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Shi JH, Olson NE, Birbeck JA, Pan J, Peraino NJ, Holen AL, Ledsky IR, Jacquemin SJ, Marr LC, Schmale DG, Westrick JA, Ault AP. Aerosolized Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Bloom Toxins: Microcystin Congeners Quantified in the Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21801-21814. [PMID: 38078756 PMCID: PMC11406202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cHABs) have the potential to adversely affect public health through the production of toxins such as microcystins, which consist of numerous molecularly distinct congeners. Microcystins have been observed in the atmosphere after emission from freshwater lakes, but little is known about the health effects of inhaling microcystins and the factors contributing to microcystin aerosolization. This study quantified total microcystin concentrations in water and aerosol samples collected around Grand Lake St. Marys (GLSM), Ohio. Microcystin concentrations in water samples collected on the same day ranged from 13 to 23 μg/L, dominated by the d-Asp3-MC-RR congener. In particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM2.5), microcystin concentrations up to 156 pg/m3 were detected; the microcystins were composed primarily of d-Asp3-MC-RR, with additional congeners (d-Asp3-MC-HtyR and d-Asp3-MC-LR) observed in a sample collected prior to a storm event. The PM size fraction containing the highest aerosolized MC concentration ranged from 0.44 to 2.5 μm. Analysis of total bacteria by qPCR targeting 16S rDNA revealed concentrations up to 9.4 × 104 gc/m3 in aerosol samples (≤3 μm), while a marker specific to cyanobacteria was not detected in any aerosol samples. Concentrations of aerosolized microcystins varied even when concentrations in water were relatively constant, demonstrating the importance of meteorological conditions (wind speed and direction) and aerosol generation mechanism(s) (wave breaking, spillway, and aeration systems) when evaluating inhalation exposure to microcystins and subsequent impacts on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia H Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nicole E Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Johnna A Birbeck
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Jin Pan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Nicholas J Peraino
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Andrew L Holen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Isabel R Ledsky
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057, United States
| | - Stephen J Jacquemin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Lake Campus, Celina, Ohio 45822, United States
| | - Linsey C Marr
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - David G Schmale
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Judy A Westrick
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Regulation of Cardiac PKA Signaling by cAMP and Oxidants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050663. [PMID: 33923287 PMCID: PMC8146537 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathologies, such as cancer, inflammatory and cardiac diseases are commonly associated with long-term increased production and release of reactive oxygen species referred to as oxidative stress. Thereby, protein oxidation conveys protein dysfunction and contributes to disease progression. Importantly, trials to scavenge oxidants by systemic antioxidant therapy failed. This observation supports the notion that oxidants are indispensable physiological signaling molecules that induce oxidative post-translational modifications in target proteins. In cardiac myocytes, the main driver of cardiac contractility is the activation of the β-adrenoceptor-signaling cascade leading to increased cellular cAMP production and activation of its main effector, the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). PKA-mediated phosphorylation of substrate proteins that are involved in excitation-contraction coupling are responsible for the observed positive inotropic and lusitropic effects. PKA-actions are counteracted by cellular protein phosphatases (PP) that dephosphorylate substrate proteins and thus allow the termination of PKA-signaling. Both, kinase and phosphatase are redox-sensitive and susceptible to oxidation on critical cysteine residues. Thereby, oxidation of the regulatory PKA and PP subunits is considered to regulate subcellular kinase and phosphatase localization, while intradisulfide formation of the catalytic subunits negatively impacts on catalytic activity with direct consequences on substrate (de)phosphorylation and cardiac contractile function. This review article attempts to incorporate the current perception of the functionally relevant regulation of cardiac contractility by classical cAMP-dependent signaling with the contribution of oxidant modification.
