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Bittenbinder MA, van Thiel J, Cardoso FC, Casewell NR, Gutiérrez JM, Kool J, Vonk FJ. Tissue damaging toxins in snake venoms: mechanisms of action, pathophysiology and treatment strategies. Commun Biol 2024; 7:358. [PMID: 38519650 PMCID: PMC10960010 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is an important public health issue responsible for mortality and severe morbidity. Where mortality is mainly caused by venom toxins that induce cardiovascular disturbances, neurotoxicity, and acute kidney injury, morbidity is caused by toxins that directly or indirectly destroy cells and degrade the extracellular matrix. These are referred to as 'tissue-damaging toxins' and have previously been classified in various ways, most of which are based on the tissues being affected (e.g., cardiotoxins, myotoxins). This categorisation, however, is primarily phenomenological and not mechanistic. In this review, we propose an alternative way of classifying cytotoxins based on their mechanistic effects rather than using a description that is organ- or tissue-based. The mechanisms of toxin-induced tissue damage and their clinical implications are discussed. This review contributes to our understanding of fundamental biological processes associated with snakebite envenoming, which may pave the way for a knowledge-based search for novel therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mátyás A Bittenbinder
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jory van Thiel
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Fernanda C Cardoso
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - José-María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica.
| | - Jeroen Kool
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Freek J Vonk
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Marinho AD, Lucena da Silva E, Jullyanne de Sousa Portilho A, Lacerda Brasil de Oliveira L, Cintra Austregésilo Bezerra E, Maria Dias Nogueira B, Leitão-Araújo M, Lúcia Machado-Alves M, Correa Neto C, Seabra Ferreira R, de Fátima Aquino Moreira-Nunes C, Elisabete Amaral de Moraes M, Jorge RJB, Montenegro RC. Three snake venoms from Bothrops genus induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in K562 human leukemic cell line. Toxicon 2024; 238:107547. [PMID: 38065258 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is indisputably one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Snake venoms are a potential source of bioactive compounds, complex mixtures constituted mainly of proteins and peptides with several pharmacological possibilities, including the potential to inhibit tumoral cell growth. In the present study, it was evaluated the antitumor effect of crude venom of Bothrops erythromelas (BeV), Bothrops jararaca (from Southern and Southeastern- BjsV and BjsdV, respectively) and Bothrops alternatus (BaV) in in vitro Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cancer cell line model. After 24 h of cell exposure to 10 and 50 μg/mL, BjsV, BjsdV, and BaV exerted a decrease in cell viability in both concentrations. BeV was not cytotoxic and, therefore wasn't chosen for further mechanism of action investigation. Furthermore, morphological alterations show modification typical of apoptosis. Also, was observes a significant cell cycle arrest in the S phase by BjsdV and BaV treatment. Flow cytometry evidenced the involvement of changes in the cell membrane permeability and the mitochondrial function by BjsV and BjsdV, corroborating with the triggering of the apoptotic pathway by the venom administration. BjsV, BjsdV, and BaV also led to extensive DNA damage and were shown to modulate the gene expression of transcripts related to the cell cycle progression and suppress the expression of the BCR-ABL1 oncogene. Altogether, these findings suggest that the venoms trigger the apoptosis pathway due to mitochondrial damage and cell cycle arrest, with modulation of intracellular pathways important for CML progression. Thus, indicating the pharmacological potential of these venoms in the development of new antitumoral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline D Marinho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1127, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1000, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Emerson Lucena da Silva
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1000, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Adrhyann Jullyanne de Sousa Portilho
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1000, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Laís Lacerda Brasil de Oliveira
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1000, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Cintra Austregésilo Bezerra
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1000, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Maria Dias Nogueira
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1000, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Moema Leitão-Araújo
- Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Museu de Ciências Naturais, Núcleo Regional de Ofiologia de Porto Alegre, Dr. Salvador França St., 1427, 90690-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Lúcia Machado-Alves
- Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Museu de Ciências Naturais, Núcleo Regional de Ofiologia de Porto Alegre, Dr. Salvador França St., 1427, 90690-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Correa Neto
- Instituto Vital Brazil, Maestro José Botelho St., 64, 24230-410, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Instituto Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, César Pernetta St., 1573-1675, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, São Paulo State University, José Barbosa de Barros St., 1780, 18610-307, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline de Fátima Aquino Moreira-Nunes
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1000, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisabete Amaral de Moraes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1127, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1000, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Roberta J B Jorge
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1127, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Raquel C Montenegro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1127, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1000, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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Lomonte B. Lys49 myotoxins, secreted phospholipase A 2-like proteins of viperid venoms: A comprehensive review. Toxicon 2023; 224:107024. [PMID: 36632869 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Muscle necrosis is a potential clinical complication of snakebite envenomings, which in severe cases can lead to functional or physical sequelae such as disability or amputation. Snake venom proteins with the ability to directly damage skeletal muscle fibers are collectively referred to as myotoxins, and include three main types: cytolysins of the "three-finger toxin" protein family expressed in many elapid venoms, the so-called "small" myotoxins found in a number of rattlesnake venoms, and the widespread secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) molecules. Among the latter, protein variants that conserve the sPLA2 structure, but lack such enzymatic activity, have been increasingly found in the venoms of many viperid species. Intriguingly, these sPLA2-like proteins are able to induce muscle necrosis by a mechanism independent of phospholipid hydrolysis. They are commonly referred to as "Lys49 myotoxins" since they most often present, among other substitutions, the replacement of the otherwise invariant residue Asp49 of sPLA2s by Lys. This work comprehensively reviews the historical developments and current knowledge towards deciphering the mechanism of action of Lys49 sPLA2-like myotoxins, and points out main gaps to be filled for a better understanding of these multifaceted snake venom proteins, to hopefully lead to improved treatments for snakebites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica.
