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Kalapothakis Y, Miranda K, Aragão M, Larangote D, Braga-Pereira G, Noetzold M, Molina D, Langer R, Conceição IM, Guerra-Duarte C, Chávez-Olórtegui C, Kalapothakis E, Borges A. Divergence in toxin antigenicity and venom enzymes in Tityus melici, a medically important scorpion, despite transcriptomic and phylogenetic affinities with problematic Brazilian species. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130311. [PMID: 38403220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The Brazilian scorpion Tityus melici, native to Minas Gerais and Bahia, is morphologically related to Tityus serrulatus, the most medically significant species in Brazil. Despite inhabiting scorpion-envenomation endemic regions, T. melici venom remains unexplored. This work evaluates T. melici venom composition and function using transcriptomics, enzymatic activities, and in vivo and in vitro immunological analyses. Next-Generation Sequencing unveiled 86 components putatively involved in venom toxicity: 39 toxins, 28 metalloproteases, seven disulfide isomerases, six hyaluronidases, three phospholipases and three amidating enzymes. T. serrulatus showed the highest number of toxin matches with 80-100 % sequence similarity. T. melici is of medical importance as it has a venom LD50 of 0.85 mg/kg in mice. We demonstrated venom phospholipase A2 activity, and elevated hyaluronidase and metalloprotease activities compared to T. serrulatus, paralleling our transcriptomic findings. Comparison of transcriptional levels for T. serrulatus and T. melici venom metalloenzymes suggests species-specific expression patterns in Tityus. Despite close phylogenetic association with T. serrulatus inferred from COI sequences and toxin similarities, partial neutralization of T. melici venom toxicity was achieved when using the anti-T. serrulatus antivenom, implying antigenic divergence among their toxins. We suggest that the Brazilian therapeutic scorpion antivenom could be improved to effectively neutralize T. melici venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Kalapothakis
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kelton Miranda
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Matheus Aragão
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Débora Larangote
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gracielle Braga-Pereira
- Departamento de Zoologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marina Noetzold
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denis Molina
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael Langer
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Izabela Mamede Conceição
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Clara Guerra-Duarte
- Serviço de Toxinologia Molecular, Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Evanguedes Kalapothakis
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adolfo Borges
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela; Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica, CEDIC, Asunción 1255, Paraguay.
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Borges A, Graham MR, Cândido DM, Pardal PPO. Amazonian scorpions and scorpionism: integrating toxinological, clinical, and phylogenetic data to combat a human health crisis in the world's most diverse rainfores. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20210028. [PMID: 34887908 PMCID: PMC8629433 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2021-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Venom from Amazonian scorpions of the genus Tityus contains components capable of eliciting a distinct clinical, mostly neurological, syndrome. This contrasts with the mainly autonomic manifestations produced after envenomation by congeneric southern and northern South American species. Herein, we summarize Pan-Amazonian scorpionism by synthesizing available toxinological, clinical, and molecular data gathered from all affected areas in Amazonia, including Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, and French Guiana. We searched multiple databases, as well as our own records, for reports of scorpion envenomations in Amazonia by confirmed Tityus spp., and compared the clinical manifestations. To help uncover clinical and venom relationships among problematic species, we explored phylogenetic relationships with a rate-calibrated analysis of mitochondrial COI data from available species. The possible existence of diversity gradients for venom toxic and immunogenic components despite the predicted strong phylogenetic association among species is underscored by discussed clinical and toxinological findings. A multicentric effort, involving all nations affected by this neglected disease, is urgently needed to offer alternatives for treating and understanding this pathology, including the preparation of neutralizing antibodies with a broad range of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Borges
- Center for the Development of Scientific Research (CEDIC), Asunción,
Paraguay
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Toxins and Receptors, Institute
of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela,
Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Matthew R. Graham
- Department of Biology, Eastern Connecticut State University,
Willimantic, CT, United States
| | | | - Pedro P. O. Pardal
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology and Venomous Animals, Center of
Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brazil
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3
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Molecular cloning and functional characterization of recombinant Loxtox from Loxosceles similis venom. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:1112-1123. [PMID: 32702423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Loxoscelism is a recognized public health problem in Brazil, but the venom from Loxosceles similis, which is widespread in Brazil due to its adaptability to the urban environment, remains poorly characterized. Loxtox is a family of phospholipase D enzymes (PLDs), which are the major components of Loxosceles venom and are responsible for the clinical effects of loxoscelism. Loxtox toxins correspond to 15% of L. similis venom gland transcripts, but the Loxtox family of L. similis has yet to be fully described. In this study, we cloned and functionally characterized recLoxtox s1A and recLoxtox s11A. These recombinant toxins exhibited different in vitro activities depending on pH, and recLoxtox s1A had more intense effects on rabbit skin than did recLoxtox s11A in vivo. Both recombinant toxins were used in immunization protocols, and mapping of their epitopes revealed different immunological reactions for the produced immune serums. Additionally, polyclonal antibodies raised against recLoxtox s1A had greater capacity to significantly reduce the in vitro and in vivo effects of L. similis venom. In summary, we obtained and characterized two novel Loxtox isoforms from L. similis venom, which may be valuable biotechnological and immunological tools against loxoscelism.