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Camacho-Muñoz D, Waack J, Turner AD, Lewis AM, Lawton LA, Edwards C. Rapid uptake and slow depuration: Health risks following cyanotoxin accumulation in mussels? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116400. [PMID: 33421845 PMCID: PMC7859834 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater cyanobacteria produce highly toxic secondary metabolites, which can be transported downstream by rivers and waterways into the sea. Estuarine and coastal aquaculture sites exposed to toxic cyanobacteria raise concerns that shellfish may accumulate and transfer cyanotoxins in the food web. This study aims to describe the competitive pattern of uptake and depuration of a wide range of microcystins (MC-LR, MC-LF, MC-LW, MC-LY, [Asp3]-MC-LR/[Dha7]-MC-LR, MC-HilR) and nodularins (NOD cyclic and linear) within the common blue mussel Mytilus edulis exposed to a combined culture of Microcystis aeruginosa and Nodularia spumigena into the coastal environment. Different distribution profiles of MCs/NODs in the experimental system were observed. The majority of MCs/NODs were present intracellularly which is representative of healthy cyanobacterial cultures, with MC-LR and NOD the most abundant analogues. Higher removal rate was observed for NOD (≈96%) compared to MCs (≈50%) from the water phase. Accumulation of toxins in M. edulis was fast, reaching up to 3.4 μg/g shellfish tissue four days after the end of the 3-days exposure period, with NOD (1.72 μg/g) and MC-LR (0.74 μg/g) as the dominant toxins, followed by MC-LF (0.35 μg/g) and MC-LW (0.31 μg/g). Following the end of the exposure period depuration was incomplete after 27 days (0.49 μg/g of MCs/NODs). MCs/NODs were also present in faecal material and extrapallial fluid after 24 h of exposure with MCs the main contributors to the total cyanotoxin load in faecal material and NOD in the extrapallial fluid. Maximum concentration of MCs/NODs accumulated in a typical portion of mussels (20 mussels, ≈4 g each) was beyond greater the acute, seasonal and lifetime tolerable daily intake. Even after 27 days of depuration, consuming mussels harvested during even short term harmful algae blooms in close proximity to shellfish beds might carry a high health risk, highlighting the need for testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Camacho-Muñoz
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK.
| | - Julia Waack
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK; Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Adam M Lewis
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Linda A Lawton
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Christine Edwards
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK
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Ge S, Qiao X, Zhao X, Li X, Liu Y. Microcystin in source water: pollution characteristics and human health risk assessment. RSC Adv 2021; 11:6415-6422. [PMID: 35423125 PMCID: PMC8694861 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08983d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequent cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic waters produce a variety of toxins such as microcystins (MCs), which are seriously harmful to waterbodies and human health. The spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of the MC-LR concentration in drinking water sources in seven river basins in China were investigated in this study. The removal rate of MC-LR in the purification process of water treatment plants and the human health risk of MC-LR in drinking water are also discussed. The results show that the detection frequency of MC-LR in source water was 55.46% and its concentration ranged from 0.06 × 10-3 to 52 × 10-3 μg L-1 (mean of 12.47 × 10-3 μg L-1), which are both below China's drinking water quality standard for algal toxins. The MC-LR concentration in lakes and reservoirs was higher than that in rivers, and exhibited an obvious spatiotemporal variation. The mean removal rate of MC-LR varied with river basin, and was also slightly higher for the advanced water treatment process (97.46%) in comparison to that of the conventional process (96.74%). The concentration of MC-LR in 8.26% of treated water samples was higher than that of raw water, thus indicating that MC-LR may be further released during the purification process. The risk index of MC-LR in treated water samples ranged from 2.29 × 10-3 to 8.40 × 10-3 (mean of 4.73 × 10-3), which corresponded to an extremely low level of risk. However, intensive monitoring should still be carried out in some high-concentration watersheds during the summer to ensure the safety of public drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Ge
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China
| | - Xiaocui Qiao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China
| | - Xingru Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China
| | - Xue Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China
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Camacho-Muñoz D, Fervers AS, Pestana CJ, Edwards C, Lawton LA. Degradation of microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin by continuous flow UV-A photocatalysis over immobilised TiO 2. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 276:111368. [PMID: 32942219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The increasing presence of freshwater toxins have brought new challenges to preserve water quality due to their potential impact on the environment and human health. Two commonly occurring cyanotoxins, microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin, with different physico-chemical properties were used to evaluate the efficiency of photocatalysis using a continuous-flow reactor with immobilized TiO2 on glass tubes and UV-A light. The effect of flow rate and hydrogen peroxide addition on the efficiency of cyanotoxin removal were evaluated. An analysis of the effects on microcystin-LR removal efficiency showed that low flow rates (1 mL/min) and high H2O2 concentrations (120 mg/L) were needed to provide effective degradation. Up to 27.9% and 39.1% removal of MC-LR and CYN, respectively were achieved by UV-A/TiO2 after a single pass through the reactor. A slight increase of the removal of both cyanotoxins was observed when they were in a mixture (35.5% of MC-LR and 51.3% of CYN). The addition of H2O2 to the UV/TiO2 system led to an average removal enhancement of 92.6% of MC-LR and of 29.5% of CYN compared to the UV/TiO2 system. Photolysis assisted by H2O2 degraded MC-LR by up to 77.7%. No significant removal (<10%) was observed by photolysis alone or physical adsorption. This study presents a proof-of-principle that demonstrates the feasibility for this technology to be integrated in large-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Camacho-Muñoz
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK.
