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Salvador GHM, Cardoso FF, Lomonte B, Fontes MRM. Inhibitors and activators for myotoxic phospholipase A 2-like toxins from snake venoms - A structural overview. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00175-5. [PMID: 39089640 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Snakebite envenomations result in acute and chronic physical and psychological health effects on their victims, leading to a substantial socio-economic burden in tropical and subtropical countries. Local necrosis is one of the serious effects caused by envenomation, primarily induced by snake venoms from the Viperidae family through the direct action of components collectively denominated as myotoxins, including the phopholipase A2-like (PLA2-like) toxins. Considering the limitations of antivenoms in preventing the rapid development of local tissue damage caused by envenomation, the use of small molecule therapeutics has been suggested as potential first-aid treatments or as adjuvants to antivenom therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of the structural interactions of molecules exhibiting inhibitory activity toward PLA2-like toxins. Additionally, we discuss the implications for the myotoxic mechanism of PLA2-like toxins and the molecules involved in their activation, highlighting key differences between activators and inhibitors. Finally, we integrate all these results to propose a classification of inhibitors into three different classes and five sub-classes. Taking into account the structural and affinity information, we compare the different inhibitors/ligands to gain a deeper understanding of the structural basis for the effective inhibition of PLA2-like toxins. By offering these insights, we aim to contribute to the search for new and efficient inhibitor molecules to complement and improve current therapy by conventional antivenoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme H M Salvador
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio F Cardoso
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Marcos R M Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu-SP, Brazil; Instituto de Estudos Avançados do Mar (IEAMar), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Vicente-SP, Brazil.
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Cardoso FF, Salvador GHM, Cavalcante WLG, Dal-Pai M, Fontes MRDM. BthTX-I, a phospholipase A 2-like toxin, is inhibited by the plant cinnamic acid derivative: chlorogenic acid. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2024; 1872:140988. [PMID: 38142025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2023.140988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Snakebite is a significant health concern in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, resulting in more than 2.7 million envenomations and an estimated one hundred thousand fatalities annually. The Bothrops genus is responsible for the majority of snakebite envenomings in Latin America and Caribbean countries. Accidents involving snakes from this genus are characterized by local symptoms that often lead to permanent sequelae and death. However, specific antivenoms exhibit limited effectiveness in inhibiting local tissue damage. Phospholipase A2-like (PLA2-like) toxins emerge as significant contributors to local myotoxicity in accidents involving Bothrops species. As a result, they represent a crucial target for prospective treatments. Some natural and synthetic compounds have shown the ability to reduce or abolish the myotoxic effects of PLA2-like proteins. In this study, we employed a combination approach involving myographic, morphological, biophysical and bioinformatic techniques to investigate the interaction between chlorogenic acid (CGA) and BthTX-I, a PLA2-like toxin. CGA provided a protection of 71.8% on muscle damage in a pre-incubation treatment. Microscale thermophoresis and circular dichroism experiments revealed that CGA interacted with the BthTX-I while preserving its secondary structure. CGA exhibited an affinity to the toxin that ranks among the highest observed for a natural compound. Bioinformatics simulations indicated that CGA inhibitor binds to the toxin's hydrophobic channel in a manner similar to other phenolic compounds previously investigated. These findings suggest that CGA interferes with the allosteric transition of the non-activated toxin, and the stability of the dimeric assembly of its activated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Florença Cardoso
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Walter Luís Garrido Cavalcante
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maeli Dal-Pai
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Roberto de Mattos Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Estudos Avançados do Mar (IEAMar), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Vicente, SP, Brazil.
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Lomonte B. Lys49 myotoxins, secreted phospholipase A 2-like proteins of viperid venoms: A comprehensive review. Toxicon 2023; 224:107024. [PMID: 36632869 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Muscle necrosis is a potential clinical complication of snakebite envenomings, which in severe cases can lead to functional or physical sequelae such as disability or amputation. Snake venom proteins with the ability to directly damage skeletal muscle fibers are collectively referred to as myotoxins, and include three main types: cytolysins of the "three-finger toxin" protein family expressed in many elapid venoms, the so-called "small" myotoxins found in a number of rattlesnake venoms, and the widespread secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) molecules. Among the latter, protein variants that conserve the sPLA2 structure, but lack such enzymatic activity, have been increasingly found in the venoms of many viperid species. Intriguingly, these sPLA2-like proteins are able to induce muscle necrosis by a mechanism independent of phospholipid hydrolysis. They are commonly referred to as "Lys49 myotoxins" since they most often present, among other substitutions, the replacement of the otherwise invariant residue Asp49 of sPLA2s by Lys. This work comprehensively reviews the historical developments and current knowledge towards deciphering the mechanism of action of Lys49 sPLA2-like myotoxins, and points out main gaps to be filled for a better understanding of these multifaceted snake venom proteins, to hopefully lead to improved treatments for snakebites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica.
