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Wang X, Zheng X, Wang X, Ji Q, Peng W, Liu Z, Zhao Y. Being Stung Once or Twice by Bees ( Apis mellifera L.) Slightly Disturbed the Serum Metabolome of SD Rats to a Similar Extent. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6365. [PMID: 38928075 PMCID: PMC11203678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In most cases, the number of honeybee stings received by the body is generally small, but honeybee stings can still cause serious allergic reactions. This study fully simulated bee stings under natural conditions and used 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) to analyze the changes in the serum metabolome of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats stung once or twice by honeybees to verify the impact of this mild sting on the body and its underlying mechanism. The differentially abundant metabolites between the blank control rats and the rats stung by honeybees included four amino acids (aspartate, glutamate, glutamine, and valine) and four organic acids (ascorbic acid, lactate, malate, and pyruvate). There was no separation between the sting groups, indicating that the impact of stinging once or twice on the serum metabolome was similar. Using the Principal Component Discriminant Analysis ( PCA-DA) and Variable Importance in Projection (VIP) methods, glucose, lactate, and pyruvate were identified to help distinguish between sting groups and non-sting groups. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed that four metabolic pathways, namely, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, pyruvate metabolism, glutamate metabolism, and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, were significantly affected by bee stings. The above results can provide a theoretical basis for future epidemiological studies of bee stings and medical treatment of patients stung by honeybees.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhenxing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.); (X.W.); (Q.J.); (W.P.)
| | - Yazhou Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.); (X.W.); (Q.J.); (W.P.)
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2
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Yu C, Yin X, Li A, Li R, Yu H, Xing R, Liu S, Li P. Toxin metalloproteinases exert a dominant influence on pro-inflammatory response and anti-inflammatory regulation in jellyfish sting dermatitis. J Proteomics 2024; 292:105048. [PMID: 37981009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.105048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Toxin metalloproteinases are the primary components responsible for various toxicities in jellyfish venom, and there is still no effective specific therapy for jellyfish stings. The comprehension of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying toxin metalloproteinases necessitates further refinement. In this study, we conducted a differential analysis of a dermatitis mouse model induced by jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai venom (NnNV) samples with varying levels of metalloproteinase activity. Through skin tissue proteomics and serum metabolomics, the predominant influence of toxin metalloproteinase activity on inflammatory response was revealed, and the signal pathway involved in its regulation was identified. In skin tissues, many membrane proteins were significantly down-regulated, which might cause tissue damage. The expression of pro-inflammatory factors was mainly regulated by PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. In serum, many fatty acid metabolites were significantly down-regulated, which might be the anti-inflammation feedback regulated by NF-κB p65 signaling pathway. These results reveal the dermatitis mechanism of toxin metalloproteinases and provide new therapeutic targets for further studies. SIGNIFICANCE: Omics is an important method to analyze the pathological mechanism and discover the key markers, which can reveal the pathological characteristics of jellyfish stings. Our research first analyzed the impact of toxin metalloproteinases on jellyfish sting dermatitis by skin proteomics and serum metabolomics. The present results suggest that inhibition of toxin metalloproteinases may be an effective treatment strategy, and provide new references for further jellyfish sting studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Yu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiujing Yin
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Aoyu Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rongfeng Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Huahua Yu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Ronge Xing
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Song Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
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3
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Romano JD. Omics Methods in Toxins Research-A Toolkit to Drive the Future of Scientific Inquiry. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:761. [PMID: 36356011 PMCID: PMC9692551 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A major trend in biomedical research has been an ideological shift away from studying individual components of an organism or biological process in isolation, and towards how those components function collectively, forming the basis of the field now known as systems biology [...]