| | - Anne-Sophie Fervers
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Carlos J Pestana
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Christine Edwards
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Linda A Lawton
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK
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Schreidah CM, Ratnayake K, Senarath K, Karunarathne A. Microcystins: Biogenesis, Toxicity, Analysis, and Control. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2225-2246. [PMID: 32614166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins are cyclic peptide toxins formed by cyanobacteria. These toxins are recognized for their association with algal blooms, posing a significant threat to ecosystems and drinking water quality. Due to the growing environmental concerns they raise, a comprehensive review on microcystins' genesis, toxicity, and analytical methods for their quantitative determination is outlined. Genes, including the mcyABC cluster, regulate microcystin biogenesis. Bioanalytical experiments have identified key environmental factors, such as temperature and nitrogen availability, that promote microcystin production. Microcystin toxicity is explored based on its modulatory effects on protein phosphatases 1 and 2A in specific tissues and organs. Additionally, biochemical mechanisms of chelation, transportation, resultant oxidative stress, and tumor promotion abilities of microcystins are also discussed. Various analytical methods to separate, detect, and quantify microcystins, including the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and chromatographic platforms-linked tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for unequivocal structural identification, are also reviewed. Since control of microcystins in water is of great necessity, both water treatment and mechanisms of abiotic transformation and microbial degradation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine M Schreidah
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Kasun Ratnayake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Kanishka Senarath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colombo, Colombo 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Ajith Karunarathne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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Krausfeldt LE, Farmer AT, Castro HF, Boyer GL, Campagna SR, Wilhelm SW. Nitrogen flux into metabolites and microcystins changes in response to different nitrogen sources in Microcystis aeruginosa NIES-843. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:2419-2431. [PMID: 32338427 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The over-enrichment of nitrogen (N) in the environment has contributed to severe and recurring harmful cyanobacterial blooms, especially by the non-N2 -fixing Microcystis spp. N chemical speciation influences cyanobacterial growth, persistence and the production of the hepatotoxin microcystin, but the physiological mechanisms to explain these observations remain unresolved. Stable-labelled isotopes and metabolomics were employed to address the influence of nitrate, ammonium, and urea on cellular physiology and production of microcystins in Microcystis aeruginosa NIES-843. Global metabolic changes were driven by both N speciation and diel cycling. Tracing 15 N-labelled nitrate, ammonium, and urea through the metabolome revealed N uptake, regardless of species, was linked to C assimilation. The production of amino acids, like arginine, and other N-rich compounds corresponded with greater turnover of microcystins in cells grown on urea compared to nitrate and ammonium. However, 15 N was incorporated into microcystins from all N sources. The differences in N flux were attributed to the energetic efficiency of growth on each N source. While N in general plays an important role in sustaining biomass, these data show that N-speciation induces physiological changes that culminate in differences in global metabolism, cellular microcystin quotas and congener composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abigail T Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Hector F Castro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Gregory L Boyer
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Shawn R Campagna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Steven W Wilhelm
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Di Pofi G, Favero G, Nigro Di Gregorio F, Ferretti E, Viaggiu E, Lucentini L. Multi-residue Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-High resolution mass spectrometric method for the analysis of 21 cyanotoxins in surface water for human consumption. Talanta 2020; 211:120738. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wang Y, Xu J, Stanley JE, Xu M, Brooks BW, Scott GI, Chatterjee S, Zhang Q, Zelinski MB, Xiao S. A closed vitrification system enables a murine ovarian follicle bank for high-throughput ovotoxicity screening, which identifies endocrine disrupting activity of microcystins. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 93:118-130. [PMID: 32017985 PMCID: PMC7138742 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence reveals that a broad spectrum of environmental chemicals and pharmaceutical compounds cause female ovarian toxicity (ovotoxicity). The current gold standard of ovotoxicity testing largely relies on whole laboratory animals, but in vivo models are time consuming, costly, and present animal welfare concerns. We previously demonstrated that the 3D encapsulated in vitro follicle growth (eIVFG) is a robust in vitro model for ovotoxicity testing. However, the follicle preparation process is complex and highly dependent on technical skills. Here, we aimed to use vitrification method to cryopreserve murine immature follicles for a high-content eIVFG, chemical exposure, and ovotoxicity screening. Results indicated that a closed vitrification system combined with optimized vitrification protocols preserved mouse follicle viability and functionality and vitrified follicles exhibited comparable follicle and oocyte reproductive outcomes to freshly harvested follicles during eIVFG, including follicle survival and development, ovarian steroidogenesis, and oocyte maturation and ovulation. Moreover, vitrified follicles consistently responded to ovotoxic chemical, doxorubicin (DOX). We further used vitrified follicles to test the response of microcystins (MCs), an emerging category of environmental contaminants produced by cyanobacteria associated with harmful algal blooms (HABs), and found that different congeners of MCs exhibited differential ovotoxicities. In summary, our study demonstrates that vitrification enables a long-term-storage and ready-to-use ovarian follicle bank for high-throughput ovotoxicity screening, which identifies endocrine disrupting effects of MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health and Climate Change Interactions (OHHC(2)I) at the University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Jingshan Xu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health and Climate Change Interactions (OHHC(2)I) at the University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Jessica E Stanley