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Salvador GHM, Borges RJ, Lomonte B, Lewin MR, Fontes MRM. The synthetic varespladib molecule is a multi-functional inhibitor for PLA 2 and PLA 2-like ophidic toxins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129913. [PMID: 33865953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment for snakebites is early administration of antivenom, which can be highly effective in inhibiting the systemic effects of snake venoms, but is less effective in the treatment of extra-circulatory and local effects. To complement standard-of-care treatments such as antibody-based antivenoms, natural and synthetic small molecules have been proposed for the inhibition of key venom components such as phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and PLA2-like toxins. Varespladib (compound LY315920) is a synthetic molecule developed and clinically tested aiming to block inflammatory cascades of several diseases associated with high PLA2s. Recent studies have demonstrated this molecule is able to potently inhibit snake venom catalytic PLA2 and PLA2-like toxins. METHODS In vivo and in vitro techniques were used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of varespladib against MjTX-I. X-ray crystallography was used to reveal details of the interaction between these molecules. A new methodology that combines crystallography, mass spectroscopy and phylogenetic data was used to review its primary sequence. RESULTS Varespladib was able to inhibit the myotoxic and cytotoxic effects of MjTX-I. Structural analysis revealed a particular inhibitory mechanism of MjTX-I when compared to other PLA2-like myotoxin, presenting an oligomeric-independent function. CONCLUSION Results suggest the effectiveness of varespladib for the inhibition of MjTX-I, in similarity with other PLA2 and PLA2-like toxins. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Varespladib appears to be a promissory molecule in the treatment of local effects led by PLA2 and PLA2-like toxins (oligomeric dependent and independent), indicating that this is a multifunctional or broadly specific inhibitor for different toxins within this superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme H M Salvador
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael J Borges
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Matthew R Lewin
- Center for Exploration and Travel Health, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Marcos R M Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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In-solution structural studies involving a phospholipase A 2-like myotoxin and a natural inhibitor: Plasticity of oligomeric assembly affects mechanisms of inhibition. Biochimie 2020; 181:145-153. [PMID: 33333169 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation has been categorized by World Health Organization as a category A neglected tropical disease, since it causes chronic psychological disorders, physical disablement and death. Ophidian accidents may cause local myonecrosis that cause drastic sequelae, which are not efficiently neutralized via serum therapy. Phospholipase A2-like (PLA2-like) myotoxins have a major role in the local effects caused by several snake venoms. We previously demonstrated that chicoric acid (CA) is an efficient inhibitor of the BthTX-I myotoxin and solved the X-ray structure of complex. Herein, we assess the oligomeric behavior of the BthTX-I/CA complex in solution under different physical-chemical conditions and using toxin obtained by two different biochemical methodologies to fully elucidate structural bases of inhibition of myotoxins by CA. We demonstrated the ability of PLA2-like proteins to form different oligomeric assemblies in the presence of certain inhibitors, which can also be modulated by buffer polarity change. In the presence of ethanol, BthTX-I/CA remains predominantly in a monomeric conformation, which prevents it from being in its active form (dimeric conformation). In contrast, in the absence of ethanol, the tetramer assembly was observed, which hid key regions of the protein responsible for docking and disruption of the muscle membrane. Therefore, the "plasticity" of these proteins with regard to their abilities to form oligomeric assemblies is a key issue for the future development of therapeutic agents to complement of serum therapy.
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Manukyan AK. Structural aspects and activation mechanism of human secretory group IIA phospholipase. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2020; 49:511-531. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-020-01458-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lopes MB, Soares VCG, Fagundes FHR, Gonini-Junior A, Kaneshima RH, Guiraldo RD, Diz-Filho EBS, Berger SB, Felizardo KR, Santos MLD. Analysis of Molecular Changes Induced By Mineral Trioxide Aggregate On sPLA2. Braz Dent J 2019; 30:453-458. [PMID: 31596329 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201902463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of MTA on the structure and enzymatic activity of sPLA2 in order to provide subsidies for improvement in the formulation of the product. MTA powder was incubated for 60 min in the presence of sPLA2 and was analyzed by chromatography, electrospray mass (ESI-MS) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). It was find that the elution profile, retention time, and fragmentation of sPLA2 were altered after treatment with MTA. Calcium was the MTA component that most amplified the inflammatory signal. Significant interactions were found between MTA and sPLA2, which could aid in our understanding of the mechanisms of action of MTA during the inflammatory process and it may facilitate the structural modification of MTA, thereby improving its biological safety and consequently the rate of the treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo B Lopes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, UNOPAR - Universidade Norte do Paraná, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Fabio H R Fagundes
- Health Sciences, UniAnchieta, Universidade Padre Anchieta, Jundiaí, SP, Brazil
| | - Alcides Gonini-Junior
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, UNOPAR - Universidade Norte do Paraná, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Renan H Kaneshima
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, UNOPAR - Universidade Norte do Paraná, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ricardo D Guiraldo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, UNOPAR - Universidade Norte do Paraná, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Eduardo B S Diz-Filho
- Department of Biochemistry, UNICAMP - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandrine B Berger
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, UNOPAR - Universidade Norte do Paraná, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Klissia R Felizardo
- Department of Dentistry, UNIPAR - Universidade Paranaense, Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcelo L Dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry, UFS - Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
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Souza BBP, Cardozo Fh JL, Murad AM, Prates MV, Coura MM, Brand GD, Barbosa EA, Bloch C. Identification and characterization of phospholipases A2 from the skin secretion of Pithecopus azureus anuran. Toxicon 2019; 167:10-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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SDS-induced oligomerization of Lys49-phospholipase A 2 from snake venom. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2330. [PMID: 30787342 PMCID: PMC6382788 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38861-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is one of the representative toxic components of snake venom. PLA2s are categorized into several subgroups according to the amino acid at position 49, which comprises either Asp49, Lys49, Arg49 or Ser49. Previous studies suggested that the Lys49-PLA2 assembles into an extremely stable dimer. Although the behavior on Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under reducing or non-reducing conditions suggested the presence of intermolecular disulfide bonds, these bonds were not observed in the crystal structure of Lys49-PLA2. The reason for this discrepancy between the crystal structure and SDS-PAGE of Lys49-PLA2 remains unknown. In this study, we analyzed a Lys49-PLA2 homologue from Protobothrops flavoviridis (PflLys49-PLA2 BPII), by biophysical analyses including X-ray crystallography, SDS-PAGE, native-mass spectrometry, and analytical ultracentrifugation. The results demonstrated that PflLys49-PLA2 BPII spontaneously oligomerized in the presence of SDS, which is one of the strongest protein denaturants.