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4
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Tiwari N, Aggarwal G, Jain GK, Mittal G. Multi-drug loaded microneedles for emergency treatment of snakebite envenomation. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Hansiya VS, Geetha N. In vitro anti-venom potential of various solvent based leaf extracts of Andrographis serpyllifolia (Rottler ex Vahl) Wight against Naja naja and Daboia russelli. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 269:113687. [PMID: 33309916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Snake bite is a major occupational hazard in tropical and subtropical countries including India as per the World Health Organization. Naja naja (Indian cobra) and Daboia russelli (Russell's viper) are the two poisonous snakes commonly associated with human mortality in India. Andrographis serpyllifolia (Rottler ex Vahl) Wight has been documented in ethnobotanical records as a plant possessing potent anti-snake venom activity. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study is aimed for systematic evaluation of in vitro anti-venom potential of various solvent based leaf extracts of A. serpyllifolia against toxic venom enzymes of Naja naja and Daboia russelli. MATERIALS AND METHODS Different solvent based leaf extracts of A. serpyllifolia were tested against the snake venoms of Naja naja and Daboia russelli obtained from Irula Snake Catchers Industrial Co-operative Society Limited, Kancheepuram, Tamil nadu, India. Three different in vitro neutralization assays such as indirect hemolysis, procoagulent and lytic activities and seven in vitro enzyme inhibition assays such as protease, acetylcholinesterase, phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase, 5'nucleotidase, phospholipase A2, hyaluronidase and post synaptic acetylcholine receptor binding activity were carried out according to standard protocols. The results were analyzed using the standard ANOVA procedures. RESULTS Among various solvent based leaf extracts of A. serpyllifolia tested, aqueous extract showed maximum neutralizing and inhibitory activities against Naja naja and Daboia russelli venoms. CONCLUSIONS The various in vitro enzymatic studies reveal that the aqueous leaf extract of A. serpyllifolia plant could inhibit most of the toxic enzymes of the Naja naja and Daboia russelli venoms which could be further confirmed by in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Hansiya
- Department of Botany, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 46, TN, India.
| | - N Geetha
- Department of Botany, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 46, TN, India.
