1
|
Arruda RS, Jacinavicius FR, Noyma NP, Drummond E, Barreto DA, da Silva LHS, Huszar VL, Pinto E, Lürling M, Marinho MM. Cyanopeptides occurrence and diversity in a Brazilian tropical reservoir: Exploring relationships with water quality. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 351:124051. [PMID: 38688388 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are a class of toxic secondary metabolites produced by some cyanobacteria strains that endanger aquatic and terrestrial organisms in various freshwater systems. Although patterns in MC occurrence are being recognized, divergences in the global data still hamper our ability to predict the toxicity of cyanobacterial blooms. This study aimed (i) to determine the dynamics of MCs and other cyanopeptides in a tropical reservoir, (ii) to investigate the correlation between peptides and potential cyanotoxin producers (iii) identifying the possible abiotic factors that influence the peptides. We analyzed, monthly, eight MC variants (MC-RR, -LA, -LF, -LR, -LW, -YR, [D-Asp3]-RR and [D-Asp3]-LR) and other peptides in 47 water samples collected monthly, all season long, from two sampling sites in a tropical eutrophic freshwater reservoir, in southeastern Brazil. The cyanopeptides were assessed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The biomass of potential cyanobacterial producers and water quality variables were measured. MCs were detected in both sampling sites year-round; the total MC concentration varied from 0.21 to 4.04 μg L-1, and three MC variants were identified and quantified (MC-RR, [D-Asp3]-RR, -LR). Additionally, we identified 28 compounds belonging to three other cyanopeptide classes: aeruginosin, microginin, and cyanopeptolin. As potential MC producers, Microcystis spp. and Dolichospermum circinalis were dominant during the study, representing up to 75% of the total phytoplankton. Correlational and redundancy analysis suggested positive effects of dissolved oxygen, nitrate, and total phosphorus on MC and microginins concentration, while water temperature appeared to favor aeruginosins. A comparison between our results and historical data showed a reduction in total phosphorus and cyanobacteria, suggesting increased water quality in the reservoir. However, the current MC concentrations indicate a rise in cyanobacterial toxicity over the last eight years. Moreover, our study underscores the pressing need to explore cyanopeptides other than MCs in tropical aquatic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renan Silva Arruda
- Laboratory of Ecology and Physiology of Phytoplankton, Department of Plant Biology, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rua São Francisco Xavier 524-PHLC Sala 511a, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Rios Jacinavicius
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580 - Bloco 17, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Natália Pessoa Noyma
- Laboratory of Ecology and Physiology of Phytoplankton, Department of Plant Biology, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rua São Francisco Xavier 524-PHLC Sala 511a, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900, Brazil
| | - Erick Drummond
- Laboratory of Ecology and Physiology of Phytoplankton, Department of Plant Biology, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rua São Francisco Xavier 524-PHLC Sala 511a, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900, Brazil
| | - Davi Almeida Barreto
- Laboratory of Phycology, National Museum, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, CEP, 20940-040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Helena Sampaio da Silva
- Laboratory of Phycology, National Museum, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, CEP, 20940-040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Huszar
- Laboratory of Phycology, National Museum, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, CEP, 20940-040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ernani Pinto
- Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, São Dimas, Piracicaba, SP, 13416-000, Brazil
| | - Miquel Lürling
- Aquatic Ecology & Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700, AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcelo Manzi Marinho
- Laboratory of Ecology and Physiology of Phytoplankton, Department of Plant Biology, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rua São Francisco Xavier 524-PHLC Sala 511a, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang T, Xu D, Chang X, MacIsaac HJ, Li J, Xu J, Zhang J, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Xu R. Can a shift in dominant species of Microcystis alter growth and reproduction of waterfleas? HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 136:102657. [PMID: 38876528 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The bloom-forming species Microcystis wesenbergii and M. aeruginosa occur in many lakes globally, and may exhibit alternating blooms both spatially and temporally. As environmental changes increase, cyanobacteria bloom in more and more lakes and are often dominated by M. wesenbergii. The adverse impact of M. aeruginosa on co-existing organisms including zooplanktonic species has been well-studied, whereas studies of M. wesenbergii are limited. To compare effects of these two species on zooplankton, we explored effects of exudates from different strains of microcystin-producing M. aeruginosa (Ma905 and Ma526) and non-microcystin-producing M. wesenbergii (Mw908 and Mw929), on reproduction by the model zooplankter Daphnia magna in both chronic and acute exposure experiments. Specifically, we tested physiological, biochemical, molecular and transcriptomic characteristics of D. magna exposed to Microcystis exudates. We observed that body length and egg and offspring number of the daphnid increased in all treatments. Among the four strains tested, Ma526 enhanced the size of the first brood, as well as total egg and offspring number. Microcystis exudates stimulated expression of specific genes that induced ecdysone, juvenile hormone, triacylglycerol and vitellogenin biosynthesis, which, in turn, enhanced egg and offspring production of D. magna. Even though all strains of Microcystis affected growth and reproduction, large numbers of downregulated genes involving many essential pathways indicated that the Ma905 strain might contemporaneously induce damage in D. magna. Our study highlights the necessity of including M. wesenbergii into the ecological risk evaluation of cyanobacteria blooms, and emphasizes that consequences to zooplankton may not be clear-cut when assessments are based upon production of microcystins alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; Ningbo Yonghuanyuan Environmental Engineering and Technology CO., LTD, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Daochun Xu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xuexiu Chang
- Yunnan Collaborative Innovation Center for Plateau Lake Ecology and Environmental Health, College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China; Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Hugh J MacIsaac
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Jingjing Li
- Yunnan Collaborative Innovation Center for Plateau Lake Ecology and Environmental Health, College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- The Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Station of DEEY in Kunming, Kunming 650228, China
| | - Runbing Xu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Adekolurejo OA, Floyd M, Dunn AM, Kay P, Dean AP, Hassall C. Combined effects of increased water temperature and cyanobacterial compounds exert heterogeneous effects on survival and ecological processes in key freshwater species. Oecologia 2022; 200:515-528. [PMID: 36342526 PMCID: PMC9675649 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is increasing water temperature and intensifying the incidence of cyanobacterial blooms worldwide. However, the combined effects of increased temperature and microcystin concentrations as co-stressors on survival and ecological processes in freshwater species are unclear. Here, using purified MC-LR and crude extract of toxigenic Microcystis aeruginosa, we tested the individual and combined effects of three water temperatures (15, 20, 25 °C) and a range of environmentally relevant concentrations of dissolved microcystin and crude extract (0.01-10 µg·L-1) on survival, growth inhibition, grazing and predation rates in three freshwater species: phytoplankton (Scenedesmus quadricauda), zooplankton (Daphnia pulex), and an invertebrate predator (Ischnura elegans). Purified MC-LR exerted a higher growth inhibitory effect on S. quadricauda compared to crude extract with the same concentration of MC-LR, while neither treatment affected its chlorophyll-a content or survival of D. pulex. Crude extract reduced grazing and survival of D. pulex and I. elegans, respectively. The combined effect of higher temperature and crude extract reduced I. elegans survival by 50%. Increased temperature reduced prey handing time in I. elegans by 49%, suggesting a higher predation rate. However, warming together with higher concentrations of crude extract jointly increased zooplankton grazing and reduced damselfly predation. Taken together, these results suggest crude extract, and not necessarily microcystin, can affect survival and productivity in freshwater species, although these effects may vary unevenly across trophic levels. Our findings highlight the importance of complex ecological mechanisms by which warming can exacerbate toxic effects of cyanobacterial bloom extracts on survival and functions among species in eutrophic freshwaters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oloyede A Adekolurejo
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Matthew Floyd
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Alison M Dunn
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Paul Kay
- School of Geography, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrew P Dean
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Christopher Hassall