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Cardoso FF, Borges RJ, Dreyer TR, Salvador GH, Cavalcante WL, Pai MD, Gallacci M, Fontes MR. Structural basis of phospholipase A2-like myotoxin inhibition by chicoric acid, a novel potent inhibitor of ophidian toxins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2728-2737. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Structural and functional characterization of suramin-bound MjTX-I from Bothrops moojeni suggests a particular myotoxic mechanism. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10317. [PMID: 29985425 PMCID: PMC6037679 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Local myonecrosis is the main event resulting from snakebite envenomation by the Bothrops genus and, frequently, it is not efficiently neutralized by antivenom administration. Proteases, phospholipases A2 (PLA2) and PLA2-like toxins are found in venom related to muscle damage. Functional sites responsible for PLA2-like toxins activity have been proposed recently; they consist of a membrane docking-site and a membrane rupture-site. Herein, a combination of functional, biophysical and crystallographic techniques was used to characterize the interaction between suramin and MjTX-I (a PLA2-like toxin from Bothrops moojeni venom). Functional in vitro neuromuscular assays were performed to study the biological effects of the protein-ligand interaction, demonstrating that suramin neutralizes the myotoxic effect of MjTX-I. Calorimetric assays showed two different binding events: (i) inhibitor-protein interactions and (ii) toxin oligomerization processes. These hypotheses were also corroborated with dynamic light and small angle X-ray scattering assays. The crystal structure of the MjTX-I/suramin showed a totally different interaction mode compared to other PLA2-like/suramin complexes. Thus, we suggested a novel myotoxic mechanism for MjTX-I that may be inhibited by suramin. These results can further contribute to the search for inhibitors that will efficiently counteract local myonecrosis in order to be used as an adjuvant of conventional serum therapy.
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Salvador GH, dos Santos JI, Borges RJ, Fontes MR. Structural evidence for a fatty acid-independent myotoxic mechanism for a phospholipase A2-like toxin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1866:473-481. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ojeda PG, Ramírez D, Alzate-Morales J, Caballero J, Kaas Q, González W. Computational Studies of Snake Venom Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 10:E8. [PMID: 29271884 PMCID: PMC5793095 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most snake venom toxins are proteins, and participate to envenomation through a diverse array of bioactivities, such as bleeding, inflammation, and pain, cytotoxic, cardiotoxic or neurotoxic effects. The venom of a single snake species contains hundreds of toxins, and the venoms of the 725 species of venomous snakes represent a large pool of potentially bioactive proteins. Despite considerable discovery efforts, most of the snake venom toxins are still uncharacterized. Modern bioinformatics tools have been recently developed to mine snake venoms, helping focus experimental research on the most potentially interesting toxins. Some computational techniques predict toxin molecular targets, and the binding mode to these targets. This review gives an overview of current knowledge on the ~2200 sequences, and more than 400 three-dimensional structures of snake toxins deposited in public repositories, as well as of molecular modeling studies of the interaction between these toxins and their molecular targets. We also describe how modern bioinformatics have been used to study the snake venom protein phospholipase A2, the small basic myotoxin Crotamine, and the three-finger peptide Mambalgin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola G Ojeda
- Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Simulations (CBSM), Universidad de Talca, 3460000 Talca, Chile.
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, 3460000 Talca, Chile.
| | - David Ramírez
- Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Simulations (CBSM), Universidad de Talca, 3460000 Talca, Chile.
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, 3460000 Talca, Chile.
| | - Jans Alzate-Morales
- Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Simulations (CBSM), Universidad de Talca, 3460000 Talca, Chile.
| | - Julio Caballero
- Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Simulations (CBSM), Universidad de Talca, 3460000 Talca, Chile.
| | - Quentin Kaas
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Wendy González
- Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Simulations (CBSM), Universidad de Talca, 3460000 Talca, Chile.
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Universidad de Talca, 3460000 Talca, Chile.
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PLA 2-like proteins myotoxic mechanism: a dynamic model description. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15514. [PMID: 29138410 PMCID: PMC5686144 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15614-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A2-like (PLA2-like) proteins contribute to the development of muscle necrosis in Viperidae snake bites and are not efficiently neutralized by current antivenom treatments. The toxic mechanisms of PLA2-like proteins are devoid of catalytic activity and not yet fully understood, although structural and functional experiments suggest a dimeric assembly and that the C-terminal residues are essential to myotoxicity. Herein, we characterized the functional mechanism of bothropic PLA2-like structures related to global and local measurements using the available models in the Protein Data Bank and normal mode molecular dynamics (NM-MD). Those measurements include: (i) new geometric descriptions between their monomers, based on Euler angles; (ii) characterizations of canonical and non-canonical conformations of the C-terminal residues; (iii) accessibility of the hydrophobic channel; (iv) inspection of ligands; and (v) distance of clustered residues to toxin interface of interaction. Thus, we described the allosteric activation of PLA2-like proteins and hypothesized that the natural movement between monomers, calculated from NM-MD, is related to their membrane disruption mechanism, which is important for future studies of the inhibition process. These methods and strategies can be applied to other proteins to help understand their mechanisms of action.
