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Ruiz-González LE, Guzmán-Dávalos L, Guerrero-Galván SR, Vega-Villasante F. Mushrooms to live or die: toxicity of some Basidiomycota using Artemia franciscana. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e275156. [PMID: 38126634 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.275156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of wild mushrooms has increased in recent years; however, not all of them are edible and there is no precise information on those that may cause poisoning. Therefore, studies to obtain data about their toxicity are needed. For this purpose, we used the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana, a crustacean employed in toxicity tests and with wide application in the toxin detection, including mycotoxins. Mushrooms were collected in the state of Jalisco, Mexico, with which aqueous extracts were prepared. Dilutions of the stock solution of each extract were made to final concentrations of 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 µg/mL. Potassium dichromate (PD) was used as positive control and artificial seawater as negative control. The median lethal dose (LD50) of extracts on nauplii of A. franciscana was calculated. The aqueous extracts obtained from Amanita amerivirosa, A. muscaria, Chlorophyllum molybdites, and Leucopaxillus amarus showed a LD50 < 70 µg/mL, similar to PD (LD50 = 37 µg/mL). This is the first indication of the probable toxicity of Leucopaxillus amarus in humans. Cantharellus cibarius and Scleroderma texense caused the lower toxicity to the nauplii. The brine shrimp bioassay was effective in evaluating the toxicity of Basidiomycota. Scleroderma texense has been reported to be toxic, but it was not for this crustacean nauplii, and probably not to humans either, as recent literature has reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Ruiz-González
- Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de la Costa, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Calidad de Agua y Acuicultura Experimental, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - L Guzmán-Dávalos
- Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - S R Guerrero-Galván
- Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de la Costa, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Calidad de Agua y Acuicultura Experimental, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - F Vega-Villasante
- Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de la Costa, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Calidad de Agua y Acuicultura Experimental, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico
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Fast extraction of aflatoxins, ochratoxins and enniatins from maize with magnetic covalent organic framework prior to HPLC-MS/MS detection. Food Chem 2022; 404:134464. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Augustin Mihalache O, Dellafiora L, Dall'Asta C. A systematic review of natural toxins occurrence in plant commodities used for plant-based meat alternatives production. Food Res Int 2022; 158:111490. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhang J, Liu S, Wang X, Yao J, Zhai M, Liu B, Liang C, Shi H. Highly efficient Ti 3+ self-doped TiO 2 co-modified with carbon dots and palladium nanocomposites for disinfection of bacterial and fungi. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 413:125318. [PMID: 33578094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High efficiency photocatalysts capable of disinfecting a broad-spectrum microorganisms are needed for the practical application of photodisinfection technology. Herein, we synthesized a highly efficient photodisinfection catalyst composed of Ti3+ self-doped TiO2 decorated with carbon dots (CDs) and palladium nano-photocatalyst, designated as Pd/CDs/Ti3+-TiO2, via a facile hydrothermal-calcination approach. XPS and ESR analyses were performed to verify that the composite contained Ti3+, while TEM imaging and FTIR confirmed that the samples contained CDs. The as synthesized photocatalysts, particularly the 1% Pd/CDs/Ti3+-TiO2 sample, exhibited superior photocatalyzed antibacterial activity to pure TiO2 against E. coli (~6.5 orders of magnitude increase at 30 min). The 1% Pd/CDs/Ti3+-TiO2 photocatalyst also exhibited efficient photodisinfection of five pathogenic agricultural fungi. The dark cytotoxicity of the 1% Pd/CDs/Ti3+-TiO2 nanocomposites was evaluated on HepG2 and Chinese hamster lung (V79) cells via Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and found to be minimal. Lastly, the recycling capacity for the photodisinfective activity of the nanocomposites was evaluated and found to be unchanged after five cycles. Four active species were identified as contributing to the photoinduced antimicrobial activity of the catalyst: h+, •O2-, •OH, and e-. Together, our results indicate that Pd/CDs/Ti3+-TiO2 nanocomposites have great potential in agricultural plant pathogen disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Zhang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Shurui Liu