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Costa TGF, Costal-Oliveira F, de Assis TCS, Lima SA, Martins CA, Finco AB, Veiga SS, Soccol VT, Machado-de-Ávila RA, Figueiredo LFM, Minozzo JC, Kalapothakis E, Guerra-Duarte C, Alvarenga LM, Chávez-Olórtegui C. Engineered antigen containing epitopes from Loxosceles spp. spider toxins induces a monoclonal antibody (Lox-mAb3) against astacin-like metalloproteases. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:490-500. [PMID: 32574737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Loxoscelism pose a health issue in the South America. The treatment for these accidents is based on the administration of antivenom produced in animals immunized with Loxosceles venom. In this work, a previously produced non-toxic multiepitopic chimeric protein (rMEPlox), composed of epitopes derived from the main toxins families (sphyngomielinase-D, metalloproteases, and hyaluronidases) of Loxosceles spider venoms, was used as antigen to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). A selected anti-rMEPlox mAb (Lox-mAb3) reacted with metalloprotease from L. intermedia venom and showed cross-reactivity with metalloproteses from Brazilian and Peruvian Loxosceles laeta and Loxosceles gaucho venoms in immunoassays. The sequence recognized by Lox-mAb3 (184ENNTRTIGPFDYDSIMLYGAY205) corresponds to the C-terminal region of Astacin-like metalloprotease 1 and the amino acid sequence IGPFDYDSI, conserved among the homologs metalloproteases sequences, is important for antibody recognition. Lox-mAb3 neutralizes the fibrinogenolytic activity caused by metalloprotease from L. intermedia spider venom in vitro, which may lead to a decrease in hemorrhagic disturbances caused by Loxosceles envenomation. Our results show, for the first time, the use of a non-toxic multiepitopic protein for the production of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against a metalloprotease of medically important Loxosceles venoms. These results contribute for the production improvement of therapeutic antivenom against loxoscelism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara G F Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia and Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Costal-Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia and Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thamyres C S de Assis
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia and Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sabrina A Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia and Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Christina A Martins
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia and Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Sílvio S Veiga
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - João C Minozzo
- Centro de Pesquisa e Produção de Imunobiológicos (CPPI), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Evanguedes Kalapothakis
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia and Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Clara Guerra-Duarte
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, 30510-010 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia and Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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5
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Lopes-de-Souza L, Costal-Oliveira F, Stransky S, Fonseca de Freitas C, Guerra-Duarte C, Braga VMM, Chávez-Olórtegui C. Development of a cell-based in vitro assay as a possible alternative for determining bothropic antivenom potency. Toxicon 2019; 170:68-76. [PMID: 31494208 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accidents with venomous snakes are a major health hazard in tropical countries. Bothrops genus is responsible for almost 80% of snakebites in Brazil. Immunotherapy is the only approved specific treatment against snake toxins and the production of therapeutic antivenoms requires quality control tests to determine their neutralizing potency. Currently, these controls are performed by in vivo lethality neutralization, however, the inhibition of particular events produced by bothropic venoms such as coagulopathy, hemorrhage, edema or cytotoxic effects are also required. The aim of this work is to develop an in vitro alternative assay for antivenom pre-clinical evaluation. In this sense, we designed a cell viability assay using different amounts (0.2-10 μL/well) of low and high potency anti-bothropic sera, previously classified by the traditional in vivo test, for assessing the antivenom capacity to protect the cells against B. jararaca venom cytotoxicity (5xEC50 = 58.95 μg/mL). We found that high potency sera are more effective in neutralizing B. jararaca venom cytotoxicity when compared to low potency sera, which is in accordance to their pre-determined in vivo potency. Considering sera in vitro inhibitory concentration able to prevent 50% cell death (IC50) and their known in vivo potency, a cut-off point was determined to discriminate low and high potency sera. Our data provide insights for the development of an in vitro method which can determine the anti-bothropic antivenom potency during its production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Lopes-de-Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Costal-Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Stephanie Stransky
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Clara Guerra-Duarte
- Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, 30510-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vania M M Braga
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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6
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Determination of hyaluronidase activity in Tityus spp. Scorpion venoms and its inhibition by Brazilian antivenoms. Toxicon 2019; 167:134-143. [PMID: 31207348 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronidases (HYALs) are enzymes ubiquitously found in venoms from diverse animals and seem to be related to venom spreading. HYAL activity might be important to Tityus spp. envenoming, since anti-Tityus serrulatus HYAL (TsHYAL) rabbit antibodies neutralize T. serrulatus venom (TsV) lethality. The present work aimed to verify and compare HYAL activity of venoms from other Brazilian Tityus spp. (Tityus bahiensis, Tityus stigmurus and Tityus obscurus) and to test whether anti-TsHYAL antibodies and Brazilian horse therapeutic scorpion antivenom (produced by Fundação Ezequiel Dias (FUNED), Butantan and Vital Brazil Institutes) can recognize and inhibit HYAL activity from these venoms. In ELISA assays, anti-TsHYAL and scorpion antivenoms recognized T. serrulatus, T. bahiensis and T. stigmurus venoms, however, they demonstrated weaker reaction with T. obscurus, which was also observed in Western blotting assay. Epitope mapping by SPOT assay revealed different binding patterns for each antivenom. The assay showed a weaker binding of scorpion antivenom produced by FUNED to peptides recognized by anti-TsHYAL antibodies. Anti-TsHYAL antibodies and antivenoms produced by Butantan and Vital Brazil institutes inhibited HYAL activity of all tested venoms in vitro, whereas FUNED antivenom did not show the same property. These results call attention to the importance of hyaluronidase inhibition, that can aid the improvement of antivenom production.
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7
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Guiding recombinant antivenom development by omics technologies. N Biotechnol 2018; 45:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Antibody Cross-Reactivity in Antivenom Research. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10100393. [PMID: 30261694 PMCID: PMC6215175 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Antivenom cross-reactivity has been investigated for decades to determine which antivenoms can be used to treat snakebite envenomings from different snake species. Traditionally, the methods used for analyzing cross-reactivity have been immunodiffusion, immunoblotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), enzymatic assays, and in vivo neutralization studies. In recent years, new methods for determination of cross-reactivity have emerged, including surface plasmon resonance, antivenomics, and high-density peptide microarray technology. Antivenomics involves a top-down assessment of the toxin-binding capacities of antivenoms, whereas high-density peptide microarray technology may be harnessed to provide in-depth knowledge on which toxin epitopes are recognized by antivenoms. This review provides an overview of both the classical and new methods used to investigate antivenom cross-reactivity, the advantages and disadvantages of each method, and examples of studies using the methods. A special focus is given to antivenomics and high-density peptide microarray technology as these high-throughput methods have recently been introduced in this field and may enable more detailed assessments of antivenom cross-reactivity.
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Sifi A, Adi-Bessalem S, Laraba-Djebari F. Development of a new approach of immunotherapy against scorpion envenoming: Avian IgYs an alternative to equine IgGs. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 61:256-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Martin-Eauclaire MF, Bougis PE, de Lima ME. Ts1 from the Brazilian scorpion Tityus serrulatus: A half-century of studies on a multifunctional beta like-toxin. Toxicon 2018; 152:106-120. [PMID: 30059695 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Tityus serrulatus scorpion species represents a serious human health threat to in Brazil because it is among the animals that produces the most dangerous venoms for mammals in South America. Its venom has provided several highly selective ligands that specifically interact with sodium and potassium channels. During the past decades, several international groups published an increasing amount of data on the isolation and the chemical, pharmacological and immunological characterisation of its main β-toxin, Ts1. In this review, we compiled the best available past and recent knowledge on Ts1. Aside from its intricate purification, the state-of-the-art understanding concerning its pharmacological activities is presented. Its solved three-dimensional structure is shown, as well as the possible surface areas of contact between Ts1 and its diverse voltage-gated Na+ channel targets. Organisations of the gene and the precursor encoding Ts1 are also tackled based on available cDNA clones or on information obtained from polymerase chain reactions of stretches of scorpion DNA. At last, the immunological studies complete with Ts1 to set up an efficient immunotherapy against the Tityus serrulatus venom are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre E Bougis
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LNC, UMR 7291, 13003, Marseille, France.
