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Zhong XJ, Wang CE, Li YN, Zhang QY, Sun QY. Atrase A, a P-III class metalloproteinase purified from cobra venom, exhibits potent anticoagulant activity by inhibiting coagulation pathway and activating the fibrinolytic system. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30969. [PMID: 38813202 PMCID: PMC11133756 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms, comprising a complex array of protein-rich components, an important part of which are snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). These SVMPs, which are predominantly isolated from viperid venoms, are integral to the pathology of snakebites. However, SVMPs derived from elapid venoms have not been extensively explored, and only a handful of SVMPs have been characterized to date. Atrase A, a nonhemorrhagic P-III class metalloproteinase from Naja atra venom, exhibits weak proteolytic activity against fibrinogen in vitro but has pronounced anticoagulant effects in vivo. This contrast spurred investigations into its anticoagulant mechanisms. Research findings indicate that atrase A notably extends the activated partial thromboplastin time, diminishes fibrinogen levels, and impedes platelet aggregation. The anticoagulant action of atrase A primarily involves inhibiting coagulation factor VIII and activating the endogenous fibrinolytic system, which in turn lowers fibrinogen levels. Additionally, its effect on platelet aggregation further contributes to its anticoagulant profile. This study unveils a novel anticoagulant mechanism of atrase A, significantly enriching the understanding of the roles of cobra venom metalloproteinases in snake venom. Furthermore, these findings underscore the potential of atrase A as a novel anticoagulant drug, offering insights into the functional evolutions of cobra venom metalloproteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jie Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Cai-E Wang
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Qi-Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Qian-Yun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, China
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Pierre-Louis O, Resiere D, Alphonsine C, Dantin F, Banydeen R, Dubois MD, Mehdaoui H, Neviere R. Increased Binding of von Willebrand Factor to Sub-Endothelial Collagen May Facilitate Thrombotic Events Complicating Bothrops lanceolatus Envenomation in Humans. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:441. [PMID: 37505710 PMCID: PMC10467054 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption coagulopathy and hemorrhagic syndrome exacerbated by blood anticoagulability remain the most important causes of lethality associated with Bothrops snake envenomation. Bothrops venom also engages platelet aggregation on the injured endothelium via von Willebrand factor (vWF) interactions. Besides platelet aggregation, some Bothrops venom toxins may induce qualitative thrombopathy, which has been in part related to the inhibition of vWF activation. We tested whether B. lanceolatus venom impaired vWF to collagen(s) binding (vWF:CB) activity. Experiments were performed with B. lanceolatus crude venom, in the presence or absence of Bothrofav, a monospecific B. lanceolatus antivenom. Venom of B. lanceolatus fully inhibited vWF to collagen type I and III binding, suggesting venom interactions with the vWF A3 domain. In contrast, B. lanceolatus venom increased vWF to collagen type VI binding, suggesting the enhancement of vWF binding to collagen at the vWF A1 domain. Hence, B. lanceolatus venom exhibited contrasting in vitro effects in terms of the adhesive properties of vWF to collagen. On the other hand, the antivenom Bothrofav reversed the inhibitory effects of B. lanceolatus venom on vWF collagen binding activity. In light of the respective distribution of collagen type III and collagen type VI in perivascular connective tissue and the sub-endothelium, a putative association between an increase in vWF:CB activity for collagen type VI and the onset of thrombotic events in human B. lanceolatus envenomation might be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Pierre-Louis
- Cardiovascular Research Team EA7525, University of the French West Indies (Université des Antilles), 97233 Fort de France, France; (O.P.-L.); (D.R.); (C.A.); (F.D.); (R.B.); (M.-D.D.); (H.M.)
| | - Dabor Resiere
- Cardiovascular Research Team EA7525, University of the French West Indies (Université des Antilles), 97233 Fort de France, France; (O.P.-L.); (D.R.); (C.A.); (F.D.); (R.B.); (M.-D.D.); (H.M.)
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Toxicology, University Hospital of Martinique (CHU Martinique), 97200 Fort-de-France, France
| | - Celia Alphonsine
- Cardiovascular Research Team EA7525, University of the French West Indies (Université des Antilles), 97233 Fort de France, France; (O.P.-L.); (D.R.); (C.A.); (F.D.); (R.B.); (M.-D.D.); (H.M.)
| | - Fabienne Dantin
- Cardiovascular Research Team EA7525, University of the French West Indies (Université des Antilles), 97233 Fort de France, France; (O.P.-L.); (D.R.); (C.A.); (F.D.); (R.B.); (M.-D.D.); (H.M.)
| | - Rishika Banydeen
- Cardiovascular Research Team EA7525, University of the French West Indies (Université des Antilles), 97233 Fort de France, France; (O.P.-L.); (D.R.); (C.A.); (F.D.); (R.B.); (M.-D.D.); (H.M.)
| | - Marie-Daniela Dubois
- Cardiovascular Research Team EA7525, University of the French West Indies (Université des Antilles), 97233 Fort de France, France; (O.P.-L.); (D.R.); (C.A.); (F.D.); (R.B.); (M.-D.D.); (H.M.)
| | - Hossein Mehdaoui
- Cardiovascular Research Team EA7525, University of the French West Indies (Université des Antilles), 97233 Fort de France, France; (O.P.-L.); (D.R.); (C.A.); (F.D.); (R.B.); (M.-D.D.); (H.M.)
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Toxicology, University Hospital of Martinique (CHU Martinique), 97200 Fort-de-France, France
| | - Remi Neviere
- Cardiovascular Research Team EA7525, University of the French West Indies (Université des Antilles), 97233 Fort de France, France; (O.P.-L.); (D.R.); (C.A.); (F.D.); (R.B.); (M.-D.D.); (H.M.)
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Martinique (CHU Martinique), 97200 Fort-de-France, France
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Wei Y, Lu QY, Zhong XJ, Guo L, Zeng FY, Sun QY. Cobra venom P-III class metalloproteinase atrase a induces inflammatory response and cell apoptosis in endothelial cells via its metalloproteinase domain. Toxicon 2023:107210. [PMID: 37393957 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), which are a critical component of viperid and crotalid venoms, play various important roles in the pathogenesis of snakebite envenomation. The SVMPs from elapid venoms are not well elucidated, as compared with those from viperid and crotalid venoms. Atrase A is a nonhemorrhagic P-III SVMP purified from Naja atra venom that possesses only weak fibrinogenolytic activity. In our prior study, we found that atrase A detached adherent cells from the substrate. In this work, we investigated further the effect and mechanism of atrase A on endothelial cells. Oxidative damage, inflammatory mediators, apoptosis, and activation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways were measured after HMEC-1 cells were exposed to atrase A. The results showed that HMEC-1 cells released inflammatory mediators, exihibited oxidative damage and apoptosis after exposure to atrase A. The Western blot analysis results revealed that atrase A increased Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase-3 levels and activated the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in endothelial cells. The effects on endothelial cells were nearly completely abolished after atrase A was treated with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid. These results showed that atrase A led to an inflammatory response, cellular injury and apoptosis in endothelial cells, and this effect was due to its metalloproteinase domain. The study contributes to a better understanding of the structures and functions of cobra venom P-III class metalloproteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products, Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Qing-Yu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products, Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Xin-Jie Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products, Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products, Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Fan-Yu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products, Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Qian-Yun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products, Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, China.