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Science, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Murong Xu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health and Climate Change Interactions (OHHC(2)I) at the University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Geoffrey I Scott
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health and Climate Change Interactions (OHHC(2)I) at the University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health and Climate Change Interactions (OHHC(2)I) at the University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mary B Zelinski
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Science, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Shuo Xiao
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health and Climate Change Interactions (OHHC(2)I) at the University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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LeBlanc P, Merkley N, Thomas K, Lewis NI, Békri K, Renaud SL, Pick FR, McCarron P, Miles CO, Quilliam MA. Isolation and Characterization of [DLeu 1]microcystin-LY from Microcystis aeruginosa CPCC-464. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020077. [PMID: 31979406 PMCID: PMC7076857 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
[D-Leu1]MC-LY (1) ([M + H]+m/z 1044.5673, Δ 2.0 ppm), a new microcystin, was isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa strain CPCC-464. The compound was characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, liquid chromatography–high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS/MS) and UV spectroscopy. A calibration reference material was produced after quantitation by 1H NMR spectroscopy and LC with chemiluminescence nitrogen detection. The potency of 1 in a protein phosphatase 2A inhibition assay was essentially the same as for MC-LR (2). Related microcystins, [D-Leu1]MC-LR (3) ([M + H]+m/z 1037.6041, Δ 1.0 ppm), [D-Leu1]MC-M(O)R (6) ([M + H]+m/z 1071.5565, Δ 2.0 ppm) and [D-Leu1]MC-MR (7) ([M + H]+m/z 1055.5617, Δ 2.2 ppm), were also identified in culture extracts, along with traces of [D-Leu1]MC-M(O2)R (8) ([M + H]+m/z 1087.5510, Δ 1.6 ppm), by a combination of chemical derivatization and LC–HRMS/MS experiments. The relative abundances of 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 in a freshly extracted culture in the positive ionization mode LC–HRMS were ca. 84, 100, 3.0, 11 and 0.05, respectively. These and other results indicate that [D-Leu1]-containing MCs may be more common in cyanobacterial blooms than is generally appreciated but are easily overlooked with standard targeted LC–MS/MS screening methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia LeBlanc
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Nadine Merkley
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Krista Thomas
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Nancy I. Lewis
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Khalida Békri
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Susan LeBlanc Renaud
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (S.L.R.); (F.R.P.)
| | - Frances R. Pick
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (S.L.R.); (F.R.P.)
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Christopher O. Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Michael A. Quilliam
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Bouaïcha N, Miles CO, Beach DG, Labidi Z, Djabri A, Benayache NY, Nguyen-Quang T. Structural Diversity, Characterization and Toxicology of Microcystins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E714. [PMID: 31817927 PMCID: PMC6950048 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs) are the most widespread class of cyanotoxins and the one that has most often been implicated in cyanobacterial toxicosis. One of the main challenges in studying and monitoring MCs is the great structural diversity within the class. The full chemical structure of the first MC was elucidated in the early 1980s and since then, the number of reported structural analogues has grown steadily and continues to do so, thanks largely to advances in analytical methodology. The structures of some of these analogues have been definitively elucidated after chemical isolation using a combination of techniques including nuclear magnetic resonance, amino acid analysis, and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Others have only been tentatively identified using liquid chromatography-MS/MS without chemical isolation. An understanding of the structural diversity of MCs, the genetic and environmental controls for this diversity and the impact of structure on toxicity are all essential to the ongoing study of MCs across several scientific disciplines. However, because of the diversity of MCs and the range of approaches that have been taken for characterizing them, comprehensive information on the state of knowledge in each of these areas can be challenging to gather. We have conducted an in-depth review of the literature surrounding the identification and toxicity of known MCs and present here a concise review of these topics. At present, at least 279 MCs have been reported and are tabulated here. Among these, about 20% (55 of 279) appear to be the result of chemical or biochemical transformations of MCs that can occur in the environment or during sample handling and extraction of cyanobacteria, including oxidation products, methyl esters, or post-biosynthetic metabolites. The toxicity of many MCs has also been studied using a range of different approaches and a great deal of variability can be observed between reported toxicities, even for the same congener. This review will help clarify the current state of knowledge on the structural diversity of MCs as a class and the impacts of structure on toxicity, as well as to identify gaps in knowledge that should be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noureddine Bouaïcha
- Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.D.); (N.Y.B.)
| | - Christopher O. Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (C.O.M.); (D.G.B.)
| | - Daniel G. Beach
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (C.O.M.); (D.G.B.)
| | - Zineb Labidi
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Pollution des Écosystèmes, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Chadli Bendjedid d’El Taref, 36000 El Taref, Algeria;
| | - Amina Djabri
- Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.D.); (N.Y.B.)
