleeding time was assessed with a tail bleeding assay. RESULTS Batroxase presented thrombolytic activity in vivo in a concentration-dependent manner, with 12 mg/kg of the metalloprotease causing a thrombus reduction of 80%, a thrombolytic activity very similar to the one observed for the positive control Alteplase (85%). The tail bleeding time was not altered by the administration of Batroxase, while it increased 3.5 times with Alteplase. Batroxase presented fibrinolytic and fibrinogenolytic activities in vitro, which were inhibited by alpha 2-macroglobulin. CONCLUSION Batroxase presents thrombolytic activity in vivo, thus demonstrating a possible therapeutic potential. The inactivation of the metalloprotease by alpha 2-macroglobulin may reduce its activity, but also its potential side effects, as seen for bleeding time.
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Freitas-de-Sousa L, Amazonas D, Sousa L, Sant'Anna S, Nishiyama M, Serrano S, Junqueira-de-Azevedo I, Chalkidis H, Moura-da-Silva A, Mourão R. Comparison of venoms from wild and long-term captive Bothrops atrox snakes and characterization of Batroxrhagin, the predominant class PIII metalloproteinase from the venom of this species. Biochimie 2015; 118:60-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Extracts of Renealmia alpinia (Rottb.) MAAS Protect against Lethality and Systemic Hemorrhage Induced by Bothrops asper Venom: Insights from a Model with Extract Administration before Venom Injection. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1532-43. [PMID: 25941768 PMCID: PMC4448161 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7051532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Renealmia alpinia (Rottb.) MAAS, obtained by micropropagation (in vitro) and wild forms have previously been shown to inhibit some toxic activities of Bothrops asper snake venom if preincubated before injection. In this study, assays were performed in a murine model in which extracts were administered for three days before venom injection. R. alpinia extracts inhibited lethal activity of B. asper venom injected by intraperitoneal route. Median Effective Dose (ED50) values were 36.6 ± 3.2 mg/kg and 31.7 ± 5.4 mg/kg (p > 0.05) for R. alpinia wild and in vitro extracts, respectively. At a dose of 75 mg/kg, both extracts totally inhibited the lethal activity of the venom. Moreover, this dose prolonged survival time of mice receiving a lethal dose of venom by the intravenous route. At 75 mg/kg, both extracts of R. alpinia reduced the extent of venom-induced pulmonary hemorrhage by 48.0% (in vitro extract) and 34.7% (wild extract), in agreement with histological observations of lung tissue. R. alpinia extracts also inhibited hemorrhage in heart and kidneys, as evidenced by a decrease in mg of hemoglobin/g of organ. These results suggest the possibility of using R. alpinia as a prophylactic agent in snakebite, a hypothesis that needs to be further explored.
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Rapid purification of a new P-I class metalloproteinase from Bothrops moojeni venom with antiplatelet activity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:352420. [PMID: 24982866 PMCID: PMC4058653 DOI: 10.1155/2014/352420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the proteolytic and biological activities of a new metalloproteinase from B. moojeni venom. The purification of BmooMPα-II was carried out through two chromatographic steps (ion-exchange and affinity). BmooMPα-II is a monomeric protein with an apparent molecular mass of 22.5 kDa on SDS-PAGE 14% under nonreducing conditions. The N-terminal sequence (FSPRYIELVVVADHGMFTKYKSNLN) revealed homology with other snake venom metalloproteinases, mainly among P-I class. BmooMPα-II cleaves Aα-chain of fibrinogen followed by Bβ-chain, and does not show any effect on the γ-chain. Its optimum temperature and pH for the fibrinogenolytic activity were 30–50°C and pH 8, respectively. The inhibitory effects of EDTA and 1,10-phenantroline on the fibrinogenolytic activity suggest that BmooMPα-II is a metalloproteinase. This proteinase was devoid of haemorrhagic, coagulant, or anticoagulant activities. BmooMPα-II caused morphological alterations in liver, lung, kidney, and muscle of Swiss mice. The enzymatically active protein yet inhibited collagen, ADP, and ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner. Our results suggest that BmooMPα-II contributes to the toxic effect of the envenomation and that more investigations to elucidate the mechanisms of inhibition of platelet aggregation may contribute to the studies of snake venom on thrombotic disorders.