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jing Yao
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Mengwan Zhai
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Bingkun Liu
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chengzhen Liang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Hengzhen Shi
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Rabaaoui A, Dall’Asta C, Righetti L, Susca A, Logrieco AF, Namsi A, Gdoura R, Werbrouck SPO, Moretti A, Masiello M. Phylogeny and Mycotoxin Profile of Pathogenic Fusarium Species Isolated from Sudden Decline Syndrome and Leaf Wilt Symptoms on Date Palms ( Phoenix dactylifera) in Tunisia. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070463. [PMID: 34209422 PMCID: PMC8310299 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2017–2018, extensive symptoms of sudden decline and fruit rot were observed on date palms in southern Tunisia. Samples of diseased plants were randomly collected in six localities. Based on morphological identification, Fusarium was the most frequent fungal genus detected. A sequencing of translation elongation factor, calmodulin, and second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II genes was used to identify 63 representative Fusarium strains at species level and investigate their phylogenetic relationships. The main species detected was Fusarium proliferatum, and at a much lesser extent, Fusarium brachygibbosum, Fusarium caatingaense, Fusarium clavum, Fusarium incarnatum, and Fusarium solani. Pathogenicity on the Deglet Nour variety plantlets and the capability to produce mycotoxins were also assessed. All Fusarium species were pathogenic complying Koch’s postulates. Fusarium proliferatum strains produced mainly fumonisins (FBs), beauvericin (BEA), and, to a lesser extent, enniatins (ENNs) and moniliformin (MON). All F. brachygibbosum strains produced low levels of BEA, diacetoxyscirpenol, and neosolaniol; two strains produced also T-2 toxin, and a single strain produced HT-2 toxin. Fusarium caatingaense, F. clavum, F. incarnatum produced only BEA. Fusarium solani strains produced MON, BEA, and ENNs. This work reports for the first time a comprehensive multidisciplinary study of Fusarium species on date palms, concerning both phytopathological and food safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Rabaaoui
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.R.); (S.P.O.W.)
- Laboratory of Toxicology-Microbiology and Environmental Health, Department of Biology, University Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
| | - Chiara Dall’Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (C.D.); (L.R.)
| | - Laura Righetti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (C.D.); (L.R.)
| | - Antonia Susca
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR-ISPA, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.S.); (A.F.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Antonio Francesco Logrieco
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR-ISPA, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.S.); (A.F.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Ahmed Namsi
- Laboratoire de Phytopathologie, Centre Régional de Recherches en Agriculture Oasienne, Degache 2260, Tunisia;
| | - Radhouane Gdoura
- Laboratory of Toxicology-Microbiology and Environmental Health, Department of Biology, University Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
| | - Stefaan P. O. Werbrouck
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.R.); (S.P.O.W.)
| | - Antonio Moretti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR-ISPA, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.S.); (A.F.L.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mario Masiello
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR-ISPA, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.S.); (A.F.L.); (M.M.)