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Structural studies with BnSP-7 reveal an atypical oligomeric conformation compared to phospholipases A2-like toxins. Biochimie 2017; 142:11-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Functional and structural studies of a Phospholipase A2-like protein complexed to zinc ions: Insights on its myotoxicity and inhibition mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:3199-3209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Inflammatory Action of Secretory Phospholipases A2 from Snake Venoms. TOXINS AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6452-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Almeida J, Lancellotti M, Soares A, Calderon L, Ramírez D, González W, Marangoni S, Da Silva S. CoaTx-II, a new dimeric Lys49 phospholipase A2 from Crotalus oreganus abyssus snake venom with bactericidal potential: Insights into its structure and biological roles. Toxicon 2016; 120:147-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Salvador GHM, Dreyer TR, Cavalcante WLG, Matioli FF, dos Santos JI, Velazquez-Campoy A, Gallacci M, Fontes MRM. Structural and functional evidence for membrane docking and disruption sites on phospholipase A2-like proteins revealed by complexation with the inhibitor suramin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 71:2066-78. [DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715014443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Local myonecrosis resulting from snakebite envenomation is not efficiently neutralized by regular antivenom administration. This limitation is considered to be a significant health problem by the World Health Organization. Phospholipase A2-like (PLA2-like) proteins are among the most important proteins related to the muscle damage resulting from several snake venoms. However, despite their conserved tertiary structure compared with PLA2s, their biological mechanism remains incompletely understood. Different oligomeric conformations and binding sites have been identified or proposed, leading to contradictory data in the literature. In the last few years, a comprehensive hypothesis has been proposed based on fatty-acid binding, allosteric changes and the presence of two different interaction sites. In the present study, a combination of techniques were used to fully understand the structural–functional characteristics of the interaction between suramin and MjTX-II (a PLA2-like toxin).In vitroneuromuscular studies were performed to characterize the biological effects of the protein–ligand interaction and demonstrated that suramin neutralizes the myotoxic activity of MjTX-II. The high-resolution structure of the complex identified the toxin–ligand interaction sites. Calorimetric assays showed two different binding events between the protein and the inhibitor. It is demonstrated for the first time that the inhibitor binds to the surface of the toxin, obstructing the sites involved in membrane docking and disruption according to the proposed myotoxic mechanism. Furthermore, higher-order oligomeric formation by interaction with interfacial suramins was observed, which may also aid the inhibitory process. These results further substantiate the current myotoxic mechanism and shed light on the search for efficient inhibitors of the local myonecrosis phenomenon.
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Monteiro-Machado M, Tomaz MA, Fonseca RJC, Strauch MA, Cons BL, Borges PA, Patrão-Neto FC, Tavares-Henriques MS, Teixeira-Cruz JM, Calil-Elias S, Cintra ACO, Martinez AMB, Mourão PAS, Melo PA. Occurrence of sulfated fucose branches in fucosylated chondroitin sulfate are essential for the polysaccharide effect preventing muscle damage induced by toxins and crude venom from Bothrops jararacussu snake. Toxicon 2015; 98:20-33. [PMID: 25702961 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Snake envenoming is an important public health problem around the world, particularly in tropics. Beyond deaths, morbidity induced by snake venoms, such as myotoxicity, is of pivotal consequence to population. Bothrops jararacussu is the main venomous snake in southeast region of Brazil, and particularly presents strong myotoxic effect. The only available therapy, antibothropic antivenom, poorly affects venom-induced myotoxicity. The aim of this study is to assess the ability of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (fucCS), a glycosaminoglycan with anticoagulant and antithrombotic properties, and its derivatives to inhibit toxic activities of B. jararacussu crude venom and its isolated toxins, named bothropstoxins (BthTX-I and BthTX-II). The in vitro myotoxic activities induced by crude venom, by BthTX-I alone and by toxins together were abolished by fucCS. Carboxyl reduction (fucCS-CR) kept this ability whereas defucosilation (defucCS) abrogates myoprotection. We observed the same pattern in the response of these polysaccharides in antagonizing the increase in plasma creatine kinase (CK) levels, the reduction of skeletal muscle CK content and the rise of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity induced by crude venom and isolated toxins. FucCS inhibited edematogenic activity and partially prevented the reduction of total leukocytes in blood when pre-incubated with crude venom. Furthermore, the venom procoagulant effect was completely antagonized by increasing concentrations of fucCS, although this polyanion could stop neither the tail bleeding nor the skin hemorrhage induced by Bothrops jararaca venom. The B. jararacussu phospholipase, hyaluronidase, proteolytic and collagenase activities were inhibited in vitro. The results suggest that fucCS could be able to interact with both toxins, and it is able to inhibit BthTX-II phospholipase activity. Light microscopy of extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) muscle showed myoprotection by fucCS, once necrotic areas, edema and inflammatory cells were all decreased as compared to venom injection alone. Altogether, data show that fucCS was able to inhibit myotoxicity and inflammation induced by B. jararacussu venom and its phospholipase toxins, BthTX-I and BthTX-II. Thus, fucosylated chondroitin sulfate is a new polyanion with potential to be used as an adjuvant in the treatment of snakebites in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Monteiro-Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Tomaz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Roberto J C Fonseca
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Strauch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruno L Cons
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paula A Borges
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando C Patrão-Neto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Matheus S Tavares-Henriques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jhonatha M Teixeira-Cruz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Calil-Elias
- Departamento de Farmácia e Administração Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, UFF, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adélia C O Cintra
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria B Martinez
- Programa de Pesquisa em Neurociência Básica e Clínica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paulo A S Mourão