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Pollution des Écosystèmes, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Chadli Bendjedid d’El Taref, 36000 El Taref, Algeria;
| | - Naila Yasmine Benayache
- Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.D.); (N.Y.B.)
| | - Tri Nguyen-Quang
- Biofluids and Biosystems Modeling (BBML), Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 39 Cox Road, Truro, B2N 5E3 Nova Scotia, Canada;
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Birbeck JA, Peraino NJ, O’Neill GM, Coady J, Westrick JA. Dhb Microcystins Discovered in USA Using an Online Concentration LC-MS/MS Platform. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E653. [PMID: 31717642 PMCID: PMC6891738 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on current structural and statistical calculations, thousands of microcystins (MCs) can exist; yet, to date, only 246 MCs were identified and only 12 commercial MC standards are available. Standard mass spectrometry workflows for known and unknown MCs need to be developed and validated for basic and applied harmful algal bloom research to advance. Our investigation focuses on samples taken in the spring of 2018 from an impoundment fed by Oser and Bischoff Reservoirs, Indiana, United States of America (USA). The dominant cyanobacterium found during sampling was Planktothrix agardhii. The goal of our study was to identify and quantify the MCs in the impoundment sample using chemical derivatization and mass spectrometry. Modifying these techniques to use online concentration liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), two untargeted MCs have been identified, [d-Asp3, Dhb7]-MC-LR and [Dhb7]-MC-YR. [Dhb7]-MC-YR is not yet reported in the literature to date, and this was the first reported incidence of Dhb MCs in the United States. Furthermore, it was discovered that the commercially available [d-Asp3]-MC-RR standard was [d-Asp3, Dhb7]-MC-RR. This study highlights a workflow utilizing online concentration LC-MS/MS, high-resolution MS (HRMS), and chemical derivatization to identify isobaric MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Judy A. Westrick
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.A.B.); (N.J.P.); (G.M.O.); (J.C.)
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13
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Ikehara T, Kuniyoshi K, Yamaguchi H, Tanabe Y, Sano T, Yoshimoto M, Oshiro N, Nakashima S, Yasumoto-Hirose M. First Report of Microcystis Strains Producing MC-FR and -WR Toxins in Japan. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090521. [PMID: 31505765 PMCID: PMC6784158 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are a group of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by Microcystis and several other genera of cyanobacteria. Many structural variants have been characterized using various methods such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibition assay. The representative MC, MC-LR, and related cyanobacterial toxins strongly inhibit PP2A activity and can therefore be assayed by measuring the extent of PP2A inhibition. However, these methods require reference toxin standards for the quantification and identification of known MCs. To obtain various MC-producing cyanobacterial strains, we surveyed and collected MC-producing cyanobacteria from environmental sources of water in Okinawa, Japan. Using a dual assay (LC-MS analysis and PP2A inhibition assay), we identified and isolated Microcystis strains producing five MC variants (MC-LR, -RR, -LA, -FR and -WR). Approximately 4 mg of MC-WR and -FR toxins were purified from the laboratory culture of the Microcystis isolate NIES-4344. Pure MC-WR and -FR variants were prepared for future use as toxin standards in LC-MS analysis. Phylogenetic analysis based on ftsZ revealed that the NIES-4344 strain belongs to the identified groups in Microcystis aeruginosa. This is the first report of Microcystis strains producing mainly MC-WR and -FR toxins in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Ikehara
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Fisheries University, 2-7-1 Nagata-honmachi, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 759-6595, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Kuniyoshi
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Haruyo Yamaguchi
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Yuuhiko Tanabe
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Tomoharu Sano
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Yoshimoto
- Okinawa Institute for the Conservation of the Environment Co. Ltd., 7-11 Suzaki, Uruma, Okinawa 904-2234, Japan.
