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Iker Etchegaray J, Kelley S, Penberthy K, Karvelyte L, Nagasaka Y, Gasperino S, Paul S, Seshadri V, Raymond M, Marco AR, Pinney J, Stremska M, Barron B, Lucas C, Wase N, Fan Y, Unanue E, Kundu B, Burstyn-Cohen T, Perry J, Ambati J, Ravichandran KS. Phagocytosis in the retina promotes local insulin production in the eye. Nat Metab 2023; 5:207-218. [PMID: 36732622 PMCID: PMC10457724 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00728-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The retina is highly metabolically active, relying on glucose uptake and aerobic glycolysis. Situated in close contact to photoreceptors, a key function of cells in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is phagocytosis of damaged photoreceptor outer segments (POS). Here we identify RPE as a local source of insulin in the eye that is stimulated by POS phagocytosis. We show that Ins2 messenger RNA and insulin protein are produced by RPE cells and that this production correlates with RPE phagocytosis of POS. Genetic deletion of phagocytic receptors ('loss of function') reduces Ins2, whereas increasing the levels of the phagocytic receptor MerTK ('gain of function') increases Ins2 production in male mice. Contrary to pancreas-derived systemic insulin, RPE-derived local insulin is stimulated during starvation, which also increases RPE phagocytosis. Global or RPE-specific Ins2 gene deletion decreases retinal glucose uptake in starved male mice, dysregulates retinal physiology, causes defects in phototransduction and exacerbates photoreceptor loss in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Collectively, these data identify RPE cells as a phagocytosis-induced local source of insulin in the retina, with the potential to influence retinal physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Iker Etchegaray
- Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shannon Kelley
- Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kristen Penberthy
- Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Laura Karvelyte
- Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yosuke Nagasaka
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sofia Gasperino
- Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Soumen Paul
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Vikram Seshadri
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Michael Raymond
- Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ana Royo Marco
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jonathan Pinney
- Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Marta Stremska
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brady Barron
- Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christopher Lucas
- Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nishikant Wase
- Biomolecular Analysis Facility, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yong Fan
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emil Unanue
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bijoy Kundu
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tal Burstyn-Cohen
- Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Justin Perry
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jayakrishna Ambati
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
- VIB/UGent Inflammation Research Centre, and Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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Sun G, Wase N, Shu S, Jenkins J, Zhou B, Torres-Rodríguez JV, Chen C, Sandor L, Plott C, Yoshinga Y, Daum C, Qi P, Barry K, Lipzen A, Berry L, Pedersen C, Gottilla T, Foltz A, Yu H, O’Malley R, Zhang C, Devos KM, Sigmon B, Yu B, Obata T, Schmutz J, Schnable JC. Genome of Paspalum vaginatum and the role of trehalose mediated autophagy in increasing maize biomass. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7731. [PMID: 36513676 PMCID: PMC9747981 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of crop wild relatives can tolerate extreme stress to a degree outside the range observed in their domesticated relatives. However, it is unclear whether or how the molecular mechanisms employed by these species can be translated to domesticated crops. Paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) is a self-incompatible and multiply stress-tolerant wild relative of maize and sorghum. Here, we describe the sequencing and pseudomolecule level assembly of a vegetatively propagated accession of P. vaginatum. Phylogenetic analysis based on 6,151 single-copy syntenic orthologues conserved in 6 related grass species places paspalum as an outgroup of the maize-sorghum clade. In parallel metabolic experiments, paspalum, but neither maize nor sorghum, exhibits a significant increase in trehalose when grown under nutrient-deficit conditions. Inducing trehalose accumulation in maize, imitating the metabolic phenotype of paspalum, results in autophagy dependent increases in biomass accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchao Sun
- grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Quantitative Life Sciences Initiative, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA ,grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA ,grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
| | - Nishikant Wase
- grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA ,grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA ,grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XBiomolecular Analysis Facility. School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA
| | - Shengqiang Shu
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence, CA 94720 USA
| | - Jerry Jenkins
- grid.417691.c0000 0004 0408 3720HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA
| | - Bangjun Zhou
- grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA ,grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
| | - J. Vladimir Torres-Rodríguez
- grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Quantitative Life Sciences Initiative, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA ,grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA ,grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
| | - Cindy Chen
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence, CA 94720 USA
| | - Laura Sandor