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Romano
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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4
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Wase N, Gutiérrez JM, Rucavado A, Fox JW. Longitudinal Metabolomics and Lipidomics Analyses Reveal Alterations Associated with Envenoming by Bothrops asper and Daboia russelii in an Experimental Murine Model. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:657. [PMID: 36287926 PMCID: PMC9610966 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal metabolomics and lipidomics analyses were carried out on the blood plasma of mice injected intramuscularly with venoms of the viperid species Bothrops asper or Daboia russelii. Blood samples were collected 1, 3, 6, and 24 h after venom injection, and a control group of non-envenomed mice was included. Significant perturbations in metabolomics and lipidomics were observed at 1, 3, and 6 h, while values returned close to those of control mice by 24 h, hence reflecting a transient pattern of metabolic disturbance. Both venoms induced significant changes in amino acids, as well as in several purines and pyrimidines, and in some metabolites of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. KEGG analysis of metabolic pathways that showed those with the greatest change included aminoacyl tRNA synthesis and amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism pathways. With regard to lipid metabolism, there was an increase in triglycerides and some acyl carnitines and a concomitant drop in the levels of some phospholipids. In addition, envenomed mice had higher levels of cortisol, heme, and some oxidative stress markers. The overall pattern of metabolic changes in envenomed mice bears similarities with the patterns described in several traumatic injuries, thus underscoring a metabolic response/adaptation to the injurious action of the venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishikant Wase
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Jay W. Fox
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Ghiasvand Mohammadkhani L, Khoshkam M, Kompany-Zareh M, Amiri M, Ramazani A. Metabolomics approach to study in vivo toxicity of graphene oxide nanosheets. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:506-515. [PMID: 34551125 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets are widely used in different fields, the mechanism of their toxicity remains relatively unknown. NMR-based metabolomics was used to study in vivo time and dose-dependent toxicity of GO nanosheets in mice. Sixty serum samples from mice in four different time intervals including 24 and 72 h and 7 and 21 days after injection of 0-, 1-, and 10-mg/kg b.w. were analyzed based on 1 HNMR spectra of each sample and multivariate methods. In comparison with the control group, 12 changed metabolites were identified in GO nanosheet-treated mice groups. These metabolites are involved in steroid hormone biosynthesis and steroid biosynthesis pathways. It was seen that the time factor is more important than the dose factor and the groups were separated in a time direction, completely. We found that GO nanosheets has toxicity and can affect steroidal hormones. However, this study shows that after 21 days, the treated groups regardless of their GO nanosheet dose are very close to the control group. This means that in one step exposure to GO nanosheets, their toxicity diminished after 21 days.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Khoshkam
- Chemistry Group, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohsen Kompany-Zareh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mahdi Amiri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Imam Hossein Hospital, Iranian Social Security Organization (ISSO), Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Ramazani
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Klupczynska A, Pawlak M, Kokot ZJ, Matysiak J. Application of Metabolomic Tools for Studying Low Molecular-Weight Fraction of Animal Venoms and Poisons. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10080306. [PMID: 30042318 PMCID: PMC6116190 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10080306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Both venoms and poisonous secretions are complex mixtures that assist in defense, predation, communication, and competition in the animal world. They consist of variable bioactive molecules, such as proteins, peptides, salts and also metabolites. Metabolomics opens up new perspectives for the study of venoms and poisons as it gives an opportunity to investigate their previously unexplored low molecular-weight components. The aim of this article is to summarize the available literature where metabolomic technologies were used for examining the composition of animal venoms and poisons. The paper discusses only the low molecular-weight components of venoms and poisons collected from snakes, spiders, scorpions, toads, frogs, and ants. An overview is given of the analytical strategies used in the analysis of the metabolic content of the samples. We paid special attention to the classes of compounds identified in various venoms and poisons and potential applications of the small molecules (especially bufadienolides) discovered. The issues that should be more effectively addressed in the studies of animal venoms and poisons include challenges related to sample collection and preparation, species-related chemical diversity of compounds building the metabolome and a need of an online database that would enhance identification of small molecule components of these secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Klupczynska
- Department of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6 Street, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Pawlak
- Department of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6 Street, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Zenon J Kokot
- Department of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6 Street, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Jan Matysiak
- Department of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6 Street, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
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Baghdadchi Y, Khoshkam M, Fathi M, Jalilvand A, Fooladsaz K, Ramazani A. The assessment of metabolite alteration induced by -OH functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes in mice using NMR-based metabonomics. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2017; 8:107-116. [PMID: 29977832 PMCID: PMC6026527 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2018.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: There is a fundamental need to characterize multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) toxicity to guarantee their safe application. Functionalized MWCNTs have recently attracted special interest in order to enhance biocompatibility. The aim of the current work was to study the underlying toxicity mechanism of the -OH-functionalized MWCNTs (MWCNTs-OH), using the powerful NMR-based metabonomics technique. Methods: Following intraperitoneal single-injection of mice with 3 doses of MWCNTs-OH and one control, samples were collected at four time points during 22-days for NMR, biochemistry, and histopathology analysis. Metabolome profiling and pathway analysis were implemented by chemometrics tools and metabolome databases. Results: Based on the 1H-NMR data, metabolic perturbation induced by MWCNTs-OH were characterized by altered levels of steroid hormones, including elevated androgens, estrogens, corticosterone, and aldosterone. Moreover, increased L-lysine, aminoadipate, taurine and taurocholic acid and decreased biotin were observed in the high-dose group (1 mg.kg-1 B.W.) compared to the control. The findings also indicated that steroid hormone biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis, and biotin metabolism are the most affected pathways by MWCNTs-OH. Conclusion: These pathways can reflect perturbation of energy, amino acids, and fat metabolism, as well as oxidative stress. The data obtained by biochemistry, metabonomics, and histopathology were in good agreement, proving that MWCNTs-OH was excreted within 24 h, through the biliary pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasamin Baghdadchi