| | - Maria Elena de Lima
- Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Depto de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa da Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte - IEP/SCBH, 30150-240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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11
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Ferreira MG, Duarte CG, Oliveira MS, Castro KLP, Teixeira MS, Reis LPG, Zambrano JA, Kalapothakis E, Michel AFRM, Soto-Blanco B, Chávez-Olórtegui C, Melo MM. Toxicity of crude and detoxified Tityus serrulatus venom in anti-venom-producing sheep. J Vet Sci 2017; 17:467-477. [PMID: 27297422 PMCID: PMC5204024 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2016.17.4.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific anti-venom used to treat scorpion envenomation is usually obtained from horses after hyperimmunization with crude scorpion venom. However, immunized animals often become ill because of the toxic effects of the immunogens used. This study was conducted to evaluate the toxic and immunogenic activities of crude and detoxified Tityus serrulatus (Ts) venom in sheep during the production of anti-scorpionic anti-venom. Sheep were categorized into three groups: G1, control, immunized with buffer only; G2, immunized with crude Ts venom; and G3, immunized with glutaraldehyde-detoxified Ts venom. All animals were subjected to clinical exams and supplementary tests. G2 sheep showed mild clinical changes, but the other groups tolerated the immunization program well. Specific antibodies generated in animals immunized with either Ts crude venom or glutaraldehyde-detoxified Ts venom recognized the crude Ts venom in both assays. To evaluate the lethality neutralization potential of the produced sera, individual serum samples were pre-incubated with Ts crude venom, then subcutaneously injected into mice. Efficient immune protection of 56.3% and 43.8% against Ts crude venom was observed in G2 and G3, respectively. Overall, the results of this study support the use of sheep and glutaraldehyde-detoxified Ts venom for alternative production of specific anti-venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina G Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG 31275-013, Brazil
| | - Clara G Duarte
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Maira S Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG 31275-013, Brazil
| | - Karen L P Castro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Maílson S Teixeira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG 31275-013, Brazil
| | - Lílian P G Reis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG 31275-013, Brazil
| | - José A Zambrano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG 31275-013, Brazil
| | - Evanguedes Kalapothakis
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia R M Michel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Benito Soto-Blanco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG 31275-013, Brazil
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Marília M Melo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG 31275-013, Brazil
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12
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Engmark M, Andersen MR, Laustsen AH, Patel J, Sullivan E, de Masi F, Hansen CS, Kringelum JV, Lomonte B, Gutiérrez JM, Lund O. High-throughput immuno-profiling of mamba (Dendroaspis) venom toxin epitopes using high-density peptide microarrays. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36629. [PMID: 27824133 PMCID: PMC5100549 DOI: 10.1038/srep36629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is a serious condition requiring medical attention and administration of antivenom. Current antivenoms are antibody preparations obtained from the plasma of animals immunised with whole venom(s) and contain antibodies against snake venom toxins, but also against other antigens. In order to better understand the molecular interactions between antivenom antibodies and epitopes on snake venom toxins, a high-throughput immuno-profiling study on all manually curated toxins from Dendroaspis species and selected African Naja species was performed based on custom-made high-density peptide microarrays displaying linear toxin fragments. By detection of binding for three different antivenoms and performing an alanine scan, linear elements of epitopes and the positions important for binding were identified. A strong tendency of antivenom antibodies recognizing and binding to epitopes at the functional sites of toxins was observed. With these results, high-density peptide microarray technology is for the first time introduced in the field of toxinology and molecular details of the evolution of antibody-toxin interactions based on molecular recognition of distinctive toxic motifs are elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Engmark
