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Guru S, Bellapukonda S, Mohanty CR, Radhakrishnan RV, Gupta A. A rare manifestation of serum sickness after common krait envenomation in a patient treated with polyvalent anti-snake venom in India: Presentation and challenges. J Family Med Prim Care 2024; 13:2792-2794. [PMID: 39071008 PMCID: PMC11272001 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_417_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Envenomation from snakebites is a significant public health concern in the Southeast Asian region resulting in considerable mortality and morbidity. Anti-snake venom (ASV) despite being the only rescue can bring forth several acute and delayed adverse effects. Among them, serum sickness is a late manifestation after treatment with ASV that presents after 5-14 days of treatment. However, there is no specific definition to diagnose serum sickness or proven treatment. Here, we present a case of serum sickness to provide an insight into this unventured zone, briefing the presentation, treatment and probable reason for serum sickness and its prevention after common krait envenomation and treatment with polyvalent ASV in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyabrata Guru
- Department of Trauma and Emergency, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Snigda Bellapukonda
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Basavatarakam Indo-American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Chitta R. Mohanty
- Department of Trauma and Emergency, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Anju Gupta
- Department of Anaesthesia, Pain Medicine and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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2
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Shi DY, Lu JS, Mao YY, Liu FJ, Wang R, Du P, Yu S, Yu YZ, Yang ZX. Characterization of a novel tetravalent botulism antitoxin based on receptor-binding domain of BoNTs. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:3205-3216. [PMID: 37058230 PMCID: PMC10102682 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12515-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNTs; serotypes A, B, E, and F) cause botulism disease in humans, which could be effectively treated using antitoxins. Herein, we established a novel receptor-binding domain (RBD)-based antitoxin using recombinant C terminal heavy chain (Hc) domains of BoNTs as immunogens. Immunization of horses with these recombinant Hc domains allowed the purification and digestion of IgGs from hyper-immune sera to produce high-quality and high-efficiency monovalent botulism antitoxin F(ab')2 against each BoNT (M-BATs). However, these M-BATs could not bind or neutralize other serotypes of BoNTs, and that there were no cross-protective effects among these M-BATs. This suggested the need to prepare tetravalent antitoxins to neutralize the four BoNTs simultaneously. Thus, these M-BATs were formulated into a novel tetravalent botulism antitoxin (T-BAT), in which a 10-ml volume contained 10000 IU of BoNT/A and 5000 IU of BoNT/B, BoNT/E, and BoNT/F antitoxins. The novel antitoxin preparation could prevent and treat the four mixed botulinum neurotoxins simultaneously in vivo, representing strong efficacy in an animal poisoning model. Moreover, these antibodies in T-BAT could bind the RBD, whereas conventional antitoxins based on inactivated toxins mainly bind the light chain or heavy chain translocation domain (HN) and weakly bind the important RBD in current experimental conditions. The high levels of RBD-specific novel antitoxins can efficiently bind the RBD and neutralize natural or recombinant toxins containing this RBD. The findings of the present study experimentally support the use of RBD-specific antitoxins to treat BoNT serotype A, B, E, and F-mediated botulism. This study demonstrated the concept of developing potent novel multivalent antitoxins against all BoNTs or other toxins, using the RBD of these toxins as an alternative antigen to inactivated toxins. KEY POINTS: • Antitoxins based on the receptor-binding domains of botulinum neurotoxins were made. • Novel antitoxin binds RBD; traditional antitoxin mainly binds light chain or HN domain. • A tetravalent antitoxin could prevent and treat the four mixed neurotoxins in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Yang Shi
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Jian-Sheng Lu
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yun-Yun Mao
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Fu-Jia Liu
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Peng Du
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Shuo Yu
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yun-Zhou Yu
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Zhi-Xin Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China.
