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Mashayekhi-Sardoo H, Rezaee R, Riahi-Zanjani B, Karimi G. Alleviation of microcystin-leucine arginine -induced hepatotoxicity: An updated overview. Toxicon 2024; 243:107715. [PMID: 38636613 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Contamination of surface waters is a major health threat for all living creatures. Some types of blue-green algae that naturally occur in fresh water, are able to produce various toxins, like Microcystins (MCs). Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) produced by Microcystis aeruginosa is the most toxic and abundant isoforms of MCs, and it causes hepatotoxicity. The present article reviews preclinical experiments examined different treatments, including herbal derivatives, dietary supplements and drugs against MC-LR hepatotoxicity. METHODS We searched scientific databases Web of Science, Embase, Medline (PubMed), Scopus, and Google Scholar using relevant keywords to find suitable studies until November 2023. RESULTS MC-LR through Organic anion transporting polypeptide superfamily transporters (OATPs) penetrates and accumulates in hepatocytes, and it inhibits protein phosphatases (PP1 and PP2A). Consequently, MC-LR disturbs many signaling pathways and induces oxidative stress thus damages cellular macromolecules. Some protective agents, especially plants rich in flavonoids, and natural supplements, as well as chemoprotectants were shown to diminish MC-LR hepatotoxicity. CONCLUSION The reviewed agents through blocking the OATP transporters (nontoxic nostocyclopeptide-M1, captopril, and naringin), then inhibition of MC-LR uptake (naringin, rifampin, cyclosporin-A, silymarin and captopril), and finally at restoration of PPAse activity (silybin, quercetin, morin, naringin, rifampin, captopril, azo dyes) exert hepatoprotective effect against MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibeh Mashayekhi-Sardoo
- Bio Environmental Health Hazard Research Center, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran; Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran.
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Bamdad Riahi-Zanjani
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Ge K, Du X, Liu H, Meng R, Wu C, Zhang Z, Liang X, Yang J, Zhang H. The cytotoxicity of microcystin-LR: ultrastructural and functional damage of cells. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:663-687. [PMID: 38252150 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03676-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a toxin produced by cyanobacteria, which is widely distributed in eutrophic water bodies and has multi-organ toxicity. Previous cytotoxicity studies have mostly elucidated the effects of MC-LR on intracellular-related factors, proteins, and DNA at the molecular level. However, there have been few studies on the adverse effects of MC-LR on cell ultrastructure and function. Therefore, research on the cytotoxicity of MC-LR in recent years was collected and summarized. It was found that MC-LR can induce a series of cytotoxic effects, including decreased cell viability, induced autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis, altered cell cycle, altered cell morphology, abnormal cell migration and invasion as well as leading to genetic damage. The above cytotoxic effects were related to the damage of various ultrastructure and functions such as cell membranes and mitochondria. Furthermore, MC-LR can disrupt cell ultrastructure and function by inducing oxidative stress and inhibiting protein phosphatase activity. In addition, the combined toxic effects of MC-LR and other environmental pollutants were investigated. This review explored the toxic targets of MC-LR at the subcellular level, which will provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of multi-organ toxicity caused by MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangfeng Ge
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xingde Du
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Haohao Liu
- Department of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ruiyang Meng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Chunrui Wu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zongxin Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jun Yang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Mesquita FMD, de Oliveira DF, Caldeira DDAF, de Albuquerque JPC, Matta L, Faria CCD, Souza IIAD, Takiya CM, Fortunato RS, Nascimento JHM, de Oliveira Azevedo SMF, Zin WA, Maciel L. Subacute and sublethal ingestion of microcystin-LR impairs lung mitochondrial function by an oligomycin-like effect. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 93:103887. [PMID: 35598755 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a potent cyanotoxin that can reach several organs. However subacute exposure to sublethal doses of MC-LR has not yet well been studied. Herein, we evaluated the outcomes of subacute and sublethal MC-LR exposure on lungs. Male BALB/c mice were exposed to MC-LR by gavage (30 µg/kg) for 20 consecutive days, whereas CTRL mice received filtered water. Respiratory mechanics was not altered in MC-LR group, but histopathology disclosed increased collagen deposition, immunological cell infiltration, and higher percentage of collapsed alveoli. Mitochondrial function was extensively affected in MC-LR animals. Additionally, a direct in vitro titration of MC-LR revealed impaired mitochondrial function. In conclusion, MC-LR presented an intense deleterious effect on lung mitochondrial function and histology. Furthermore, MC-LR seems to exert an oligomycin-like effect in lung mitochondria. This study opens new perspectives for the understanding of the putative pulmonary initial mechanisms of damage resulting from oral MC-LR intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Muniz de Mesquita
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Leonardo Matta
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Caroline Coelho de Faria
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Itanna Isis Araujo de Souza
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Christina Maeda Takiya
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Soares Fortunato
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Walter Araujo Zin
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Maciel
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Campus Professor Geraldo Cidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil.