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Kerkkamp H, Bagowski C, Kool J, van Soolingen B, Vonk FJ, Vlecken D. Whole snake venoms: Cytotoxic, anti-metastatic and antiangiogenic properties. Toxicon 2018; 150:39-49. [PMID: 29763628 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, biological and organic substances are screened in order to find a new generation of therapeutics active against cancer. Previous research has identified promising candidate peptides in snake venom. In this study, venoms from different snake species (Naja annulifera, Naja kaouthia, Ophiophagus hannah and Echis carinatus) were screened for potential anti-cancer properties using pancreatic tumour cells as the assay system. The cells were incubated with venom and then subjected to the following analyses: (i) in vitro cell death (ii) in vitro migration (iii) in vivo dissemination and (iv) in vivo angiogenesis. For the in vivo assays, the cells, after incubation and labelling, were transplanted into the yolk sac of zebrafish embryos for motility and angiogenesis. The results showed strong effects in cells treated with venoms from Ophiophagus hannah and Echis carinatus in the in vitro assays. In the in vivo assays, venom derived from Ophiophagus hannah had the most potent effects with respect to angiogenesis. These venoms might therefore be considered as candidates for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Kerkkamp
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Department of Animal Science and Health, Sylviusweg 70, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph Bagowski
- Pränatal-Medizin München Frauenärzte und Humangenetiker (MVZ), Lachnerstraße 2080639, München, Germany
| | - Jeroen Kool
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit (VU), De Boelelaan 1105, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Babette van Soolingen
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Department of Animal Science and Health, Sylviusweg 70, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Freek J Vonk
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Department of Animal Science and Health, Sylviusweg 70, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle Vlecken
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Department of Animal Science and Health, Sylviusweg 70, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Sultan MT, Li HM, Lee YZ, Lim SS, Song DK. Identification of Lys49-PLA2 from crude venom of Crotalus atrox as a human neutrophil-calcium modulating protein. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 20:177-83. [PMID: 26937214 PMCID: PMC4770108 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2016.20.2.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We fortuitously observed a human neutrophil intracellular free-calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) increasing activity in the commercially available phosphodiesterase I (PDE I), which is actually dried crude venom of Crotalus atrox. As this activity was not observed with another commercially available pure PDE I, we tried to find out the causative molecule(s) present in 'crude' PDE, and identified Lys49-phospholipase A2 (Lys49-PLA2 or K49-PLA2), a catalytically inactive protein which belongs to the phospholipase A2 family, by activity-driven three HPLC (reverse phase, size exclusion, reverse phase) steps followed by SDS-PAGE and LC-MS/MS. K49-PLA2 induced Ca2+ infl ux in human neutrophils without any cytotoxic eff ect. Two calcium channel inhibitors, 2-aminoetoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) (30 µM) and SKF-96365 (20 µM) signifi cantly inhibited K49-PLA2-induced [Ca2+]i increase. These results suggest that K49-PLA2 modulates [Ca2+]i in human neutrophils via 2-APB- and SKF-96365-sensitive calcium channels without causing membrane disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tipu Sultan
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hong-Mei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | | | - Soon Sung Lim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Dong-Keun Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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8
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Marinho AD, Morais ICO, Lima DB, Jorge ARC, Jorge RJB, Menezes RRPPB, Mello CP, Pereira GJS, Silveira JAM, Toyama MH, Orzáez M, Martins AMC, Monteiro HSA. Bothropoides pauloensis venom effects on isolated perfused kidney and cultured renal tubular epithelial cells. Toxicon 2015; 108:126-33. [PMID: 26410111 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Snake envenomation (Bothrops genus) is common in tropical countries and acute kidney injury is one of the complications observed in Bothrops snakebite with relevant morbidity and mortality. Here, we showed that Bothropoides pauloensis venom (BpV) decreased cell viability (IC50 of 7.5 μg/mL). Flow cytometry with annexin V and propidium iodide showed that cell death occurred predominantly by apoptosis and late apoptosis, through caspases 3 and 7 activation, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse and ROS overproduction. BpV reduced perfusion pressure, renal vascular resistance, urinary flow, glomerular filtration rate, percentage of sodium, chloride or potassium tubular transportation. These findings demonstrated that BpV cytotoxicity on renal epithelial cells might be responsible for the nephrotoxicity observed in isolated kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline D Marinho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, 60430-270, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Isabel C O Morais
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, 60430-270, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Dânya B Lima
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Antônio R C Jorge
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, 60430-270, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Roberta J B Jorge
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, 60430-270, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ramon R P P B Menezes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, 60430-270, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Clarissa P Mello
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Gustavo J S Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João A M Silveira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, 60430-270, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marcos H Toyama
- São Vicente Unit, Paulista Coastal Campus, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mar Orzáez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alice M C Martins
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Helena S A Monteiro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, 60430-270, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Menschikowski M, Platzbecker U, Hagelgans A, Vogel M, Thiede C, Schönefeldt C, Lehnert R, Eisenhofer G, Siegert G. Aberrant methylation of the M-type phospholipase A(2) receptor gene in leukemic cells. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:576. [PMID: 23217014 PMCID: PMC3561142 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R1) plays a crucial role in several signaling pathways and may act as tumor-suppressor. This study examined the expression and methylation of the PLA2R1 gene in Jurkat and U937 leukemic cell lines and its methylation in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute leukemia. Methods Sites of methylation of the PLA2R1 locus were identified by sequencing bisulfite-modified DNA fragments. Methylation specific-high resolution melting (MS-HRM) analysis was then carried out to quantify PLA2R1 methylation at 5`-CpG sites identified with differences in methylation between healthy control subjects and leukemic patients using sequencing of bisulfite-modified genomic DNA. Results Expression of PLA2R1 was found to be completely down-regulated in Jurkat and U937 cells, accompanied by complete methylation of PLA2R1 promoter and down-stream regions; PLA2R1 was re-expressed after exposure of cells to 5-aza-2´-deoxycytidine. MS-HRM analysis of the PLA2R1 locus in patients with different types of leukemia indicated an average methylation of 28.9% ± 17.8%, compared to less than 9% in control subjects. In MDS patients the extent of PLA2R1 methylation significantly increased with disease risk. Furthermore, measurements of PLA2R1 methylation appeared useful for predicting responsiveness to the methyltransferase inhibitor, azacitidine, as a pre-emptive treatment to avoid hematological relapse in patients with high-risk MDS or acute myeloid leukemia. Conclusions The study shows for the first time that PLA2R1 gene sequences are a target of hypermethylation in leukemia, which may have pathophysiological relevance for disease evolution in MDS and leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Menschikowski
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Laboratoriumsmedizin, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany.