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A simple and economic three-step process for producing highly purified Fab’ fragments directly from the egg yolk water-soluble fraction. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1211:123486. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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da Costa CBP, Carvalho VRD, Ferreira LLC, Mattos JLC, Garcia LDM, Antunes MDS, Martins FJ, Ratcliffe NA, Cisne R, Castro HC. Production of hyperimmune sera: a study of digestion and fractionation methodologies for the purification process of heterologous immunoglobulins. TOXIN REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2022.2124421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Braz Pereira da Costa
- Instituto Vital Brazil, Niterói, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Francislene Juliana Martins
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Norman A. Ratcliffe
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Rafael Cisne
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Helena C. Castro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
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Mender MM, Bolton F, Berry C, Young M. Antivenom: An immunotherapy for the treatment of snakebite envenoming in sub-Saharan Africa. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 129:435-477. [PMID: 35305724 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming (SBE) leads to significant morbidity and mortality, resulting in over 90,000 deaths and approximately 400,000 amputations annually. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) alone, SBE accounts for over 30,000 deaths per annum. Since 2017, SBE has been classified as a priority Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The major species responsible for mortality from SBE within SSA are from the Bitis, Dendroaspis, Echis and Naja genera. Pharmacologically active toxins such as metalloproteinases, serine proteinases, 3-finger toxins, kunitz-type toxins, and phospholipase A2s are the primary snake venom components. These toxins induce cytotoxicity, coagulopathy, hemorrhage, and neurotoxicity in envenomed victims. Antivenom is currently the only available venom-specific treatment for SBE and contains purified equine or ovine polyclonal antibodies, collected from donor animals repeatedly immunized with low doses of adjuvanted venom. The resulting plasma or serum contains a high titre of specific antibodies, which can then be collected and stored until required. The purified antibodies are either whole IgG, monovalent fragment antibody (Fab) or divalent fragment antibody F(ab')2. Despite pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences, all three are effective in the treatment of SBE. No antivenom is without adverse reactions but, the level of their impact and severity varies from benign early adverse reactions to the rarely occurring fatal anaphylactic shock. However, the major side effects are largely reversible with immediate administration of adrenaline and corticosteroids. There are 16 different antivenoms marketed within SSA, but the efficacy and safety profiles are only published for less than 50% of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mender M Mender
- School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Department of Research and Development, MicroPharm Ltd, Newcastle Emlyn, United Kingdom.
| | - Fiona Bolton
- Department of Research and Development, MicroPharm Ltd, Newcastle Emlyn, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Berry
- School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Young
- School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Li R, Yu H, Li A, Yu C, Li P. Preparation and Neutralization Efficacy of Novel Jellyfish Antivenoms against Cyanea nozakii Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020165. [PMID: 33670073 PMCID: PMC7926751 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Jellyfish stings are a common issue globally, particularly in coastal areas in the summer. Victims can suffer pain, itching, swelling, shock, and even death. Usually, hot water, vinegar, or alumen is used to treat the normal symptoms of a jellyfish sting. However, a specific antivenom may be an effective treatment to deal with severe jellyfish stings. Cyanea nozakii often reach a diameter of 60 cm and are responsible for hundreds of thousands of stings per year in coastal Chinese waters. However, there has been no specific C. nozakii antivenom until now, and so the development of this antivenom is very important. Herein, we collected C. nozakii antisera from tentacle extract venom immunized rabbits and purified the immunoglobulin (IgG) fraction antivenom (AntiCnTXs). Subsequently, two complete procedures to produce a refined F(ab')2 type of antivenom (F(ab')2-AntiCnTXs) and Fab type of antivenom (Fab-AntiCnTXs) by multiple optimizations and purification were established. The neutralization efficacy of these three types of antivenoms was compared and analyzed in vitro and in vivo, and the results showed that all types of antibodies displayed some neutralization effect on the lethality of C. nozakii venom toxins, with the neutralization efficacy as follows: F(ab')2-AntiCnTXs ≥ AntiCnTXs > Fab-AntiCnTXs. This study describes the preparation of novel C. nozakii jellyfish antivenom preparations towards the goal of developing a new, effective treatment for jellyfish stings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.Y.); (A.L.); (C.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (P.L.); Tel.: +86-532-8289-8512 (R.L.); +86-532-8289-8707 (P.L.)
| | - Huahua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.Y.); (A.L.); (C.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Aoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.Y.); (A.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Chunlin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.Y.); (A.L.); (C.Y.)