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Wu J, Liu H, Huang H, Yuan L, Liu C, Wang Y, Cheng X, Zhuang D, Xu M, Chen X, Losiewicz MD, Zhang H. p53-Dependent pathway and the opening of mPTP mediate the apoptosis of co-cultured Sertoli-germ cells induced by microcystin-LR. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:1074-1084. [PMID: 31157505 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a potent endotoxin, can induce reproductive toxicity. In order to investigate the role and mechanisms of apoptosis (p53-dependent and mitochondrial pathways) of germ cells induced by MC-LR, the co-cultured primary Sertoli-germ cells from Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the experiments. Expression levels of proteins, genes, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were obtained after exposing co-cultured Sertoli-germ cells to MC-LR with or without the addition of the p53 inhibitor, pifithrin-α (PFT-α), and MMP inhibitor, cyclosporin A (CsA). Results indicated that MC-LR could activate p53-dependent pathway-associated proteins in Sertoli-germ cells, leading to a decrease in MMP (indicating the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore [mPTP] and the release of Cytochrome-c [Cyt-c]) from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm and eventually the induction of apoptosis. PFT-α inhibited the expression ofp53, ameliorated the MMP of the co-cultured Sertoli-germ cells, and prevented the release of Cyt-c from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm, which reduces the occurrence of apoptosis. Similarly, the decreased release of Cyt-c from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm and the declined level of apoptosis in Sertoli-germ cells induced by MC-LR were observed after the addition of CsA. These results indicated that the apoptosis of the co-cultured Sertoli-germ cells induced by MC-LR was mediated by the p53-dependent pathway, with the involvement of the opening of mPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Wu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haohao Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Huang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Le Yuan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chuanrui Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yueqin Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuemin Cheng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Donggang Zhuang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinghai Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St Mary's University, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Michael D Losiewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St Mary's University, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Wu J, Yang L, Zhang X, Li Y, Wang J, Zhang S, Liu H, Huang H, Wang Y, Yuan L, Cheng X, Zhuang D, Zhang H, Chen X. MC-LR induces dysregulation of iron homeostasis by inhibiting hepcidin expression: A preliminary study. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 212:572-584. [PMID: 30172039 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The liver is an important iron storage site and a primary MC-LR target. C57BL/6 and Hfe-/- mice were used to investigate effects and mechanisms of MC-LR on systematic iron homeostasis. Body weight, tissue iron content, hematological and serological indexes, and histopathological were evaluated. Ultrastructure and iron metabolism-related genes and proteins were analyzed. MC-LR induced dose-dependent increases in red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. In contrast MC-LR-induced dose-dependent decreases in mean corpuscular volume, hemoglobin, and hemoglobin concentration were observed both C57BL/6 and Hfe-/- mice. In both mouse species, serological indexes increased. Aggravated liver and spleen iron were observed in C57BL/6 mice, consistent with Perls' Prussian blue staining. However, an opposite trend was observed in Hfe-/- mice. C57BL/6 mice had lower Hamp1 (Hepcidn), Bmp6, Il-6, and Tmprss6. Significant increased Hjv, Hif-1α and Hif-2α were observed in both C57BL/6 and Hfe-/- mice. MC-LR-induced pathological lesions were dose-dependent increase in C57BL/6 mice. More severe pathological injuries in MC-LR groups (25 μg/kg) were observed in Hfe-/- mice than in C57BL/6 mice. In Hfe-/- mice, upon exposure to 25 μg/kg MC-LR, mitochondrial membranes were damaged and mitochondrial counts increased with significant swelling. These results indicated that MC-LR can induce the accumulation of iron in C57BL/6 mice with the occurrence of anemia, similar to thalassemia. Moreover, dysregulation of iron homeostasis may be due to MC-LR-induced Hamp1 downregulation, possibly mediated by hypoxia or the IL6-STAT3 and BMP-SMAD signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Wu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Lei Yang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China; School of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Jianyao Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Shenshen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Haohao Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Hui Huang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Yueqin Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Le Yuan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Xuemin Cheng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Donggang Zhuang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China.
| | - Xinghai Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St Mary's University, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Tumor-promoting cyanotoxin microcystin-LR does not induce procarcinogenic events in adult human liver stem cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29534881 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HL1-hT1 cell line represents adult human liver stem cells (LSCs) immortalized with human telomerase reverse transcriptase. In this study, HL1-hT1 cells were found to express mesenchymal markers (vimentin, CD73, CD90/THY-1 and CD105) and an early hepatic endoderm marker FOXA2, while not expressing hepatic progenitor (HNF4A, LGR5, α-fetoprotein) or differentiated hepatocyte markers (albumin, transthyretin, connexin 32). In response to microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a time- and concentration-dependent formation of MC-positive protein bands in HL1-hT1 cells was observed. Cellular accumulation of MC-LR occurred most likely via mechanisms independent on organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) or multidrug resistance (MDR) proteins, as indicated (a) by a gene expression analysis of 11 human OATP genes and 4 major MDR genes (MDR1/P-glycoprotein, MRP1, MRP2 and BCRP); (b) by non-significant effects of OATP or MDR1 inhibitors on MC-LR uptake. Accumulation of MC-positive protein bands in HL1-hT1 cells was associated neither with alterations of cell viability and growth, dysregulations of ERK1/2 and p38 kinases, reactive oxygen species formation, induction of double-stranded DNA breaks nor modulations of stress-inducible genes (ATF3, HSP5). It suggests that LSCs might have a selective, MDR1-independent, survival advantage and higher tolerance towards MC-induced cytotoxic, genotoxic or cancer-related events than differentiated adult hepatocytes, fetal hepatocyte or malignant liver cell lines. HL1-hT1 cells provide a valuable in vitro tool for studying effects of toxicants and pharmaceuticals on LSCs, whose important role in the development of chronic toxicities and liver diseases is being increasingly recognized.