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Programa de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Melo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Fernandes CA, Borges RJ, Lomonte B, Fontes MR. A structure-based proposal for a comprehensive myotoxic mechanism of phospholipase A2-like proteins from viperid snake venoms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:2265-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Fernandes CA, Comparetti EJ, Borges RJ, Huancahuire-Vega S, Ponce-Soto LA, Marangoni S, Soares AM, Fontes MR. Structural bases for a complete myotoxic mechanism: Crystal structures of two non-catalytic phospholipases A2-like from Bothrops brazili venom. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:2772-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Linear B-cell epitopes in BthTX-1, BthTX-II and BthA-1, phospholipase A2's from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom, recognized by therapeutically neutralizing commercial horse antivenom. Toxicon 2013; 72:90-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Salvador GH, Cavalcante WL, dos Santos JI, Gallacci M, Soares AM, Fontes MR. Structural and functional studies with mytoxin II from Bothrops moojeni reveal remarkable similarities and differences compared to other catalytically inactive phospholipases A2-like. Toxicon 2013; 72:52-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Salvador GHM, Fernandes CAH, Magro AJ, Marchi-Salvador DP, Cavalcante WLG, Fernandez RM, Gallacci M, Soares AM, Oliveira CLP, Fontes MRM. Structural and phylogenetic studies with MjTX-I reveal a multi-oligomeric toxin--a novel feature in Lys49-PLA2s protein class. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60610. [PMID: 23573271 PMCID: PMC3616104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mortality caused by snakebites is more damaging than many tropical diseases, such as dengue haemorrhagic fever, cholera, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis and Chagas disease. For this reason, snakebite envenoming adversely affects health services of tropical and subtropical countries and is recognized as a neglected disease by the World Health Organization. One of the main components of snake venoms is the Lys49-phospholipases A2, which is catalytically inactive but possesses other toxic and pharmacological activities. Preliminary studies with MjTX-I from Bothrops moojeni snake venom revealed intriguing new structural and functional characteristics compared to other bothropic Lys49-PLA2s. We present in this article a comprehensive study with MjTX-I using several techniques, including crystallography, small angle X-ray scattering, analytical size-exclusion chromatography, dynamic light scattering, myographic studies, bioinformatics and molecular phylogenetic analyses.Based in all these experiments we demonstrated that MjTX-I is probably a unique Lys49-PLA2, which may adopt different oligomeric forms depending on the physical-chemical environment. Furthermore, we showed that its myotoxic activity is dramatically low compared to other Lys49-PLA2s, probably due to the novel oligomeric conformations and important mutations in the C-terminal region of the protein. The phylogenetic analysis also showed that this toxin is clearly distinct from other bothropic Lys49-PLA2s, in conformity with the peculiar oligomeric characteristics of MjTX-I and possible emergence of new functionalities inresponse to environmental changes and adaptation to new preys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme H. M. Salvador
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista–UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. H. Fernandes
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista–UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Angelo J. Magro
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista–UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela P. Marchi-Salvador
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista–UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Walter L. G. Cavalcante
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista–UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- Depto. de Farmacologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto M. Fernandez
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista–UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia Gallacci
- Depto. de Farmacologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M. Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ Rondônia and Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas – CEBio, Universidade Federal de Rondônia – UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Cristiano L. P. Oliveira
- Depto. de Física Experimental, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos R. M. Fontes
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista–UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Ullah A, Souza T, Betzel C, Murakami M, Arni R. Crystallographic portrayal of different conformational states of a Lys49 phospholipase A2 homologue: Insights into structural determinants for myotoxicity and dimeric configuration. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:209-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Fernandes CAH, Gartuzo ECG, Pagotto I, Comparetti EJ, Huancahuire-Vega S, Ponce-Soto LA, Costa TR, Marangoni S, Soares AM, Fontes MRM. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of three myotoxic phospholipases A2 from Bothrops brazili venom. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:935-8. [PMID: 22869126 PMCID: PMC3412777 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309112026073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two myotoxic and noncatalytic Lys49-phospholipases A(2) (braziliantoxin-II and MT-II) and a myotoxic and catalytic phospholipase A(2) (braziliantoxin-III) from the venom of the Amazonian snake Bothrops brazili were crystallized. The crystals diffracted to resolutions in the range 2.56-2.05 Å and belonged to space groups P3(1)21 (braziliantoxin-II), P6(5)22 (braziliantoxin-III) and P2(1) (MT-II). The structures were solved by molecular-replacement techniques. Both of the Lys49-phospholipases A(2) (braziliantoxin-II and MT-II) contained a dimer in the asymmetric unit, while the Asp49-phospholipase A(2) braziliantoxin-III contained a monomer in its asymmetric unit. Analysis of the quaternary assemblies of the braziliantoxin-II and MT-II structures using the PISA program indicated that both models have a dimeric conformation in solution. The same analysis of the braziliantoxin-III structure indicated that this protein does not dimerize in solution and probably acts as a monomer in vivo, similar to other snake-venom Asp49-phospholipases A(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. H. Fernandes
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Toxinas, CNPq, Brazil
| | - Elaine C. G. Gartuzo
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Toxinas, CNPq, Brazil
| | - Ivan Pagotto
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Toxinas, CNPq, Brazil
| | - Edson J. Comparetti
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Toxinas, CNPq, Brazil
| | - Salomón Huancahuire-Vega
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Alberto Ponce-Soto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Tássia R. Costa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, FCFRP, USP, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Marangoni
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M. Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Marcos R. M. Fontes