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.Y.); (A.L.); (C.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (P.L.); Tel.: +86-532-8289-8512 (R.L.); +86-532-8289-8707 (P.L.)
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Zurbano BN, Tavarone E, Viacava BG, Dokmetjian JC, Cascone O, Fingermann M. Critical aspects on traditional antivenom production processes and their optimization by factorial analysis. Biologicals 2020; 68:65-73. [PMID: 32912811 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Most antivenoms are produced by techniques developed over 50 years ago, with minor modifications. Herein we revise the core of traditional antivenom production processes aiming to optimize key determinants for both consistent antivenom production and the best balance between F(ab')2 quality and recovery. Factorial design analysis revealed that pepsin digestion of 1:3 saline diluted equine plasma for 60 min under pH: 3.20, 37 °C temperature and a 1:15 pepsin to protein ratio conditions, allowed to achieve maximal IgG to F(ab')2 conversion with minimal protein aggregate formation. Further downstream processing by salting out with ammonium sulfate was also studied by factorial analysis. The influence of ammonium sulfate (AS) concentration, temperature (T) and the albumin to total plasma protein ratio plasma (Alb:P) were assayed, revealing that both AS, T and their interaction have a significant impact in F(ab')2 quality and recovery. Taking into account the existing compromise between F(ab')2 monomer recovery and quality two alternative conditions were selected: 14 g/dl AS at 56 °C and, alternatively 16 g/dl AS at 30 °C. Reasonable yields (42%) and product quality (2.5% of aggregates) without significant changes in production cost of traditional methodologies was achieved under the optimized conditions found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz N Zurbano
- Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB), ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Vélez Sársfield 563, 1282, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eugenia Tavarone
- Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB), ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Vélez Sársfield 563, 1282, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Belén González Viacava
- Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB), ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Vélez Sársfield 563, 1282, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José C Dokmetjian
- Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB), ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Vélez Sársfield 563, 1282, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Cascone
- Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB), ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Vélez Sársfield 563, 1282, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Biotecnología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías Fingermann
- Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB), ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Vélez Sársfield 563, 1282, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Kurtović T, Brgles M, Balija ML, Steinberger S, Sviben D, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Halassy B. Streamlined downstream process for efficient and sustainable (Fab') 2 antivenom preparation. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20200025. [PMID: 32760431 PMCID: PMC7384442 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antivenoms are the only validated treatment against snakebite envenoming. Numerous drawbacks pertaining to their availability, safety and efficacy are becoming increasingly evident due to low sustainability of current productions. Technological innovation of procedures generating therapeutics of higher purity and better physicochemical characteristics at acceptable cost is necessary. The objective was to develop at laboratory scale a compact, feasible and economically viable platform for preparation of equine F(ab')2 antivenom against Vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom and to support it with efficiency data, to enable estimation of the process cost-effectiveness. METHODS The principle of simultaneous caprylic acid precipitation and pepsin digestion has been implemented into plasma downstream processing. Balance between incomplete IgG breakdown, F(ab')2 over-digestion and loss of the active drug's protective efficacy was achieved by adjusting pepsin to a 1:30 substrate ratio (w/w) and setting pH at 3.2. Precipitation and digestion co-performance required 2 h-long incubation at 21 °C. Final polishing was accomplished by a combination of diafiltration and flow-through chromatography. In vivo neutralization potency of the F(ab')2 product against the venom's lethal toxicity was determined. RESULTS Only three consecutive steps, performed under finely tuned conditions, were sufficient for preservation of the highest process recovery with the overall yield of 74%, comparing favorably to others. At the same time, regulatory requirements were met. Final product was aggregate- and pepsin-free. Its composition profile was analyzed by mass spectrometry as a quality control check. Impurities, present in minor traces, were identified mostly as IgG/IgM fragments, contributing to active drug. Specific activity of the F(ab')2 preparation with respect to the plasma was increased 3.9-fold. CONCLUSION A highly streamlined mode for production of equine F(ab')2 antivenom was engineered. In addition to preservation of the highest process yield and fulfillment of the regulatory demands, performance simplicity and rapidity in the laboratory setting were demonstrated. Suitability for large-scale manufacturing appears promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihana Kurtović