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Davidović PG, Blagojević DJ, Lazić GG, Simeunović JB. Gene expression changes in Daphnia magna following waterborne exposure to cyanobacterial strains from the genus Nostoc. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 115:102232. [PMID: 35623688 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria can produce highly potent cyanotoxins, however, limited information is provided about their toxicity mechanisms in exposed aquatic invertebrates at the molecular level. In the present study, the effects of cyanobacterial strains from the genus Nostoc (Nostoc Z1 and Nostoc 2S3B) in Daphnia magna after waterborne exposure were investigated. Examined endpoints included immobilization (survival) in acute toxicity tests and selected gene expression changes (cyp314, cyp360A8, gst, p-gp, vtg) analyzed by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to determine whether the observed changes could be due to the presence of microcystins, the most widespread group of cyanotoxins. The results of acute toxicity tests have shown only minor changes in survival rates, which have not exceeded 20% after 48 h of exposure to either strain. On the other hand, significant changes were recorded in molecular responses of Daphnia to tested strains. Treatment with the aquatic strain Nostoc Z1 altered the expression levels of all analyzed genes. Both strains caused a significant p-glycoprotein (p-gp) induction at 75 µg ml-1 which suggests the involvement of p-gp mediated multixenobiotic resistance mechanism (MXR) in facilitating excretion of toxic cyanobacterial compounds in daphnids. Additionally, these strains caused an increase in the expression levels of cyp360A8, indicating that genes related to detoxification processes could be sensitive indicators of cyanobacterial toxicity. Statistically significant induction of cyp314, as well as increases in expression of gst and vtg, were observed only after exposure to Nostoc Z1. This study indicates the potential of certain cyanobacterial metabolites to modify the expression of toxicant responsive genes involved in phase I and phase III of the xenobiotic metabolism, as well as possible interference with growth and reproduction in D. magna. Low microcystin concentrations found in both samples suggest that these cyanotoxins were not responsible for the detected toxic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petar G Davidović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad 21000, Republic of Serbia
| | - Dajana J Blagojević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad 21000, Republic of Serbia
| | - Gospava G Lazić
- Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Rumenački put 20, Novi Sad 21000, Republic of Serbia
| | - Jelica B Simeunović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad 21000, Republic of Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim DS, Jang K, Kim WS, Ryu M, Park JH, Kim YJ. Crystal Structure of H227A Mutant of Arginine Kinase in Daphnia magna Suggests the Importance of Its Stability. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030884. [PMID: 35164149 PMCID: PMC8839106 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arginine kinase (AK) plays a crucial role in the survival of Daphnia magna, a water flea and a common planktonic invertebrate sensitive to water pollution, owing to the production of bioenergy. AK from D. magna (DmAK) has four highly conserved histidine residues, namely, H90, H227, H284, and H315 in the amino acid sequence. In contrast to DmAK WT (wild type), the enzyme activity of the H227A mutant decreases by 18%. To identify the structure-function relationship of this H227A mutant enzyme, the crystal 3D X-ray structure has been determined and an unfolding assay using anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) fluorescence has been undertaken. The results revealed that when compared to the DmAK WT, the hydrogen bonding between H227 and A135 was broken in the H227A crystal structure. This suggests that H227 residue, closed to the arginine binding site, plays an important role in maintaining the structural stability and maximizing the enzyme activity through hydrogen bonding with the backbone oxygen of A135.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da Som Kim
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental & Bioresources Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (D.S.K.); (W.S.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Kiyoung Jang
- Department of Lifestyle Medicine, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea;
| | - Wan Seo Kim
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental & Bioresources Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (D.S.K.); (W.S.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Moonhee Ryu
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental & Bioresources Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (D.S.K.); (W.S.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Jung Hee Park
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental & Bioresources Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (D.S.K.); (W.S.K.); (M.R.)
- Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental & Bioresources Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.H.P.); (Y.J.K.)
| | - Yong Ju Kim
- Department of Lifestyle Medicine, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea;
- Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental & Bioresources Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
- Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.H.P.); (Y.J.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nam G, Mohamed MM, Jung J. Novel treatment of Microcystis aeruginosa using chitosan-modified nanobubbles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118458. [PMID: 34740739 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we treated harmful Microcystis aeruginosa cyanobacteria using chitosan-modified nanobubbles. The chitosan-modified nanobubbles (255 ± 19 nm) presented a positive zeta potential (15.36 ± 1.17 mV) and generated significantly (p < 0.05) more hydroxyl radicals than the negatively charged nanobubbles (-20.68 ± 1.11 mV). Therefore, the interaction between the positively charged chitosan-modified nanobubbles and negatively charged M. aeruginosa (-34.81 ± 1.79 mV) was favored. The chitosan-modified nanobubble treatment (2.20 × 108 particles mL-1) inactivated 73.16% ± 2.23% of M. aeruginosa (2.00 × 106 cells mL-1) for 24 h without causing significant cell lysis (≤0.25%) and completely inhibited the acute toxicity of M. aeruginosa toward Daphnia magna. The inactivation was correlated (r2 = 0.97) with the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in M. aeruginosa. These findings indicated that the hydroxyl radicals generated by the chitosan-modified nanobubbles disrupted cell membrane integrity and enhanced oxidative stress (ROS formation), thereby inactivating M. aeruginosa. Moreover, the penetration of the chitosan-modified nanobubbles and cell alterations in M. aeruginosa were visually confirmed. Our results suggested that the chitosan-modified nanobubble treatment is an eco-friendly method for controlling harmful algae. However, further studies are required for expanding its practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gwiwoong Nam
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohamed M Mohamed
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates; National Water Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jinho Jung
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pawlik-Skowrońska B, Bownik A. Synergistic toxicity of some cyanobacterial oligopeptides to physiological activities of Daphnia magna (Crustacea). Toxicon 2021; 206:74-84. [PMID: 34942216 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Anabaenopeptins and microcystins are oligopeptides produced by bloom-forming cyanobacteria. We determined in vivo effects of anabaenopeptin-B (AN-B) and two variants of microcystins of different hydrophobicity (MC-LR and MC-LF) on the physiology of Daphnia magna. Heart rate, thoracic limb activity and post-abdominal claw activity were determined by digital video analysis and oxygen consumption by Oxygraph + system. EC50 calculation and isobole methodology for interactive effects of AN-B and MC-LR mixture were used. Daphnids' responses to all three oligopeptides were concentration- and time-dependent. MC-LF was the most potent inhibitor of heart rate, thoracic limb activity, post-abdominal claw activity and oxygen consumption. AN-B was more toxic than MC-LR toward oxygen consumption; it inhibited the movements of limbs and post-abdominal claw similarly to MC-LR, but did not inhibit heart rate. The strongest toxic effects were induced by the binary mixture of AN-B with MC-LR at the sum concentration equal to the concentration of the single compounds. First time direct synergistic toxic effects of the cyanopeptides on all the physiological parameters were found. The obtained results explain stronger disturbances in aquatic organisms caused by cyanobacterial cell contents than the individual cyanopeptides present even at higher concentrations. Other metabolites and their interactions need further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pawlik-Skowrońska
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Adam Bownik
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Immunotoxic Effects Induced by Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100711. [PMID: 34679003 PMCID: PMC8540411 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanotoxin occurrence is gaining importance due to anthropogenic activities, climate change and eutrophication. Among them, Microcystins (MCs) and Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) are the most frequently studied due to their ubiquity and toxicity. Although MCs are primary classified as hepatotoxins and CYN as a cytotoxin, they have been shown to induce deleterious effects in a wide range of organs. However, their effects on the immune system are as yet scarcely investigated. Thus, to know the impact of cyanotoxins on the immune system, due to its importance in organisms’ homeostasis, is considered of interest. A review of the scientific literature dealing with the immunotoxicity of MCs and CYN has been performed, and both in vitro and in vivo studies have been considered. Results have confirmed the scarcity of reports on the topic, particularly for CYN. Decreased cell viability, apoptosis or altered functions of immune cells, and changed levels and mRNA expression of cytokines are among the most common effects reported. Underlying mechanisms, however, are still not yet fully elucidated. Further research is needed in order to have a full picture of cyanotoxin immunotoxicity.