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Baskar K, Chinnasamy R, Pandy K, Venkatesan M, Sebastian PJ, Subban M, Thomas A, Kweka EJ, Devarajan N. Larvicidal and histopathology effect of endophytic fungal extracts of Aspergillus tamarii against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05331. [PMID: 33150212 PMCID: PMC7599128 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquitoes biolarvicides remain the most important method for mosquito control. The previous studies have shown Aspergillus sp.-expressed larvicidal properties against mosquito species. The present study evaluated larvicidal and histopathological effect of an endophytic fungus Aspergillus tamarii isolated from theCactus stem (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill). Method The molecular identification of isolated A. tamarii was done by PCR amplification (5.8s rDNA) using a universal primer (ITS-1 and ITS-2). The secondary metabolites of A. tamarii was tested for larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Larvicidal bioassay of different concentrations (- 100, 300, 500, 800 and 1000 μg/mL) isolated extracts were done according to the modified protocol. Each test included a set of control groups (i.e. DMSO and distilled water). The lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) were calculated by probit analysis. Experimental monitoring duration was 48 h. Results The ethyl acetate extract from A. tamarii fungus resulted - excellent mosquitocidal effect against Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes, with least LC50 and LC90 values. -After 48 h, the Ae. aegypti expressed better results (LC50 = 29.10, 18.69, 16.76, 36.78 μg/mL and the LC90 = 45.59, 27.66, 27.50, 54.00 μg/mL) followed by Cx. quinquefaciatus (LC50 = 3.23, 24.99, 11.24, 10.95 μg/mL and the LC90 = 8.37, 8.29, 21.36, 20.28 μg/mL). The biochemical level of A. tamarii mycelium extract on both larvae was measured and the results shown a dose dependent activity on the level of AchE, α- and β-carboxylesterase assay. Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) profile of A. tamarii extract reflected three compounds i.e. preg-4-en-3-one, 17. α-hydroxy-17. β-cyano- (7.39%), trans-3-undecene-1,5-diyne (45.77%) and pentane, 1,1,1,5-tetrachloro- (32.16%) which which might had attributed to larvae mortality. Conclusion The findings of - present study shows that the use of endophytic A. tamarii fungal metabolites for control of dengue and filariasis vectors is promising and needs a semifield and small scale filed trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Baskar
- Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ragavendran Chinnasamy
- Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthika Pandy
- Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manigandan Venkatesan
- Biomedical Zebrafish Laboratory, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam 603 103, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prakash Joy Sebastian
- Biomedical Zebrafish Laboratory, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam 603 103, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugesan Subban
- Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Adelina Thomas
- School of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Eliningaya J Kweka
- Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Mosquito Section, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania.,Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Natarajan Devarajan
- Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
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Beauvericin and Enniatins: In Vitro Intestinal Effects. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110686. [PMID: 33138307 PMCID: PMC7693699 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Food and feed contamination by emerging mycotoxins beauvericin and enniatins is a worldwide health problem and a matter of great concern nowadays, and data on their toxicological behavior are still scarce. As ingestion is the major route of exposure to mycotoxins in food and feed, the gastrointestinal tract represents the first barrier encountered by these natural contaminants and the first structure that could be affected by their potential detrimental effects. In order to perform a complete and reliable toxicological evaluation, this fundamental site cannot be disregarded. Several in vitro intestinal models able to recreate the different traits of the intestinal environment have been applied to investigate the various aspects related to the intestinal toxicity of emerging mycotoxins. This review aims to depict an overall and comprehensive representation of the in vitro intestinal effects of beauvericin and enniatins in humans from a species-specific perspective. Moreover, information on the occurrence in food and feed and notions on the regulatory aspects will be provided.