| | - Naomasa Oshiro
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Shihoko Nakashima
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
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14
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Chia MA, Auta ZZ, Esson AE, Yisa AG, Abolude DS. Assessment of microcystin contamination of Amaranthus hybridus, Brassica oleracea, and Lactuca sativa sold in markets: a case study of Zaria, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:569. [PMID: 31418103 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are toxic secondary metabolites produced by several cyanobacteria genera that have been implicated in human cancer cases and deaths. Human exposure routes include direct contact with contaminated water and the consumption of contaminated food. The present study investigated the presence of MCs in three commonly consumed vegetables at the point of sale in market places as a means of assessing the direct human health risk of buying vegetables. Overall, 53% of the vegetables obtained from different markets had levels of MCs that were higher than 1.00 μg/g. Amaranthus hybridus L. (smooth amaranth) had the highest MC concentration (4.79 μg/g) in samples obtained from Sabon Gari Market, while Lactuca sativa L. (garden lettuce) had the lowest concentration (0.17 μg/g) in samples obtained from Dan-Magaji Market. The highest total daily intake (TDI) of MCs by an adult weighing 60 kg was 3.19 μg/kg for A. hybridus, 1.41 μg/kg for Brassica oleracea L. (cabbage), and 2.94 μg/kg for L. sativa. The highest TDI of MCs for a child weighing 25 kg was highest in A. hybridus (1.91 μg/kg), followed by L. sativa (1.77 μg/kg). These results revealed that the consumption of vegetables sold in markets in Zaria, Nigeria, during the dry season represents a major exposure route to MCs. There is, therefore, an urgent need to develop policies and monitoring strategies to tackle this problem in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Abraham G Yisa
- Department of Zoology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - David S Abolude
- Department of Biology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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15
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Liu T, Mazmouz R, Pearson LA, Neilan BA. Mutagenesis of the Microcystin Tailoring and Transport Proteins in a Heterologous Cyanotoxin Expression System. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:1187-1194. [PMID: 31042359 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The microcystins are a large group of cyclic peptide hepatotoxins produced by several genera of freshwater cyanobacteria. The genes responsible for microcystin biosynthesis are encoded within a large (∼55 kbp) gene cluster, mcyA-J. The recent establishment of a cyanotoxin heterologous expression system in Escherichia coli has provided the means to study microcystin biosynthesis in a genetically tractable, rapidly growing host. Using this system, we demonstrate that deletion of the ABC-transporter, mcyH, and dehydrogenase, mcyI, abolishes microcystin production, while deletion of the O-methyltransferase, mcyJ, results in the production of the demethylated (DM) toxin [d-Asp3, DMAdda5]microcystin-LR. Both methylated and DM toxin variants were heterologously produced at high titers and efficiently exported into the extracellular medium, enabling easy purification. The results show that the mcy gene cluster can be engineered in E. coli to study the function of its individual components and direct the synthesis of particular microcystin variants. This technology could potentially be applied to other natural products of ecological and biomedical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhe Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rabia Mazmouz
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Leanne A. Pearson
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Brett A. Neilan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Sydney, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Callaghan, Australia
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16
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Díez-Quijada L, Puerto M, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Llana-Ruiz-Cabello M, Jos A, Cameán AM. Microcystin-RR: Occurrence, content in water and food and toxicological studies. A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 168:467-489. [PMID: 30399604 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxins, produced by various species of cyanobacteria, whose occurrence is increasing worldwide owing to climate change and anthropogenic activities. More than 100 variants have been reported, and among them MC-LR is the most extensively studied, but there are other MC congeners that deserve to be investigated. The need for data to characterize the toxicological profile of MC variants other than MC-LR has been identified in order to improve risk assessment in humans and wildlife. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to evaluate the information available in the scientific literature dealing with MC-RR, as this congener is the second most common cyanotoxin in the environment. The review focuses on aspects such as occurrence in water and food, and toxicity studies both in vitro and in vivo. It reveals that, although MC-RR is a real hazard with a high exposure potential in some countries, little is known yet about its specific toxicological properties that differ from those of MC-LR, and important aspects such as genotoxicity and chronic effects have not yet been sufficiently addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Díez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Praena
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Llana-Ruiz-Cabello
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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17
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Díez-Quijada L, Prieto AI, Guzmán-Guillén R, Jos A, Cameán AM. Occurrence and toxicity of microcystin congeners other than MC-LR and MC-RR: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 125:106-132. [PMID: 30597222 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of cyanobacterial toxins is being increasingly reported. This is a reason for concern as they can induce toxic effects both in humans and in the environment. Among them, microcystins (MCs) are the best described and most diverse group of cyanobacterial toxins, and MC-LR and MC-RR are the congeners most widely investigated. However, the number of MC variants has also increased in recent years. Some of these minority variants have been shown to have a different toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic profile, but research focused on them is still limited. Moreover, in some water bodies these minority variants can be the predominant toxins. Nonetheless, MC-LR is the only one used for risk evaluation purposes at present. In order to contribute to more realistic risk assessments in the future, the aim of this review was to compile the available information in the scientific literature regarding the occurrence and concentration of minority MCs in water and food samples, and their toxic effects. The data retrieved demonstrate the congener-specific toxicity of MCs, as well as many data gaps in relation to analytical or mechanistic aspects, among others. Therefore, further research is needed to improve the toxicological characterization of these toxins and the exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Díez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana I Prieto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Remedios Guzmán-Guillén
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Seville, Spain.