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10
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de Morais ICO, Torres AFC, Pereira GJDS, Pereira TP, Pessoa Bezerra de Menezes RRDP, Mello CP, Coelho Jorge AR, Bindá AH, Toyama MH, Monteiro HSA, Smaili SS, Martins AMC. Bothrops leucurus venom induces nephrotoxicity in the isolated perfused kidney and cultured renal tubular epithelia. Toxicon 2012; 61:38-46. [PMID: 23127898 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bites from snake (Bothrops genus) cause local tissue damage and systemic complications, which include alterations such as hemostatic system and acute renal failure (ARF). Recent studies suggest that ARF pathogenesis in snakebite envenomation is multifactorial and involves hemodynamic disturbances, immunologic reactions and direct nephrotoxicity. The aim of the work was to investigate the effects of the Bothrops leucurus venom (BlV) in the renal perfusion system and in cultured renal tubular cells of the type MDCK (Madin-Darby Canine kidney). BlV (10 μg/mL) reduced the perfusion pressure at 90 and 120 min. The renal vascular resistance (RVR) decreased at 120 min of perfusion. The effect on urinary flow (UF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) started 30 min after BlV infusion, was transient and returned to normal at 120 min of perfusion. It was also observed a decrease on percentual tubular transport of sodium (%TNa(+)) at 120 min and of chloride (%TCl(-)) at 60 and 90 min. The treatment with BlV caused decrease in cell viability to the lowest concentration tested with an IC(50) of 1.25 μg/mL. Flow cytometry with annexin V and propidium iodide showed that cell death occurred predominantly by necrosis. However, a cell death process may involve apoptosis in lower concentrations. BlV treatment (1.25 μg/mL) led to significant depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential and, indeed, we found an increase in the expression of cell death genes in the lower concentrations tested. The venom also evoked an increase in the cytosolic Ca(2+) in a concentration dependent manner, indicating that Ca(2+) may participate in the venom of B. leucurus effect. The characterization of the effects in the isolated kidney and renal tubular cells gives strong evidences that the acute renal failure induced by this venom is a result of the direct nephrotoxicity which may involve the cell death mechanism.
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Popescu R, Heiss EH, Ferk F, Peschel A, Knasmueller S, Dirsch VM, Krupitza G, Kopp B. Ikarugamycin induces DNA damage, intracellular calcium increase, p38 MAP kinase activation and apoptosis in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells. Mutat Res 2011; 709-710:60-6. [PMID: 21392513 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ikarugamycin (IKA) is an antibiotic with strong antiprotozoal and cytotoxic activity. The purpose of our work was to provide insight into the mechanism of action characterizing the cytotoxic effect of IKA in HL-60 leukemia cells in order to evaluate its potential as an antineoplastic agent. Cell viability was reduced in response to IKA (IC(50) of 221.3nM), while the amount of HL-60 cells with a subdiploid DNA content increased significantly after 24h. Apoptotic cell death was confirmed by the cleavage of caspase-9, -8 and -3 using immunoblotting. Single cell gel electrophoresis pointed to an early genotoxic effect. Monitoring of intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) levels by flow cytometric analysis of Fluo-3-AM fluorescence indicated an increase in cytosolic calcium that correlated with the cleavage of caspases. In addition, IKA triggered the activation of p38 MAP kinase which was partly dependent on elevated [Ca(2+)](i) concentrations and contributed to caspase activation. The data demonstrate that IKA induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells through genotoxicity and caspase activation which was in part correlated to an increase in intracellular calcium levels and activation of p38 MAP kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra Popescu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Experimental pathology of local tissue damage induced by Bothrops asper snake venom. Toxicon 2009; 54:958-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Angulo Y, Lomonte B. Biochemistry and toxicology of toxins purified from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper. Toxicon 2009; 54:949-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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14
