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Fu LL, Zhao XY, Ji LD, Xu J. Okadaic acid (OA): Toxicity, detection and detoxification. Toxicon 2019; 160:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kim H, Kim JT, Barua S, Yoo SY, Hong SC, Lee KB, Lee J. Seeking better topical delivery technologies of moisturizing agents for enhanced skin moisturization. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2017; 15:17-31. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2017.1306054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongmin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sonia Barua
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yup Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Chul Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Bin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwi Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abal P, Louzao MC, Cifuentes JM, Vilariño N, Rodriguez I, Alfonso A, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Characterization of the dinophysistoxin-2 acute oral toxicity in mice to define the Toxicity Equivalency Factor. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 102:166-175. [PMID: 28223118 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ingestion of shellfish with dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2) can lead to diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP). The official control method of DSP toxins in seafood is the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS). However in order to calculate the total toxicity of shellfish, the concentration of each compound must be multiplied by individual Toxicity Equivalency Factor (TEF). Considering that TEFs caused some controversy and the scarce information about DTX2 toxicity, the aim of this study was to characterize the oral toxicity of DTX2 in mice. A 4-Level Up and Down Procedure allowed the characterization of DTX2 effects and the estimation of DTX2 oral TEF based on determination of the lethal dose 50 (LD50). DTX2 passed the gastrointestinal barrier and was detected in urine and feces. Acute toxicity symptoms include diarrhea and motionless, however anatomopathology study and ultrastructural images restricted the toxin effects to the gastrointestinal tract. Nevertheless enterocytes microvilli and tight junctions were not altered, disconnecting DTX2 diarrheic effects from paracellular epithelial permeability. This is the first report of DTX2 oral LD50 (2262 μg/kg BW) indicating that its TEF is about 0.4. This result suggests reevaluation of the present TEFs for the DSP toxins to better determine the actual risk to seafood consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Abal
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain
| | - M Carmen Louzao
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
| | - José Manuel Cifuentes
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain
| | - Natalia Vilariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain
| | - Ines Rodriguez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
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Danielsen EM, Christiansen N, Danielsen EM. Pasteurella multocida toxin: Targeting mast cell secretory granules during kiss-and-run secretion. Tissue Cell 2015; 48:1-9. [PMID: 26763205 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT), a virulence factor of the pathogenic Gram-negative bacterium P. multocida, is a 146 kDa protein belonging to the A-B class of toxins. Once inside a target cell, the A domain deamidates the α-subunit of heterotrimeric G-proteins, thereby activating downstream signaling cascades. However, little is known about how PMT selects and enters its cellular targets. We therefore studied PMT binding and uptake in porcine cultured intestinal mucosal explants to identify susceptible cells in the epithelium and underlying lamina propria. In comparison with Vibrio cholera B-subunit, a well-known enterotoxin taken up by receptor-mediated endocytosis, PMT binding to the epithelial brush border was scarce, and no uptake into enterocytes was detected by 2h, implying that none of the glycolipids in the brush border are a functional receptor for PMT. However, in the lamina propria, PMT distinctly accumulated in the secretory granules of mast cells. This also occurred at 4 °C, ruling out endocytosis, but suggestive of uptake via pores that connect the granules to the cell surface. Mast cell granules are known to secrete their contents by a "kiss-and-run" mechanism, and we propose that PMT may exploit this secretory mechanism to gain entry into this particular cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M Danielsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Christiansen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E Michael Danielsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Michael Danielsen E, Hansen GH. Small molecule pinocytosis and clathrin-dependent endocytosis at the intestinal brush border: Two separate pathways into the enterocyte. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1858:233-43. [PMID: 26615917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pinocytosis at the small intestinal brush border was studied in postweaned porcine cultured mucosal explants, using the fluorescent polar probes Alexa hydrazide (AH, MW 570), Texas red dextran (TRD, MW ~ 3000), and Cascade blue dextran (CBD, MW ~ 10,000). Within 1 h, AH appeared in a string of subapical punctae in enterocytes, indicative of an ongoing constitutive pinocytosis. By comparison, TRD was taken up less efficiently into the same compartment, and no intracellular labeling of CBD was detectable, indicating that only small molecules are pinocytosed from the postweaned gut lumen. AH remained in the terminal web region in EEA-1-positive endosomes (“TWEEs”) for at least 2 h, implying that the pinocytic uptake does not proceed towards a transcytic pathway. Like AH, cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) was readily internalized, but the two probes appeared in completely non-overlapping subapical compartments, indicating the existence of two different uptake mechanisms operating simultaneously at the brush border. CTB is internalized by clathrin-dependent receptor mediated endocytosis, but surprisingly the toxin also caused a rapid disappearance from the apical cell surface of two major brush border enzymes, alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase N, demonstrating the disruptive effect of this pathway. By immunofluorescence, caveolin-1 was hardly detectable in enterocytes, arguing against a caveolae-mediated uptake of AH, whereas the pinocytosis/phagocytosis inhibitors dimethyl amiloride and cytochalasin D both arrested AH uptake. We propose that the constitutive pinocytic mechanism visualized by AH contributes to maintenance of membrane homeostasis and to enrich the contents of lipid raft constituents at the brush border.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Michael Danielsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Gert H Hansen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Louzao MC, Fernández DA, Abal P, Fraga M, Vilariño N, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Diarrhetic effect of okadaic acid could be related with its neuronal action: Changes in neuropeptide Y. Toxicol Lett 2015; 237:151-60. [PMID: 26086426 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins (DTXs) are a group of marine toxins that cause diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in humans and animals. These compounds are produced by dinoflagellates of the Prorocentrum and Dinophysis genera and can accumulate in filter-feeding bivalves, posing a serious health risk for shellfish consumers. The enteric nervous system (ENS) plays a crucial role in the regulation of the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, neuropeptides produced by ENS affects the epithelial barrier functions. In the present work we used a two-compartment human coculture model containing the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line and polarized colonic epithelial monolayers (Caco-2) to study the OA intestinal permeability. First, we have determined OA cytotoxicity and we have found that OA reduces the viability of SH-SY5Y in a dose-dependent way, even though DTX1 is 4 to 5 times more potent than OA. Besides DTX1 is 15 to 18 orders of magnitude more potent than OA in decreasing transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of caco-2 cells without inducing cytotoxicity. Permeability assays indicate that OA cross the monolayer and modulates the neuropeptide Y (NPY) secretion by neuroblastoma cells. This NPY also affects the permeability of OA. This offers a novel approach to establish the influence of OA neuronal action on their diarrheic effects through a cross talk between ENS and intestine via OA induced NPY secretion. Therefore, the OA mechanisms of toxicity that were long attributed only to the inhibition of protein phosphatases, would require a reevaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Louzao
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Diego A Fernández
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Paula Abal
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Maria Fraga
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Natalia Vilariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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Danielsen EM. Probing endocytosis from the enterocyte brush border using fluorescent lipophilic dyes: lipid sorting at the apical cell surface. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 143:545-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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