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Riet-Correa F, Machado M, Micheloud JF. Plants causing poisoning outbreaks of livestock in South America: A review. Toxicon X 2023; 17:100150. [PMID: 36747993 PMCID: PMC9898795 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2023.100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews toxic plants for livestock in South America. We included 219 plants in this review, considering only the plants that caused at least one demonstrated outbreak of poisoning. Plants reported as toxic in other regions and present in South America, but with no confirmed outbreaks of poisoning in this region, are not included. We report the main aspects of the epidemiology, clinical signs, pathology and economical importance of the poisonings. Initially, the toxic plants are described based on their toxic compounds, but because the toxic compound is unknown in 92 (42%) of the plants we also classify them according to the affected system. This review highlights the great diversity of toxic plants capable of affecting livestock in South America, and for this reason studies in this regard should be intensified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Riet-Correa
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science in the Tropics, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Corresponding author.
| | - Mizael Machado
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Plataforma de Salud Animal, Estación Experimental del Norte, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - Juan F. Micheloud
- Área de Salud Animal-Instituto de Investigación Animal Chaco Semiárido (Sede Salta), Centro de Investigaciones Pecuarias/ Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad Católica de Salta, Salta, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
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Freitas MS, Pereira AHB, Pereira GO, Menezes IS, Lucena AR, Almeida CRF, Pereira EG, Santos LA, Tozin LRS, Alves FM, Macedo AL, Silva DB, Ubiali DG. Acetogenin-induced fibrotic heart disease from avocado (Persea americana, Lauraceae) poisoning in horses. Toxicon 2022; 219:106921. [PMID: 36122667 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Poisoning by avocado (Persea americana) has been confirmed in sheep, goats, dogs, rabbits and ostriches. The clinical signs and lesions are attributed to the acetogenin, persin. Little is known regarding the epidemiology, clinical signs, lesions and therapy caused by acetogenin-induced heart damage. During the two-year study, we investigated a horse farm with six horses that often fed themselves with P. americana leaves or mature fruit pulp and skin on the ground. Two horses died, and one underwent necropsy, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry using the anti-cardiac troponin C (cTnC). Grossly and histopathologically, there was severe cardiac fibroplasia. Immunohistochemically, there was a multifocal decrease or negative expression in the cTnC cardiomyocytes' cytoplasm. Persea americana leaves were confirmed in the alimentary tract using botanical anatomy and molecular techniques. The chemical investigation by (LC-ESI-MS) revealed the presence of the acetogenins, persin and avocadene 1-acetate from P. americana. Persin was present in leaves and fruits (seed and pulp), while avocadene 1-acetate was found in leaves and fruits (seed, peel, and pulp) with a higher concentration in the pulp. Four other horses have been examined by electrocardiogram, echocardiogram and serum Troponin 1 (cTnI). To establish a causal effect of consumption of P. Americana and heart fibroplasia in horses, long-time experiments must be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina S Freitas
- Anatomical Pathology Sector (SAP), Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRuralRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Asheley H B Pereira
- Anatomical Pathology Sector (SAP), Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRuralRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriela O Pereira
- Anatomical Pathology Sector (SAP), Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRuralRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Islaine S Menezes
- Anatomical Pathology Sector (SAP), Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRuralRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Alessandra R Lucena
- Clincardio Veterinary Cardiology, Américas Avenue 7700, 121 Shopping Barra Mall, Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, 22793081, Brazil
| | - Carolina R F Almeida
- Brazilian Jockey Club, Praça Santos Dumont, 31, Gávea, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz R S Tozin
- Plant Anatomy Research Laboratory (LaPAV), Department of Botany, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences (ICBS), UFRuralRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flávio M Alves
- Botany Laboratory / Herbarium (CGMS) Institute of Biosciences (INBIO), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Brazil
| | - Arthur L Macedo
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Mass Spectrometry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition (FACFAN), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Denise B Silva
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Mass Spectrometry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition (FACFAN), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Daniel G Ubiali
- Anatomical Pathology Sector (SAP), Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRuralRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil.