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Wachtel E, Bittenbinder MA, van de Velde B, Slagboom J, de Monts de Savasse A, Alonso LL, Casewell NR, Vonk FJ, Kool J. Application of an Extracellular Matrix-Mimicking Fluorescent Polymer for the Detection of Proteolytic Venom Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040294. [PMID: 37104232 PMCID: PMC10143632 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxicity caused by snake venoms is a serious medical problem that greatly contributes to the morbidity observed in snakebite patients. The cytotoxic components found in snake venoms belong to a variety of toxin classes and may cause cytotoxic effects by targeting a range of molecular structures, including cellular membranes, the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the cytoskeleton. Here, we present a high-throughput assay (384-well plate) that monitors ECM degradation by snake venom toxins via the application of fluorescent versions of model ECM substrates, specifically gelatin and collagen type I. Both crude venoms and fractionated toxins of a selection of medically relevant viperid and elapid species, separated via size-exclusion chromatography, were studied using the self-quenching, fluorescently labelled ECM-polymer substrates. The viperid venoms showed significantly higher proteolytic degradation when compared to elapid venoms, although the venoms with higher snake venom metalloproteinase content did not necessarily exhibit stronger substrate degradation than those with a lower one. Gelatin was generally more readily cleaved than collagen type I. In the viperid venoms, which were subjected to fractionation by SEC, two (B. jararaca and C. rhodostoma, respectively) or three (E. ocellatus) active proteases were identified. Therefore, the assay allows the study of proteolytic activity towards the ECM in vitro for crude and fractionated venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Wachtel
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matyas A Bittenbinder
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bas van de Velde
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Slagboom
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Axel de Monts de Savasse
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luis L Alonso
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Freek J Vonk
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Resiere D, Mehdaoui H, Neviere R. Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Snakebite Envenomation: A Brief Descriptive Review and Clinical Implications. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110802. [PMID: 36422976 PMCID: PMC9694585 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is a pathological condition which may occur in response to the injection of venom. Snake venoms contain a complex mixture of biologically active molecules which are responsible for a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from local tissue injuries to fatal complications. Snake venom administration commonly provokes local tissue injury often associated with systemic effects, including neurotoxic and cardiotoxic manifestations, bleeding, acute kidney injury, and rhabdomyolysis. An important spectrum of pathogenesis of snake envenomation is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can directly provoke tissue damage and also potentiate the deleterious consequences of inflammation at the bite site. Snake venom components known to induce oxidative stress include phospholipases A2, metalloproteinases, three-finger toxins, and L-amino acid oxidase. Clear evidence is mounting suggesting that inflammation and oxidative stress participate in the destructive effects of envenoming, including acute renal failure, tissue necrosis, and unusual susceptibility to bleed (hemorrhage), mostly due to hypocoagulability, neuro/cardio toxicity, and myonecrosis. Impaired regulation of oxidative stress may also set the stage for secondary/long-term complications of snakebite envenomation such as musculoskeletal disabilities. Some aspects of natural antioxidant therapeutic options are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabor Resiere
- Cardiovascular Research Team EA7525, University of the French West Indies, 97157 Fort de France, France
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Toxicology and Emergency, CHU Martinique, University Hospital of Martinique, 97200 Fort de France, France
| | - Hossein Mehdaoui
- Cardiovascular Research Team EA7525, University of the French West Indies, 97157 Fort de France, France
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Toxicology and Emergency, CHU Martinique, University Hospital of Martinique, 97200 Fort de France, France
| | - Remi Neviere
- Cardiovascular Research Team EA7525, University of the French West Indies, 97157 Fort de France, France
- Correspondence:
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Cloning of Metalloproteinase 17 Genes from Oriental Giant Jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae). Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080519. [PMID: 36006181 PMCID: PMC9414644 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that Nemopilema nomurai jellyfish venom metalloproteinases (JVMPs) play a key role in the toxicities induced by N. nomurai venom (NnV), including dermotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and lethality. In this study, we identified two full-length JVMP cDNA and genomic DNA sequences: JVMP17-1 and JVMP17-2. The full-length cDNA of JVMP17-1 and 17-2 contains 1614 and 1578 nucleotides (nt) that encode 536 and 525 amino acids, respectively. Putative peptidoglycan (PG) binding, zinc-dependent metalloproteinase, and hemopexin domains were identified. BLAST analysis of JVMP17-1 showed 42, 41, 37, and 37% identity with Hydra vulgaris, Acropora digitifera, Megachile rotundata, and Apis mellifera venom metalloproteinases, respectively. JVMP17-2 shared 38 and 36% identity with H. vulgaris and A. digitifera, respectively. Alignment results of JVMP17-1 and 17-2 with other metalloproteinases suggest that the PG domain, the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-binding surfaces, active sites, and metal (ion)-binding sites are highly conserved. The present study reports the gene cloning of metalloproteinase enzymes from jellyfish species for the first time. We hope these results can expand our knowledge of metalloproteinase components and their roles in the pathogenesis of jellyfish envenomation.
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Nascimento A, Zychar BC, Pessôa R, Duarte AJDS, Clissa PB, Sanabani SS. Altered RNome expression in Murine Gastrocnemius Muscle following Exposure to Jararhagin, a Metalloproteinase from Bothrops jararaca Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070472. [PMID: 35878210 PMCID: PMC9321239 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Small RNAs (sRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous noncoding single-stranded RNAs that regulate gene expression in eukaryotes. Experiments in mice and humans have revealed that a typical small RNA can affect the expression of a wide range of genes, implying that small RNAs function as global regulators. Here, we used small RNA deep sequencing to investigate how jararhagin, a metalloproteinase toxin produced from the venom of Bothrops jararaca, affected mmu-miRNAs expression in mice 2 hours (Jar 2hrs) and 24 hours (Jar 24hrs) after injection compared to PBS control. The findings revealed that seven mmu-miRNAs were substantially differentially expressed (p value (p (Corr) cut-off 0.05, fold change ≥ 2) at 2 hrs after jararhagin exposure and that the majority of them were upregulated when compared to PBS. In contrast to these findings, a comparison of Jar 24hrs vs. PBS 24hrs demonstrated that the majority of identified mmu-miRNAs were downregulated. Furthermore, the studies demonstrated that mmu-miRNAs can target the expression of several genes involved in the MAPK signaling pathway. The steady antithetical regulation of mmu-miRNAs may correlate with the expression of genes that trigger apoptosis via MAPK in the early stages, and this effect intensifies with time. The findings expand our understanding of the effects of jararhagin on local tissue lesions at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrezza Nascimento
- Post-Graduation Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil; (A.N.); (R.P.)
| | | | - Rodrigo Pessôa
- Post-Graduation Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil; (A.N.); (R.P.)
| | - Alberto José da Silva Duarte
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiency, Department of Dermatology LIM 56, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil;
| | - Patricia Bianca Clissa
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (P.B.C.); (S.S.S.); Tel.:+55-11-2627-9777 (P.B.C.); +55-11-3061-7194 (ext. 218) (S.S.S.)
| | - Sabri Saeed Sanabani
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiency, Department of Dermatology LIM 56, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation 03 (LIM03), Clinics Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: (P.B.C.); (S.S.S.); Tel.:+55-11-2627-9777 (P.B.C.); +55-11-3061-7194 (ext. 218) (S.S.S.)