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence, CA 94720 USA
| | - Chris Plott
- grid.417691.c0000 0004 0408 3720HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA
| | - Yuko Yoshinga
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence, CA 94720 USA
| | - Christopher Daum
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence, CA 94720 USA
| | - Peng Qi
- grid.213876.90000 0004 1936 738XInstitute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA ,grid.213876.90000 0004 1936 738XDepartment of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA ,grid.213876.90000 0004 1936 738XDepartment of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Kerrie Barry
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence, CA 94720 USA
| | - Anna Lipzen
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence, CA 94720 USA
| | - Luke Berry
- grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA ,grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
| | - Connor Pedersen
- grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA ,grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
| | - Thomas Gottilla
- grid.213876.90000 0004 1936 738XInstitute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Ashley Foltz
- grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Quantitative Life Sciences Initiative, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA ,grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA ,grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA ,grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
| | - Huihui Yu
- grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA ,grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
| | - Ronan O’Malley
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence, CA 94720 USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA ,grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
| | - Katrien M. Devos
- grid.213876.90000 0004 1936 738XInstitute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA ,grid.213876.90000 0004 1936 738XDepartment of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA ,grid.213876.90000 0004 1936 738XDepartment of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Brandi Sigmon
- grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
| | - Bin Yu
- grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA ,grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
| | - Toshihiro Obata
- grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA ,grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence, CA 94720 USA ,grid.417691.c0000 0004 0408 3720HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA
| | - James C. Schnable
- grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Quantitative Life Sciences Initiative, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA ,grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA ,grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
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3
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Wase N, Gutiérrez JM, Rucavado A, Fox JW. Longitudinal Metabolomics and Lipidomics Analyses Reveal Alterations Associated with Envenoming by Bothrops asper and Daboia russelii in an Experimental Murine Model. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:657. [PMID: 36287926 PMCID: PMC9610966 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal metabolomics and lipidomics analyses were carried out on the blood plasma of mice injected intramuscularly with venoms of the viperid species Bothrops asper or Daboia russelii. Blood samples were collected 1, 3, 6, and 24 h after venom injection, and a control group of non-envenomed mice was included. Significant perturbations in metabolomics and lipidomics were observed at 1, 3, and 6 h, while values returned close to those of control mice by 24 h, hence reflecting a transient pattern of metabolic disturbance. Both venoms induced significant changes in amino acids, as well as in several purines and pyrimidines, and in some metabolites of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. KEGG analysis of metabolic pathways that showed those with the greatest change included aminoacyl tRNA synthesis and amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism pathways. With regard to lipid metabolism, there was an increase in triglycerides and some acyl carnitines and a concomitant drop in the levels of some phospholipids. In addition, envenomed mice had higher levels of cortisol, heme, and some oxidative stress markers. The overall pattern of metabolic changes in envenomed mice bears similarities with the patterns described in several traumatic injuries, thus underscoring a metabolic response/adaptation to the injurious action of the venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishikant Wase
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Jay W. Fox
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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4
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Dillard LR, Wase N, Ramakrishnan G, Park JJ, Sherman NE, Carpenter R, Young M, Donlan AN, Petri W, Papin JA. Leveraging metabolic modeling to identify functional metabolic alterations associated with COVID-19 disease severity. Metabolomics 2022; 18:51. [PMID: 35819731 PMCID: PMC9273921 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-022-01904-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since the COVID-19 pandemic began in early 2020, SARS-CoV2 has claimed more than six million lives world-wide, with over 510 million cases to date. To reduce healthcare burden, we must investigate how to prevent non-acute disease from progressing to severe infection requiring hospitalization. METHODS To achieve this goal, we investigated metabolic signatures of both non-acute (out-patient) and severe (requiring hospitalization) COVID-19 samples by profiling the associated plasma metabolomes of 84 COVID-19 positive University of Virginia hospital patients. We utilized supervised and unsupervised machine learning and metabolic modeling approaches to identify key metabolic drivers that are predictive of COVID-19 disease severity. Using metabolic pathway enrichment analysis, we explored potential metabolic mechanisms that link these markers to disease progression. RESULTS Enriched metabolites associated with tryptophan in non-acute COVID-19 samples suggest mitigated innate immune system inflammatory response and immunopathology related lung damage prevention. Increased prevalence of histidine- and ketone-related metabolism in severe COVID-19 samples offers potential mechanistic insight to musculoskeletal degeneration-induced muscular weakness and host metabolism that has been hijacked by SARS-CoV2 infection to increase viral replication and invasion. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the metabolic transition from an innate immune response coupled with inflammatory pathway inhibition in non-acute infection to rampant inflammation and associated metabolic systemic dysfunction in severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Dillard