Collapse
|
9
|
Blagojević D, Babić O, Kaišarević S, Stanić B, Mihajlović V, Davidović P, Marić P, Smital T, Simeunović J. Evaluation of cyanobacterial toxicity using different biotests and protein phosphatase inhibition assay. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:49220-49231. [PMID: 33932210 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are prolific producers of numerous toxic compounds, among which microcystins (hepatotoxins) are the most frequently found. Cyanobacterial bloom in freshwaters is an increasing problem, and there is still a need for rapid and reliable methods for the detection of toxic cyanobacterial samples. In the present study, the toxicity of crude extracts of 11 cyanobacterial strains from different genera has been assessed on two cell lines (human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver-derived RTL-W1 cells), crustaceans (Daphnia magna and Artemia salina), and zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, as well as by protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) inhibition assay and ELISA test to determine whether the toxicity could be due to the presence of hepatotoxins/microcystins. All the tested strains exhibited toxicity on HepG2 cell line (IC50 from 35 to 702 μg mL-1), including Arthrospira (Spirulina) strains, while toxicity against the RTL-W1 cells was detected only in the positive reference Microcystis PCC 7806 and Nostoc 2S9B. Tested strains expressed higher toxicity to D. magna and zebrafish embryos in comparison to A. salina, whereby Nostoc LC1B and Nostoc S8 belonged to the most toxic strains. The PP1-inhibiting compounds have been detected by PP1 assay only in four strains (Microcystis PCC 7806, Oscillatoria K3, Nostoc LC1B, and Nostoc S8), indicating that their toxic potency can be attributed to these compounds. On the other hand, very low levels of microcystins, as confirmed by ELISA, were insufficient to explain toxicity and different toxic potencies of tested cyanobacteria. Results presented in this study suggested HepG2 cell line as a particularly suitable model for cyanobacterial toxicity assessment. In addition, they highlight terrestrial cyanobacterial strains as potent producers of toxic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Blagojević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Olivera Babić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Sonja Kaišarević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Bojana Stanić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Varja Mihajlović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Petar Davidović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Petra Marić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tvrtko Smital
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelica Simeunović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wan X, Cheng C, Gu Y, Shu X, Xie L, Zhao Y. Acute and chronic toxicity of microcystin-LR and phenanthrene alone or in combination to the cladoceran (Daphnia magna). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 220:112405. [PMID: 34130182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous substances, such as microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and phenanthrene (Phe) are ubiquitous co-contaminants in eutrophic freshwaters, which cause harms to aquatic organisms. However, the risks associated with the co-exposure of aquatic biota to these two chemicals in the environment have received little attention. In this study, the single and mixture toxic effects of MC-LR and Phe mixtures were investigated in Daphnia magna after acute and chronic exposure. Acute tests showed that the median effective concentrations (48 h) for MC-LR, Phe and their mixtures were 13.46, 0.57 and 8.84 mg/L, respectively. Mixture toxicity prediction results indicated that the independent action model was more applicable than the concentration addition model. Moreover, combination index method suggested that the mixture toxicity was concentration dependent. Synergism was elicited at low concentrations of MC-LR and Phe exposure (≤4.04 + 0.17 mg/L), whereas antagonistic or additive effects were induced at higher concentrations. The involved mechanism of antagonism was presumably attributable to the protective effects of detoxification genes activated by high concentrations of MC-LR in mixtures. Additionally, chronic results also showed that exposure to a MC-LR and Phe mixture at low concentrations (≤50 +2 μg/L) resulted in greater toxic effects on D. magna life history than either chemical acting alone. The significant inhibition on detoxification genes and increased accumulation of MC-LR could be accounted for their synergistic toxic effects on D. magna. Our findings revealed the exacerbated ecological hazard of MC-LR and Phe at environmental concentrations (≤50 +2 μg/L), and provided new insights to the potential toxic mechanisms of MC-LR and Phe in aquatic animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yurong Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xiubo Shu
- Hangzhou Water Group Co. Ltd., 168 South Jianguo Road, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Liqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Omidi A, Pflugmacher S, Kaplan A, Kim YJ, Esterhuizen M. Reviewing Interspecies Interactions as a Driving Force Affecting the Community Structure in Lakes via Cyanotoxins. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1583. [PMID: 34442662 PMCID: PMC8401979 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The escalating occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms worldwide is a matter of concern. Global warming and eutrophication play a major role in the regularity of cyanobacterial blooms, which has noticeably shifted towards the predomination of toxic populations. Therefore, understanding the effects of cyanobacterial toxins in aquatic ecosystems and their advantages to the producers are of growing interest. In this paper, the current literature is critically reviewed to provide further insights into the ecological contribution of cyanotoxins in the variation of the lake community diversity and structure through interspecies interplay. The most commonly detected and studied cyanobacterial toxins, namely the microcystins, anatoxins, saxitoxins, cylindrospermopsins and β-N-methylamino-L-alanine, and their ecotoxicity on various trophic levels are discussed. This work addresses the environmental characterization of pure toxins, toxin-containing crude extracts and filtrates of single and mixed cultures in interspecies interactions by inducing different physiological and metabolic responses. More data on these interactions under natural conditions and laboratory-based studies using direct co-cultivation approaches will provide more substantial information on the consequences of cyanotoxins in the natural ecosystem. This review is beneficial for understanding cyanotoxin-mediated interspecies interactions, developing bloom mitigation technologies and robustly assessing the hazards posed by toxin-producing cyanobacteria to humans and other organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azam Omidi
- Chair Ecological Impact Research and Ecotoxicology, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Stephan Pflugmacher
- Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources, University of Manitoba, Wallace Bldg., 125 Dysart Rd, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
| | - Aaron Kaplan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel;
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Joint Laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Korean Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST), Campus 7.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
| | - Maranda Esterhuizen
- Joint Laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Korean Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST), Campus 7.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland