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Sachetto ATA, Miyamoto JG, Tashima AK, de Souza AO, Santoro ML. The Bioflavonoids Rutin and Rutin Succinate Neutralize the Toxins of B. jararaca Venom and Inhibit its Lethality. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:828269. [PMID: 35264963 PMCID: PMC8899467 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.828269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The venom of the Brazilian pit viper Bothrops jararaca (BjV) is a complex mixture of molecules, and snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMP) and serine proteinases (SVSP) are the most abundant protein families found therein. Toxins present in BjV trigger most of the deleterious disturbances in hemostasis observed in snakebites, i.e., thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia and bleedings. The treatment of patients bitten by snakes still poses challenges and the bioflavonoid rutin has already been shown to improve hemostasis in an experimental model of snakebite envenomation. However, rutin is poorly soluble in water; in this study, it was succinylated to generate its water-soluble form, rutin succinate (RS), which was analyzed comparatively regarding the chemical structure and characteristic features of rutin. Biological activities of rutin and RS were compared on hemostatic parameters, and against toxic activities of crude BjV in vitro. In vivo, C57BL/6 mice were injected i.p. with either BjV alone or pre-incubated with rutin, RS or 1,10-phenanthroline (o-phe, an SVMP inhibitor), and the survival rates and hemostatic parameters were analyzed 48 h after envenomation. RS showed the characteristic activities described for rutin - i.e., antioxidant and inhibitor of protein disulfide isomerase - but also prolonged the clotting time of fibrinogen and plasma in vitro. Differently from rutin, RS inhibited typical proteolytic activities of SVMP, as well as the coagulant activity of BjV. Importantly, both rutin and RS completely abrogated the lethal activity of BjV, in the same degree as o-phe. BjV induced hemorrhages, falls in RBC counts, thrombocytopenia and hypofibrinogenemia in mice. Rutin and RS also improved the recovery of platelet counts and fibrinogen levels, and the development of hemorrhages was totally blocked in mice injected with BjV incubated with RS. In conclusion, RS has anticoagulant properties and is a novel SVMP inhibitor. Rutin and RS showed different mechanisms of action on hemostasis. Only RS inhibited directly BjV biological activities, even though both flavonoids neutralized B. jararaca toxicity in vivo. Our results showed clearly that rutin and RS show a great potential to be used as therapeutic compounds for snakebite envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Teresa Azevedo Sachetto
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Institute Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jackson Gabriel Miyamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Keiji Tashima
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Olívia de Souza
- Laboratory of Development and Innovation, Institute Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Larami Santoro
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Institute Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Schwarz MGA, Antunes D, Brêda GC, Valente RH, Freire DMG. Revisiting Jatropha curcas Monomeric Esterase: A Dienelactone Hydrolase Compatible with the Electrostatic Catapult Model. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1486. [PMID: 34680119 PMCID: PMC8533429 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Jatropha curcas contains seeds with a high oil content, suitable for biodiesel production. After oil extraction, the remaining mass can be a rich source of enzymes. However, data from the literature describing physicochemical characteristics for a monomeric esterase from the J. curcas seed did not fit the electrostatic catapult model for esterases/lipases. We decided to reevaluate this J. curcas esterase and extend its characterization to check this apparent discrepancy and gain insights into the enzyme's potential as a biocatalyst. After anion exchange chromatography and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, we identified the enzyme as belonging to the dienelactone hydrolase family, characterized by a cysteine as the nucleophile in the catalytic triad. The enzyme displayed a basic optimum hydrolysis pH of 9.0 and an acidic pI range, in contrast to literature data, making it well in line with the electrostatic catapult model. Furthermore, the enzyme showed low hydrolysis activity in an organic solvent-containing medium (isopropanol, acetonitrile, and ethanol), which reverted when recovering in an aqueous reaction mixture. This enzyme can be a valuable tool for hydrolysis reactions of short-chain esters, useful for pharmaceutical intermediates synthesis, due to both its high hydrolytic rate in basic pH and its stability in an organic solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Gustavo Araujo Schwarz
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040900, Brazil;
| | - Deborah Antunes
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040900, Brazil;
| | - Gabriela Coelho Brêda
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular e Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941909, Brazil;
| | - Richard Hemmi Valente
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040900, Brazil;
| | - Denise Maria Guimarães Freire
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Microbiana, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941909, Brazil;
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10
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Ferraz CR, Carvalho TT, Fattori V, Saraiva-Santos T, Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Borghi SM, Manchope MF, Zaninelli TH, Cunha TM, Casagrande R, Clissa PB, Verri WA. Jararhagin, a snake venom metalloproteinase, induces mechanical hyperalgesia in mice with the neuroinflammatory contribution of spinal cord microglia and astrocytes. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 179:610-619. [PMID: 33662422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Jararhagin is a hyperalgesic metalloproteinase from Bothrops jararaca venom. In rodents, jararhagin induces nociceptive behaviors that correlate with an increase in peripheral cytokine levels. However, the role of the spinal cord glia in pain processing after peripheral stimulus of jararhagin has not been investigated. Aiming to explore this proposal, mice received intraplantar (i.pl.) injection of jararhagin and the following parameters were evaluated: hyperalgesia, spinal cord TNF-α, IL-1β levels, and CX3CR1, GFAP and p-NFκB activation. The effects of intrathecal (i.t.) injection of TNF-α soluble receptor (etanercept), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and inhibitors of NFκB (PDTC), microglia (minocycline) and astrocytes (α-aminoadipate) were investigated. Jararhagin inoculation induced cytokine production (TNF-α and IL-1β) in the spinal cord, which was reduced by treatment with PDTC (40% and 50%, respectively). Jararhagin mechanical hyperalgesia and cytokine production were inhibited by treatment with etanercept (67%), IL-1Ra (60%), PDTC (70%), minocycline (60%) and α-aminoadipate (45%). Furthermore, jararhagin induced an increase in p-NFκB, CX3CR1 and GFAP detection in the spinal cord indicating activation of NFκB, microglia and astrocytes. These results demonstrate for the first time that jararhagin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia is dependent on spinal cord activation of glial cells, consequent NFκB activation, and cytokine production in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila R Ferraz
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thacyana T Carvalho
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Victor Fattori
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Telma Saraiva-Santos
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Felipe A Pinho-Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sergio M Borghi
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Center for Research in Health Sciences, University of Northern Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marília F Manchope
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Tiago H Zaninelli
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rubia Casagrande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Patricia B Clissa
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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11
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Sun QY, Wang CE, Li YN, Bao J. Inhibition of platelet aggregation and blood coagulation by a P-III class metalloproteinase purified from Naja atra venom. Toxicon 2020; 187:223-231. [PMID: 32971099 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are an important component in viperid and crotalid venoms, and these SVMPs play important and versatile roles in the pathogenesis of snakebite envenoming. The SVMPs from elapid venoms are not well elucidated compared with those from viperid and crotalid venoms. Atrase B is a nonhemorrhagic P-III SVMP purified from the Naja atra venom, which possesses a weak fibrinogenolytic activity. In this paper, the activity and mechanism of atrase B against platelet aggregation and blood coagulation were investigated. The in vitro assay showed that atrase B remarkably inhibited ristocetin- and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation by cleavage of the platelet membrane glycoprotein Ib, and the coagulation of normal human plasma, which may be caused by inhibiting coagulation factor VIII predominantly. When atrase B was intravenously injected into rats at doses of 0.05 and 0.30 mg/kg, the activated partial thromboplastin and the thrombin times were significantly prolonged in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, the fibrinogen level decreased, but only a high dose of atrase B showed remarkable activity against platelet aggregation. Results suggested that anticoagulation was a more important function of atrase B compared with its activity against platelet aggregation. These results indicated that atrase B may play an important role in the anticoagulant properties of Naja atra venom. In addition, atrase B may be a potent anticoagulant agent because its effectiveness in vivo against platelet aggregation and blood coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products, Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, China.