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Jiang CX, Li J, Zhang JM, Jin XJ, Yu B, Fang JG, Wu QX. Isolation, Identification, and Activity Evaluation of Chemical Constituents from Soil Fungus Fusarium avenaceum SF-1502 and Endophytic Fungus Fusarium proliferatum AF-04. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1839-1846. [PMID: 30688448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium, a large genus of filamentous fungi, is widely distributed in soil and plants. Fusarium is a prolific source of novel chemical constituents with various bioactivities. In search for antibiotics from soil and endophytic fungi, the secondary metabolites of Fusarium avenaceum SF-1502 and Fusarium proliferatum AF-04 were investigated. An alkaloid (1), a depsipeptide (6), and five sesquiterpenoids (7-11) were isolated from the extracts of the soil fungus F. avenaceum SF-1502. Three alkaloids (2-4), a depsipeptide (5), three sesquiterpenoids (9, 11, and 12), a sesterterpene (13), and four 1,4-naphthoquinones (14-17) were also separated from the extract of the green Chinese onion derived fungus F. proliferatum AF-04. Fusaravenin (1) represents the first example of a natural naphthoisoxazole-type zwitter-ionic alkaloid, a naphthoisoxazole formic acid connected with a morpholino carbon skeleton. Cyclonerotriol B (7) is a new cyclonerane sesquiterpene. Another new sesquiterpene, 3β-hydroxy-β-acorenol (12), possesses an acorane framework. The known compounds 9 and 11 were found from both fungi. The structures of the new compounds were determined via extensive HR-ESI-MS and comparison between experimental and calculated NMR results. The biological properties of 1-5 and 7-17 were evaluated against eight anthropogenic bacteria, while 1 and 7-11 were also screened for inhibitory effects against four plant pathogen bacteria. The known compounds 8, 9, and 14-17 showed potent antibacterial activities toward some of the tested anthropogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xiao Jiang
- School of Advanced Study , Taizhou University , Taizhou 318000 , People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Xiao-Jie Jin
- College of Pharmacy , Gansu University of Chinese Medicine , Lanzhou 730000 , People's Republic of China
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Antibacterial Potential of Chlorella vulgaris and Dunaliella salina Extracts Against Streptococcus mutans. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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10
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Ruiz-González LE, Vázquez-Zea JA, Vega-Villasante F, Guzmán-Dávalos L, Guerrero-Galván SR. [Evaluation of the toxicity of Basidiomycota fungi on the hatching of Artemia franciscana cysts]. Rev Iberoam Micol 2017; 34:220-224. [PMID: 28830736 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consumption of wild mushrooms has increased in recent years. However, not all mushrooms are edible and some of them may cause poisoning. Therefore, their toxicity needs to be studied. Artemia franciscana is a crustacean used in toxicity tests including toxins of fungi. AIMS To determine the percentage of inhibition and mortality produced by extracts of several basidiomycetes on the hatching of A. franciscana cysts. METHODS Aqueous extracts were prepared from 15 species of mushrooms collected from Jalisco state, Mexico. Different concentrations of the extracts were assayed in order to test their toxicity. Potassium dichromate and artificial seawater were the positive and negative controls, respectively. The percentages of hatching and mortality of the cysts were evaluated. RESULTS Inhibition of hatching greater than 80% in all the concentrations tested was found in 13 of the 15 species studied, in contrast to the positive control, which inhibited cyst hatching less than 50% in all cases. The highest percentage of mortality in the cysts was caused by the aqueous extracts of Amanita virosa, Leucopaxillus amarus, and Tylopilus violatinctus, and the lowest by Macrolepiota mastoidea. CONCLUSIONS The brine shrimp bioassay appeared to be useful in the evaluation of the toxicity of several basidiomycetes, with the exception of Scleroderma texense, a mushroom considered poisonous, which showed no toxicity over A. franciscana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Eduardo Ruiz-González
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Experimental, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario de la Costa, Universidad de Guadalajara, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, México
| | - Juan Antonio Vázquez-Zea
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Experimental, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario de la Costa, Universidad de Guadalajara, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, México; Licenciatura en Biología, Centro Universitario de la Costa, Universidad de Guadalajara, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, México
| | - Fernando Vega-Villasante
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Experimental, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario de la Costa, Universidad de Guadalajara, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, México
| | - Laura Guzmán-Dávalos
- Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Saúl Rogelio Guerrero-Galván
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Experimental, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario de la Costa, Universidad de Guadalajara, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, México.