- Center for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology,
University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Brgles
- Center for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology,
University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Lang Balija
- Center for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology,
University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stephanie Steinberger
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies
and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dora Sviben
- Center for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology,
University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Beata Halassy
- Center for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology,
University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Shi DY, Liu FJ, Mao YY, Cui RT, Lu JS, Yu YZ, Dong XJ, Yang ZX, Sun ZW, Pang XB. Development and evaluation of candidate subunit vaccine and novel antitoxin against botulinum neurotoxin serotype E. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 16:100-108. [PMID: 31210561 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1633878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are among the most toxic proteins. Vaccination is an effective strategy to prevent botulism. To generate a vaccine suitable for human use, a recombinant non-His-tagged isoform of the Hc domain of botulinum neurotoxin serotype E (rEHc) was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by sequential chromatography. The immunogenicity of rEHc was evaluated in mice and dose- and time-dependent immune responses were observed in both antibody titers and protective potency. Then, the pilot-scale expression and purification of rEHc were performed, and its immunological activity was characterized. Our results showed rEHc has good immunogenicity and can elicit strong protective potency against botulinum neurotoxin serotype E (BoNT/E) in mice, indicating that rEHc is an effective botulism vaccine candidate. Further, we developed a novel antitoxin against BoNT/E by purifying F(ab')2 from pepsin-digested serum IgG of rEHc-inoculated horses. The protective effect of the F(ab')2 antitoxin was determined in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that our F(ab')2 antitoxin can prevent botulism in BoNT/E-challenged mice and effectively alleviate the progression of paralysis caused by BoNT/E to achieve therapeutic effects. Therefore, our results provide valuable experimental data for the production of a novel antitoxin, which is a promising candidate for the treatment of BoNT/E-induced botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Yang Shi
- Department of Protein Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Jia Liu
- Department of Protein Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China.,Pharmaceutical College, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yun-Yun Mao
- Department of Protein Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Rong-Tian Cui
- Department of Drug Registration, Jiangsu T-mab BioPharma Co., Ltd, Taizhou, China
| | - Jian-Sheng Lu
- Department of Protein Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Zhou Yu
- Department of Protein Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Dong
- Department of Protein Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Yang
- Department of Protein Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Sun
- Department of Protein Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Pang
- Pharmaceutical College, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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10