- Finland and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Fabianinkatu 33, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schwarzenberger A, Ilić M, Von Elert E. Daphnia populations are similar but not identical in tolerance to different protease inhibitors. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 106:102062. [PMID: 34154785 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms often produce different classes and chemical variants of toxins such as dietary protease inhibitors (PIs) that affect the keystone grazer Daphnia. However, it has been shown that Daphnia populations are able to locally adapt to frequently occurring dietary PIs by modulating their digestive proteases. Up until now, local adaptation has exclusively been tested by making use of single cyanobacterial strains and by measuring average population tolerance. In contrast, we measured juvenile somatic growth rates and egg numbers of several individual clones per each of three different D. magna populations that have previously been found to be either tolerant or sensitive to the Microcystis strain BM25. Clones from the three D. magna populations were either treated with BM25 that produces three different protease inhibitor variants of the class of Ahp-cyclodepsipeptides or another Microcystis strain that produces two other Ahp-cyclodepsipeptide variants. Subsequently, the population growth was calculated as mean of the single-clone growth rates. Both tolerant populations (which originate from ponds with a cyanobacterial history) proved to be similarly tolerant to both Microcystis strains. However, single genotypes of the populations differed in their response to the different strains. Both the tolerant and the sensitive populations contained both sensitive and tolerant genotypes but in different proportions. Furthermore, the genotypes from the sensitive population showed a higher variance in response to one or both strains. Trade-offs between somatic growth rate and clutch size were found in one of the tolerant populations that originated from a pond where cyanobacteria were frequent in the past but completely absent since the pond's restoration. Because of those intra-population difference, we conclude that the tolerant populations were putatively selected by different Ahp-cyclodepsipeptide variants in the past and that all populations still possess the potential to adapt to other environmental conditions by genotype frequency shifts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Schwarzenberger
- University of Konstanz, Limnological Institute, Mainaustraße 252, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Maja Ilić
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, 19 Chlorine Gardens, BT9 5DL Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Von Elert
- University of Cologne, Institute for Zoology, Zülpicherstraße 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Santos AA, Soldatou S, de Magalhães VF, Azevedo SMFO, Camacho-Muñoz D, Lawton LA, Edwards C. Degradation of Multiple Peptides by Microcystin-Degrader Paucibacter toxinivorans (2C20). Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:265. [PMID: 33917728 PMCID: PMC8068134 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since conventional drinking water treatments applied in different countries are inefficient at eliminating potentially toxic cyanobacterial peptides, a number of bacteria have been studied as an alternative to biological filters for the removal of microcystins (MCs). Here, we evaluated the degradation of not only MCs variants (-LR/DM-LR/-RR/-LF/-YR), but also non-MCs peptides (anabaenopeptins A/B, aerucyclamides A/D) by Paucibactertoxinivorans over 7 days. We also evaluated the degradation rate of MC-LR in a peptide mix, with all peptides tested, and in the presence of M. aeruginosa crude extract. Furthermore, biodegradation was assessed for non-cyanobacterial peptides with different chemical structures, such as cyclosporin A, (Glu1)-fibrinopeptide-B, leucine-enkephalin, and oxytocin. When cyanopeptides were individually added, P. toxinivorans degraded them (99%) over 7 days, except for MC-LR and -RR, which decreased by about 85 and 90%, respectively. The degradation rate of MC-LR decreased in the peptide mix compared to an individual compound, however, in the presence of the Microcystis extract, it was degraded considerably faster (3 days). It was noted that biodegradation rates decreased in the mix for all MCs while non-MCs peptides were immediately degraded. UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS allowed us to identify two linear biodegradation products for MC-LR and MC-YR, and one for MC-LF. Furthermore, P. toxinivorans demonstrated complete degradation of non-cyanobacterial peptides, with the exception of oxytocin, where around 50% remained after 7 days. Thus, although P. toxinivorans was previously identified as a MC-degrader, it also degrades a wide range of peptides under a range of conditions, which could be optimized as a potential biological tool for water treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allan A. Santos
- Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 373 Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (V.F.d.M.); (S.M.F.O.A.)
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, The Sir Ian Wood Building, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK; (S.S.); (D.C.-M.); (L.A.L.); (C.E.)
| | - Sylvia Soldatou
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, The Sir Ian Wood Building, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK; (S.S.); (D.C.-M.); (L.A.L.); (C.E.)
| | - Valeria Freitas de Magalhães
- Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 373 Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (V.F.d.M.); (S.M.F.O.A.)
| | - Sandra M. F. O. Azevedo
- Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 373 Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (V.F.d.M.); (S.M.F.O.A.)
| | - Dolores Camacho-Muñoz
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, The Sir Ian Wood Building, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK; (S.S.); (D.C.-M.); (L.A.L.); (C.E.)
| | - Linda A. Lawton
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, The Sir Ian Wood Building, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK; (S.S.); (D.C.-M.); (L.A.L.); (C.E.)
| | - Christine Edwards
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, The Sir Ian Wood Building, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK; (S.S.); (D.C.-M.); (L.A.L.); (C.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bojadzija Savic G, Colinet H, Bormans M, Edwards C, Lawton LA, Briand E, Wiegand C. Cell free Microcystis aeruginosa spent medium affects Daphnia magna survival and stress response. Toxicon 2021; 195:37-47. [PMID: 33716069 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Primary consumers in freshwater ecosystems, such as the zooplankton organism Daphnia magna, are highly affected by cyanobacteria, both as they may use it as a food source but also by cyanobacterial metabolites present in the water. Here, we investigate the impacts of cyanobacterial metabolites focussing on the environmental realistic scenario of the naturally released mixture without crushing cyanobacterial cells or their uptake as food. Therefore, D. magna were exposed to two concentrations of cell free cyanobacterial spent medium from Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 to represent higher and lower ecologically-relevant concentrations of cyanobacterial metabolites. Including microcystin-LR, 11 metabolites have been detected of which 5 were quantified. Hypothesising concentration and time dependent negative impact, survival, gene expression marking digestion and metabolism, oxidative stress response, cell cycle and molting as well as activities of detoxification and antioxidant enzymes were followed for 7 days. D. magna suffered from oxidative stress as both catalase and glutathione S-transferase enzyme activities significantly decreased, suggesting enzyme exhaustibility after 3 and 7 days. Moreover, gene-expressions of the 4 stress markers (glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and thioredoxin) were merely downregulated after 7 days of exposure. Energy allocation (expression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) was increased after 3 days but decreased as well after 7 days exposure. Cell cycle was impacted time dependently but differently by the two concentrations, along with an increasing downregulation of myosin heavy chain responsible for cell arrangement and muscular movements. Deregulation of nuclear hormone receptor genes indicate that D. magna hormonal steering including molting seemed impaired despite no detection of microviridin J in the extracts. As a consequence of all those responses and presumably of more than investigated molecular and physiological changes, D. magna survival was impaired over time, in a concentration dependent manner. Our results confirm that besides microcystin-LR, other secondary metabolites contribute to negative impact on D. magna survival and stress response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hervé Colinet
- UMR ECOBIO, 6553 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France.
| | - Myriam Bormans
- UMR ECOBIO, 6553 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France.
| | - Christine Edwards
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Linda A Lawton
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Enora Briand
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311, Nantes, France.