| | - Cai-E Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products, Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products, Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Juan Bao
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products, Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, China
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12
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Pulido-Méndez MM, Azuaje E, Rodríguez-Acosta A. Immunotoxicological effects triggered by the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus cumanensis, mapanare ( Bothrops colombiensis) venoms and its purified fractions on spleen and lymph nodes cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2020; 42:484-492. [PMID: 32806962 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2020.1810272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The snakes in Venezuela vary in their different venom composition amid the species. In this sense, studies have been carried out elucidating mechanisms related to their immunostimulatory and/or immunosuppressive effects in vitro, measuring inhibition or stimulation on the mice spleen and lymph nodes lymphocytes under the rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus cumanensis) (Cdc) and mapanare (Bothrops colombiensis) crude venoms actions, and also its purified fraction crotoxin (CTX) (Cdc) and a semi-purified fraction (SPF) (Bc) activities. Material and methods: The stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation was carried out in the presence or absence of Concanavalin A (ConA) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Results: The lymphocyte response was measured by the Alamar Blue® (Resazurin) assay, observing that the Crotalus crude venom increased basal proliferation in the spleen and lymph nodes, being also increased with ConA and LPS. CTX slightly decreased the proliferative response in the presence of mitogens. Both Bc venom and its SPF fraction had no significant effect on basal proliferation in the spleen and lymph nodes, but a decrease in the response with ConA was observed. These results suggest that CTX has an inhibitory action on lymphocyte proliferation, while Cdc crude venom has a stimulatory action on T and B cell populations. Bothrops colombiensis venom had no effect on these two types of cell populations. As it is known, lymphocytes are cells of enormous flexibility and can operate in diverse aspects, warranting that the correct immune response persists controlled. Conclusions: These results suggested that these different toxins can modulate lymphocyte functional activation toward an inhibitory or stimulatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M Pulido-Méndez
- Laboratory of Immunology, Experimental Medicine Institute, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
| | - Elvia Azuaje
- Laboratory of Immunology, Experimental Medicine Institute, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
| | - Alexis Rodríguez-Acosta
- Immunochemistry and Ultrastructural Laboratory, Anatomical Institute, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
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13
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Olaoba OT, Karina dos Santos P, Selistre-de-Araujo HS, Ferreira de Souza DH. Snake Venom Metalloproteinases (SVMPs): A structure-function update. Toxicon X 2020; 7:100052. [PMID: 32776002 PMCID: PMC7399193 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2020.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) represent a diverse group of multi-domain proteins with several biological activities such as the ability to induce hemorrhage, proteolytic degradation of fibrinogen and fibrin, induction of apoptosis and inhibition of platelet aggregation. Due to these activities, SVMPs are responsible for many of the well-known pathological phenotypes in snake envenomations caused particularly by species from the Viperidae family and the Crotalinae subfamily. These proteins have been classified based on their size and domain structure into P–I, P-II and P-III classes. Comparatively, members of the P–I SVMPs possess the simplest structures, formed by the catalytic metalloproteinase domain only; the P-II SVMPs are moderately more complex, having the canonical disintegrin domain in addition to the metalloproteinase domain; members of the P-III class are more structurally varied, comprising the metalloproteinase, disintegrin-like, and cysteine-rich domains. Proteolytic cleavage, repeated domain loss and presence of other ancillary domains are responsible for structural diversities in the P-III class. However, studies continue to unveil the relationship between the structure and function of these proteins. In this review, we recovered evidences from literature on the structural peculiarities and functional classification of Snake Venom Metalloproteinases. In addition, we reflect on diversities that exist among each class while taking into account specific and up-to-date class-based activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olamide Tosin Olaoba
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patty Karina dos Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Dulce Helena Ferreira de Souza
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Corresponding author.