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - N Wase
- School of Medicine Core Facilities, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - G Ramakrishnan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - J J Park
- School of Medicine Core Facilities, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - N E Sherman
- School of Medicine Core Facilities, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - R Carpenter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - M Young
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - A N Donlan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - W Petri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - J A Papin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Health System, Box 800759, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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5
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Abstract
Metabolite profiling provides insights into the metabolic signatures, which themselves are considered as phonotypes closely related to the agronomic and phenotypic traits such as yield, nutritional values, stress resistance, and nutrient use efficiency. GC-MS is a sensitive and high-throughput analytical platform and has been proved to be a vital tool for the analysis of primary metabolism to provide an overview of cellular and organismal metabolic status. The potential of GC-MS metabolite profiling as a tool for detecting metabolic changes in plants grown in a high-throughput plant phenotyping platform was explored. In this chapter, we describe an integrated workflow of semi-targeted GC-high-resolution (HR)-time-of-flight (TOF)-MS metabolomics with both the analytical and computational steps, focusing mainly on the sample preparation, GC-HR-TOF-MS analysis part, and data analysis for plant phenotyping efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishikant Wase
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Biomolecular Analysis Facility, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Nathan Abshire
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Toshihiro Obata
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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6
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Manka P, Sydor S, Wase N, Best J, Brandenburg M, Hellbeck A, Schänzer J, Vilchez-Vargas R, Link A, Figge A, Jähnert A, von Arnim U, Coombes JD, Cubero FJ, Kahraman A, Kim MS, Kälsch J, Kinner S, Faber KN, Moshage H, Gerken G, Syn WK, Friedman SL, Canbay A, Bechmann LP. Anti-TNFα treatment in Crohn's disease: Impact on hepatic steatosis, gut-derived hormones and metabolic status. Liver Int 2021; 41:2646-2658. [PMID: 34219348 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS An association between Crohn's disease (CD) and hepatic steatosis has been reported. However, the underlying mechanisms of steatosis progression in CD are not clear. Among the most effective CD treatments are agents that inhibit Tumor-Necrosis-Factor (TNF) activity, yet it is unclear why anti-TNFα agents would affect steatosis in CD. Recent studies suggest that microbiome can affect both, CD and steatosis pathogenesis. Therefore, we here analysed a potential relationship between anti-TNF treatment and hepatic steatosis in CD, focusing on the gut-liver axis. METHODS This cross-sectional study evaluated patients with established CD, with and without anti-TNFα treatment, analysing serum markers of liver injury, measurement of transient elastography, controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and MRI for fat detection. Changes in lipid and metabolic profiles were assessed by serum and stool lipidomics and metabolimics. Additionally, we analysed gut microbiota composition and mediators of bile acid (BA) signalling via stool and serum analysis. RESULTS Patients on anti-TNFα treatment had less hepatic steatosis as assessed by CAP and MRI. Serum FGF19 levels were significantly higher in patients on anti-TNFα therapy and associate with reduced steatosis and increased bowel motility. Neutral lipids including triglycerides were reduced in the serum of patients on anti-TNF treatment. Bacteria involved in BA metabolism and FGF19 regulation, including Firmicutes, showed group-specific alterations with low levels in patients without anti-TNFα treatment. Low abundance of Firmicutes was associated with higher triglyceride levels. CONCLUSIONS Anti-TNFα treatment is associated with reduced steatosis, lower triglyceride levels, alterations in FXR-signalling (eg FGF19) and microbiota composition in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Manka
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Svenja Sydor
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nishikant Wase
- Biomolecular Analysis Facility, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jan Best
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Malte Brandenburg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Annika Hellbeck
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Julia Schänzer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ramiro Vilchez-Vargas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke-University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Link
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke-University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anja Figge
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Jähnert
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulrike von Arnim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke-University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jason D Coombes
- Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Francisco-Javier Cubero
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ORL, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain.,12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas 12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alisan Kahraman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Moon-Sung Kim
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Julia Kälsch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sonja Kinner
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Klaas-Nico Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Moshage
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Gerken
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wing-Kin Syn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Section of Gastroenterology, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ali Canbay
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars P Bechmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Perez VM, Gabell J, Behrens M, Wase N, DiRusso CC, Black PN. Deletion of fatty acid transport protein 2 (FATP2) in the mouse liver changes the metabolic landscape by increasing the expression of PPARα-regulated genes. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5737-5750. [PMID: 32188695 PMCID: PMC7186177 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid transport protein 2 (FATP2) is highly expressed in the liver, small intestine, and kidney, where it functions in both the transport of exogenous long-chain fatty acids and the activation of very-long-chain fatty acids. Here, using a murine model, we investigated the phenotypic impacts of deleting FATP2, followed by a transcriptomic analysis using unbiased RNA-Seq to identify concomitant changes in the liver transcriptome. WT and FATP2-null (Fatp2-/-) mice (5 weeks) were maintained on a standard chow diet for 6 weeks. The Fatp2-/- mice had reduced weight gain, lowered serum triglyceride, and increased serum cholesterol levels and attenuated dietary fatty acid absorption. Transcriptomic analysis of the liver revealed 258 differentially expressed genes in male Fatp2-/- mice and a total of 91 in female Fatp2-/- mice. These genes mapped to the following gene ontology categories: fatty acid degradation, peroxisome biogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and retinol and arachidonic acid metabolism. Targeted RT-quantitative PCR verified the altered expression of selected genes. Of note, most of the genes with increased expression were known to be regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), suggesting that FATP2 activity is linked to a PPARα-specific proximal ligand. Targeted metabolomic experiments in the Fatp2-/- liver revealed increases of total C16:0, C16:1, and C18:1 fatty acids; increases in lipoxin A4 and prostaglandin J2; and a decrease in 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. We conclude that the expression of FATP2 in the liver broadly affects the metabolic landscape through PPARα, indicating that FATP2 provides an important role in liver lipid metabolism through its transport or activation activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent M Perez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Jeffrey Gabell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Mark Behrens
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Nishikant Wase
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Concetta C DiRusso
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588; Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Paul N Black
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588.
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Moran M, Cheng X, Shihabudeen Haider Ali MS, Wase N, Nguyen N, Yang W, Zhang C, DiRusso C, Sun X. Transcriptome analysis-identified long noncoding RNA CRNDE in maintaining endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19548. [PMID: 31863035 PMCID: PMC6925215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a leading risk factor for type-2 diabetes. Diabetes often leads to the dysregulation of angiogenesis, although the mechanism is not fully understood. Previously, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found to modulate angiogenesis. In this study, we asked how the expression levels of lncRNAs change in endothelial cells in response to excessive palmitic acid treatment, an obesity-like condition. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that 305 protein-coding transcripts were upregulated and 70 were downregulated, while 64 lncRNAs were upregulated and 46 were downregulated. Gene ontology and pathway analysis identified endoplasmic reticulum stress, HIF-1 signaling, and Toll-like receptor signaling as enriched after palmitic acid treatment. Moreover, we newly report enrichment of AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, IL-17 signaling, and cysteine and methionine metabolism by palmitic acid. One lncRNA, Colorectal Neoplasia Differentially Expressed (CRNDE), was selected for further investigation. Palmitic acid induces CRNDE expression by 1.9-fold. We observed that CRNDE knockdown decreases endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and capillary tube formation. These decreases are synergistic under palmitic acid stress. These data demonstrated that lncRNA CRNDE is a regulator of endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation in response to palmitic acid, and a potential target for therapies treating the complications of obesity-induced diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Moran
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Xiao Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | | | - Nishikant Wase
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Nghi Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Weilong Yang
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Concetta DiRusso
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA.,Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Xinghui Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA. .,Nebraska Center for the Prevention of Obesity Diseases through Dietary Molecules, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA.