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Toxinas, CNPq, Brazil
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Saturnino-Oliveira J, Tomaz MA, Fonseca TF, Gaban GA, Monteiro-Machado M, Strauch MA, Cons BL, Calil-Elias S, Martinez AMB, Melo PA. Pulsed ultrasound therapy accelerates the recovery of skeletal muscle damage induced by Bothrops jararacussu venom. Braz J Med Biol Res 2012; 45:488-96. [PMID: 22415117 PMCID: PMC3854296 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the effect of pulsed ultrasound therapy (UST) and antibothropic polyvalent antivenom (PAV) on the regeneration of mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle following damage by Bothrops jararacussu venom. Animals (Swiss male and female mice weighing 25.0 ± 5.0 g; 5 animals per group) received a perimuscular injection of venom (1 mg/kg) and treatment with UST was started 1 h later (1 min/day, 3 MHz, 0.3 W/cm2, pulsed mode). Three and 28 days after injection, muscles were dissected and processed for light microscopy. The venom caused complete degeneration of muscle fibers. UST alone and combined with PAV (1.0 mL/kg) partially protected these fibers, whereas muscles receiving no treatment showed disorganized fascicules and fibers with reduced diameter. Treatment with UST and PAV decreased the effects of the venom on creatine kinase content and motor activity (approximately 75 and 48%, respectively). Sonication of the venom solution immediately before application decreased the in vivo and ex vivo myotoxic activities (approximately 60 and 50%, respectively). The present data show that UST counteracts some effects of B. jararacussu venom, causing structural and functional improvement of the regenerated muscle after venom injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Saturnino-Oliveira
- Programa de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Georgieva D, Coronado M, Oberthür D, Buck F, Duhalov D, Arni RK, Betzel C. Crystal structure of a dimeric Ser49 PLA2-like myotoxic component of the Vipera ammodytes meridionalis venomics reveals determinants of myotoxicity and membrane damaging activity. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:1405-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mb05490f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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dos Santos JI, Cardoso FF, Soares AM, dal Pai Silva M, Gallacci M, Fontes MRM. Structural and functional studies of a bothropic myotoxin complexed to rosmarinic acid: new insights into Lys49-PLA₂ inhibition. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28521. [PMID: 22205953 PMCID: PMC3244394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is an important public health problem in many tropical and subtropical countries, and is considered a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization. Most severe cases are inflicted by species of the families Elapidae and Viperidae, and lead to a number of systemic and local effects in the victim. One of the main problems regarding viperidic accidents is prominent local tissue damage whose pathogenesis is complex and involves the combined actions of a variety of venom components. Phospholipases A₂ (PLA₂s) are the most abundant muscle-damaging components of these venoms. Herein, we report functional and structural studies of PrTX-I, a Lys49-PLA₂ from Bothops pirajai snake venom, and the influence of rosmarinic acid (RA) upon this toxin's activities. RA is a known active component of some plant extracts and has been reported as presenting anti-myotoxic properties related to bothopic envenomation. The myotoxic activity of Lys49-PLA₂s is well established in the literature and although no in vivo neurotoxicity has been observed among these toxins, in vitro neuromuscular blockade has been reported for some of these proteins. Our in vitro studies show that RA drastically reduces both the muscle damage and the neuromuscular blockade exerted by PrTX-I on mice neuromuscular preparations (by ∼80% and ∼90%, respectively). These results support the hypothesis that the two effects are closely related and lead us to suggest that they are consequences of the muscle membrane-destabilizing activity of the Lys49-PLA₂. Although the C-terminal region of these proteins has been reported to comprise the myotoxic site, we demonstrate by X-ray crystallographic studies that RA interacts with PrTX-I in a different region. Consequently, a new mode of Lys49-PLA₂ inhibition is proposed. Comparison of our results with others in the literature suggests possible new ways to inhibit bothropic snake venom myotoxins and improve serum therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana I. dos Santos
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu/Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Toxinas, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Botucatu/Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio F. Cardoso
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu/Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M. Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Rondônia and Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho/Rondonia, Brazil
| | - Maeli dal Pai Silva
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu/Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcia Gallacci
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu/Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos R. M. Fontes
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu/Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Toxinas, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Botucatu/Sao Paulo, Brazil
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31
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Georgieva D, Seifert J, Öhler M, von Bergen M, Spencer P, Arni RK, Genov N, Betzel C. Pseudechis australis Venomics: Adaptation for a Defense against Microbial Pathogens and Recruitment of Body Transferrin. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:2440-64. [DOI: 10.1021/pr101248e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dessislava Georgieva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Laboratory of Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Build. 22a, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jana Seifert
- Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoser Strasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michaela Öhler
- Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoser Strasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoser Strasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick Spencer
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Av. Lineeu Prestes 2242, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raghuvir K. Arni
- Department of Physics, IBILCE/UNESP, Cristóvão Colombo 2265, CEP 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Nicolay Genov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Christian Betzel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Laboratory of Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Build. 22a, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