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14
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Albuquerque PLMM, Paiva JHHGL, Martins AMC, Meneses GC, da Silva GB, Buckley N, Daher EDF. Clinical assessment and pathophysiology of Bothrops venom-related acute kidney injury: a scoping review. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20190076. [PMID: 32704246 PMCID: PMC7359628 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bothrops are one of the most common medically important snakes found in Latin America. Its venom is predominantly hemotoxic and proteolytic, which means that local lesion (edema and redness) and hemorrhagic symptoms are recurrent in envenoming by this snake. Although hemorrhage is usually the major cause of death, snakebite-related acute kidney injury is another potentially fatal clinical complication that may lead to chronic kidney disease. The present review highlights the main studies on Bothrops venom-related acute kidney injury, including observational, cross-sectional, case-control and cohort human studies available up to December 2019. The following descriptors were used according to Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): on Medline/Pubmed and Google Scholar "acute kidney injury" or "kidney disease" and "Bothrops"; on Lilacs and SciELO "kidney disease" or "acute kidney injury" and "Bothrops". Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale was used to appraise the quality of the cross-sectional and cohort studies included. The selection of more severe patients who looked for health care units and tertiary centers is a risk of bias. Due to the methodological heterogeneity of the studies, a critical analysis of the results was performed based on the hypothesis that the design of the included studies influences the incidence of acute kidney injury. Fifteen human studies (total participants 4624) were included according to stablished criteria. The coagulation abnormalities (hemorrhagic symptoms, abnormal fibrinogen and activated partial thromboplastin time) were associated with acute kidney injury in the most recent studies reported. The findings observed in this review provide up-to-date evidence about the acute kidney injury pathogenesis following Bothrops syndrome. Studies pointed out that coagulation abnormalities comprise the major pathway for acute kidney injury development. This review may improve patient management by primary healthcare providers, allowing earlier diagnosis and treatment of Bothrops venom-related acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polianna Lemos Moura Moreira Albuquerque
- University of Fortaleza (Unifor), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Toxicological Information and Assistance Center, Instituto Doutor Jose Frota Hospital, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Alice Maria Costa Martins
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Geraldo Bezerra da Silva
- Public Health and Medical Sciences Graduate Programs, School of Medicine, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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15
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Bastos VA, Gomes-Neto F, Rocha SLG, Teixeira-Ferreira A, Perales J, Neves-Ferreira AGC, Valente RH. The interaction between the natural metalloendopeptidase inhibitor BJ46a and its target toxin jararhagin analyzed by structural mass spectrometry and molecular modeling. J Proteomics 2020; 221:103761. [PMID: 32247172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming affects millions of people worldwide, being officially considered a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization. The antivenom is effective in neutralizing the systemic effects of envenomation, but local effects are poorly neutralized, often leading to permanent disability. The natural resistance of the South American pit viper Bothrops jararaca to its venom is partly attributed to BJ46a, a natural snake venom metalloendopeptidase inhibitor. Upon complex formation, BJ46a binds non-covalently to the metalloendopeptidase, rendering it unable to exert its proteolytic activity. However, the structural features that govern this interaction are largely unknown. In this work, we applied structural mass spectrometry techniques (cross-linking-MS and hydrogen-deuterium exchange MS) and in silico analyses (molecular modeling, docking, and dynamics simulations) to understand the interaction between BJ46a and jararhagin, a metalloendopeptidase from B. jararaca venom. We explored the distance restraints generated from XL-MS experiments to guide the modeling of BJ46a and jararhagin, as well as the protein-protein docking simulations. HDX-MS data pinpointed regions of protection/deprotection at the interface of the BJ46a-jararhagin complex which, in addition to the molecular dynamics simulation data, reinforced our proposed interaction model. Ultimately, the structural understanding of snake venom metalloendopeptidases inhibition by BJ46a could lead to the rational design of drugs to improve anti-snake venom therapeutics, alleviating the high morbidity rates currently observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane A Bastos
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Francisco Gomes-Neto
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Surza Lucia G Rocha
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Jonas Perales
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Richard H Valente
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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16
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Inflammatory Reaction Induced by Two Metalloproteinases Isolated from Bothrops atrox Venom and by Fragments Generated from the Hydrolysis of Basement Membrane Components. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020096. [PMID: 32024243 PMCID: PMC7076977 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) play an important role in local tissue damage of snakebite patients, mostly by hydrolysis of basement membrane (BM) components. We evaluated the proinflammatory activity of SVMPs Atroxlysin-Ia (ATXL) and Batroxrhagin (BATXH) from Bothrops atrox venom and their hydrolysis products of Matrigel. BALB/c mice were injected with SVMPs (2 μg), for assessment of paw edema and peritoneal leukocyte accumulation. Both SVMPs induced edema, representing an increase of ~70% of the paw size. Leukocyte infiltrates reached levels of 6 × 106 with ATXL and 5 × 106 with BATXH. TNF-α was identified in the supernatant of BATXH—or venom-stimulated MPAC cells. Incubation of Matrigel with the SVMPs generated fragments, including peptides from Laminin, identified by LC–MS/MS. The Matrigel hydrolysis peptides caused edema that increased 30% the paw size and promoted leukocyte accumulation (4–5 × 106) to the peritoneal cavity, significantly higher than Matrigel control peptides 1 and 4 h after injection. Our findings suggest that ATXL and BATXH are involved in the inflammatory reaction observed in B. atrox envenomings by direct action on inflammatory cells or by releasing proinflammatory peptides from BM proteins that may amplify the direct action of SVMPs through activation of endogenous signaling pathways.
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17
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Leukocyte recruitment induced by snake venom metalloproteinases: Role of the catalytic domain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:402-407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Rodríguez-Abarca S, Corrales G, Chacón D, Guevara M, Esquivel C, Arroyo C, Gómez A. Morphological alterations caused by manual venom extraction on the main venom gland of Bothrops asper and Crotalus simus snakes (Serpentes: Viperidae): Long-term implications for antivenom production. Toxicon 2019; 172:23-32. [PMID: 31689424 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.10.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The only scientifically validated treatment for snakebite envenomation is the administration of antivenoms. For their production, small quantities of snake venom are injected in animals to elicit a specific antibody response. Snakes are kept in captivity, and their venom is regularly extracted to assure antivenom access. It has already been reported that the pressure exerted upon the venom gland during this extraction can cause tissue damage and fibrosis, leading to a decrease in the venom yield. We described the histopathology of venom glands for B. asper and C. simus snakes used for antivenom production. Based on these reported tissue abnormalities, we quantify the tissue injury by a generated damage-SCORE and fibrosis. A variety of histopathological damages were found such as fibrosis, edema, necrosis, hemorrhage, and formation of anomalous structures, especially in C. simus, which is more prone to suffer severe damage. The level and severity of the damage depend on the frequency and the number of venom extractions. Furthermore, we design an experimental intensive venom extraction scheme with which we could confirm the causality of these effects. In addition to the histopathological damages, the LD50 and biochemical venom composition were also affected giving experimental evidence that the venom extraction not only causes tissue damage but also affects the composition stability and toxicity of the venom. In order to produce quality and effective antivenoms, an improvement of the management of snake collections could be established, such as rotation groups to assure the quality of the venom yielded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Rodríguez-Abarca
- Serpentario, Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Apto: 11501-2060, Costa Rica; Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Apto: 86-3000, Costa Rica.
| | - Greivin Corrales
- Serpentario, Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Apto: 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Danilo Chacón
- Serpentario, Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Apto: 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Maricruz Guevara
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Técnica Nacional, Alajuela, Costa Rica.
| | - Carolina Esquivel
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratoria de Biología Tropical, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional, Apto: 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica.