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Purification and characterization of BmooAi: a new toxin from Bothrops moojeni snake venom that inhibits platelet aggregation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:920942. [PMID: 24971359 PMCID: PMC4058135 DOI: 10.1155/2014/920942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the purification/characterization of BmooAi, a new toxin from Bothrops moojeni that inhibits platelet aggregation. The purification of BmooAi was carried out through three chromatographic steps (ion-exchange on a DEAE-Sephacel column, molecular exclusion on a Sephadex G-75 column, and reverse-phase HPLC chromatography on a C2/C18 column). BmooAi was homogeneous by SDS-PAGE and shown to be a single-chain protein of 15,000 Da. BmooAi was analysed by MALDI-TOF Spectrometry and revealed two major components with molecular masses 7824.4 and 7409.2 as well as a trace of protein with a molecular mass of 15,237.4 Da. Sequencing of BmooAi by Edman degradation showed two amino acid sequences: IRDFDPLTNAPENTA and ETEEGAEEGTQ, which revealed no homology to any known toxin from snake venom. BmooAi showed a rather specific inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation induced by collagen, adenosine diphosphate, or epinephrine in human platelet-rich plasma in a dose-dependent manner, whereas it had little or no effect on platelet aggregation induced by ristocetin. The effect on platelet aggregation induced by BmooAi remained active even when heated to 100°C. BmooAi could be of medical interest as a new tool for the development of novel therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of thrombotic disorders.
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Chérifi F, Laraba-Djebari F. Isolated biomolecules of pharmacological interest in hemostasis from Cerastes cerastes venom. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2013; 19:11. [PMID: 23849477 PMCID: PMC3710202 DOI: 10.1186/1678-9199-19-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomolecules from Cerastes cerastes venom have been purified and characterized. Two phospholipases isolated from Cerastes cerastes venom share 51% of homology. CC2-PLA2 exhibits antiplatelet activity that blocks coagulation. CCSV-MPase, a non-hemorrhagic Zn2+-metalloproteinase, significantly reduced the plasmatic fibrinogen level and hydrolyzes only its Bβ chain. Serine proteinases such as RP34, afaâcytin and CC3-SPase hydrolyze the fibrinogen and are respectively α, αβ and αβ fibrinogenases. In deficient human plasma, afaâcytin replaces the missing factors VIII and IX, and activates purified human factor X into factor Xa. It releases serotonin from platelets and directly aggregates human (but not rabbit) blood platelets. RP34 proteinase also had no effect on both human and rabbit blood platelet aggregation. CC3-SPase revealed a pro-coagulant activity. However, the insolubility of the obtained clot indicates that CC3-SPase does not activate factor XIII. In addition, CC3-SPase clotting activity was carried out with human plasmas from volunteer patients deficient in clotting factors. Results showed that CC3-SPase shortens clotting time of plasma deficient in factors II and VII but with weaker clotting than normal plasma. The clotting time of plasma deficient in factor II is similar to that obtained with normal plasma; suggesting that CC3-SPase is able to replace both factors IIa and VII in the coagulation cascade and thus could be involved in the blood clotting process via an extrinsic pathway. These results imply that CC3-SPase and afaâcytin could repair hemostatic abnormalities and may replace some factors missing in pathological deficiency. Afaâcytin also exhibits α fibrinase property similar to a plasmin-like proteinase. Despite its thrombin-like characteristics, afaâcytin is not inhibited by plasmatic thrombin inhibitors. The procoagulant properties of afaâcytin might have potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatah Chérifi
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumedienne, BP 32 El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria.