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Kurtović T, Lang Balija M, Brgles M, Sviben D, Tunjić M, Cajner H, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Allmaier G, Halassy B. Refinement strategy for antivenom preparation of high yield and quality. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007431. [PMID: 31206512 PMCID: PMC6597126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antivenoms from hyperimmune animal plasma are the only specific pharmaceuticals against snakebites. The improvement of downstream processing strategies is of great interest, not only in terms of purity profile, but also from yield-to-cost perspective and rational use of plasma of animal origin. We report on development of an efficient refinement strategy for F(ab')2-based antivenom preparation. Process design was driven by the imperative to keep the active principle constantly in solution as a precautionary measure to preserve stability of its conformation (precipitation of active principle or its adsorption to chromatographic stationary phase has been completely avoided). IgG was extracted from hyperimmune horse plasma by 2% (V/V) caprylic acid, depleted from traces of precipitating agent and digested by pepsin. Balance between incomplete IgG fraction breakdown, F(ab')2 over-digestion and loss of the active principle's protective efficacy was achieved by adjusting pepsin to substrate ratio at the value of 4:300 (w/w), setting pH to 3.2 and incubation period to 1.5 h. Final polishing was accomplished by a combination of diafiltration and flow-through chromatography. Developed manufacturing strategy gave 100% pure and aggregate-free F(ab')2 preparation, as shown by size-exclusion HPLC and confirmed by MS/MS. The overall yield of 75% or higher compares favorably to others so far reported. This optimised procedure looks also promising for large-scale production of therapeutic antivenoms, since high yield of the active drug and fulfillment of the regulatory demand considering purity was achieved. The recovery of the active substance was precisely determined in each purification step enabling accurate estimation of the process cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihana Kurtović
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Lang Balija
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Brgles
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dora Sviben
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Monika Tunjić
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Cajner
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Ivana Lučića 5, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Marchetti-Deschmann
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Vienna, Austria
| | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Vienna, Austria
| | - Beata Halassy
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Zagreb, Croatia
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11
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Halassy B, Kurtović T, Lang Balija M, Brgles M, Tunjić M, Sviben D. Concept of sample-specific correction of immunoassay results for precise and accurate IgG quantification in horse plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 164:276-282. [PMID: 30408624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The hyperimmune horse plasma (HHP), prepared through active immunisation of horses with an antigen of interest, is the most common starting material for antitoxin (animal antibody-based therapeutics) production. Precise IgG quantification in plasma is a prerequisite for accurate estimation of the purification process efficiency. Although immunoglobulins from HHP have been purified for over a century, there is still no in vitro method for precise and accurate determination of IgG content in HHP. For this reason, the purification process efficiency has been assessed by antibody activity measurements, mostly performed in vivo. Here we describe the development of a precise and accurate in vitro immunoassay for IgG quantification in HHP. We showed and highlighted that any difference in composition of IgG population between the standard and the sample, with respect to both IgG subclass distribution and antigen-specific IgG content, leads to inaccurate IgG quantification. We demonstrated that caprylic acid precipitation as the method for IgG isolation from horse plasma renders the composition of IgG population unchanged. This very efficient, fast, simple and inexpensive method was used to prepare internal, sample-specific reference IgG for each plasma sample, which was tested simultaneously to a respective plasma sample. Deviation of IgG quantity determined by ELISA for each sample-specific reference from its nominal value was used for correction of the results of respective plasma sample, which led to accurate and precise IgG quantification as shown by method validation. The here presented novel concept of sample-specific correction of immunoassay results could be widely applicable and easily introduced in different immunoassays for more accurate and precise plasma IgG quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Halassy
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Tihana Kurtović
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Lang Balija
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Brgles
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Monika Tunjić
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dora Sviben
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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12
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León G, Vargas M, Segura Á, Herrera M, Villalta M, Sánchez A, Solano G, Gómez A, Sánchez M, Estrada R, Gutiérrez JM. Current technology for the industrial manufacture of snake antivenoms. Toxicon 2018; 151:63-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Abstract