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Seville, Spain
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18
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Bogialli S, Bortolini C, Di Gangi IM, Di Gregorio FN, Lucentini L, Favaro G, Pastore P. Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometric methods for the surveillance monitoring of cyanotoxins in freshwaters. Talanta 2017; 170:322-330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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First evidence of MC-HtyR associated to a Plankthothrix rubescens blooming in an Italian lake based on a LC-MS method for routinely analysis of twelve microcystins in freshwaters. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Ikehara T, Nakashima J, Nakashima S, Yasumoto T. Different responses of primary normal human hepatocytes and human hepatoma cells toward cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR. Toxicon 2015; 105:4-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Garibo D, Flores C, Cetó X, Prieto-Simón B, Del Valle M, Caixach J, Diogène J, Campàs M. Inhibition equivalency factors for microcystin variants in recombinant and wild-type protein phosphatase 1 and 2A assays. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:10652-60. [PMID: 24870287 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this work, protein phosphatase inhibition assays (PPIAs) have been used to evaluate the performance of recombinant PP1 and recombinant and wild-type PP2As. The enzymes have been compared using microcystins-LR (MC-LR) as a model cyanotoxin. Whereas PP2ARec provides a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.1 μg/L, PP1Rec and PP2AWild provide LODs of 0.6 and 0.5 μg/L, respectively, lower than the guideline value proposed by the World Health Organization (1 μg/L). The inhibitory potencies of seven MC variants (-LR, -RR, -dmLR, -YR, -LY, -LW and -LF) have been evaluated, resulting on 50 % inhibition coefficient (IC50) values ranging from 1.4 to 359.3 μg/L depending on the MC variant and the PP. The PPIAs have been applied to the determination of MC equivalent contents in a natural cyanobacterial bloom and an artificially contaminated sample, with multi-MC profiles. The inhibition equivalency factors (IEFs) have been applied to the individual MC quantifications determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, and the estimated MC-LR equivalent content has been compared to PPIA results. PPIAs have demonstrated to be applicable as MC screening tools for environmental applications and to protect human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Garibo
- IRTA, Carretera de Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
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22
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Isaacs JD, Strangman WK, Barbera AE, Mallin MA, McIver MR, Wright JLC. Microcystins and two new micropeptin cyanopeptides produced by unprecedented Microcystis aeruginosa blooms in North Carolina's Cape Fear River. HARMFUL ALGAE 2014; 31:82-86. [PMID: 28040114 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Cape Fear River is the largest river system in North Carolina. It is heavily used as a source of drinking water for humans and livestock as well as a source of irrigation water for crops, and production water for industry. It also serves as a major fishery for both commercial and recreational use. In recent years, possibly related to increased eutrophication of the river, massive blooms of cyanobacteria, identified as Microcystis aeruginosa have been observed. Bloom samples collected in 2009 and 2012 were chemically analyzed to determine if they contained cyanobacterial toxins known as microcystins. Both blooms were found to produce microcystins in high yields. Microcystins are potent hepatotoxins that can be bio-accumulated in the food chain. Recent biological studies have also shown a host of other potentially harmful effects of low level microcystin exposure. Detailed chemical analysis of these blooms led us to discover that these blooms produce an additional family of cyanobacterial peptides know as the micropeptins, including two new members named micropeptins 1106 and 1120. The biological activities of these new molecules have not yet been determined, although protease activity has been well documented for this peptide group. These data indicate a need for thorough monitoring of toxin levels especially during bloom events in addition to additional biological testing of other cyanopeptides present in blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Isaacs
- UNC Wilmington Center for Marine Science, 5600 Marvin Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, United States
| | - Wendy K Strangman
- UNC Wilmington Center for Marine Science, 5600 Marvin Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, United States
| | - Amy E Barbera
- UNC Wilmington Center for Marine Science, 5600 Marvin Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, United States
| | - Michael A Mallin
- UNC Wilmington Center for Marine Science, 5600 Marvin Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, United States
| | - Matthew R McIver
- UNC Wilmington Center for Marine Science, 5600 Marvin Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, United States
| | - Jeffrey L C Wright
- UNC Wilmington Center for Marine Science, 5600 Marvin Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, United States.