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Proteomic analysis of Bothrops pirajai snake venom and characterization of BpirMP, a new P-I metalloproteinase. J Proteomics 2013; 80:250-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Santhosh MS, Thushara RM, Hemshekhar M, Sunitha K, Devaraja S, Kemparaju K, Girish KS. Alleviation of viper venom induced platelet apoptosis by crocin (Crocus sativus): implications for thrombocytopenia in viper bites. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2013; 36:424-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s11239-013-0888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Suntravat M, Jia Y, Lucena SE, Sánchez EE, Pérez JC. cDNA cloning of a snake venom metalloproteinase from the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus), and the expression of its disintegrin domain with anti-platelet effects. Toxicon 2013; 64:43-54. [PMID: 23313448 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A 5' truncated snake venom metalloproteinase was identified from a cDNA library constructed from venom glands of an eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus). The 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) was used to obtain the 1865 bp full-length cDNA sequence of a snake venom metalloproteinase (CamVMPII). CamVMPII encodes an open reading frame of 488 amino acids, which includes a signal peptide, a pro-domain, a metalloproteinase domain, a spacer, and an RGD-disintegrin domain. The predicted amino acid sequence of CamVMPII showed a 91%, 90%, 83%, and 82% sequence homology to the P-II class enzymes of C. adamanteus metalloproteinase 2, Crotalus atrox CaVMP-II, Gloydius halys agkistin, and Protobothrops jerdonii jerdonitin, respectively. Disintegrins are potent inhibitors of both platelet aggregation and integrin-dependent cell adhesion. Therefore, the disintegrin domain (Cam-dis) of CamVMPII was amplified by PCR, cloned into a pET-43.1a vector, and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. Affinity purified recombinantly modified Cam-dis (r-Cam-dis) with a yield of 8.5 mg/L culture medium was cleaved from the fusion tags by enterokinase cleavage. r-Cam-dis was further purified by two-step chromatography consisting of HiTrap™ Benzamidine FF column, followed by Talon Metal affinity column with a final yield of 1 mg/L culture. r-Cam-dis was able to inhibit all three processes of platelet thrombus formation including platelet adhesion with an estimated IC(50) of 1 nM, collagen- and ADP-induced platelet aggregation with the estimated IC(50)s of 18 and 6 nM, respectively, and platelet function on clot retraction. It is a potent anti-platelet inhibitor, which should be further investigated for drug discovery to treat stroke patients or patients with thrombotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montamas Suntravat
- National Natural Toxins Research Center, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA.
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Samel M, Trummal K, Siigur E, Siigur J. Effect of HUVEC apoptosis inducing proteinase from Vipera lebetina venom (VLAIP) on viability of cancer cells and on platelet aggregation. Toxicon 2012; 60:648-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cintra ACO, De Toni LGB, Sartim MA, Franco JJ, Caetano RC, Murakami MT, Sampaio SV. Batroxase, a new metalloproteinase from B. atrox snake venom with strong fibrinolytic activity. Toxicon 2012; 60:70-82. [PMID: 22483847 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The structures and functional activities of metalloproteinases from snake venoms have been widely studied because of the importance of these molecules in envenomation. Batroxase, which is a metalloproteinase isolated from Bothrops atrox (Pará) snake venom, was obtained by gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography. The enzyme is a single protein chain composed of 202 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 22.9 kDa, as determined by mass spectrometry analysis, showing an isoelectric point of 7.5. The primary sequence analysis indicates that the proteinase contains a zinc ligand motif (HELGHNLGISH) and a sequence C₁₆₄ I₁₆₅M₁₆₆ motif that is associated with a "Met-turn" structure. The protein lacks N-glycosylation sites and contains seven half cystine residues, six of which are conserved as pairs to form disulfide bridges. The three-dimensional structure of Batroxase was modeled based on the crystal structure of BmooMPα-I from Bothrops moojeni. The model revealed that the zinc binding site has a high structural similarity to the binding site of other metalloproteinases. Batroxase presented weak hemorrhagic activity, with a MHD of 10 μg, and was able to hydrolyze extracellular matrix components, such as type IV collagen and fibronectin. The toxin cleaves both α and β-chains of the fibrinogen molecule, and it can be inhibited by EDTA, EGTA and β-mercaptoethanol. Batroxase was able to dissolve fibrin clots independently of plasminogen activation. These results demonstrate that Batroxase is a zinc-dependent hemorrhagic metalloproteinase with fibrin(ogen)olytic and thrombolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C O Cintra
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-USP, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