| | - Cynthia Arroyo
- Departamento de Análisis Clínicos, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Apto: 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Aarón Gómez
- Serpentario, Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Apto: 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
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19
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Lopes-de-Souza L, Costal-Oliveira F, Stransky S, Fonseca de Freitas C, Guerra-Duarte C, Braga VMM, Chávez-Olórtegui C. Development of a cell-based in vitro assay as a possible alternative for determining bothropic antivenom potency. Toxicon 2019; 170:68-76. [PMID: 31494208 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accidents with venomous snakes are a major health hazard in tropical countries. Bothrops genus is responsible for almost 80% of snakebites in Brazil. Immunotherapy is the only approved specific treatment against snake toxins and the production of therapeutic antivenoms requires quality control tests to determine their neutralizing potency. Currently, these controls are performed by in vivo lethality neutralization, however, the inhibition of particular events produced by bothropic venoms such as coagulopathy, hemorrhage, edema or cytotoxic effects are also required. The aim of this work is to develop an in vitro alternative assay for antivenom pre-clinical evaluation. In this sense, we designed a cell viability assay using different amounts (0.2-10 μL/well) of low and high potency anti-bothropic sera, previously classified by the traditional in vivo test, for assessing the antivenom capacity to protect the cells against B. jararaca venom cytotoxicity (5xEC50 = 58.95 μg/mL). We found that high potency sera are more effective in neutralizing B. jararaca venom cytotoxicity when compared to low potency sera, which is in accordance to their pre-determined in vivo potency. Considering sera in vitro inhibitory concentration able to prevent 50% cell death (IC50) and their known in vivo potency, a cut-off point was determined to discriminate low and high potency sera. Our data provide insights for the development of an in vitro method which can determine the anti-bothropic antivenom potency during its production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Lopes-de-Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Costal-Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Stephanie Stransky
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Clara Guerra-Duarte
- Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, 30510-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vania M M Braga
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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20
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Makran B, Fahmi L, Boussada L, Oukkache N, Chgoury F, Benomar H, Ghalim N, Lkhider M. Comparative toxicological characterization of venoms of Cerastes cerastes and Macrovipera mauritanica from Morocco and neutralization by monospecific antivenoms. TOXIN REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2018.1540012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bouchra Makran
- Venoms and Toxins Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Morocco 1, Casablanca, Morocco
- Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Nutrition Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Laila Fahmi
- Venoms and Toxins Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Morocco 1, Casablanca, Morocco
- Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Nutrition Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Lotfi Boussada
- Animal Unity of The Pasteur Institute of Morocco, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Naoual Oukkache
- Venoms and Toxins Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Morocco 1, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Fatima Chgoury
- Venoms and Toxins Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Morocco 1, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Hakima Benomar
- Anathomopathology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur of Morocco 1, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Noreddine Ghalim
- Venoms and Toxins Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Morocco 1, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mustapha Lkhider
- LNPISN, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mohammedia-Hassan II University, Mohammedia, Morocco
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Ferreira BA, Deconte SR, de Moura FBR, Tomiosso TC, Clissa PB, Andrade SP, Araújo FDA. Inflammation, angiogenesis and fibrogenesis are differentially modulated by distinct domains of the snake venom metalloproteinase jararhagin. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:1179-1187. [PMID: 30102981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Jararhagin, a metalloprotease from Bothrops jararaca snake venom, is a toxin containing the metalloproteinase, disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domains; it causes acute inflammation and damage to vascular tissue. However, the actions of these domains on key components of chronic inflammation have not been determined. Our aim was to investigate the effects of jararhagin (Jar), jararhagin-C (Jar-C) and o-phenantrolin-treated jararhagin (Jar-Phe), on inflammatory response, blood vessel formation and extracellular matrix deposition in the murine sponge model. The polyether-polyurethane sponge matrix was implanted into Balb/c mice and injected daily with Jar (400 ng), Jar-Phe (400 ng), Jar-C (200 ng) or saline (control). Nine days after implantation, the sponge discs were removed and processed. In the Jar-treated implants, some of inflammatory markers (N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activity, CCL2 and TNF-α) and TGF-β1 levels were higher compared with the control group. In the Jar-C group, the inflammatory markers myeloperoxidase activity and CXCL1 were higher compared with the control. In this group, VEGF levels and collagen deposition were also higher. Jar-Phe treatment was able to inhibit the activity and/or production of MPO, CXCL1, CCL2 and TGF-β. The differential effects of these proteins in modulating the main components of fibrovascular tissue may be exploited in the management fibroproliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Antonio Ferreira
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Simone Ramos Deconte
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Francyelle Borges Rosa de Moura
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Carla Tomiosso
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Silvia Passos Andrade
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Assis Araújo
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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Estevão-Costa MI, Sanz-Soler R, Johanningmeier B, Eble JA. Snake venom components in medicine: From the symbolic rod of Asclepius to tangible medical research and application. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 104:94-113. [PMID: 30261311 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Both mythologically and logically, snakes have always fascinated man. Snakes have attracted both awe and fear not only because of the elegant movement of their limbless bodies, but also because of the potency of their deadly venoms. Practically, in 2017, the world health organization (WHO) listed snake envenomation as a high priority neglected disease, as snakes inflict up to 2.7 million poisonous bites, around 100.000 casualties, and about three times as many invalidities on man. The venoms of poisonous snakes are a cocktail of potent compounds which specifically and avidly target numerous essential molecules with high efficacy. The individual effects of all venom toxins integrate into lethal dysfunctions of almost any organ system. It is this efficacy and specificity of each venom component, which after analysis of its structure and activity may serve as a potential lead structure for chemical imitation. Such toxin mimetics may help in influencing a specific body function pharmaceutically for the sake of man's health. In this review article, we will give some examples of snake venom components which have spurred the development of novel pharmaceutical compounds. Moreover, we will provide examples where such snake toxin-derived mimetics are in clinical use, trials, or consideration for further pharmaceutical exploitation, especially in the fields of hemostasis, thrombosis, coagulation, and metastasis. Thus, it becomes clear why a snake captured its symbolic place at the Asclepius rod with good reason still nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Inacia Estevão-Costa
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Raquel Sanz-Soler
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Benjamin Johanningmeier
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Insights into the Mechanisms Involved in Strong Hemorrhage and Dermonecrosis Induced by Atroxlysin-Ia, a PI-Class Snake Venom Metalloproteinase. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9080239. [PMID: 28767072 PMCID: PMC5577573 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9080239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhage is the most prominent effect of snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) in human envenomation. The capillary injury is a multifactorial effect caused by hydrolysis of the components of the basement membrane (BM). The PI and PIII classes of SVMPs are abundant in viperid venoms and hydrolyze BM components. However, hemorrhage is associated mostly with PIII-class SVMPs that contain non-catalytic domains responsible for the binding of SVMPs to BM proteins, facilitating enzyme accumulation in the tissue and enhancing its catalytic efficiency. Here we report on Atroxlysin-Ia, a PI-class SVMP that induces hemorrhagic lesions in levels comparable to those induced by Batroxrhagin (PIII-class), and a unique SVMP effect characterized by the rapid onset of dermonecrotic lesions. Atroxlysin-Ia was purified from B. atrox venom, and sequence analyses indicated that it is devoid of non-catalytic domains and unable to bind to BM proteins as collagen IV and laminin in vitro or in vivo. The presence of Atroxlysin-Ia was diffuse in mice skin, and localized mainly in the epidermis with no co-localization with BM components. Nevertheless, the skin lesions induced by Atroxlysin-Ia were comparable to those induced by Batroxrhagin, with induction of leukocyte infiltrates and hemorrhagic areas soon after toxin injection. Detachment of the epidermis was more intense in skin injected with Atroxlysin-Ia. Comparing the catalytic activity of both toxins, Batroxrhagin was more active in the hydrolysis of a peptide substrate while Atroxlysin-Ia hydrolyzed more efficiently fibrin, laminin, collagen IV and nidogen. Thus, the results suggest that Atroxlysin-Ia bypasses the binding step to BM proteins, essential for hemorrhagic lesions induced by PII- and P-III class SVMPs, causing a significantly fast onset of hemorrhage and dermonecrosis, due to its higher proteolytic capacity on BM components.