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Darby S, Sanchez LC, Mallicote MF, House AM, Plummer CE, Nadruz V, Benmoha RH, Roberts SM, Derendorf H, Silva-Sanchez C, Claire J, MacKay RJ. Plasma l-indospicine and 3-nitropropionic acid in ponies fed creeping indigo: Comparison with results from an episode of presumptive creeping indigo toxicosis. Equine Vet J 2020; 54:145-152. [PMID: 33369767 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Creeping indigo (Indigofera spicata) toxicosis is an emerging problem among horses in Florida and bordering states. OBJECTIVES To quantify the putative toxins l-indospicine (IND) and 3-nitropropionic acid (NPA) in creeping indigo collected from multiple sites and to measure plasma toxin concentrations in ponies fed creeping indigo and horses with presumptive creeping indigo toxicosis. STUDY DESIGN Experimental descriptive study with descriptive observational field investigation. METHODS Air-dried creeping indigo was assayed for IND and NPA content. Five ponies were fed chopped creeping indigo containing 1 mg/kg/day of IND and trace amounts of NPA for 5 days, then observed for 28 days. Blood samples from these ponies and from horses involved in a presumptive creeping indigo toxicosis were assayed for IND and NPA. RESULTS IND in creeping indigo plants was 0.4-3.5 mg/g dry matter whereas NPA was <0.01 to 0.03 mg/g. During creeping indigo feeding, clinical and laboratory signs were unchanged except for significant weight loss (median 6%, range 2%-9%; p = .04) and significant increase from baseline plasma protein concentration (median 16 g/L, range 8-25 g/L; p < .001). These changes could not definitively be ascribed to creeping indigo ingestion. Plasma IND rose to 3.9 ± 0.52 mg/L on day 6. Pharmacokinetic modelling indicated an elimination half-life of 25 days and a steady state plasma concentration of 22 mg/L. Plasma IND concentration in sick horses during an incident of creeping indigo toxicosis was approximately twice that of clinically normal pasture mates. Plasma NPA was <0.05 mg/L in all samples. MAIN LIMITATIONS Creeping indigo used in the feeding trial may not be representative of plants involved in creeping indigo toxicosis. There was no control group without creeping indigo in the feeding trial. CONCLUSIONS Indospicine can be detected in blood of horses consuming creeping indigo and the toxin accumulates in tissues and clears slowly. The role of NPA in the neurological signs of this syndrome is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Darby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - L Chris Sanchez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Martha F Mallicote
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Amanda M House
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Caryn E Plummer
- Departments of Small and Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Veridiana Nadruz
- Kansas State University Veterinary Health Center, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Rachel H Benmoha
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Stephen M Roberts
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hartmut Derendorf
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cecilia Silva-Sanchez
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jami Claire
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert J MacKay
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Fletcher MT, Reichmann KG, Ossedryver SM, McKenzie RA, Carter PD, Blaney BJ. Accumulation and depletion of indospicine in calves (Bos taurus) fed creeping indigo (Indigofera spicata). ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged consumption of Indigofera pasture plants can cause both hepatotoxicosis and reproductive losses in grazing animals with the responsible toxin indospicine forming persistent tissue residues. Separate accumulation and depletion feeding trials were undertaken in calves fed Indigofera spicata (3 mg indospicine/kg bodyweight) to ascertain the appearance and elimination of indospicine from various tissues. In the accumulation trial indospicine concentrations increased throughout the 42-day feeding period with maximum levels of 15 mg/L in plasma and 19 and 33 mg/kg in liver and muscle, respectively. In the depletion trial, calves were fed I. spicata for 35 days, after which the plant was withdrawn from the diet. The rate of elimination was relatively slow with estimates of half-life being 31, 25 and 20 days for muscle, liver and plasma, respectively. Indospicine levels measured in bovine tissues in this trial are comparable with levels in horsemeat and camel meat reported to cause fatal hepatoxicity in dogs, a species known to be susceptible to this toxin. The persistence of indospicine residues in bovine tissues and the widespread distribution of Indigofera species in tropical and sub-tropical grazing lands warrant further investigation, as indospicine has been established as causing reproductive losses and likely contributes to calf losses in these regions.
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Riet-Correa F, Medeiros RM, Pfister JA, Mendonça FS. Toxic plants affecting the nervous system of ruminants and horses in Brazil. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017001200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: This review updates information about neurotoxic plants affecting ruminants and equidae in Brazil. Currently in the country, there are at least 131 toxic plants belonging to 79 genera. Thirty one of these poisonous plants affect the nervous system. Swainsonine-containing plants (Ipomoea spp., Turbina cordata and Sida carpinifolia) cause numerous outbreaks of poisoning, mainly in goats, but cattle and horses are occasionally affected. The poisoning by Ipomoea asarifolia, a tremorgenic plant, is very common in sheep, goats and cattle in the Northeastern region and in the Marajo island. Poisoning by the pods of Prosopis juliflora are frequent in cattle in Northeastern Brazil; occasionally this poisoning affects goats and more rarely sheep. Some poisonings by plants, such as Hybanthus calceolaria, Ipomoea marcellia and Talisia esculenta in ruminants and Indigofera lespedezioides in horses were recently described and needs to be accurately investigated about its occurrence and importance. Other plants poisonings causing nervous signs in ruminants and equidae are less important, but should be considered for the differential diagnosis of neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Riet-Correa
- National Institute for Agriculture Research, Uruguay; Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Brazil
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