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Escalante T, Ortiz N, Rucavado A, Sanchez EF, Richardson M, Fox JW, Gutiérrez JM. Role of collagens and perlecan in microvascular stability: exploring the mechanism of capillary vessel damage by snake venom metalloproteinases. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28017. [PMID: 22174764 PMCID: PMC3234262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhage is a clinically important manifestation of viperid snakebite envenomings, and is induced by snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). Hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic SVMPs hydrolyze some basement membrane (BM) and associated extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Nevertheless, only hemorrhagic SVMPs are able to disrupt microvessels; the mechanisms behind this functional difference remain largely unknown. We compared the proteolytic activity of the hemorrhagic P-I SVMP BaP1, from the venom of Bothrops asper, and the non-hemorrhagic P-I SVMP leucurolysin-a (leuc-a), from the venom of Bothrops leucurus, on several substrates in vitro and in vivo, focusing on BM proteins. When incubated with Matrigel, a soluble extract of BM, both enzymes hydrolyzed laminin, nidogen and perlecan, albeit BaP1 did it at a faster rate. Type IV collagen was readily digested by BaP1 while leuc-a only induced a slight hydrolysis. Degradation of BM proteins in vivo was studied in mouse gastrocnemius muscle. Western blot analysis of muscle tissue homogenates showed a similar degradation of laminin chains by both enzymes, whereas nidogen was cleaved to a higher extent by BaP1, and perlecan and type IV collagen were readily digested by BaP1 but not by leuc-a. Immunohistochemistry of muscle tissue samples showed a decrease in the immunostaining of type IV collagen after injection of BaP1, but not by leuc-a. Proteomic analysis by LC/MS/MS of exudates collected from injected muscle revealed higher amounts of perlecan, and types VI and XV collagens, in exudates from BaP1-injected tissue. The differences in the hemorrhagic activity of these SVMPs could be explained by their variable ability to degrade key BM and associated ECM substrates in vivo, particularly perlecan and several non-fibrillar collagens, which play a mechanical stabilizing role in microvessel structure. These results underscore the key role played by these ECM components in the mechanical stability of microvessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Escalante
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Natalia Ortiz
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Eladio F. Sanchez
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundaçao Ezequiel Dias (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Michael Richardson
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundaçao Ezequiel Dias (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jay W. Fox
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- * E-mail:
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Kurtović T, Brgles M, Leonardi A, Balija ML, Križaj I, Allmaier G, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Halassy B. Ammodytagin, a heterodimeric metalloproteinase from Vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom with strong hemorrhagic activity. Toxicon 2011; 58:570-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Guerrero B, Arocha-Piñango CL, Salazar AM, Gil A, Sánchez EE, Rodríguez-Acosta A, Lucena S. The effects of Lonomin V, a toxin from the caterpillar (Lonomia achelous), on hemostasis parameters as measured by platelet function. Toxicon 2011; 58:293-303. [PMID: 21820001 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Platelets play a central role in hemostasis during vascular injury. Patients affected with the hemorrhagic syndrome caused by contact with Lonomia achelous caterpillars (Lac) Lepidoptera distributed in various South American countries, show digestive, pulmonary and intraperitoneal bleeding in combination with hematomas and echymosis. In the present study, we have evaluated the effects of Lonomin V (serine protease isolated from Lac hemolymph) on some functional properties of platelets, evaluating its importance in primary hemostasis. Platelet adhesion to fibrinogen was reduced by 19, 20, 36, and 37% after pre-treated with 0.2, 2, 20 and 40 nM of Lonomin V, respectively. Pre-incubation of the platelets with 408 nM of Lonomin V, for 4 min at 37 °C, resulted in complete inhibition of the collagen-induced platelet aggregation, in contrast to 56% inhibition of the ADP - induced platelet aggregation. Lonomin V also inhibited anti-α(IIb)β(3) integrin binding to platelets by 56, 57, 52 and 54% at concentrations of 0.2, 2, 20 and 40 nM respectively. Additionally, Lonomin V inhibited anti-P-selectin binding to platelets by 28, 37, 33 and 33% at the same concentrations. The platelets tested with Lonomin V did not modify their viability. In summary, Lonomin V inhibited platelet aggregation, probably caused by the degradation of collagen. The anti-platelet activity of Lonomin V has been shown to be unique and a potentially useful tool for investigating cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions and for the development of antithrombotic agents in terms of their anti-adhesive activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belsy Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 20632, Caracas 1020A, Republic of Venezuela