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Wase N, Tu B, Rasineni GK, Cerny R, Grove R, Adamec J, Black PN, DiRusso CC. Remodeling of Chlamydomonas Metabolism Using Synthetic Inducers Results in Lipid Storage during Growth. Plant Physiol 2019; 181:1029-1049. [PMID: 31501300 PMCID: PMC6836844 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae accumulate lipids during stress such as that of nutrient deprivation, concomitant with cessation of growth and depletion of chloroplasts. By contrast, certain small chemical compounds selected by high-throughput screening in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii can induce lipid accumulation during growth, maintaining biomass. Comprehensive pathway analyses using proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics data were acquired from Chlamydomonas cells grown in the presence of one of two structurally distinct lipid activators. WD10784 stimulates both starch and lipid accumulation, whereas WD30030-treated cells accumulate only lipids. The differences in starch accumulation are largely due to differential effects of the two compounds on substrate levels that feed into starch synthesis and on genes encoding starch metabolic enzymes. The compounds had differential effects on photosynthesis, respiration, and oxidative stress pathways. Cells treated with WD10784 showed slowed growth over time and reduced abundance of photosynthetic proteins, decreased respiration, and increased oxidative stress proteins, glutathione, and reactive oxygen species specific to this compound. Both compounds maintained central carbon and nitrogen metabolism, including the tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, respiration, and the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. There were few changes in proteins and transcripts related to fatty acid biosynthesis, whereas proteins and transcripts for triglyceride production were elevated, suggesting that lipid synthesis is largely driven by substrate availability. This study reports that the compound WD30030 and, to a lesser extent WD10784, increases lipid and lipid droplet synthesis and storage without restricting growth or biomass accumulation by mechanisms that are substantially different from nutrient deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishikant Wase
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Boqiang Tu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | | | - Ronald Cerny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Ryan Grove
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Jiri Adamec
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Paul N Black
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Concetta C DiRusso
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
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10
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Abstract
Despite inherent complementarity, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) are routinely separately employed to characterize metabolomics samples. More troubling is the erroneous view that metabolomics is better served by exclusively utilizing MS. Instead, we demonstrate the importance of combining NMR and MS for metabolomics by using small chemical compound treatments of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as an illustrative example. A total of 102 metabolites were detected (82 by gas chromatography-MS, 20 by NMR, and 22 by both techniques). Out of these, 47 metabolites of interest were identified: 14 metabolites were uniquely identified by NMR, and 16 metabolites were uniquely identified by GC-MS. A total of 17 metabolites were identified by both NMR and GC-MS. In general, metabolites identified by both techniques exhibited similar changes upon compound treatment. In effect, NMR identified key metabolites that were missed by MS and enhanced the overall coverage of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, Calvin cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and amino acid biosynthetic pathways that informed on pathway activity in central carbon metabolism, leading to fatty-acid and complex-lipid synthesis. Our study emphasizes a prime advantage of combining multiple analytical techniques: the improved detection and annotation of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Bhinderwala
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588-0304 , United States.,Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588-0304 , United States
| | - Nishikant Wase
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588-0664 , United States
| | - Concetta DiRusso
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588-0664 , United States.,Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588-0304 , United States
| | - Robert Powers
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588-0304 , United States.,Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588-0304 , United States