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Santos ML, Toyama DO, Oliveira SCB, Cotrim CA, Diz-Filho EBS, Fagundes FHR, Soares VCG, Aparicio R, Toyama MH. Modulation of the pharmacological activities of secretory phospholipase A2 from Crotalus durissus cascavella induced by naringin. Molecules 2011; 16:738-61. [PMID: 21245808 PMCID: PMC6259155 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16010738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we have characterized the action of the naringin, a flavonoid found in grapefruit and known for its various pharmacological effects, which include antioxidant blood lipid lowering and anticancer activity, on the structure and biochemical activities of a secretory phospholipase A (sPLA2) from Crotalus durissus cascavella, an important protein involved in the releasinge of arachidonic acid in phospholipid membranes. sPLA2 was incubated with naringin (mol:mol) at 37 °C and a discrete reduction in the UV scanning signal and a modification of the circular dichroism spectra were observed after treatment with naringin, suggesting modifications of the secondary structure of the protein. This flavonoid was able to decrease enzymatic activity and some pharmacological effects, such as myonecrosis, platelet aggregation, and neurotoxic activity caused by sPLA2, however, the inflammatory effect was not affected by naringin. In addition, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data were collected for sPLA2 and naringin-treated sPLA2 to evaluate possible modifications of the protein structure. These structural investigations have shown that sPLA2 is an elongated dimer in solution and after treatment with naringin a conformational change in the dimeric configuration was observed. Our results suggest that structural modification may be correlated with the loss of enzymatic activity and alterations in pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L. Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Cristalografia, Instituto de Química, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Simone C. B. Oliveira
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila A. Cotrim
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio H. R. Fagundes
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Veronica C. G. Soares
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Aparicio
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Cristalografia, Instituto de Química, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos H. Toyama
- Laboratório de Macromoléculas Química, UNESP/CLP, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
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Delatorre P, Rocha BAM, Santi-Gadelha T, Gadelha CAA, Toyama MH, Cavada BS. Crystal structure of Bn IV in complex with myristic acid: a Lys49 myotoxic phospholipase A₂ from Bothrops neuwiedi venom. Biochimie 2010; 93:513-8. [PMID: 21108987 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The LYS49-PLA₂s myotoxins have attracted attention as models for the induction of myonecrosis by a catalytically independent mechanism of action. Structural studies and biological activities have demonstrated that the myotoxic activity of LYS49-PLA₂ is independent of the catalytic activity site. The myotoxic effect is conventionally thought to be to due to the C-terminal region 111-121, which plays an effective role in membrane damage. In the present study, Bn IV LYS49-PLA₂ was isolated from Bothrops neuwiedi snake venom in complex with myristic acid (CH₃(CH₂)₁₂COOH) and its overall structure was refined at 2.2 Å resolution. The Bn IV crystals belong to monoclinic space group P2₁ and contain a dimer in the asymmetric unit. The unit cell parameters are a = 38.8, b = 70.4, c = 44.0 Å. The biological assembly is a "conventional dimer" and the results confirm that dimer formation is not relevant to the myotoxic activity. Electron density map analysis of the Bn IV structure shows clearly the presence of myristic acid in catalytic site. The relevant structural features for myotoxic activity are located in the C-terminal region and the Bn IV C-terminal residues NKKYRY are a probable heparin binding domain. These findings indicate that the mechanism of interaction between Bn IV and muscle cell membranes is through some kind of cell signal transduction mediated by heparin complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Delatorre
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
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dos Santos JI, Cintra-Francischinelli M, Borges RJ, Fernandes CAH, Pizzo P, Cintra ACO, Braz ASK, Soares AM, Fontes MRM. Structural, functional, and bioinformatics studies reveal a new snake venom homologue phospholipase A2class. Proteins 2010; 79:61-78. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.22858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Comparison between apo and complexed structures of bothropstoxin-I reveals the role of Lys122 and Ca2+-binding loop region for the catalytically inactive Lys49-PLA2s. J Struct Biol 2010; 171:31-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Marchi-Salvador DP, Fernandes CA, Silveira LB, Soares AM, Fontes MR. Crystal structure of a phospholipase A2 homolog complexed with p-bromophenacyl bromide reveals important structural changes associated with the inhibition of myotoxic activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1794:1583-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Computer-aided Drug Design of Novel PLA2Inhibitor Candidates for Treatment of Snakebite. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2009; 27:27-36. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2009.10507293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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38
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dos Santos JI, Soares AM, Fontes MR. Comparative structural studies on Lys49-phospholipases A2 from Bothrops genus reveal their myotoxic site. J Struct Biol 2009; 167:106-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)), a common toxic component of snake venom, has been implicated in various pharmacological effects. Ecarpholin S, isolated from the venom of the snake Echis carinatus sochureki, is a phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) belonging to the Ser(49)-PLA(2) subgroup. It has been characterized as having low enzymatic but potent myotoxic activities. The crystal structures of native ecarpholin S and its complexes with lauric acid, and its inhibitor suramin, were elucidated. This is the first report of the structure of a member of the Ser(49)-PLA(2) subgroup. We also examined interactions of ecarpholin S with phosphatidylglycerol and lauric acid, using surface plasmon resonance, and of suramin with isothermal titration calorimetry. Most Ca(2+)-dependent PLA(2) enzymes have Asp in position 49, which plays a crucial role in Ca(2+) binding. The three-dimensional structure of ecarpholin S reveals a unique conformation of the Ca(2+)-binding loop that is not favorable for Ca(2+) coordination. Furthermore, the endogenously bound fatty acid (lauric acid) in the hydrophobic channel may also interrupt the catalytic cycle. These two observations may account for the low enzymatic activity of ecarpholin S, despite full retention of the catalytic machinery. These observations may also be applicable to other non-Asp(49)-PLA(2) enzymes. The interaction of suramin in its complex with ecarpholin S is quite different from that reported for the Lys(49)-PLA(2)/suramin complex(,) where the interfacial recognition face (i-face), C-terminal region, and N-terminal region of ecarpholin S play important roles. This study provides significant structural and functional insights into the myotoxic activity of ecarpholin S and, in general, of non-Asp(49)-PLA(2) enzymes.