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.,Technical University of Denmark, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Mikael R Andersen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Andreas H Laustsen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.,University of Copenhagen, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen East, 2100, Denmark
| | - Jigar Patel
- Roche NimbleGen, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA
| | | | - Federico de Masi
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Christian S Hansen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Jens V Kringelum
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Ole Lund
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
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13
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Mendes TM, Guimarães-Okamoto PTC, Machado-de-Avila RA, Oliveira D, Melo MM, Lobato ZI, Kalapothakis E, Chávez-Olórtegui C. General characterization of Tityus fasciolatus scorpion venom. Molecular identification of toxins and localization of linear B-cell epitopes. Toxicon 2015; 99:109-17. [PMID: 25817000 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This communication describes the general characteristics of the venom from the Brazilian scorpion Tityus fasciolatus, which is an endemic species found in the central Brazil (States of Goiás and Minas Gerais), being responsible for sting accidents in this area. The soluble venom obtained from this scorpion is toxic to mice being the LD50 is 2.984 mg/kg (subcutaneally). SDS-PAGE of the soluble venom resulted in 10 fractions ranged in size from 6 to 10-80 kDa. Sheep were employed for anti-T. fasciolatus venom serum production. Western blotting analysis showed that most of these venom proteins are immunogenic. T. fasciolatus anti-venom revealed consistent cross-reactivity with venom antigens from Tityus serrulatus. Using known primers for T. serrulatus toxins, we have identified three toxins sequences from T. fasciolatus venom. Linear epitopes of these toxins were localized and fifty-five overlapping pentadecapeptides covering complete amino acid sequence of the three toxins were synthesized in cellulose membrane (spot-synthesis technique). The epitopes were located on the 3D structures and some important residues for structure/function were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Mendes
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP: 486, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - P T C Guimarães-Okamoto
- Unesp-Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia de Botucatu, Distrito de Rubião Júnior s/n, CEP: 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - R A Machado-de-Avila
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP: 486, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - D Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP: 486, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M M Melo
- Escola de Veterinária - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP: 567, CEP: 30123-970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Z I Lobato
- Escola de Veterinária - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP: 567, CEP: 30123-970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - E Kalapothakis
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP: 486, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - C Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP: 486, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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14
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Carmo AO, Chatzaki M, Horta CCR, Magalhães BF, Oliveira-Mendes BBR, Chávez-Olórtegui C, Kalapothakis E. Evolution of alternative methodologies of scorpion antivenoms production. Toxicon 2015; 97:64-74. [PMID: 25701676 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Scorpionism represents a serious public health problem resulting in the death of children and debilitated individuals. Scorpion sting treatment employs various strategies including the use of specific medicines such as antiserum, especially for patients with severe symptoms. In 1909 Charles Todd described the production of an antiserum against the venom of the scorpion Buthus quinquestriatus. Based on Todd's work, researchers worldwide began producing antiserum using the same approach i.e., immunization of horses with crude venom as antigen. Despite achieving satisfactory results using this approach, researchers in this field have developed alternative approaches for the production of scorpion antivenom serum. In this review, we describe the work published by experts in toxinology to the development of scorpion venom antiserum. Methods and results describing the use of specific antigens, detoxified venom or toxins, purified toxins and or venom fractions, native toxoids, recombinant toxins, synthetic peptides, monoclonal and recombinant antibodies, and alternative animal models are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Carmo
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - M Chatzaki
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, 69100 Komotini, Greece.