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Goddard A, Schoeman JP, Leisewitz AL, Nagel SS, Aroch I. Clinicopathologic abnormalities associated with snake envenomation in domestic animals. Vet Clin Pathol 2011; 40:282-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2011.00335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Key events in microvascular damage induced by snake venom hemorrhagic metalloproteinases. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1781-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Takeda S, Takeya H, Iwanaga S. Snake venom metalloproteinases: structure, function and relevance to the mammalian ADAM/ADAMTS family proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1824:164-76. [PMID: 21530690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Metalloproteinases are among the most abundant toxins in many Viperidae venoms. Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are the primary factors responsible for hemorrhage and may also interfere with the hemostatic system, thus facilitating loss of blood from the vasculature of the prey. SVMPs are phylogenetically most closely related to mammalian ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) and ADAMTS (ADAM with thrombospondin type-1 motif) family of proteins and, together with them, constitute the M12B clan of metalloendopeptidases. Large SVMPs, referred to as the P-III class of SVMPs, have a modular architecture with multiple non-catalytic domains. The P-III SVMPs are characterized by higher hemorrhagic and more diverse biological activities than the P-I class of SVMPs, which only have a catalytic domain. Recent crystallographic studies of P-III SVMPs and their mammalian counterparts shed new light on structure-function properties of this class of enzymes. The present review will highlight these structures, particularly the non-catalytic ancillary domains of P-III SVMPs and ADAMs that may target the enzymes to specific substrates. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis 50years after the discovery of lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Takeda
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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Sajevic T, Leonardi A, Križaj I. Haemostatically active proteins in snake venoms. Toxicon 2011; 57:627-45. [PMID: 21277886 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom proteins that affect the haemostatic system can cause (a) lowering of blood coagulability, (b) damage to blood vessels, resulting in bleeding, (c) secondary effects of bleeding, e.g. hypovolaemic shock and organ damage, and (d) thrombosis. These proteins may, or may not, be enzymes. We review the data on the most relevant haemostatically active proteinases, phospholipases A₂, L-amino acid oxidases and 5'-nucleotidases from snake venoms. We also survey the non-enzymatic effectors of haemostasis from snake venoms--disintegrins, C-type lectins and three-finger toxins. Medical applications have already been found for some of these snake venom proteins. We describe those that have already been approved as drugs to treat haemostatic disorders or are being used to diagnose such health problems. No clinical applications, however, currently exist for the majority of snake venom proteins acting on haemostasis. We conclude with the most promising potential uses in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Sajevic
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Chatrath ST, Chapeaurouge A, Lin Q, Lim TK, Dunstan N, Mirtschin P, Kumar PP, Kini RM. Identification of novel proteins from the venom of a cryptic snake Drysdalia coronoides by a combined transcriptomics and proteomics approach. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:739-50. [PMID: 21133350 DOI: 10.1021/pr1008916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the transcriptome and proteome of the venom of a cryptic Australian elapid snake Drysdalia coronoides. To probe into the transcriptome, we constructed a partial cDNA library from the venom gland of D. coronoides. The proteome of the venom of D. coronoides was explored by tryptic digestion of the crude venom followed by HPLC separation of the resulting peptides and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometric analysis. Importantly, the tandem MS data of the tryptic peptides of the venom not only confirmed the predicted protein sequences deduced from the transcriptome, but also added to our knowledge about the venom composition through identification of two more toxin families. Using both the approaches, we were able to identify proteins belonging to eight different snake venom protein superfamilies, namely, three-finger toxins, serine protease inhibitors, cysteine rich secretory proteins, phospholipases A(2), venom nerve growth factors, snake venom metalloproteases, vespryns, and a new family phospholipase B. We also identified three novel proteins belonging to the three-finger toxin superfamily.
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Klein A, Capitanio JS, Maria DA, Ruiz IRG. Gene expression in SK-Mel-28 human melanoma cells treated with the snake venom jararhagin. Toxicon 2011; 57:1-8. [PMID: 20851711 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Alternative approaches to improve the treatment of advanced melanomas are highly needed. The disintegrin domain of metalloproteinases binds integrin receptors on tumor cells, blocking migration, invasion, and metastatization. Previous studies showed that jararhagin, from the Bothrops jararaca snake venom, induces changes in the morphology and viability of SK-Mel-28 human melanoma cells, and decreases the number of metastases in mice injected with pre-treated cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the molecular effects of jararhagin on SK-Mel-28 cells and fibroblasts, concerning the expression of integrins, cadherins, caspases, and TP53 genes. Sub-toxic doses of jararhagin were administered to confluent cells. RT-PCR was performed following extraction of total RNA. Jararhagin treatments induced similar morphological alterations in both normal and tumor cells, with higher IC50 values for fibroblasts. Integrin genes were downregulated in untreated cells, except for ITGA6a,b, ITGAv, and ITGB3 which were highly expressed in SK-Mel-28. The integrin expression profiles were not affected by the toxin. However, jararhagin 30ng/μl upregulated genes TP53, CDKN1A, CDKN2A, CASP3, CASP5, CASP6, CASP8, and E-CDH in SK-Mel-28, and genes ITGB6, ITGB7, CASP3, TP53, and CDKN1B in fibroblasts. Appropriate jararhagin concentration can have apoptotic and suppressant effects on SK-Mel-28 cells, rather than on fibroblasts, and can be used to develop potential anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anelise Klein