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23
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Miles CO, Sandvik M, Haande S, Nonga H, Ballot A. LC-MS analysis with thiol derivatization to differentiate [Dhb(7)]- from [Mdha(7)]-microcystins: analysis of cyanobacterial blooms, Planktothrix cultures and European crayfish from Lake Steinsfjorden, Norway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:4080-4087. [PMID: 23531156 DOI: 10.1021/es305202p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic studies showed that [Asp(3), Dhb(7)]MC-RR reacted with mercaptoethanol hundreds of times more slowly than MC-RR and a range of other [Mdha(7)]-containing microcystin congeners. The difference in reaction rate was sufficiently large that derivatization of microcystin-containing samples with mercaptoethanol, followed by LC-MS analysis, clearly discriminated between microcystins containing the isobaric [Dhb(7)]- and [Mdha(7)]-groups. Application of this approach, using LC-MS with both-ion trap and triple-quadrupole mass spectrometers, to water samples and Planktothrix cultures from Lake Steinsfjorden, Norway, demonstrated the presence of [Asp(3), Dhb(7)]MC-RR (5), [Asp(3)]MC-RY (14), and [Asp(3)]MC-LY (16), as well as analogues tentatively identified as [Asp(3)]MC-RR (4), [Asp(3), DMAdda(5), Dhb(7)]MC-LR (6), [Asp(3), Dhb(7)]MC-HtyR (8), [Asp(3)]MC-HtyR (9), [Asp(3), Dhb(7)]MC-LR (10), [Asp(3)]MC-LR (11), [Asp(3), Dhb(7)]MC-RY (15), and [Asp(3), Dhb(7)]MC-LY (17), together with low levels of several other analogues. This is the first use of this thiol-based LC-MS approach to identify Dhb-containing microcystins, and allowed identification of LC-MS peaks in a mixture of [Mdha(7)]- and [Dhb(7)]-congeners of [Asp(3)]MC-RR (4, 5), -RY (14, 15), and -LY (16, 17) in the samples from L. Steinsfjorden. This is also the first report of MC-RY-congeners outside of Africa, or in Planktothrix spp. Analysis of European crayfish (Astacus astacus) taken from L. Steinsfjorden revealed the presence of only trace levels of microcystins in the edible parts.
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Bogialli S, Nigro di Gregorio F, Lucentini L, Ferretti E, Ottaviani M, Ungaro N, Abis PP, Cannarozzi de Grazia M. Management of a toxic cyanobacterium bloom (Planktothrix rubescens) affecting an Italian drinking water basin: a case study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:574-583. [PMID: 23167492 DOI: 10.1021/es302260p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An extraordinary bloom of Planktothrix rubescens, which can produce microcystins (MCs), was observed in early 2009 in the Occhito basin, used even as a source of drinking water in Southern Italy. Several activities, coordinated by a task force, were implemented to assess and manage the risk associated to drinking water contaminated by cyanobacteria. Main actions were: evaluation of analytical protocols for screening and confirmatory purpose, monitoring the drinking water supply chain, training of operators, a dedicated web site for risk communication. ELISA assay was considered suitable for health authorities as screening method for MCs and to optimize frequency of sampling according to alert levels, and as internal control for the water supplier. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method able to quantify 9 MCs was optimized with the aim of supporting health authorities in a comprehensive risk evaluation based on the relative toxicity of different congeners. Short, medium, and long-term corrective actions were implemented to mitigate the health risk. Preoxidation with chlorine dioxide followed by flocculation and settling have been shown to be effective in removing MCs in the water treatment plant. Over two years, despite the high levels of cyanobacteria (up to 160 × 10(6) cells/L) and MCs (28.4 μg/L) initially reached in surface waters, the drinking water distribution was never limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bogialli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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25
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The effect of deleting residue C269 in the β12–β13 loop of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A)catalytic subunit on the interaction between PP2A and metal ions, especially Mn2+. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:1769-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Shi Y, Guo C, Sun Y, Liu Z, Xu F, Zhang Y, Wen Z, Li Z. Interaction between DNA and Microcystin-LR Studied by Spectra Analysis and Atomic Force Microscopy. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:797-803. [DOI: 10.1021/bm101414w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, Jilin, People’s Republic of China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cunlan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, Jilin, People’s Republic of China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, Jilin, People’s Republic of China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhelin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, Jilin, People’s Republic of China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fugang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, Jilin, People’s Republic of China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, Jilin, People’s Republic of China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, Jilin, People’s Republic of China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, Jilin, People’s Republic of China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, People’s Republic of China
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Labine M, Minuk G. Cyanobacterial toxins and liver diseaseThis article is one of a selection of papers published in a special issue celebrating the 125th anniversary of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Manitoba. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 87:773-88. [DOI: 10.1139/y09-081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Blue-green algae, also known as cyanobacteria, produce a variety of toxins, some of which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of severe and potentially life-threatening diseases in humans. As the growth of cyanobacteria within freshwater lakes increases worldwide, it is important to review our present understanding of their toxicity and potential carcinogenicity to gain insight into how these organisms impact human health. This review addresses each of these topics, with special emphasis given to cyanobacterial hepatotoxins within freshwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.A. Labine
- Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - G.Y. Minuk
- Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
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