| | - C C R Horta
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - B F Magalhães
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - B B R Oliveira-Mendes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - C Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - E Kalapothakis
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
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15
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Ramada JS, Becker-Finco A, Minozzo JC, Felicori LF, Machado de Avila RA, Molina F, Nguyen C, de Moura J, Chávez-Olórtegui C, Alvarenga LM. Synthetic peptides for in vitro evaluation of the neutralizing potency of Loxosceles antivenoms. Toxicon 2013; 73:47-55. [PMID: 23856101 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An important step in the development of therapeutic antivenoms is the pre-clinical testing using in vivo methods to assess their neutralizing potency. For spider antivenoms (Loxosceles species), horse serum potency against the necrotizing activities of Loxosceles intermedia crude venom is currently tested in rabbits. These procedures are time consuming and involve a large number of animals. The aim of this study was to develop an in vitro method to assess the neutralizing potency of anti-Loxosceles sera. We first demonstrated that it was not possible to establish a correlation between the ELISA antibody reactivity of horse anti-Loxosceles serum and their neutralizing potency. We then showed that the antivenoms recognized several peptide epitopes from different regions of SMase-D proteins, which are toxic antigens from Loxosceles venoms. The recognition of some peptides was observed only when high neutralizing potency sera was used. Based on these results, three peptides (peptide 1, DNRRPIWNLAHMVNA and peptide 3, DFSGPYLPSLPTLDA corresponding to residues 2-16 and 164-178, respectively, of SMase-1 protein from Loxosceles laeta, and peptide 2, EFVNLGANSIETDVS corresponding to residues 22-36 of A1H - LoxGa protein from Loxosceles gaucho and LiD1 protein from L. intermedia) were selected. The peptides were synthesized, coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA), and used as antigens in indirect ELISA to test their reactivity with horse anti-Loxosceles serum of varying neutralizing potencies. We found certain assay conditions that discriminated between the high and low neutralizing potency sera. This study introduced an in vitro and peptide-based neutralization assay for anti-Loxosceles antivenoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliani Salvini Ramada
- Limq, Laboratório de Imunoquímica, Departamento de Patologia Básica, SCB, UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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16
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Chatzaki M, Horta CC, Almeida MO, Pereira NB, Mendes TM, Dias-Lopes C, Guimarães G, Moro L, Chávez-Olórtegui C, Horta MCR, Kalapothakis E. Cutaneous loxoscelism caused by Loxosceles similis venom and neutralization capacity of its specific antivenom. Toxicon 2012; 60:21-30. [PMID: 22465492 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Members of the spider genus Loxosceles pose a marked health risk to humans because of the seriousness of the necrotic and systemic effects of their bite, known as loxoscelism. The recent confirmation of Loxosceles similis in residences of Belo Horizonte in Minas Gerais Province, Brazil increases the local potential risk of loxoscelism at higher levels. The first characterization of the venom from this species showed that its main biological effects had a similar intensity as other species (e.g. Loxosceles intermedia, Loxosceles laeta, and Loxosceles gaucho). Therefore, we wished to further analyse the biological activity of the L. similis venom as well as the capacity of anti-L. similis-venom serum to reduce dermonecrotic effects to rabbit skin. Histological analysis of rabbit skin 2, 4 and 8h after intradermal injection of L. similis venom demonstrated a dense inflammatory infiltrate, edema, degeneration and necrosis of the skin muscle, dissociation of collagen fibers, and disruption of reticular fibers. Importantly, pre-incubation of the venom with anti-L. similis-venom serum significantly decreased all of these effects. Anti-L. similis antivenom generated antibodies that were strongly reactive to L. similis venom and capable of neutralizing the dermonecrotic effects in rabbits caused by this venom. Moreover, the antivenom significantly reduced the sphingomyelinase activity of L. similis crude venom. Venoms produced by male and female spiders were equally reactive towards anti-L. similis and anti-L. intermedia antivenoms, but female venom induced larger lesions on rabbits. In contrast, female venom acted as an immunization enhancer and protected animals from L. similis envenomation to a greater degree than male venom. In conclusion, the results shown in this study for L. similis antivenom merits a more in depth study of its properties, which may become a valuable tool against loxoscelism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chatzaki
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte CEP 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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17
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Protection against the toxic effects of Loxosceles intermedia spider venom elicited by mimotope peptides. Vaccine 2011; 29:7992-8001. [PMID: 21872636 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The venom of Loxosceles intermedia (Li) spiders is responsible for cutaneous lesions and other clinical manifestations. We previously reported that the monoclonal antibody LimAb7 can neutralize the dermonecrotic activity of crude Li venom. In this study, we observed that this antibody recognizes several proteins from the venom dermonecrotic fraction (DNF), including LiD1. Identifying the epitope of such a neutralizing antibody could help designing immunogens for producing therapeutic sera or vaccination approaches. To this aim, two sets of 25- and 15-mer overlapping peptides that cover the complete amino acid sequence of LiD1 were synthesized using the SPOT technique. None of them was recognized by LimAb7, suggesting that the epitope is discontinuous. Then, the screening of four peptide phage-display libraries yielded four possible epitope mimics that, however, did not show any obvious similarity with the LiD1 sequence. These mimotopes, together with a 3D model of LiD1, were used to predict with the MIMOP bioinformatic tool the putative epitope region (residues C197, Y224, W225, T226, D228, K229, R230, T232 and Y248 of LiD1) recognized by LimAb7. This analysis and the results of alanine-scanning experiments highlighted a few residues (such as W225 and D228) that are found in the active site of different SMases D and that may be important for LiD1 enzymatic activity. Finally, the only mimotope NCNKNDHLFACW that interacts with LimAb7 by SPOT and its analog NSNKNDHLFASW were used as immunogens in rabbits. The resulting antibodies could neutralize some of the biological effects induced by crude Li venom, demonstrating a mimotope-induced protection against L. intermedia venom.