At laboratory scale, several methods for the purification of immunoglobulins from plasma or serum are available. However, not all of them are equally applicable when the scale-up to the level of the pharmaceutical industry is intended. In this case, among other factors, it must be taken into account the performance and the cost and quality of the end product. Here we present a method of purification based on the differential precipitation of plasma proteins with caprylic acid in a single step that is simple and cheap and can be easily scaled up. This methodology has been successfully applied to the development and production of pharmaceutical product, such as therapeutic antisera where immunoglobulin fraction is the unique active pharmaceutical ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Morais
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Hygiene, University of the Republic, Av. Alfredo Navarro 3051, Montevideo, 11600, Uruguay,
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14
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Fusco LS, Rodríguez JP, Teibler P, Maruñak S, Acosta O, Leiva L. New immunization protocol to produce crotalic antivenom combining Crotalus durissus terrificus venom and its PLA2. Biologicals 2014; 43:62-70. [PMID: 25453603 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antivenoms are usually obtained by animal immunization with successive inoculations of increasing sublethal amounts of venom, which may impair the animal health. The high lethality of venom requires prolonged immunization plans with small amounts of venom. Thus, we propose an alternative plan that includes a pre-immunization of the animal with phospholipase A2, the main crotoxin component, which is responsible for the whole venom lethality. For comparison, three different immunization schemes were designed: high dose protocol (HDP; 0.5-27 mg of venom), low dose protocol (LDP; 0.1-7 mg of venom) and Mix protocol (MP; preimmunization 0.1-1.2 mg of crotalic PLA2, and then 4.5-8 mg of venom). Antibody titers were determined by ELISA, in blood plasma obtained from the marginal vein of the ear. The neutralizing ability of the different sera obtained by all protocols (HDS, LDS and MS) was tested against the most important pharmacological activities of whole venom: PLA2 activity, myotoxicity, thrombin like activity and lethality. MS showed the best neutralizing efficacy and at the same time, it was obtained by an immunization protocol that takes account of animal health care, since it requires low quantities of venoms in comparison to traditional protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Sebastián Fusco
- Laboratorio de investigación en Proteínas (LabInPro), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE), Av. Libertad 5470, Corrientes 3400, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE), Sargento Cabral 2139, Corrientes 3400, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de investigación en Proteínas (LabInPro), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE), Av. Libertad 5470, Corrientes 3400, Argentina
| | - Pamela Teibler
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE), Sargento Cabral 2139, Corrientes 3400, Argentina
| | - Silvana Maruñak
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE), Sargento Cabral 2139, Corrientes 3400, Argentina
| | - Ofelia Acosta
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE), Sargento Cabral 2139, Corrientes 3400, Argentina
| | - Laura Leiva
- Laboratorio de investigación en Proteínas (LabInPro), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE), Av. Libertad 5470, Corrientes 3400, Argentina.
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15
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León G, Herrera M, Segura Á, Villalta M, Vargas M, Gutiérrez JM. Pathogenic mechanisms underlying adverse reactions induced by intravenous administration of snake antivenoms. Toxicon 2013; 76:63-76. [PMID: 24055551 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Snake antivenoms are formulations of immunoglobulins, or immunoglobulin fragments, purified from the plasma of animals immunized with snake venoms. Their therapeutic success lies in their ability to mitigate the progress of toxic effects induced by snake venom components, when administered intravenously. However, due to diverse factors, such as deficient manufacturing practices, physicochemical characteristics of formulations, or inherent properties of heterologous immunoglobulins, antivenoms can induce undesirable adverse reactions. Based on the time lapse between antivenom administration and the onset of clinical manifestations, the World Health Organization has classified these adverse reactions as: 1 - Early reactions, if they occur within the first hours after antivenom infusion, or 2 - late reactions, when occurring between 5 and 20 days after treatment. While all late reactions are mediated by IgM or IgG antibodies raised in the patient against antivenom proteins, and the consequent formation of immune complexes, several mechanisms may be responsible for the early reactions, such as pyrogenic reactions, IgE-mediated reactions, or non IgE-mediated reactions. This work reviews the hypotheses that have been proposed to explain the mechanisms involved in these adverse reactions to antivenoms. The understanding of these pathogenic mechanisms is necessary for the development of safer products and for the improvement of snakebite envenomation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo León