| | - Claudia Wiegand
- UMR ECOBIO, 6553 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Šrédlová K, Šilhavecká S, Linhartová L, Semerád J, Michalíková K, Pivokonský M, Cajthaml T. The sensitivity of multiple ecotoxicological assays for evaluating Microcystis aeruginosa cellular algal organic matter and contribution of cyanotoxins to the toxicity. Toxicon 2021; 195:69-77. [PMID: 33711366 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites of cyanobacteria and algae released during algal blooms often exhibit toxic effects, but only a small number of the metabolites are the subject of routine analytical screenings. Alternatively, ecotoxicological assays offer a better representation of the overall negative effects. The aim of this work was to compare multiple assays in their sensitivity towards cellular algal organic matter (COM) of the toxin-producing cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Multiple endpoints were investigated: mortality, growth inhibition, bioluminescence inhibition, genotoxicity, endocrine-disrupting effects, oxidative stress, and the induction of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD). Three rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cell lines as well as representatives of bacteria, yeasts, algae, vascular plants, and crustaceans were employed, and the results were expressed per mg of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the COM. M. aeruginosa COM was toxic to the RTgill-W1, RTG-2, and RTL-W1 cell lines (EC50 values ranging from 0.48 ± 0.02 to 1.9 ± 0.1 mgDOC/L), to the crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus (LC50 = 20 ± 1 mgDOC/L), and to Lepidium sativum (IC50 = 241 ± 13 mgDOC/L). In contrast, no effect was observed for bacteria and yeasts, and the growth of the alga Desmodesmus subspicatus was even stimulated. No genotoxicity, endocrine-disrupting effects or increase in oxidative stress or EROD activity was detected. The content of six microcystins (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-LY, MC-LW, and MC-LF), anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin, and nodularin in the M. aeruginosa COM was determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. An artificially prepared mixture of the detected cyanotoxins in the corresponding concentrations did not induce response in the O. mykiss cell lines and T. platyurus, suggesting that other cyanobacterial metabolites are responsible for the toxicity of M. aeruginosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Šrédlová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeská 1083, CZ-142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Šilhavecká
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeská 1083, CZ-142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Linhartová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeská 1083, CZ-142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Semerád
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeská 1083, CZ-142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Michalíková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeská 1083, CZ-142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pivokonský
- Institute of Hydrodynamics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Pod Paťankou 30/5, CZ-166 12, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Cajthaml
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeská 1083, CZ-142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Cyanobacterial and Algal Extracts-Microcystin and Retinoic Acid Content. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020107. [PMID: 33540511 PMCID: PMC7912913 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, it has become evident that complex mixtures of cyanobacterial bioactive substances, simultaneously present in blooms, often exert adverse effects that are different from those of pure cyanotoxins, and awareness has been raised on the importance of studying complex mixtures and chemical interactions. We aimed to investigate cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of complex extracts from laboratory cultures of cyanobacterial species from different orders (Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Aphanizomenon gracile, Microcystis aeruginosa, M. viridis, M. ichtyoblabe, Planktothrix agardhii, Limnothrix redekei) and algae (Desmodesmus quadricauda), and examine possible relationships between the observed effects and toxin and retinoic acid (RA) content in the extracts. The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of the extracts were studied in the human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cell line, using the MTT assay, and the comet and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (cytome) assays, respectively. Liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) was used to detect toxins (microcystins (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR) and cylindrospermopsin) and RAs (ATRA and 9cis-RA) in the extracts. Six out of eight extracts were cytotoxic (0.04–2 mgDM/mL), and five induced DNA strand breaks at non-cytotoxic concentrations (0.2–2 mgDM/mL). The extracts with genotoxic activity also had the highest content of RAs and there was a linear association between RA content and genotoxicity, indicating their possible involvement; however further research is needed to identify and confirm the compounds involved and to elucidate possible genotoxic effects of RAs.
Collapse
|
17
|
Lei L, Huang H, Peng L, Yang Y, Xiao L, Han BP. Life-history responses of Daphnia sinensis simultaneously exposed to Microcystis aeruginosa and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:771-779. [PMID: 32385599 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many cyanobacterial species co-occur commonly in a freshwater ecosystem and can be consumed simultaneously by zooplankton. Both Microcystis aeruginosa and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii are the dominant species and coexist in eutrophic tropical waters, and they together are assumed to have exert a stronger effect on the life history traits of cladocerans than a single cyanobacterial species. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis with life-history experiments of Daphnia sienesis, a large cladoceran species in tropics. In the experiments, M. aeruginosa and C. raciborskii were used as a mixture of food with Chlorella pyrenoidosa for the experimental animals. D. sienesis showed excellent growth and survival on sole diets of C. pyrenoidosa (CP). By contrast, Daphnia's growth decreased significantly and reproduction was completely inhibited when cyanobacteria comprised 100% of the food offered. The supplementation of C. pyrenoidosa into cyanobacterial diets significantly decreased their harmful effects on Daphnia, who improved the life history traits with the reduction of cyanobacterial percentage in mixed foods, irrespective of cyanobacterial species. Compared with the cultures of D. sienesis fed with a single cyanobacteria species, the animals in the treatments fed both M.aeruginosa-FACHB469 (F469) and C. raciborskii N8 (N8) had a lower growth rate in all the proportion of C. pyrenoidosa (25% CP, 50% CP or 75% CP). The strongest synergistic inhibition by the two cyanobacterial strains was found in the treatments with the 25% CP (i.e., 25% CP + 37.5% F469 + 37.5% N8), and no animal survived to maturity and reproduced. Thus, the simultaneous exposure to the two cyanobacterial species should be taken into account in assessing the ecological risks of cyanobacterial blooms, since multiple cyanobacterial coexistence can result in strong synergistic inhibition on growth and reproduction of zooplankton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lamei Lei
- Department of Ecology and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Haitang Huang
- Department of Ecology and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Ecology and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Ecology and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Xiao
- Department of Ecology and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo-Ping Han