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18
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Machado de Avila RA, Stransky S, Velloso M, Castanheira P, Schneider FS, Kalapothakis E, Sanchez EF, Nguyen C, Molina F, Granier C, Chávez-Olórtegui C. Mimotopes of mutalysin-II from Lachesis muta snake venom induce hemorrhage inhibitory antibodies upon vaccination of rabbits. Peptides 2011; 32:1640-6. [PMID: 21763377 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutalysin-II (mut-II) from Lachesis muta snake venom is an endopeptidase with hemorrhagic activity. A mAb against mutalysin-II that neutralized the hemorrhagic effect was produced previously. To identify the mAb epitopes, sets of 15-mer overlapping peptides covering the mut-II amino acid sequence were synthesized using the SPOT method and tested but failed to react with the mAb. Using a phage-display approach seventeen clones reactive with mAb were identified. Additional immunoassays with the peptides and mAb identified the QCTMDQGRLRCR, TCATDQGRLRCT, HCFHDQGRVRCA, HCTMDQGRLRCR and SCMLDQGRSRCR sequences as possible epitopes. Immunization of rabbits with these peptides induced antibodies that recognize mut-II and protected against the hemorrhagic effects of Lachesis venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Machado de Avila
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
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19
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Abraham JD, Calvayrac-Pawlowski S, Cobo S, Salvetat N, Vicat G, Molina L, Touchon J, Michel BF, Molina F, Verdier JM, Fareh J, Mourton-Gilles C. Combined measurement of PEDF, haptoglobin and tau in cerebrospinal fluid improves the diagnostic discrimination between alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. Biomarkers 2011; 16:161-71. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2010.536995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Daniel Abraham
- SysDiag CNRS / Bio-Rad UMR3145, 1682 rue de la Valsiere, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Sandra Cobo
- SysDiag CNRS / Bio-Rad UMR3145, 1682 rue de la Valsiere, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Salvetat
- SysDiag CNRS / Bio-Rad UMR3145, 1682 rue de la Valsiere, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Vicat
- SysDiag CNRS / Bio-Rad UMR3145, 1682 rue de la Valsiere, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurence Molina
- SysDiag CNRS / Bio-Rad UMR3145, 1682 rue de la Valsiere, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Touchon
- Neurology Service, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard-François Michel
- Univ. Montpellier 2, Montpellier, F-34095 France; Inserm, U710, Montpellier, F-34095 France; EPHE, Paris, F-75007 France
| | - Franck Molina
- SysDiag CNRS / Bio-Rad UMR3145, 1682 rue de la Valsiere, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Verdier
- Univ. Montpellier 2, Montpellier, F-34095 France; Inserm, U710, Montpellier, F-34095 France; EPHE, Paris, F-75007 France
| | - Jeannette Fareh
- SysDiag CNRS / Bio-Rad UMR3145, 1682 rue de la Valsiere, Montpellier, France
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20
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Dias-Lopes C, Guimarães G, Felicori L, Fernandes P, Emery L, Kalapothakis E, Nguyen C, Molina F, Granier C, Chávez-Olórtegui C. A protective immune response against lethal, dermonecrotic and hemorrhagic effects of Loxosceles intermedia venom elicited by a 27-residue peptide. Toxicon 2010; 55:481-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Araújo AS, Lobato ZIP, Chávez-Olórtegui C, Velarde DT. Brazilian IgY-Bothrops antivenom: Studies on the development of a process in chicken egg yolk. Toxicon 2009; 55:739-44. [PMID: 19925817 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to devise a process for raising antibodies against Brazilian Bothrops venom in chicken egg yolks, to determine the best delipidation method for the preparation of the aqueous extract and to define the best purification conditions for IgY bothropic antivenom produced in eggs from hens immunized with Brazilian standard bothropic antigen. A group of nine Single Comb White Leghorn laying hens were immunized with venom from five different species of pit vipers of the genus Bothrops. The immunization process was carried out in three cycles, each performed six weeks apart. For extraction, the egg yolk was diluted 1:10 in distilled water, adjusted to a pH of 5.0, subjected to a freeze-thaw cycle, centrifuged and filtered before being precipitated with 20%(w/v) ammonium sulfate salt. This methodology retrieved 2.57 mg of IgY/ml of yolk from eggs. This preparation yielded antibodies capable of neutralizing lethal toxic activity of the pool of Bothrops sp venoms from five species, with an effective dose (ED50) of 365 microL/2 LD50 and, 1.0 mL of IgY antivenom neutralized 0.154 mg of venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Araújo