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Wase N, Black P, DiRusso C. Innovations in improving lipid production: Algal chemical genetics. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 71:101-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Wase N, Tu B, Allen JW, Black PN, DiRusso CC. Identification and Metabolite Profiling of Chemical Activators of Lipid Accumulation in Green Algae. Plant Physiol 2017; 174:2146-2165. [PMID: 28652262 PMCID: PMC5543952 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are proposed as feedstock organisms useful for producing biofuels and coproducts. However, several limitations must be overcome before algae-based production is economically feasible. Among these is the ability to induce lipid accumulation and storage without affecting biomass yield. To overcome this barrier, a chemical genetics approach was employed in which 43,783 compounds were screened against Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and 243 compounds were identified that increase triacylglyceride (TAG) accumulation without terminating growth. Identified compounds were classified by structural similarity, and 15 were selected for secondary analyses addressing impacts on growth fitness, photosynthetic pigments, and total cellular protein and starch concentrations. TAG accumulation was verified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry quantification of total fatty acids, and targeted TAG and galactolipid measurements were performed using liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring/mass spectrometry. These results demonstrated that TAG accumulation does not necessarily proceed at the expense of galactolipid. Untargeted metabolite profiling provided important insights into pathway shifts due to five different compound treatments and verified the anabolic state of the cells with regard to the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, Calvin cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and amino acid biosynthetic pathways. Metabolite patterns were distinct from nitrogen starvation and other abiotic stresses commonly used to induce oil accumulation in algae. The efficacy of these compounds also was demonstrated in three other algal species. These lipid-inducing compounds offer a valuable set of tools for delving into the biochemical mechanisms of lipid accumulation in algae and a direct means to improve algal oil content independent of the severe growth limitations associated with nutrient deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishikant Wase
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Boqiang Tu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - James W Allen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Paul N Black
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Concetta C DiRusso
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
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Wase N, Tu B, Black PN, DiRusso CC. Phenotypic screening identifies Brefeldin A/Ascotoxin as an inducer of lipid storage in the algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Wase N, Pham TK, Ow SY, Wright PC. Quantitative analysis of UV-A shock and short term stress using iTRAQ, pseudo selective reaction monitoring (pSRM) and GC-MS based metabolite analysis of the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133. J Proteomics 2014; 109:332-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wase N, Boqiang T, Adamec J, Cerny R, Black P, DiRusso C. Discovery of small molecule hyperlipid accumulating triggers of algae
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
identified via in vivo phenotype based screen (597.1). FASEB J 2014. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.597.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nishikant Wase
- Biochemistry University of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUnited States
| | - Tu Boqiang
- Biochemistry University of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUnited States
| | - Jiri Adamec
- Biochemistry University of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUnited States
| | - Ron Cerny
- Chemistry University of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUnited States
| | - Paul Black
- Biochemistry University of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUnited States
| | - Concetta DiRusso
- Biochemistry University of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUnited States
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Wase N, Black PN, Stanley BA, DiRusso CC. Integrated quantitative analysis of nitrogen stress response in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using metabolite and protein profiling. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:1373-96. [PMID: 24528286 DOI: 10.1021/pr400952z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen starvation induces a global stress response in microalgae that results in the accumulation of lipids as a potential source of biofuel. Using GC-MS-based metabolite and iTRAQ-labeled protein profiling, we examined and correlated the metabolic and proteomic response of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under nitrogen stress. Key amino acids and metabolites involved in nitrogen sparing pathways, methyl group transfer reactions, and energy production were decreased in abundance, whereas certain fatty acids, citric acid, methionine, citramalic acid, triethanolamine, nicotianamine, trehalose, and sorbitol were increased in abundance. Proteins involved in nitrogen assimilation, amino acid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, TCA cycle, starch, and lipid metabolism were elevated compared with nonstressed cultures. In contrast, the enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle, one carbon metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, the Calvin cycle, photosynthetic and light harvesting complex, and ribosomes were reduced. A noteworthy observation was that citrate accumulated during nitrogen stress coordinate with alterations in the enzymes that produce or utilize this metabolite, demonstrating the value of comparing protein and metabolite profiles to understand complex patterns of metabolic flow. Thus, the current study provides unique insight into the global metabolic adjustments leading to lipid storage during N starvation for application toward advanced biofuel production technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishikant Wase
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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