- Department of Ecology and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Micheletto J, de Torres MA, de Paula VDCS, Cerutti VE, Pagioro TA, Cass QB, Martins LRR, de Liz MV, de Freitas AM. The solar photo-Fenton process at neutral pH applied to microcystin-LR degradation: Fe 2+, H 2O 2 and reaction matrix effects. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:1078-1087. [PMID: 32618316 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00050g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins are a group of cyanotoxins with known hepatotoxic effects, and their presence in drinking water represents a public health concern all over the world. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the solar photo-Fenton process at near-neutral pH in the degradation of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) under conditions close to those found in bloom episodes, with a high concentration of cell debris and natural organic matter (NOM). The influence of experimental parameters such as Fe2+ and H2O2 concentrations, reaction matrix, and the presence of scavenger ions, as well as ecotoxicity before and after treatment, was also evaluated. The reaction matrix was obtained from Microcystis aeruginosa cultivated in ASM-1 medium (ACE1 and ACE2 extracts). H2O2 and Fe2+ concentrations were optimized by 22 factorial design with the central point in a bench-scale solar reactor, using ACE1 extract, and the improved condition was applied in a compound parabolic collector (CPC) reactor, for the ACE2, natural water (RVW) and natural water with M. aeruginosa crude extract (RVCE). Matrix effect assays indicated that radical scavengers present in the medium were responsible for the decrease in the mineralization rates. The solar photo-Fenton process in the CPC reactor achieved COD (75%) and MC-LR (70%) reduction after 120 min at pH = 7.8, [H2O2]/COD = 3.18 and [H2O2]/[Fe2+] = 10 for the ACE2 sample. When the same conditions were applied to the RVCE sample, the process removed 77% of DOC and up to 99% of MC-LR after 45 min of the reaction. Sinapis alba bioassays showed that there was no increase in ecotoxicity after the solar photo-Fenton treatment. These results demonstrate the potential of the solar photo-Fenton process at neutral pH as an additional step in the treatment of natural matrices contaminated with microcystins. In addition, the work reinforces the importance of bioassays in treatment process monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vânia Eloiza Cerutti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Thomaz Aurélio Pagioro
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Quezia Bezerra Cass
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucia Regina R Martins
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius de Liz
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Riba M, Kiss-Szikszai A, Gonda S, Parizsa P, Deák B, Török P, Valkó O, Felföldi T, Vasas G. Chemotyping of terrestrial Nostoc-like isolates from alkali grassland areas by non-targeted peptide analysis. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
20
|
Shahmohamadloo RS, Poirier DG, Ortiz Almirall X, Bhavsar SP, Sibley PK. Assessing the toxicity of cell-bound microcystins on freshwater pelagic and benthic invertebrates. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 188:109945. [PMID: 31753309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms dominated by Microcystis frequently produce microcystins, a family of toxins capable of inflicting harm to pelagic and benthic freshwater invertebrates. Research on the effect of microcystins on invertebrates is inconclusive; from one perspective, studies suggest invertebrates can coexist in toxic blooms; however, studies have also measured negative food-associated effects from microcystins. To test the latter perspective, we examined the reproduction, growth, and survival of laboratory-cultured Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia magna, and Hexagenia spp. exposed to cell-bound microcystins through a series of life-cycle bioassays. Test organisms were exposed to a concentration gradient ranging from 0.5 μg L-1 to 300 μg L-1 microcystins, which corresponds to values typically found in freshwaters during bloom season. Lethal concentrations in C. dubia (LC50 = 5.53 μg L-1) and D. magna (LC50 = 85.72 μg L-1) exposed to microcystins were among the lowest recorded to date, and reproductive effects were observed at concentrations as low as 2.5 μg L-1. Length of D. magna was significantly impacted in microcystin treatments great than 2.5 μg L-1. No lethality or growth impairments were observed in Hexagenia. This information will improve our understanding of the risks posed by microcystins to food webs in freshwaters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David G Poirier
- Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xavier Ortiz Almirall
- Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Satyendra P Bhavsar
- Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul K Sibley
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Larsen ML, Baulch HM, Schiff SL, Simon DF, Sauvé S, Venkiteswaran JJ. Extreme rainfall drives early onset cyanobacterial bloom. Facets (Ott) 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2020-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of cyanobacteria-dominated harmful algal blooms is strongly associated with nutrient loading and changing climatic patterns. Changes to precipitation frequency and intensity, as predicted by current climate models, are likely to affect bloom development and composition through changes in nutrient fluxes and water column mixing. However, few studies have directly documented the effects of extreme precipitation events on cyanobacterial composition, biomass, and toxin production. We tracked changes in a eutrophic reservoir following an extreme precipitation event, describing an atypically early toxin-producing cyanobacterial bloom and successional progression of the phytoplankton community, toxins, and geochemistry. An increase in bioavailable phosphorus by more than 27-fold in surface waters preceded notable increases in Aphanizomenon flos-aquae throughout the reservoir approximately 2 weeks postevent and ∼5 weeks before blooms typically occur. Anabaenopeptin-A and three microcystin congeners (microcystin-LR, -YR, and -RR) were detected at varying levels across sites during the bloom period, which lasted between 3 and 5 weeks. These findings suggest extreme rainfall can trigger early cyanobacterial bloom initiation, effectively elongating the bloom season period of potential toxicity. However, effects will vary depending on factors including the timing of rainfall and reservoir physical structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan L. Larsen
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Helen M. Baulch
- School of Environment and Sustainability, Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - Sherry L. Schiff
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Dana F. Simon
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Jason J. Venkiteswaran
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xu R, Jiang Y, MacIsaac HJ, Chen L, Li J, Xu J, Wang T, Zi Y, Chang X. Blooming cyanobacteria alter water flea reproduction via exudates of estrogen analogues. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 696:133909. [PMID: 31454606 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria blooms are increasing globally, with further increases predicted in association with climate change. Recently, some cyanobacteria species have been identified as a source of estrogenic effects in aquatic animals. To explore possible estrogenic effects of Microcystis aeruginosa (an often-dominant cyanobacteria species) on zooplankton, we examined effects of cyanobacteria exudates (MaE, 2 × 104 and 4 × 105 cells/ml) on reproduction in Daphnia magna. We analyzed physiological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of exposed Daphnia via both chronic and acute exposures. MaE at both low and high cell density enhanced egg number (15.4% and 23.3%, respectively) and reproduction (37.7% and 52.4%, respectively) in D. magna similar to 10 μg/L estradiol exposure. In addition, both MaE of low and high cell densities increased population growth rate (15.8% and 19.6%, respectively) and reproductive potential (60% and 83%, respectively) of D. magna. These exudates promoted D. magna reproduction by stimulating 17β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) activity and production of ecdysone and juvenile hormone, and by enhancing vitellogenin biosynthesis via up-regulating expression of Vtg1 and Vtg2. However, increased expression (6.6 times higher than controls) of a detoxification gene (CYP360A8) indicated that MaE might also induce toxicity in D. magna. Reproductive interference of zooplankton by blooming cyanobacteria might negatively affect foodwebs because MaE-induced zooplankton population increase would enhance grazing and reduce abundance of edible algae, thereby adding to the list of known disruptive properties of cyanobacterial blooms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runbing Xu
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Yao Jiang
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Hugh J MacIsaac
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - Liqiang Chen
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China.