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, P.O. Box 567, CEP 30123-970, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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22
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Heterologous expressed toxic and non-toxic peptide variants of toxin CssII are capable to produce neutralizing antibodies against the venom of the scorpion Centruroides suffusus suffusus. Immunol Lett 2009; 125:93-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Felicori L, Fernandes PB, Giusta MS, Duarte CG, Kalapothakis E, Nguyen C, Molina F, Granier C, Chávez-Olórtegui C. An in vivo protective response against toxic effects of the dermonecrotic protein from Loxosceles intermedia spider venom elicited by synthetic epitopes. Vaccine 2009; 27:4201-8. [PMID: 19389441 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Loxoscelism is a necrotic-hemolytic syndrome caused by bites of brown spiders belonging to the genus Loxosceles. Many approaches for the treatment of Loxosceles poisoning have already been proposed, among which administration of specific antivenom is thought to be the more specific. We have evaluated the use of peptides as immunogen to raise in rabbits an antibody response that could protect animals from a challenge by the Loxtox isoform LiD1, one of the main toxic component of Loxosceles intermedia venom. Six antigenic regions of LiD1 were mapped by using the SPOT method. The corresponding peptides were further chemically synthesized, mixed, and used as immunogens in rabbits. Control animal received recombinant LiD1 alone or together with peptides. We found that the rabbit antibody response to peptides was cross-reactive with LiD1, although only one peptide from the mix of six was immunogenic. The dermonecrotic, hemorrhagic and oedema forming activities induced by LiD1 in naïve rabbits were inhibited by 82%, 35% and 35% respectively, by preincubation of LiD1 with anti-peptide antibodies prepared from immunized rabbits. Animals that were immunized with peptides or LiD1r, were found to be protected from the dermonecrotic, hemorrhagic and oedema forming activities induced by a challenge with LiD1. The protection conferred by peptides was, however, lower than that provided by the peptide protein combination or by the full-length protein. These results encourage us in the utilization of synthetic peptides for therapeutic serum development or vaccination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Felicori
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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24
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Ciscotto P, Machado de Avila R, Coelho E, Oliveira J, Diniz C, Farías L, de Carvalho M, Maria W, Sanchez E, Borges A, Chávez-Olórtegui C. Antigenic, microbicidal and antiparasitic properties of an l-amino acid oxidase isolated from Bothrops jararaca snake venom. Toxicon 2009; 53:330-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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25
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Mendes T, Dias F, Horta C, Pena I, Arantes E, Kalapothakis E. Effective Tityus serrulatus anti-venom produced using the Ts1 component. Toxicon 2008; 52:787-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Borges A, De Sousa L, Espinoza J, Santos RG, Kalapothakis E, Valadares D, Chávez-Olórtegui C. Characterization of Tityus scorpion venoms using synaptosome binding assays and reactivity towards Venezuelan and Brazilian Antivenoms. Toxicon 2008; 51:66-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2007] [Revised: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Tan PTJ, Ranganathan S, Brusic V. Deduction of functional peptide motifs in scorpion toxins. J Pept Sci 2006; 12:420-7. [PMID: 16432807 DOI: 10.1002/psc.744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Scorpion toxins are important physiological probes for characterizing ion channels. Molecular databases have limited functional annotation of scorpion toxins. Their function can be inferred by searching for conserved motifs in sequence signature databases that are derived statistically but are not necessarily biologically relevant. Mutation studies provide biological information on residues and positions important for structure-function relationship but are not normally used for extraction of binding motifs. 3D structure analyses also aid in the extraction of peptide motifs in which non-contiguous residues are clustered spatially. Here we present new, functionally relevant peptide motifs for ion channels, derived from the analyses of scorpion toxin native and mutant peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T J Tan
- Institute for Infocomm Research, 21 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, Singapore 119613
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