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Kooliyottil R, Dandurand LM, Knudsen GR. Prospecting fungal parasites of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida using a rapid screening technique. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 57:386-392. [PMID: 28375550 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201600683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Seven filamentous fungal species were isolated from individual eggs of Globodera pallida cysts collected from infested fields in Shelley Idaho, USA and identified as Chaetomium globosum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium tricinctum, Microdochium bolleyi, Purpureocillium lilacinum, and Plectosphaerella cucumerina. Their ability to reduce infection by G. pallida in planta were assessed in simple, reproducible micro-rhizosphere chambers (micro-ROCs). All fungi reduced G. pallida infection in potato, but greatest reduction was observed with C. globosum at an average reduction of 76%. Further non-destructive methods were developed to rapidly assess biological control potential of putative fungal strains by staining the infectious second stage juveniles of G. pallida with the live fluorescent stain PKH26. In comparisons between the standard, invasive acid fuchsin method and use of the live stain PKH26, no significant difference in infection level of G. pallida was observed whether roots were stained with PKH26 or acid fuchsin. For both methods, a similar reduction (77% for acid fuchsin, and 78% for PKH26 stain) in invasion of infectious stage of G. pallida was observed when potato plants were inoculated with C. globosum compared to non-inoculated potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinu Kooliyottil
- Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| | - Louise-Marie Dandurand
- Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| | - Guy R Knudsen
- Soil and Land Resources Division, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
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Hu L, Rychlik M. Occurrence of enniatins and beauvericin in 60 Chinese medicinal herbs. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1240-5. [PMID: 24720681 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.913813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A total of 60 Chinese medicinal herbs were examined for contamination of the emerging Fusarium mycotoxins enniatins (ENNs) A, A1, B, B1 and beauvericin (BEA). The herbs under study are commonly used in China as both medicines and food. The dried samples of herbs were randomly collected from traditional Chinese medicine stores in Zhejiang province, China. Sample preparation was achieved by methanol extraction, followed by a simple membrane filtration step; no tedious clean-ups were involved. ENNs A, A1, B, B1 and BEA were analysed by the recently developed stable isotope dilution assays, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). With limits of detection ranging between 0.8 and 1.2 µg kg(-1) for the analytes under study, 25% of all analysed samples were contaminated with at least one of the ENNs and BEA. BEA was the most frequently detected toxin with a 20% incidence in all samples. The percentages of ENN-positive samples were lower: each single ENN was detected in 6.7-11.7% of all samples. Considering the total amounts of the five mycotoxins in single samples, values between 2.5 and 751 µg kg(-1) were found. The mean total amount in positive samples was 126 µg kg(-1). Regarding ginger, the frequent occurrence of ENNs and BEA in dried ginger could be confirmed in samples from Germany. However, in fresh ginger root the toxins were not detectable. This is the first report on the presence of ENNs and BEA in Chinese medicinal herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Hu
- a Analytical Food Chemistry , Technische Universität München , Freising , Germany
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Hu L, Gastl M, Linkmeyer A, Hess M, Rychlik M. Fate of enniatins and beauvericin during the malting and brewing process determined by stable isotope dilution assays. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hu L, Koehler P, Rychlik M. Effect of sourdough processing and baking on the content of enniatins and beauvericin in wheat and rye bread. Eur Food Res Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-013-2133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kayode O, Sulyok M, Fapohunda S, Ezekiel C, Krska R, Oguntona C. Mycotoxins and fungal metabolites in groundnut- and maize-based snacks from Nigeria. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2013; 6:294-300. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2013.823626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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New potential antitumor pyrazole derivatives: synthesis and cytotoxic evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:21805-18. [PMID: 24192822 PMCID: PMC3856036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141121805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
New pyrazole derivatives were designed and synthesized as potential protein kinase inhibitors in the view to develop specific antitumor therapies. The structures of the compounds were elucidated using spectral and elemental analyses. The antitumor potential was estimated using wheat seeds and the general toxicity was evaluated by alternative methods, using invertebrate animals. One 3-aminopyrazole derivative emerged as a potential candidate for the development of future cytotoxic compounds.