| | - Jingjing Li
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Yuanyan Zi
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Xuexiu Chang
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pawlik-Skowrońska B, Toporowska M, Mazur-Marzec H. Effects of secondary metabolites produced by different cyanobacterial populations on the freshwater zooplankters Brachionus calyciflorus and Daphnia pulex. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:11793-11804. [PMID: 30815809 PMCID: PMC6476996 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic water bodies are a worldwide problem. Combined effects of mixtures of secondary metabolites produced by different cyanobacterial species on aquatic fauna are still not well recognised. We compared the survivorship of Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas (Rotifera) and Daphnia pulex Leyding (Cladocera) exposed to pure microcystin LR (MC-LR), anatoxin-a (ANTX) and to five extracts obtained from bloom-forming cyanobacteria Microcystis, Planktothrix and Dolichospermum. The obtained results revealed different response of the organisms to high concentrations of pure MC-LR, ANTX and complex cyanobacterial extracts. The extracts' toxicity to invertebrates was higher than that exerted by pure cyanotoxins and was dependent on the composition of cyanobacterial metabolites: Microcystis spp. extract containing anabaenopeptins A and B, aeruginosamide, four variants of cyanopeptolins and five MCs was not toxic to either of the organisms, whereas Planktothrix agardhii extract (I), containing anabaenopeptins A, B, F, 915, oscillamide Y, five different aeruginosins and four variants of MC was more toxic to daphnids than to rotifers. The extracts of another P. agarhdii (II) biomass and two different biomass samples of Dolichospermum spp. also affected survivorship of the rotifer and cladoceran, however, to various extent. It strongly suggests that non-ribosomal oligopeptides, other than MCs, had essential contribution to the observed toxicity to invertebrates and their effects on particular species or populations can vary depending on the secondary metabolite profiles of cyanobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pawlik-Skowrońska
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262 Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Toporowska
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262 Lublin, Poland
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, al. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Janssen EML. Cyanobacterial peptides beyond microcystins - A review on co-occurrence, toxicity, and challenges for risk assessment. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 151:488-499. [PMID: 30641464 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial bloom events that produce natural toxins occur in freshwaters across the globe, yet the potential risk of many cyanobacterial metabolites remains mostly unknown. Only microcystins, one class of cyanopeptides, have been studied intensively and the wealth of evidence regarding exposure concentrations and toxicity led to their inclusion in risk management frameworks for water quality. However, cyanobacteria produce an incredible diversity of hundreds of cyanopeptides beyond the class of microcystins. The question arises, whether the other cyanopeptides are in fact of no human and ecological concern or whether these compounds merely received (too) little attention thus far. Current observations suggest that an assessment of their (eco)toxicological risk is indeed relevant: First, other cyanopeptides, including cyanopeptolins and anabaenopeptins, can occur just as frequently and at similar nanomolar concentrations as microcystins in surface waters. Second, cyanopeptolins, anabaenopeptins, aeruginosins and microginins inhibit proteases in the nanomolar range, in contrast to protein phosphatase inhibition by microcystins. Cyanopeptolins, aeruginosins, and aerucyclamide also show toxicity against grazers in the micromolar range comparable to microcystins. The key challenge for a comprehensive risk assessment of cyanopeptides remains their large structural diversity, lack of reference standards, and high analytical requirements for identification and quantification. One way forward would be a prevalence study to identify the priority candidates of tentatively abundant, persistent, and toxic cyanopeptides to make comprehensive risk assessments more manageable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M-L Janssen
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lari E, Steinkey D, Mohaddes E, Pyle GG. Investigating the chronic effects of oil sands process-affected water on growth and fitness of Daphnia magna Straus 1820. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 595:594-600. [PMID: 28399498 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing amount of stored oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), a primary by-product of oil sands mining, is an environmental concern. In the present study, we investigated the chronic effects of OSPW on growth, reproduction, and macronutrient content in Daphnia magna. To do so, we exposed D. magna to 1 and 10% OSPW (a mixture of three OSPW samples provided by major oil sands mining operators in northern Alberta) for ten days. We measured the number of the neonates produced daily in each group throughout the exposure. At the end of the exposure, we measured the mass and length of the exposed daphniids and neonates. We also measured the carbohydrate, lipid, and protein content of exposed daphniids. In the 10% OSPW group, we observed a significant reduction in all of the measured endpoints except for body length and carbohydrate and protein content of exposed daphniids. In the 1% OSPW group, on the other hand, we found a reduction only in lipid content of exposed daphniids as compared to the control group. The results of the present study demonstrated that chronic exposure to 10% OSPW affects growth and fitness of D. magna, probably due to a reduction in energy intake that causes daphniids to deplete their energy reserves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Lari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Dylan Steinkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Effat Mohaddes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Greg G Pyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Čučak DI, Spasojević JM, Babić OB, Maletić SP, Simeunović JB, Rončević SD, Dalmacija BD, Tamaš I, Radnović DV. A chemical and microbiological characterization and toxicity assessment of the Pančevo industrial complex wastewater canal sediments, Serbia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:8458-8468. [PMID: 28188553 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8513-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The wastewater canal Vojlovica of the Pančevo industrial area, Serbia, is the main collector of the effluents from the local industrial complex. The canal is directly connected to the Europe's second largest river, the Danube. Here, we present a chemical and microbiological analysis of the sediment in order to determine the fate of pollutants over the years, as well as its current condition. Dry matter, clay and organic matter content, a Kjeldahl ammonia, phosphorus, metals, and polychlorinated biphenyls as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations were measured. Microbiological analysis included heterotrophic and oil-degrading bacterial counts, isolation of the phenanthrene-degrading bacteria, and identification of cyanobacteria. Generally, in comparison to the results from previous studies, concentrations of the measured pollutants have been in a decline. Specifically, the metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations were reduced whereas microbial counts and toxicity tests did not indicate significant pollution. The obtained results are probably a consequence of an improved wastewater treatment and microbial degradation of pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dragana I Čučak
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia.
| | - Jelena M Spasojević
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Olivera B Babić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Snežana P Maletić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Jelica B Simeunović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Srđan D Rončević
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Božo D Dalmacija
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Ivica Tamaš
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Dragan V Radnović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sychrová E, Priebojová J, Smutná M, Nováková K, Kohoutek J, Hilscherová K. Characterization of total retinoid-like activity of compounds produced by three common phytoplankton species. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 60:157-166. [PMID: 28073559 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplankton can produce various bioactive metabolites, which may affect other organisms in the aquatic environment. This study provides the first information on the total retinoid-like activity associated with both intracellular and extracellular metabolites produced by selected phytoplankton species that could play a role in teratogenic effects and developmental disruption in exposed organisms. The studied species included a coccoid cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa), a filamentous cyanobacteria (Aphanizomenon gracile) and a green alga (Desmodesmus quadricauda), all of which commonly occur in freshwater bodies in Europe. Methanolic extracts from cellular material and extracellular exudates were prepared from cultures cultivated in two light-intensity variants with five replicates for each species. The retinoid-like activity was evaluated by in vitro assays along with chemical analyses of two potent retinoic acids (all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and 9cis-RA). The mean total retinoid-like activity of metabolites produced by the three studied species representing different phytoplankton taxonomic groups ranged from 705 to 5572ng ATRA equivalent/g dry matter corresponding to 0.064-0.234ng ATRA/106 cells. Retinoid-like activity was found in the cellular extracts of all species, while only the extracellular exudates of cyanobacteria exhibited detectable activity (41-1081ng ATRA/L). The greatest extracellular as well as total (extra- and intra- cellular together) retinoid-like activity was detected for Microcystis aeruginosa. The two potent retinoic acids studied were more frequently detected in cellular extracts than in extracellular exudates of all species. Their contribution to observed in vitro effects was relatively low for all tested samples (<10%), indicating a substantial contribution of other retinoid-like compounds to the overall activity. The results indicate possible influence of light intensity and cell density on the production of metabolites with retinoid-like activity and the cyanotoxin microcystin by the studied species. The recalculation of the results per dry weight, water volume, per 106 cells and biovolume enables a direct comparison of the retinoid-like activity distribution between extracts and exudates and the use of the data for risk assessment in water bodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliška Sychrová