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Gebrim LC, Marcussi S, Menaldo DL, de Menezes CS, Nomizo A, Hamaguchi A, Silveira-Lacerda EP, Homsi-Brandeburgo MI, Sampaio SV, Soares AM, Rodrigues VM. Antitumor effects of snake venom chemically modified Lys49 phospholipase A2-like BthTX-I and a synthetic peptide derived from its C-terminal region. Biologicals 2009; 37:222-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in the regulation of secreted phospholipase A2 expressions in Jurkat leukemia cells. Neoplasia 2008; 10:1195-203. [PMID: 18953428 DOI: 10.1593/neo.08640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic changes provide a frequent mechanism for transcriptional silencing of genes in cancer cells. We previously established that epigenetic mechanisms are important for control of group IIA phospholipase A(2) (PLA2G2A) gene transcription in human DU-145 prostate cells. In this study, we analyzed the involvement of such mechanisms in the regulation of five sPLA(2) isozymes and the M-type receptor of sPLA(2) (sPLA(2)-R) in human leukemic Jurkat cells. These cells constitutively expressed sPLA(2)-IB, sPLA(2)-III, sPLA(2)-X, and sPLA(2)-R but not sPLA(2)-IIA and sPLA(2)-V. Transcription of sPLA(2)-IIA and sPLA(2)-V was, however, detected after exposure of cells to the DNA demethylating agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC). Expression of sPLA(2)-IIA was further enhanced by additional exposure to interferon-gamma and blocked by inhibitors of specificity protein 1, nuclear factor kappaB, and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription-dependent pathways. Sequence analysis and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction of bisulfite-modified genomic DNA revealed two 5'-CpG sites (-111 and -82) in the sPLA(2)-IIA proximal promoter that were demethylated after 5-aza-dC treatment. These sites may be involved in the DNA binding of specificity protein 1 and other transcription factors. Similar findings after treatment of human U937 leukemia cells with 5-aza-dC indicate that this mechanism of PLA2G2A gene silencing is not restricted to Jurkat and DU-145 cells. These data establish that regulation of sPLA(2)-IIA and sPLA(2)-V in Jurkat and other cells involves epigenetic silencing by DNA hypermethylation.
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Increase of the cytotoxic effect of Bothrops jararacussu venom on mouse extensor digitorum longus and soleus by potassium channel blockers and by Na+/K+-ATPase inhibition. Toxicon 2008; 52:551-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Villalobos JC, Mora R, Lomonte B, Gutiérrez JM, Angulo Y. Cytotoxicity induced in myotubes by a Lys49 phospholipase A2 homologue from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper: Evidence of rapid plasma membrane damage and a dual role for extracellular calcium. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:1382-9. [PMID: 17560765 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute muscle tissue damage, myonecrosis, is a typical consequence of envenomations by snakes of the family Viperidae. Catalytically-inactive Lys49 phospholipase A(2) homologues are abundant myotoxic components in viperid venoms, causing plasma membrane damage by a mechanism independent of phospholipid hydrolysis. However, the precise mode of action of these myotoxins remains unsolved. In this work, a cell culture model of C2C12 myotubes was used to assess the action of Bothrops asper myotoxin II (Mt-II), a Lys49 phospholipase A(2) homologue. Mt-II induced a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect associated with plasma membrane disruption, evidenced by the release of the cytosolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase and the penetration of propidium iodide. A rapid increment in cytosolic Ca(2+) occurred after addition of Mt-II. Such elevation was associated with hypercontraction of myotubes and blebbing of plasma membrane. An increment in the Ca(2+) signal was observed in myotube nuclei. Elimination of extracellular Ca(2+) resulted in increased cytotoxicity upon incubation with Mt-II, suggesting a membrane-protective role for extracellular Ca(2+). Chelation of cytosolic Ca(2+) with BAPTA-AM did not modify the cytotoxic effect, probably due to the large increment induced by Mt-II in cytosolic Ca(2+) which overrides the chelating capacity of BAPTA-AM. It is concluded that Mt-II induces rapid and drastic plasma membrane lesion and a prominent Ca(2+) influx in myotubes. Extracellular Ca(2+) plays a dual role in this model: it protects the membrane from the cytolytic action of the toxin; at the same time, the Ca(2+) influx that occurs after membrane disruption is likely to play a key role in the intracellular degenerative events associated with Mt-II-induced myotube damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Villalobos
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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