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Evaluation of beauvericin and enniatins in Italian cereal products and multicereal food by liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2013; 140:755-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Wang JP, Lin W, Wray V, Lai D, Proksch P. Induced production of depsipeptides by co-culturing Fusarium tricinctum and Fusarium begoniae. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Multi-mycotoxin screening reveals the occurrence of 139 different secondary metabolites in feed and feed ingredients. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:504-23. [PMID: 23529186 PMCID: PMC3705275 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5030504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/mass spectrometry (MS) methods for the simultaneous detection and quantification of a broad spectrum of mycotoxins has facilitated the screening of a larger number of samples for contamination with a wide array of less well-known “emerging” mycotoxins and other metabolites. In this study, 83 samples of feed and feed raw materials were analysed. All of them were found to contain seven to 69 metabolites. The total number of detected metabolites amounts to 139. Fusarium mycotoxins were most common, but a number of Alternaria toxins also occurred very often. Furthermore, two so-called masked mycotoxins (i.e., mycotoxin conjugates), namely deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (75% positives) and zearalenone-4-sulfate (49% positives), were frequently detected. Although the observed median concentrations of the individual analytes were generally in the low μg/kg range, evaluating the toxicological potential of a given sample is difficult. Toxicity data on less well-known mycotoxins and other detected metabolites are notoriously scarce, as an overview on the available information on the most commonly detected metabolites shows. Besides, the possible synergistic effects of co-occurring substances have to be considered.
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Lu H, Fernández-Franzón M, Font G, Ruiz M. Toxicity evaluation of individual and mixed enniatins using an in vitro method with CHO-K1 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:672-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Juan-García A, Manyes L, Ruiz MJ, Font G. Involvement of enniatins-induced cytotoxicity in human HepG2 cells. Toxicol Lett 2013; 218:166-73. [PMID: 23370383 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Enniatins (ENNs) are mycotoxins found in Fusarium fungi and they appear in nature as mixtures of cyclic depsipeptides. The ability to form ionophores in the cell membrane is related to their cytotoxicity. Changes in ion distribution between inner and outer phases of the mitochondria affect to their metabolism, proton gradient, and chemiosmotic coupling, so a mitochondrial toxicity analysis of enniatins is highly recommended because they host the homeostasis required for cellular survival. Two ENNs, ENN A and ENN B on hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2) at 1.5 and 3 μM and three exposure times (24, 48 and 72 h) were studied. Flow cytometry was used to examine their effects on cell proliferation, to characterize at which phase of the cell cycle progression the cells were blocked and to study the role of the mitochondrial in ENNs-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, apoptosis induction on HepG2 cells allowed to compare cytotoxic effects caused by both ENNs, A and B. It is reported the possible mechanism observed in MMP changes, cell cycle analysis and apoptosis/necrosis, identifying ENN B more toxic than ENN A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Juan-García
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain.
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Blesa J, Marín R, Lino C, Mañes J. Evaluation of enniatins A, A1, B, B1 and beauvericin in Portuguese cereal-based foods. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1727-35. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.702929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Ezekiel C, Sulyok M, Warth B, Odebode A, Krska R. Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in peanut cake from Nigeria. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Hu L, Rychlik M. Biosynthesis of 15N3-labeled enniatins and beauvericin and their application to stable isotope dilution assays. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:7129-7136. [PMID: 22734473 DOI: 10.1021/jf3015602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The first stable isotope dilution assay for the determination of enniatins A, A1, B, and B1 and beauvericin was developed. The (15)N(3)-labeled enniatins and beauvericin were biosynthesized by feeding two Fusarium strains Na(15)NO(3) and subsequently isolated from the fungal culture. The chemical structures of the biosynthesized products were characterized by LC-MS/MS and (1)H NMR. Standard solutions of (15)N(3)-labeled beauvericin, enniatin A, and enniatin A1 were accurately quantitated by quantitative NMR. On the basis of the use of the labeled products as internal standards, stable isotope dilution assays were developed and applied to various food samples using LC-MS/MS. The sample extracts were directly injected without any tedious cleanup procedures. The limits of detection were 3.9, 2.6, 3.7, 1.9, and 4.4 μg/kg for enniatins A, A1, B, and B1 and beauvericin, respectively. Limits of quantitation were 11.5 (enniatin A), 7.6 (enniatin A1), 10.9 (enniatin B), 5.8 (enniatin B1), and 13.1 μg/kg (beauvericin). Recoveries were within the range between 90 and 120%, and good intraday and interday precisions with coefficients of variation between 1.35 and 8.61% were obtained. Thus, the stable isotope dilution assay presented here is similarly sensitive and precise but more accurate than assays reported before. Analyses of cereals and cereal products revealed frequent contaminations of barley, wheat, rye, and oats with enniatins B and B1, whereas beauvericin was not quantifiable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Hu
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, ZIEL Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 10, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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Prosperini A, Meca G, Font G, Ruiz M. Study of the cytotoxic activity of beauvericin and fusaproliferin and bioavailability in vitro on Caco-2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2356-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. associated with Fusarium head blight of wheat in Western Australia. Mycotoxin Res 2012; 28:89-96. [PMID: 23606046 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-011-0122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
An isolated occurrence of Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat was detected in the south-west region of Western Australia during the 2003 harvest season. The molecular identity of 23 isolates of Fusarium spp. collected from this region during the FHB outbreak confirmed the associated pathogens to be F. graminearum, F. acuminatum or F. tricinctum. Moreover, the toxicity of their crude extracts from Czapek-Dox liquid broth and millet seed cultures to brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) was associated with high mortality levels. The main mycotoxins detected were type B trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol), enniatins, chlamydosporol and zearalenone. This study is the first report on the mycotoxin profiles of Fusarium spp. associated with FHB of wheat in Western Australia. This study highlights the need for monitoring not just for the presence of the specific Fusarium spp. present in any affected grain but also for their potential mycotoxin and other toxic secondary metabolites.
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Kulik T, Pszczółkowska A, Łojko M. Multilocus phylogenetics show high intraspecific variability within Fusarium avenaceum. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:5626-40. [PMID: 22016614 PMCID: PMC3189738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12095626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium avenaceum is a common soil saprophyte and plant pathogen of a variety of hosts worldwide. This pathogen is often involved in the crown rot and head blight of cereals that affects grain yield and quality. F. avenaceum contaminates grain with enniatins more than any species, and they are often detected at the highest prevalence among fusarial toxins in certain geographic areas. We studied intraspecific variability of F. avenaceum based on partial sequences of elongation factor-1 alpha, enniatin synthase, intergenic spacer of rDNA, arylamine N-acetyltransferase and RNA polymerase II data sets. The phylogenetic analyses incorporated a collection of 63 F. avenaceum isolates of various origin among which 41 were associated with wheat. Analyses of the multilocus sequence (MLS) data indicated a high level of genetic variation within the isolates studied with no significant linkage disequilibrium. Correspondingly, maximum parsimony analyses of both MLS and individual data sets showed lack of clear phylogenetic structure within F. avenaceum in relation to host (wheat) and geographic origin. Lack of host specialization indicates no host selective pressure in driving F. avenaceum evolution, while no geographic lineage structure indicates widespread distribution of genotypes that resulted in nullifying the effects of geographic isolation on the evolution of this species. Moreover, significant incongruence between all individual tree topologies and little clonality is consistent with frequent recombination within F. avenaceum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kulik
- Department of Diagnostics and Plant Pathophysiology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Łódzki 5, 10-957, Olsztyn, Poland; E-Mails: (A.P.); (M. Ł.)
| | - Agnieszka Pszczółkowska
- Department of Diagnostics and Plant Pathophysiology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Łódzki 5, 10-957, Olsztyn, Poland; E-Mails: (A.P.); (M. Ł.)
| | - Maciej Łojko
- Department of Diagnostics and Plant Pathophysiology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Łódzki 5, 10-957, Olsztyn, Poland; E-Mails: (A.P.); (M. Ł.)
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