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jana Priebojová
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czechia
| | - Marie Smutná
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Nováková
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jiří Kohoutek
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czechia
| | - Klára Hilscherová
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czechia.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pham TL, Shimizu K, Kanazawa A, Gao Y, Dao TS, Utsumi M. Microcystin accumulation and biochemical responses in the edible clam Corbiculaleana P. exposed to cyanobacterial crude extract. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 44:120-130. [PMID: 27266308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the accumulation and effects of cyanobacterial crude extract (CCE) containing microcystins (MCs) on the edible clam Corbiculaleana P. Toxic effects were evaluated through the activity of antioxidant and detoxification enzymes: catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) from gills, foot, mantle and remaining soft tissues. Clams were exposed to CCE containing 400μg MC-LReq/L for 10days and were then kept in toxin-free water for 5days. Clam accumulated MCs (up to 3.41±0.63μg/g dry weight (DW) of unbound MC and 0.31±0.013μg/g DW of covalently bound MC). Detoxification and antioxidant enzymes in different organs responded differently to CCE during the experiment. The activity of SOD, CAT, and GST in the gills and mantle increased in MC-treated clams. In contrast, CAT and GST activity was significantly inhibited in the foot and mostly only slightly changed in the remaining tissues. The responses of biotransformation, antioxidant enzyme activity to CCE and the fast elimination of MCs during depuration help to explain how the clam can survive for long periods (over a week) during the decay of toxic cyanobacterial blooms in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Luu Pham
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Institute of Tropical Biology, 85 Tran Quoc Toan St., Dist. 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Kazuya Shimizu
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
| | - Ayako Kanazawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yu Gao
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong, University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Thanh-Son Dao
- Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, 268 Ly Thuong Kiet St., Dist. 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Motoo Utsumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li X, Dreher TW, Li R. An overview of diversity, occurrence, genetics and toxin production of bloom-forming Dolichospermum (Anabaena) species. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 54:54-68. [PMID: 28073482 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The new genus name Dolichospermum, for most of the planktonic former members of the genus Anabaena, is one of the most ubiquitous bloom-forming cyanobacterial genera. Its dominance and persistence have increased in recent years, due to eutrophication from anthropogenic activities and global climate change. Blooms of Dolichospermum species, with their production of secondary metabolites that commonly include toxins, present a worldwide threat to environmental and public health. In this review, recent advances of the genus Dolichospermum are summarized, including taxonomy, genetics, bloom occurrence, and production of toxin and taste-and-odor compounds. The recent and continuing acquisition of genome sequences is ushering in new methods for monitoring and understanding the factors regulating bloom dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Theo W Dreher
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Renhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hrouzek P, Kapuścik A, Vacek J, Voráčová K, Paichlová J, Kosina P, Voloshko L, Ventura S, Kopecký J. Cytotoxicity evaluation of large cyanobacterial strain set using selected human and murine in vitro cell models. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 124:177-185. [PMID: 26519817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The production of cytotoxic molecules interfering with mammalian cells is extensively reported in cyanobacteria. These compounds may have a use in pharmacological applications; however, their potential toxicity needs to be considered. We performed cytotoxicity tests of crude cyanobacterial extracts in six cell models in order to address the frequency of cyanobacterial cytotoxicity to human cells and the level of specificity to a particular cell line. A set of more than 100 cyanobacterial crude extracts isolated from soil habitats (mainly genera Nostoc and Tolypothrix) was tested by MTT test for in vitro toxicity on the hepatic and non-hepatic human cell lines HepG2 and HeLa, and three cell systems of rodent origin: Yac-1, Sp-2 and Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts. Furthermore, a subset of the extracts was assessed for cytotoxicity against primary cultures of human hepatocytes as a model for evaluating potential hepatotoxicity. Roughly one third of cyanobacterial extracts caused cytotoxic effects (i.e. viability<75%) on human cell lines. Despite the sensitivity differences, high correlation coefficients among the inhibition values were obtained for particular cell systems. This suggests a prevailing general cytotoxic effect of extracts and their constituents. The non-transformed immortalized fibroblasts (Balb/c 3T3) and hepatic cancer line HepG2 exhibited good correlations with primary cultures of human hepatocytes. The presence of cytotoxic fractions in strongly cytotoxic extracts was confirmed by an activity-guided HPLC fractionation, and it was demonstrated that cyanobacterial cytotoxicity is caused by a mixture of components with similar hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties. The data presented here could be used in further research into in vitro testing based on human models for the toxicological monitoring of complex cyanobacterial samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Hrouzek
- Institute of Microbiology, Centre Algatech, Czech Academy of Sciences, Opatovický mlýn, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic.
| | - Aleksandra Kapuścik
- Institute of Microbiology, Centre Algatech, Czech Academy of Sciences, Opatovický mlýn, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vacek
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University in Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Voráčová
- Institute of Microbiology, Centre Algatech, Czech Academy of Sciences, Opatovický mlýn, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic; University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřiška Paichlová
- Institute of Microbiology, Centre Algatech, Czech Academy of Sciences, Opatovický mlýn, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kosina
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University in Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Voloshko
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Oranienbaumskoye shosse 2, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Stefano Ventura
- Institute of Ecosystem Study, CNR, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Jiří Kopecký
- Institute of Microbiology, Centre Algatech, Czech Academy of Sciences, Opatovický mlýn, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Herrera NA, Echeverri LF, Ferrão-Filho AS. Effects of phytoplankton extracts containing the toxin microcystin-LR on the survival and reproduction of cladocerans. Toxicon 2014; 95:38-45. [PMID: 25553593 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of ecotoxicological techniques for the evaluation of the quality of limnetic waters allows the early detection of toxic agents that pose risks to human health. In this study Moina micrura (two clones), Daphnia laevis (two clones) and Daphnia similis, a temperate species, were used to evaluate the toxicity of six Microcystis extracts from two Colombian reservoirs. Toxin was detected and quantified by HPLC. Microcystin-LR was found in all extracts with the highest concentrations in one sample from each reservoir (434 μg g(-1) and 538 μg g(-1)). The extracts that had the highest toxin concentration also had the highest toxicities to cladocerans. Measurement of 48-h LC50 showed consistent differences between cladoceran species but not clones, Also, reproduction data in two species were consistent with the MC-LR content of one sample tested, with decreased reproduction and disruption of egg production. However, only some growth results of neonates exposed to extracts were consistent with the acute response. In conclusion, Daphnia species are a good model for monitoring cyanotoxins as they respond in a sensitive way to natural phytoplankton samples containing microcystin-LR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Herrera
- Grupo de Química Orgánica de Productos Naturales (QOPN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Luis Fernando Echeverri
- Grupo de Química Orgánica de Productos Naturales (QOPN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jarque S, Piña B. Deiodinases and thyroid metabolism disruption in teleost fish. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 135:361-375. [PMID: 25462686 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many xenobiotic compounds with endocrine disrupting activity have been described since the late eighties. These compounds are able to interact with natural hormone systems and potentially induce deleterious effects in wildlife, notably piscine species. However, while the characterization of endocrine disruptors with "dioxin-like", estrogenic or androgenic activities is relatively well established, little is known about environmentally relevant pollutants that may act at thyroid system level. Iodothyronine deiodinases, the key enzymes in the activation and inactivation of thyroid hormones, have been suggested as suitable biomarkers for thyroid metabolism disruption. The present article reviews the biotic and abiotic factors that are able to modulate deiodinases in teleosts, a representative model organism for vertebrates. Data show that deiodinases are highly sensitive to several physiological and physical variables, so they should be taken into account to establish natural basal deiodination patterns to further understand responses under chemical exposure. Among xenobiotic compounds, brominated flame retardants are postulated as chemicals of major concern because of their similar structure shared with thyroid hormones. More ambiguous results are shown for the rest of compounds, i.e. polychlorinated biphenyls, perfluorinated chemicals, pesticides, metals and synthetic drugs, in part due to the limited information available. The different mechanisms of action still remain unknown for most of those compounds, although several hypothesis based on observed effects are discussed. Future tasks are also suggested with the aim of moving forward in the full characterization of chemical compounds with thyroid disrupting activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Jarque
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 5/753, CZ62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Benjamin Piña
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|