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Ma J, Li Y, Duan H, Sivakumar R, Li X. Chronic exposure of nanomolar MC-LR caused oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in HepG2 cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 192:305-317. [PMID: 29117589 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Low dose but long-term exposure of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) could induce human hepatitis and promote liver cancer according to epidemiological investigation results, but the exact mechanism has not been completely elucidated. In the present study, a chronic toxicity test of MC-LR exposure on HepG2 cells at 0.1-30 nM for 83 d was conducted under laboratory conditions. The western blot assay result revealed that MC-LR entered HepG2 cells, even at the concentration of 0.1 nM, after 83 d of exposure, but no cytotoxicity was observed in the HepG2 cells, as determined by the CCK-8 and LDH tests. However, the results of the DCF fluorescence assay showed that the intracellular ROS level in the 30 nM MC-LR-treated cells was significantly higher than that of the control cells, and 5 and 10 nM of MC-LR exposure totally increased the activity of SOD in HepG2 cells. These results indicate that MC-LR exposure at low concentration also induced excessive ROS in HepG2 cells. Additionally, long-term exposure of MC-LR at low concentration remarkably promoted the expression of NF-κB p65, COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cells, suggesting that long-term MC-LR exposure at low concentration can induce inflammatory reaction to HepG2 cells, which might account for MC-induced human hepatitis. Thus, we hypothesized that the pathogenesis of human hepatitis and hepatocarcinoma caused by MCs might be closely associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Ma
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Hongying Duan
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | | | - Xiaoyu Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.
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McLellan NL, Manderville RA. Toxic mechanisms of microcystins in mammals. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:391-405. [PMID: 30090507 PMCID: PMC6060792 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00043j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins, such as microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR), are some of the most toxic and prevalent cyanotoxins produced by cyanobacteria in freshwater and saltwater algal blooms worldwide. Acute and chronic exposures to microcystins are primarily known to cause hepatotoxicity; cellular damage and genotoxicity within mammalian livers. However, in vivo studies indicate that similar damage may occur in other mammalian organs and tissues, such as the kidney, heart, reproductive systems, and lungs - particularly following chronic low-dose exposures. Mechanisms of toxicity of mycrocystins are reviewed herein; including cellular uptake, interaction with protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A, cytoskeletal effects, formation of oxidative stress and induction of apoptosis. In general, the mode of action of toxicity by MCs in mammalian organs are similar to those that have been observed in liver tissues. A comprehensive understanding of the toxic mechanisms of microcystins in mammalian tissues and organs will assist in the development of risk assessment approaches to public health protection strategies and the development of robust drinking water policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L McLellan
- School of Environmental Sciences , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario N1G 2W1 , Canada
| | - Richard A Manderville
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario N1G 2W1 , Canada . ; ; Tel: +1-519-824-4120, x53963
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Shi J, Deng H, Pan H, Xu Y, Zhang M. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate attenuates microcystin-LR induced oxidative stress and inflammation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 168:25-31. [PMID: 27776235 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory effects. Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a potent toxin and our past research suggested that it also mediated human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of EGCG on MC-LR-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in HUVECs. HUVECs were stimulated with MC-LR in the presence or absence of EGCG. MC-LR (40 μM) significantly increased cell death and decreased cell viability, migration, and tube formation, whereas EGCG (50 μM) inhibited these effects. Furthermore, the results indicated that EGCG inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in MC-LR-stimulated HUVECs. Compared with MC-LR, EGCG significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Moreover, the analysis indicated that EGCG suppressed MC-LR-induced NF-κB activation. In conclusion, the effects of EGCG were associated with inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway, which resulted in decreased ROS and TNF-α, thereby attenuating MC-LR-mediated oxidative and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, China
| | - Huiping Deng
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, China
| | - Huichao Pan
- Division of Cardiology, TongRen Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1111 Xianxia Road, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Yinjie Xu
- Division of Cardiology, TongRen Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1111 Xianxia Road, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, TongRen Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1111 Xianxia Road, Shanghai 200336, China.
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Buratti FM, Manganelli M, Vichi S, Stefanelli M, Scardala S, Testai E, Funari E. Cyanotoxins: producing organisms, occurrence, toxicity, mechanism of action and human health toxicological risk evaluation. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:1049-1130. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Ma
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
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