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Maryam Khoshkam
- Chemistry Group, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Fathi
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Jalilvand
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Koorosh Fooladsaz
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Ramazani
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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8
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Utkin YN. Modern trends in animal venom research - omics and nanomaterials. World J Biol Chem 2017; 8:4-12. [PMID: 28289514 PMCID: PMC5329713 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v8.i1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal venom research is a specialized investigation field, in which a number of different methods are used and this array is constantly expanding. Thus, recently emerged omics and nanotechnologies have already been successfully applied to venom research. Animal venoms have been studied for quite a long time. The traditional reductionist approach has been to isolate individual toxins and then study their structure and function. Unfortunately, the characterization of the venom as a whole system and its multiple effects on an entire organism were not possible until recent times. The development of new methods in mass spectrometry and sequencing have allowed such characterizations of venom, encompassing the identification of new toxins present in venoms at extremely low concentrations to changes in metabolism of prey organisms after envenomation. In particular, this type of comprehensive research has become possible due to the development of the various omics technologies: Proteomics, peptidomics, transcriptomics, genomics and metabolomics. As in other research fields, these omics technologies ushered in a revolution for venom studies, which is now entering the era of big data. Nanotechnology is a very new branch of technology and developing at an extremely rapid pace. It has found application in many spheres and has not bypassed the venom studies. Nanomaterials are quite promising in medicine, and most studies combining venoms and nanomaterials are dedicated to medical applications. Conjugates of nanoparticles with venom components have been proposed for use as drugs or diagnostics. For example, nanoparticles conjugated with chlorotoxin - a toxin in scorpion venom, which has been shown to bind specifically to glioma cells - are considered as potential glioma-targeted drugs, and conjugates of neurotoxins with fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles or quantum dots may be used to detect endogenous targets expressed in live cells. The data on application of omics and nanotechnologies in venom research are systematized concisely in this paper.
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Becerra-Martinez E, Ramírez-Gualito KE, Pérez-Hernández N, Joseph-Nathan P. Total (1)H NMR assignment of 3β-acetoxypregna-5,16-dien-20-one. Steroids 2015; 104:208-13. [PMID: 26476187 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the total and unambiguous assignment of the 750 MHz (1)H NMR spectrum of 3β-acetoxypregna-5,16-dien-20-one or 16-DPA (1), the well-known intermediate utilized in the synthesis of biological important commercial steroids. The task was accomplished by extracting the coupling constant values in the overlapped spectrum region by HSQC, and using these values in the (1)H iterative full spin analysis integrated in the PERCH NMR software. Comparison of the experimental vicinal coupling constants of 1 with the values calculated using Altona provides an excellent correlation. The same procedure, when applied to the published data of progesterone (2) and testosterone (3), afforded an acceptable correlation for 2 and a poor correlation for 3. In the last case, this suggested the reassignment of all four vicinal coupling constants for the methylene signals at the C-15 and C-16 positions, demonstrating the utility of this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvia Becerra-Martinez
- Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, D.F. 07738, Mexico
| | - Karla E Ramírez-Gualito
- Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, D.F. 07738, Mexico
| | - Nury Pérez-Hernández
- Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, D.F. 07320, Mexico
| | - Pedro Joseph-Nathan
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Apartado 14-740, México, D.F. 07000, Mexico.
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Arjmand M, Madrakian A, Khalili G, Najafi Dastnaee A, Zamani Z, Akbari Z. Metabolomics-Based Study of Logarithmic and Stationary Phases of Promastigotes in Leishmania major by 1H NMR Spectroscopy. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2015; 20:77-83. [PMID: 26592771 PMCID: PMC4726887 DOI: 10.7508/ibj.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of the most important parasitic diseases in humans. In this disease, one of the responsible organisms is Leishmania major, which is transmitted by sandfly vector. There are specific differences in biochemical profiles and metabolite pathways in logarithmic and stationary phases of Leishmania parasites. In the present study, 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to examine the metabolites outliers in the logarithmic and stationary phases of promastigotes in L. major to enlighten more about the transmission mechanism in metacyclogenesis of L. major. Methods: Promastigote was cultured, logarithmic and stationary phases were separated by the peanut agglutinin, and cell metabolites were extracted. 1H NMR spectroscopy was applied, and outliers were analyzed using principal component analysis. Results: The most altered metabolites in stationary and logarithmic phases were limited to citraconic acid, isopropylmalic acid, L-leucine, ornithine, caprylic acid, capric acid, and acetic acid. Conclusion: 1H NMR spectroscopy could play an important role in the characterization of metabolites in biochemical pathways during a metacyclogenesis process. These metabolites and their pathways can help in exploiting a transmission mechanism in metacyclogenesis, and outcoming data might be used in the metabolic network reconstruction of L. major modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azadeh Madrakian
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Dept. of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghader Khalili
- Dept. of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Zamani
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ziba Akbari
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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