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
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16
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Caricati CP, Oliveira‐Nascimento L, Yoshida JT, Stephano MA, Caricati ATP, Raw I. Safety of snake antivenom immunoglobulins: efficacy of viral inactivation in a complete downstream process. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:972-9. [PMID: 23804299 PMCID: PMC7161767 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Viral safety remains a challenge when processing a plasma-derived product. A variety of pathogens might be present in the starting material, which requires a downstream process capable of broad viral reduction. In this article, we used a wide panel of viruses to assess viral removal/inactivation of our downstream process for Snake Antivenom Immunoglobulin (SAI). First, we screened and excluded equine plasma that cross-reacted with any model virus, a procedure not published before for antivenoms. In addition, we evaluated for the first time the virucidal capacity of phenol applied to SAI products. Among the steps analyzed in the process, phenol addition was the most effective one, followed by heat, caprylic acid, and pepsin. All viruses were fully inactivated only by phenol treatment; heat, the second most effective step, did not inactivate the rotavirus and the adenovirus used. We therefore present a SAI downstream method that is cost-effective and eliminates viruses to the extent required by WHO for a safe product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J. T. Yoshida
- Faculdade de Ciências FarmacêuticasUniversidade de Sao Paulo (USP)Sao PauloSPBrazil
| | - M. A. Stephano
- Faculdade de Ciências FarmacêuticasUniversidade de Sao Paulo (USP)Sao PauloSPBrazil
| | | | - I. Raw
- Instituto ButantanSao PauloSPBrazil
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17
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Segura Á, Herrera M, Villalta M, Vargas M, Gutiérrez JM, León G. Assessment of snake antivenom purity by comparing physicochemical and immunochemical methods. Biologicals 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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18
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Studies on the fractionation of equine antivenom IgG by combinations of ammonium sulfate and caprylic acid. Toxicon 2012; 60:1022-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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A study on the use of caprylic acid and ammonium sulfate in combination for the fractionation of equine antivenom F(ab′)2. Biologicals 2012; 40:338-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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20
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Morais V, Massaldi H. A model mechanism for protein precipitation by caprylic acid: Application to plasma purification. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2012; 59:50-4. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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21
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Kittipongwarakarn S, Hawe A, Tantipolphan R, Limsuwun K, Khomvilai S, Puttipipatkhachorn S, Jiskoot W. New method to produce equine antirabies immunoglobulin F(ab')₂ fragments from crude plasma in high quality and yield. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 78:189-95. [PMID: 21414404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is still a major cause of human deaths in several developing countries. According to the World Health Organization, administration of antirabies serum or antirabies immunoglobulin is recommended for patients who have experienced a category-III exposure to rabies. Improvement of antirabies immunoglobulin production is required to enhance safety and efficacy of the products. In this paper, a new method to produce equine antirabies immunoglobulin F(ab')(2) fragments from crude plasma is proposed. First, protein G affinity chromatography was used to purify IgG from equine plasma. Moreover, purification of IgG was shown to facilitate its digestion by pepsin. Compared to the direct digestion of crude plasma, a lower amount of pepsin and a shorter digestion time were required to completely digest the purified IgG to F(ab')(2). Complete digestion of purified IgG to F(ab')(2) was achieved at a pepsin/IgG (w/w) ratio of 5:45 with preservation of structure and potency. Finally, purification of F(ab')(2) was accomplished by a combination of protein A affinity chromatography and ultrafiltration with a 50-kDa nominal molecular weight cut-off membrane. The new process resulted in 68.9±0.6 (%) total recovery of F(ab')(2) and a F(ab')(2) product of high potency.