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Viana LG, Valente RH, Heluany CS, Souza-Imberg A, Luna MS, Perales J, Yamanouye N. Bothrops jararaca venom gland secretory cells in culture: Effects of noradrenaline on toxin production and secretion. Toxicon 2017; 133:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Guimarães DDO, Lopes DS, Azevedo FVPV, Gimenes SNC, Silva MA, Achê DC, Gomes MSR, Vecchi L, Goulart LR, Yoneyama KAG, Rodrigues RS, Rodrigues VDM. In vitro antitumor and antiangiogenic effects of Bothropoidin, a metalloproteinase from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 97:770-777. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bustillo S, Van de Velde AC, Matzner Perfumo V, Gay CC, Leiva LC. Apoptosis induced by a snake venom metalloproteinase from Bothrops alternatus venom in C2C12 muscle cells. Apoptosis 2017; 22:491-501. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-017-1350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gutiérrez JM, Escalante T, Rucavado A, Herrera C, Fox JW. A Comprehensive View of the Structural and Functional Alterations of Extracellular Matrix by Snake Venom Metalloproteinases (SVMPs): Novel Perspectives on the Pathophysiology of Envenoming. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8100304. [PMID: 27782073 PMCID: PMC5086664 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8100304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) affect the extracellular matrix (ECM) in multiple and complex ways. Previously, the combination of various methodological platforms, including electron microscopy, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot, has allowed a partial understanding of such complex pathology. In recent years, the proteomics analysis of exudates collected in the vicinity of tissues affected by SVMPs has provided novel and exciting information on SVMP-induced ECM alterations. The presence of fragments of an array of ECM proteins, including those of the basement membrane, has revealed a complex pathological scenario caused by the direct action of SVMPs. In addition, the time-course analysis of these changes has underscored that degradation of some fibrillar collagens is likely to depend on the action of endogenous proteinases, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), synthesized as a consequence of the inflammatory process. The action of SVMPs on the ECM also results in the release of ECM-derived biologically-active peptides that exert diverse actions in the tissue, some of which might be associated with reparative events or with further tissue damage. The study of the effects of SVMP on the ECM is an open field of research which may bring a renewed understanding of snake venom-induced pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Teresa Escalante
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Cristina Herrera
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Jay W Fox
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22959, USA.
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Peichoto ME, Santoro ML. Patagonfibrase modifies protein expression of tissue factor and protein disulfide isomerase in rat skin. Toxicon 2016; 119:330-5. [PMID: 27390042 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Patagonfibrase is a hemorrhagic metalloproteinase isolated from the venom of the South American rear-fanged snake Philodryas patagoniensis, and is an important contributor to local lesions inflicted by this species. The tissue factor (TF)-factor VIIa complex, besides triggering the coagulation cascade, has been demonstrated to be involved in inflammatory events. Our aim was to determine whether patagonfibrase affects the expression of TF and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), an enzyme that controls TF biological activity, at the site of patagonfibrase injection, and thus if they may play a role in hemostatic and inflammatory events induced by snake venoms. Patagonfibrase (60 μg/kg) was administered s.c. to rats, and after 3 h blood was collected to evaluate hemostasis parameters, and skin fragments close to the site of injection were taken to assess TF and PDI expression. Patagonfibrase did not alter blood cell counts, plasma fibrinogen levels, or levels of TF activity in plasma. However, by semiquantitative Western blotting, patagonfibrase increased TF expression by 2-fold, and decreased PDI expression by 3-fold in skin samples. In agreement, by immunohistochemical analyses, prominent TF expression was observed in the subcutaneous tissue. Thus, patagonfibrase affects the local expression of TF and PDI without inducing any systemic hemostatic disturbance, although that they may be involved in the local inflammatory events induced by hemorrhagic metalloproteinases. Once antivenom therapy is not totally effective to treat the local injury induced by snake venoms, modulation of the activity and expression of TF and/or PDI might become a strategy for treating snake envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elisa Peichoto
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Neuquén y Jujuy s/n, 3370 Puerto Iguazú, Argentina.
| | - Marcelo Larami Santoro
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Franco ATB, Silva LMG, Costa MS, Zamuner SF, Vieira RP, de Fatima Pereira Teixeira C, Zamuner SR. Effect of photobiomodulation on endothelial cell exposed to Bothrops jararaca venom. Lasers Med Sci 2016; 31:1017-25. [PMID: 27147074 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-1941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Distal M domain of cobra ADAM-like metalloproteinase mediates the binding of positively charged cysteine-rich domain to αvβ3 integrin in the suppression of cell migration. Toxicon 2016; 118:1-12. [PMID: 27090013 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously identified two new P-III type ADAM-like snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), i.e., atragin and kaouthiagin-like, from Taiwan cobra venom and determined their 3D structures with a distinct C- and I-shaped metalloproteinase/disintegrin-like/cysteine-rich (MDC) modular architecture. Herein, we investigated their functional targets to elucidate the role of cobra SVMPs in perturbing wound healing in snakebite victims. We showed that the non-RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) C-shaped SVMP atragin binds about ten-fold stronger than the RGD-containing I-shaped SVMP kaouthiagin-like to αvβ3 integrin in the surface-immobilized form. Atragin binds to αvβ3 integrin through a novel interaction mode involving distal M and C domains via the RRN sequence motif in the hyper variable loop. In a cell adhesion assay, the adhesion of fibroblasts to atragin was mediated by αvβ3 integrin. Furthermore, atragin inhibited wound healing and suppressed cell migration in a αvβ3 integrin-dependent manner. These results, together with our previous demonstration of non-cytotoxic cobra CTX A5 in targeting αvβ3 integrin, suggest that cobra venom consists of several non-RGD toxins with integrin-binding specificity that could perturb wound healing in snakebite victims.