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dos Santos ML, Fagundes FHR, Teixeira BRF, Toyama MH, Aparicio R. Purification and preliminary crystallographic analysis of a new Lys49-PLA2 from B. Jararacussu. Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:736-750. [PMID: 19325781 PMCID: PMC2635704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9050736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BjVIII is a new myotoxic Lys49-PLA2 isolated from Bothrops jararacussu venom that exhibits atypical effects on human platelet aggregation. To better understand the mode of action of BjVIII, crystallographic studies were initiated. Two crystal forms were obtained, both containing two molecules in the asymmetric unit (ASU). Synchrotron radiation diffraction data were collected to 2.0 A resolution and 1.9 A resolution for crystals belonging to the space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) (a = 48.4 A, b = 65.3 A, c = 84.3 A) and space group P3(1)21 (a = b = 55.7 A, c = 127.9 A), respectively. Refinement is currently in progress and the refined structures are expected to shed light on the unusual platelet aggregation activity observed for BjVIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L. dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Cristalografia, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6154, 13083–970, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno R. F. Teixeira
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Cristalografia, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6154, 13083–970, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos H. Toyama
- Laboratório de Química de Macromoléculas, UNESP/CLP, São Vicente-SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Aparicio
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Cristalografia, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6154, 13083–970, Campinas-SP, Brazil
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail:
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Ability of suramin to antagonize the cardiotoxic and some enzymatic activities of Bothrops jararacussu venom. Toxicon 2008; 51:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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42
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Tsai SH, Chen YC, Chen L, Wang YM, Tsai IH. Binding of a venom Lys-49 phospholipase A2 to LPS and suppression of its effects on mouse macrophages. Toxicon 2007; 50:914-22. [PMID: 17825337 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Revised: 06/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Lys49-phospholipases A(2) (K49-PLAs) are abundant in many pit vipers' venom. They are highly basic myotoxins and capable of binding membranes but lack hydrolytic activity. Considerable attention has been directed to its antibacterial activity but the exact mechanisms remain unclear. We now evaluate the roles of a K49-PLA from Trimeresurus stejnegeri venom in antagonizing the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on mouse macrophages (RAW264.7 cells). The K49-PLA markedly reduced LPS-stimulated production of NO, MCP-1, RANTES, and iNOS. RT-PCR analysis also confirmed its suppression of LPS-induced transcription of these cellular proteins. Moreover, LPS-induced activation of NFkappaB was dramatically abolished, while phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaB were also inhibited. Other types of venom phospholipases tested did not show the same effects as K49-PLA. Finally, strong binding between K49-PLA and LPS with a dissociation constant at the order of 10nM was shown by microcalorimetry titration. These findings provide unprecedented evidence that a low dose of K49-PLA possesses potent anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, which raises the prospect of a new therapeutic approach against sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Huei Tsai
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Murakami MT, Kuch U, Betzel C, Mebs D, Arni RK. Crystal structure of a novel myotoxic Arg49 phospholipase A2 homolog (zhaoermiatoxin) from Zhaoermia mangshanensis snake venom: insights into Arg49 coordination and the role of Lys122 in the polarization of the C-terminus. Toxicon 2007; 51:723-35. [PMID: 18295812 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The venom of Zhaoermia mangshanensis, encountered solely in Mt Mang in China's Hunan Province, exhibits coagulant, phosphodiesterase, l-amino acid oxidase, kallikrein, phospholipase A2 and myotoxic activities. The catalytically inactive PLA2 homolog referred to as zhaoermiatoxin is highly myotoxic and displays high myonecrotic and edema activities. Zhaoermiatoxin possesses a molecular weight of 13,972Da, consists of 121 amino-acid residues cross-linked by seven disulfide bridges and shares high sequence homology with Lys49-PLA2s from the distantly related Asian pitvipers. However, zhaoermiatoxin possesses an arginine residue at position 49 instead of a lysine, thereby suggesting a secondary Lys49-->Arg substitution which results in a catalytically inactive protein. We have determined the first crystal structure of zhaoermiatoxin, an Arg49-PLA2, from Zhaoermia mangshanensis venom at 2.05 angstroms resolution, which represents a novel member of phospholipase A2 family. In this structure, unlike the Lys49 PLA2s, the C-terminus is well ordered and an unexpected non-polarized state of the putative calcium-binding loop due to the flip of Lys122 towards the bulk solvent is observed. The orientation of the Arg-49 side chain results in a similar binding mode to that observed in the Lys49 PLA2s; however, the guadinidium group is tri-coordinated by carbonyl oxygen atoms of the putative calcium-binding loop, whereas the Nzeta atom of lysine is tetra-coordinated as a result of the different conformation adopted by the putative calcium-binding loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário T Murakami
- Center for Structural & Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, IBILCE/UNESP, R. Cristovao Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo CEP 15054-000, Brazil
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Murakami MT, Kuch U, Mebs D, Arni RK. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of a novel Arg49 phospholipase A2 homologue from Zhaoermia mangshanensis venom. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2007; 63:605-7. [PMID: 17620723 PMCID: PMC2335147 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309107026073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Zhaoermiatoxin, an Arg49 phospholipase A2 homologue from Zhaoermia mangshanensis (formerly Trimeresurus mangshanensis, Ermia mangshanensis) venom is a novel member of the PLA2-homologue family that possesses an arginine residue at position 49, probably arising from a secondary Lys49-->Arg substitution that does not alter the catalytic inactivity towards phospholipids. Like other Lys49 PLA2 homologues, zhaoermiatoxin induces oedema and strong myonecrosis without detectable PLA2 catalytic activity. A single crystal with maximum dimensions of 0.2 x 0.2 x 0.5 mm was used for X-ray diffraction data collection to a resolution of 2.05 A using synchrotron radiation and the diffraction pattern was indexed in the hexagonal space group P6(4), with unit-cell parameters a = 72.9, b = 72.9, c = 93.9 A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário T. Murakami
- Department of Physics, UNESP–State University of São Paulo, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, Brazil
- Center for Applied Toxinology, CAT–CEPID, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Advanced Center for Genomics and Proteomics, UNESP–State University of São Paulo, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Ulrich Kuch
- Zentrum der Rechtsmedizin, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Kennedyallee 104, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dietrich Mebs
- Zentrum der Rechtsmedizin, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Kennedyallee 104, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Raghuvir K. Arni
- Department of Physics, UNESP–State University of São Paulo, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, Brazil
- Center for Applied Toxinology, CAT–CEPID, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Advanced Center for Genomics and Proteomics, UNESP–State University of São Paulo, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, Brazil
- Correspondence e-mail:
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