- Genetics Laboratory, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazsil 1500, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05503-900, Brazil
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Kumar MS, Girish KS, Vishwanath BS, Kemparaju K. The metalloprotease, NN-PF3 from Naja naja venom inhibits platelet aggregation primarily by affecting α2β1 integrin. Ann Hematol 2010; 90:569-77. [PMID: 20957364 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-010-1103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
NN-PF3 is a non-toxic, anticoagulant, high-molecular-mass (67.81 kDa) metalloprotease from Indian cobra (Naja naja) venom. In the present study, NN-PF3 was investigated for the mechanism of inhibition of collagen-induced aggregation of human platelets. The complete inhibition of collagen-induced aggregation and partial inhibition of ADP- and epinephrine-induced aggregation has the respective IC(50) of 75 ± 5, 185 ± 10, and 232 ± 12 nM, whereas no inhibition of thrombin-, arachidonic acid-, and ristocetin-induced aggregation of platelets was observed in platelet-rich plasma. Further, native NN-PF3 and EDTA-inactivated NN-PF3 inhibited collagen-induced aggregation of washed platelets with respective IC(50) of 75 ± 4 and 180 ± 6 nM. The higher inhibitory effect of native NN-PF3 compared with EDTA-inactivated NN-PF3 suggests the enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanism of inhibition. NN-PF3 pretreatment affected the collagen binding but not the fibrinogen, and fibronectin binding of washed platelets in adhesion assay suggested that the collagen receptors are affected. Western blot study using anti-integrin α2β1 mAb 6F1 suggested that NN-PF3 binds to integrin α2β1 in a primary structure-dependent manner only and is not cleaved. There was a drastic reduction in the intensity of several intracellular signaling phosphotyrosine protein bands when monoclonal anti-phosphotyrosine antibody was used, suggesting that the major activation pathway of platelets get affected, which occurs through glycoprotein VI. NN-PF3 did not bind to collagen as revealed by Western blot using anti-collagen mAb. Furthermore, neither the proteolytic cleavage of fibrinogen nor its degradation products by NN-PF3 contributed for the collagen-induced platelet aggregation inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College for Women, Mandya, 571401, Karnataka, India
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Chérifi F, Rousselle JC, Namane A, Laraba-Djebari F. CCSV-MPase, a Novel Procoagulant Metalloproteinase from Cerastes cerastes Venom: Purification, Biochemical Characterization and Protein Identification. Protein J 2010; 29:466-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-010-9273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wijeyewickrema LC, Gardiner EE, Gladigau EL, Berndt MC, Andrews RK. Nerve growth factor inhibits metalloproteinase-disintegrins and blocks ectodomain shedding of platelet glycoprotein VI. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:11793-9. [PMID: 20164177 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.100479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) plays an important role in regulating mammalian neuronal/embryonic development, angiogenesis, and other physiological processes and has recently been investigated as a potential treatment for the neurodegenerative disorder, Alzheimer disease. In this study, we provide evidence that human NGF may also function as a metalloproteinase inhibitor, based on studies of NGF from snake venom. Originally, our aim was to isolate snake venom metalloproteinases targeting platelet receptors and/or ligands relevant to hemostasis and thrombosis, using Ni(2+)-agarose as a purification step based on the conserved metal ion-coordination motif in venom metalloproteinases. However, subsequent analysis of cobra (Naja kaouthia) venom led to the unexpected discovery that cobra venom NGF bound to Ni(2+)-agarose, eluting at approximately 15 mm imidazole, enabling a one-step purification. The identity of the purified protein was confirmed by mass spectrometry and N-terminal sequence analysis. Partial co-purification of NGF within metalloproteinase-enriched venom fractions led us to test whether NGF affected metalloproteinase activity. Venom NGF potently inhibited metalloproteinases isolated from the same or different venom and specifically bound to purified Nk metalloproteinase immobilized on agarose beads. Human NGF also interacted with human metalloproteinases because it blocked metalloproteinase-mediated shedding of the platelet collagen receptor, glycoprotein (GP)VI, and associated with recombinant ADAM10 by surface plasmon resonance. Together, these results suggest that NGF can function as a metalloproteinase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi C Wijeyewickrema
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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