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31
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Chanda C, Sarkar A, Chakrabarty D. Thrombolytic protein from cobra venom with anti-adhesive properties. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 590:20-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ferraz CR, Calixto-Campos C, Manchope MF, Casagrande R, Clissa PB, Baldo C, Verri WA. Jararhagin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia depends on TNF-α, IL-1β and NFκB in mice. Toxicon 2015; 103:119-28. [PMID: 26140746 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Jararhagin is a hemorrhagic metalloprotease from Bothrops jararaca snake venom. The hyperalgesic mechanisms of jararhagin were investigated focusing on the role of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) and the transcription factor NFκB. Intraplantar administration of jararhagin (1, 10, 100 and 1000 ng/paw) induced mechanical hyperalgesia, and increased TNF-α levels at 1, 3 and 5 h, and IL-1β levels at 0.5, 1 and 3 h after its injection in the paw tissue. Pre-treatment with morphine (2, 6, 12 μg/paw) inhibited jararhagin-induced mechanical hyperagesia. The systemic or local pre-treatment with etanercept (10 mg/kg and 100 μg/paw) and IL-1ra (30 mg/kg and 100 pg/paw) inhibited jararhagin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia. Co-administration of jararhagin (0.1 ng/paw) and TNF-α (0.1 pg/paw) or jararhagin (0.1 ng/paw) and IL-1β (1 pg/paw) enhanced the mechanical hyperalgesia. The systemic or local pre-treatment with PDTC (NFκB inhibitor; 100 mg/kg and 100 μg/paw) inhibited jararhagin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia as well as PDTC decreased the jararhagin-induced production of TNF-α and IL-1β. Thus, these data demonstrate the involvement of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β and nuclear transcription factor NFκB in jararhagin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia indicating that targeting these mechanisms might contribute to reduce the pain induced by B. jararaca snake venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila R Ferraz
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid KM380 PR445, CEP 86057-970, Cx Postal 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Cássia Calixto-Campos
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid KM380 PR445, CEP 86057-970, Cx Postal 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Marília F Manchope
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid KM380 PR445, CEP 86057-970, Cx Postal 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Rubia Casagrande
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Avenida Robert Koch, 60, CEP 86039-440, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia B Clissa
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Secretaria de Saúde, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, CEP 05503-900, Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Cristiani Baldo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biotecnologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid KM380 PR445, CEP 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid KM380 PR445, CEP 86057-970, Cx Postal 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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33
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The transcriptome recipe for the venom cocktail of Tityus bahiensis scorpion. Toxicon 2015; 95:52-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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34
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Achê DC, Gomes MSR, de Souza DLN, Silva MA, Brandeburgo MIH, Yoneyama KAG, Rodrigues RS, Borges MH, Lopes DS, Rodrigues VDM. Biochemical properties of a new PI SVMP from Bothrops pauloensis: Inhibition of cell adhesion and angiogenesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 72:445-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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35
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Oguiura N, Kapronezai J, Ribeiro T, Rocha M, Medeiros C, Marcelino J, Prezoto B. An alternative micromethod to access the procoagulant activity of Bothrops jararaca venom and the efficacy of antivenom. Toxicon 2014; 90:148-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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36
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Gomes MSR, Naves de Souza DL, Guimarães DO, Lopes DS, Mamede CCN, Gimenes SNC, Achê DC, Rodrigues RS, Yoneyama KAG, Borges MH, de Oliveira F, Rodrigues VM. Biochemical and functional characterization of Bothropoidin: the first haemorrhagic metalloproteinase from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom. J Biochem 2014; 157:137-49. [PMID: 25261583 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvu058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the biochemical and functional characterization of Bothropoidin, the first haemorrhagic metalloproteinase isolated from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom. This protein was purified after three chromatographic steps on cation exchange CM-Sepharose fast flow, size-exclusion column Sephacryl S-300 and anion exchange Capto Q. Bothropoidin was homogeneous by SDS-PAGE under reducing and non-reducing conditions, and comprised a single chain of 49,558 Da according to MALDI TOF analysis. The protein presented an isoelectric point of 3.76, and the sequence of six fragments obtained by MS (MALDI TOF\TOF) showed a significant score when compared with other PIII Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). Bothropoidin showed proteolytic activity on azocasein, Aα-chain of fibrinogen, fibrin, collagen and fibronectin. The enzyme was stable at pH 6-9 and at lower temperatures when assayed on azocasein. Moreover, its activity was inhibited by EDTA, 1.10-phenanthroline and β-mercaptoethanol. Bothropoidin induced haemorrhage [minimum haemorrhagic dose (MHD) = 0.75 µg], inhibited platelet aggregation induced by collagen and ADP, and interfered with viability and cell adhesion when incubated with endothelial cells in a dose and time-dependent manner. Our results showed that Bothropoidin is a haemorrhagic metalloproteinase that can play an important role in the toxicity of B. pauloensis envenomation and might be used as a tool for studying the effects of SVMPs on haemostatic disorders and tumour metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Sérgio R Gomes
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Dayane L Naves de Souza
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Denise O Guimarães
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Daiana S Lopes
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Carla C N Mamede
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Sarah Natalie C Gimenes
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - David C Achê
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Renata S Rodrigues
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Kelly A G Yoneyama
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Márcia H Borges
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Fábio de Oliveira
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Veridiana M Rodrigues
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
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Setúbal SS, Pontes AS, Furtado JL, Xavier CV, Silva FL, Kayano AM, Izidoro LFM, Soares AM, Calderon LA, Stábeli RG, Zuliani JP. Action of two phospholipases A2 purified from Bothrops alternatus snake venom on macrophages. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 78:194-203. [PMID: 23581990 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro effects of BaltTX-I, a catalytically inactive Lys49 variant of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), and BaltTX-II, an Asp49 catalytically active PLA2 isolated from Bothrops alternatus snake venom, on thioglycollate-elicited macrophages (TG-macrophages) were investigated. At non-cytotoxic concentrations, the secretory PLA2 BaltTX-I but not BaltTX-II stimulated complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis. Pharmacological treatment of TG-macrophages with staurosporine, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, showed that this kinase is involved in the increase of serum-opsonized zymosan phagocytosis induced by BaltTX-I but not BaltTX-II secretory PLA2, suggesting that PKC may be involved in the stimulatory effect of this toxin in serum-opsonized zymosan phagocytosis. Moreover, BaltTX-I and -II induced superoxide production by TG-macrophages. This superoxide production stimulated by both PLA2s was abolished after treatment of cells with staurosporine, indicating that PKC is an important signaling pathway for the production of this radical. Our experiments showed that, at non-cytotoxic concentrations, BaltTX-I may upregulate phagocytosis via complement receptors, and that both toxins upregulated the respiratory burst in TG-macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Setúbal
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biotecnologia e Laboratório de Cultivo Celular e Anticorpos Monoclonais, Instituto de Pesquisas em Patologias Tropicais, Porto Velho, Rondônia, CEP 76812-245, Brazil.
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38
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Viperid venom glands with defective venom production. Morphological study. Toxicon 2013; 70:32-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Profiling the venom gland transcriptome of Tetramorium bicarinatum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): The first transcriptome analysis of an ant species. Toxicon 2013; 70:70-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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40
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Opossums (Mammalia: Didelphidae) in the diets of Neotropical pitvipers (Serpentes: Crotalinae): Evidence for alternative coevolutionary outcomes? Toxicon 2013; 66:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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