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22
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Yu D, Ghosh R. Enzymatic fragmentation of cation exchange membrane bound immunoglobulin G. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 27:61-6. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Boyer JF, Balard P, Authier H, Faucon B, Bernad J, Mazières B, Davignon JL, Cantagrel A, Pipy B, Constantin A. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and adalimumab differentially regulate CD36 expression in human monocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 9:R22. [PMID: 17335569 PMCID: PMC1906797 DOI: 10.1186/ar2133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation acts as an independent cardiovascular risk factor and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, such as anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNFα), may decrease this risk. The phagocytosis of oxidized low density lipoproteins (LDLs) accumulated in the subendothelium by mononuclear cells influences atherosclerosis and depends on CD36 expression. We investigated the role of TNFα and adalimumab, a human anti-TNFα monoclonal antibody widely used in human pathology, in CD36 expression in human monocytes. Human monocytes were prepared by adherence from whole-blood buffy-coat fractions from healthy donors. CD36 expression was assessed by RT-PCR and flow cytometry, with various TNFα or adalimumab concentrations. Implication of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ in the regulation of CD36 expression was assessed using specific inhibitor or gel shift assays. The impact of redox signaling was investigated using quantification of reactive oxygen species, antioxidant and a NADPH oxidase inhibitor. The F(ab')2 fragment of adalimumab was isolated and its effect was analyzed. TNFα inhibits both CD36 membrane expression and mRNA expression. This inhibition involves a reduction in PPARγ activation. In contrast, adalimumab increases both CD36 membrane expression and mRNA expression. This induction is independent of the Fc portion of adalimumab and involves redox signaling via NADPH oxidase activation. CD36 expression on human monocytes is inhibited by TNFα and independently increased by adalimumab. These data highlight that pro-inflammatory cytokines and their specific neutralization influence the expression of cellular receptors implicated in atherosclerosis. Further studies are needed to investigate the clinical implications of these results in accelerated atherosclerosis observed in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Frédéric Boyer
- EA2405, Université Paul Sabatier, IFR31, BP84225, 31432 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France
- GRCB40, Université Paul Sabatier, IFR31, BP84225, 31432 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France
- Service de Rhumatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, 31059, Toulouse CEDEX 9, France
| | - Patricia Balard
- EA2405, Université Paul Sabatier, IFR31, BP84225, 31432 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France
| | - Hélène Authier
- EA2405, Université Paul Sabatier, IFR31, BP84225, 31432 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France
| | - Bruno Faucon
- GRCB40, Université Paul Sabatier, IFR31, BP84225, 31432 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France
| | - José Bernad
- EA2405, Université Paul Sabatier, IFR31, BP84225, 31432 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France
| | - Bernard Mazières
- Service de Rhumatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, 31059, Toulouse CEDEX 9, France
| | - Jean-Luc Davignon
- Service de Rhumatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, 31059, Toulouse CEDEX 9, France
- INSERM, U563, IFR30, BP 3028, 31024 Toulouse CEDEX, France
| | - Alain Cantagrel
- GRCB40, Université Paul Sabatier, IFR31, BP84225, 31432 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France
- Service de Rhumatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, 31059, Toulouse CEDEX 9, France
| | - Bernard Pipy
- EA2405, Université Paul Sabatier, IFR31, BP84225, 31432 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France
| | - Arnaud Constantin
- GRCB40, Université Paul Sabatier, IFR31, BP84225, 31432 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France
- Service de Rhumatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, 31059, Toulouse CEDEX 9, France
- INSERM, U558, Faculté de Médecine, 37 allées Jules Guesde, 31073, Toulouse CEDEX 7, France
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24
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Rial A, Morais V, Rossi S, Massaldi H. A new ELISA for determination of potency in snake antivenoms. Toxicon 2006; 48:462-6. [PMID: 16893558 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A competitive ELISA for potency determination of bothropic equine antivenom was developed and compared to the conventional in vivo ED(50) assay, with the aim of partially substituting the in vivo assay in the monitoring of antivenom immunoglobulin levels. On this purpose, blood samples were taken at different times during and after the immunization protocol of the lot of horses used for production of snake antivenom at the Instituto de Higiene, Uruguay. Both the competitive ELISA and the ED(50) assay were performed on those samples. In addition, a group of five commercial pepsin-digested antivenoms were tested by both methods. A significant (P<0.001) correlation (Pearson's r=0.957) was found between the ELISA titres and the corresponding ED(50) values, indicating that the in vitro test can estimate the neutralizing antibody capacity of the sera as well as the in vivo assay. By means of this new ELISA, it was found that the immunized animals maintained good venom antibody titres, in the order of 20-50% of the maximum achieved, even 10 month after the end of the immunization schedule. The main advantage of our ELISA design is its ability to correctly estimate the neutralization capacity of crude hyperimmune plasma and antivenom sera independently of their antibody composition in terms of whole IgG or F(ab')(2) fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rial
- Department of Biotechnology Development, Instituto de Higiene, Universidad de la República, Av. A. Navarro 3051, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay.
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