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Davidović P, Blagojević D, Meriluoto J, Simeunović J, Svirčev Z. Biotests in Cyanobacterial Toxicity Assessment-Efficient Enough or Not? BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050711. [PMID: 37237524 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are a diverse group of organisms known for producing highly potent cyanotoxins that pose a threat to human, animal, and environmental health. These toxins have varying chemical structures and toxicity mechanisms and several toxin classes can be present simultaneously, making it difficult to assess their toxic effects using physico-chemical methods, even when the producing organism and its abundance are identified. To address these challenges, alternative organisms among aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates are being explored as more assays evolve and diverge from the initially established and routinely used mouse bioassay. However, detecting cyanotoxins in complex environmental samples and characterizing their toxic modes of action remain major challenges. This review provides a systematic overview of the use of some of these alternative models and their responses to harmful cyanobacterial metabolites. It also assesses the general usefulness, sensitivity, and efficiency of these models in investigating the mechanisms of cyanotoxicity expressed at different levels of biological organization. From the reported findings, it is clear that cyanotoxin testing requires a multi-level approach. While studying changes at the whole-organism level is essential, as the complexities of whole organisms are still beyond the reach of in vitro methodologies, understanding cyanotoxicity at the molecular and biochemical levels is necessary for meaningful toxicity evaluations. Further research is needed to refine and optimize bioassays for cyanotoxicity testing, which includes developing standardized protocols and identifying novel model organisms for improved understanding of the mechanisms with fewer ethical concerns. In vitro models and computational modeling can complement vertebrate bioassays and reduce animal use, leading to better risk assessment and characterization of cyanotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Davidović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dajana Blagojević
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jelica Simeunović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Zorica Svirčev
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Mohamed ZA, Mostafa Y, Alamri S, Hashem M, Alrumman S. Biotransformation and detoxification of saxitoxin by Bacillus flexus in batch experiments. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:63. [PMID: 36629970 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Saxitoxins (STXs) are carbamate alkaloid neurotoxins produced by some species of cyanobacteria. They are water soluble and relatively stable in the natural environment, and thereby represent a risk to animal and human health through a long-time exposure. STXs cannot be sufficiently removed by conventional water treatment methods. Therefore, this study investigates the potential STX biodegradation and detoxification by bacteria as a promising method for toxin removal. STX biodegradation experiments were conducted using Bacillus flexus SSZ01 strain in batch cultures. The results revealed that SSZ01 strain grew well and rapidly detoxified STX, with no lag phase observed. STX detoxification by SSZ01 strain was initial-toxin-concentration-dependent. The highest biotransformation rate (10 µg STX L-1 day-1) the pseudo-first-order kinetic constant (0.58 d-1) were obtained at the highest initial toxin concentration (50 µg L-1) and the lowest ones (0.06 µg STX L-1 day-1 and 0.14 d-1, respectively) were recorded at the lowest initial concentration (0.5 µg L-1). STX biotransformation rate increased with temperature, with highest occurred at 30 ºC. This rate was also influenced by pH, with highest obtained at pH8 and lowest at higher and lower pH values. HPLC chromatograms showed that STX biotransformation peak is corresponding to the least toxic STX analog (disulfated sulfocarbamoyl-C1 variant). The Artemia-based toxicity assay revealed that this biotransformation byproduct was nontoxic. This suggests the potential application of this bacterial strain in slow sand filters for cyanotoxin removal in water treatment plants. Being nontoxic, this byproduct needs to be assayed for its therapeutic effects toward neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria A Mohamed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt.
| | - Yasser Mostafa
- College of Science, Department of Biology, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alamri
- College of Science, Department of Biology, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- College of Science, Department of Biology, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Sulaiman Alrumman
- College of Science, Department of Biology, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
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Liu S, Xiao J, Min X, Tan Y, Ma F, Liu L. Ultrastructure distribution of microcystin-LR and its migration mechanism by nanoanalytical investigation. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Adsorbents Used for Microcystin Removal from Water Sources: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10071235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of toxic cyanobacteria in water sources, driven by climate change and eutrophication, is of great concern worldwide today. Cyanobacterial blooms can negatively affect water bodies and generate harmful secondary metabolites, namely microcystins (MCs), which significantly impair water quality. Various adsorbents used for MC removal from water sources were assessed in this investigation. Activated carbon constitutes the most widely used adsorbent for treating contaminated waters due to its high affinity for adsorbing MCs. Alternative adsorbents have also been proposed and reported to provide higher efficiency, but the studies carried out so far in this regard are still insufficient. The mechanisms implicated in MC adsorption upon different adsorbents should be further detailed for a better optimization of the adsorption process. Certainly, adsorbent characteristics, water pH and temperature are the main factors influencing the adsorption of MCs. In this context, optimization studies must be performed considering the effectiveness, economic aspects associated with each adsorbent. This review provides guidelines for more practical field applications of the adsorption in the treatment of waters actually contaminated with MCs.
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El Bouaidi W, Libralato G, Douma M, Ounas A, Yaacoubi A, Lofrano G, Albarano L, Guida M, Loudiki M. A review of plant-based coagulants for turbidity and cyanobacteria blooms removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:42601-42615. [PMID: 35384538 PMCID: PMC9148277 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the proliferation of Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms (CyanoHABs) has increased with water eutrophication and climate change, impairing human health and the environment in relation to water supply. In drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), the bio-coagulation based on natural coagulants has been studied as an eco-friendly alternative technology to conventional coagulants for both turbidity and CyanoHABs removal. Plant-based coagulants have demonstrated their coagulation efficiency in turbidity removal, as reported in several papers but its ability in cyanobacterial removal is still limited. This paper mainly reviewed the application of plant-based coagulants in DWTPs, with focus on turbidity removal, including cyanobacterial cells. The future potential uses of these green coagulants to reduce noxious effects of cyanobacterial proliferation are presented. Green coagulants advantages and limitations in DWTPs are reviewed and discussed summarizing more than 10 years of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Widad El Bouaidi
- Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change; Phycology, Biotechnology and Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Department of Biology, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah, P. O Box 2390, 40000 Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Giovanni Libralato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Mountasser Douma
- Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga (FPK), Sultan Moulay Slimane University, 25000 Khouribga, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Ounas
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Department of Chemistry, Cadi Ayyad University, 40000 Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Abdelrani Yaacoubi
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Department of Chemistry, Cadi Ayyad University, 40000 Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Giusy Lofrano
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Motorie, Umane E Della Salute, Università Degli Studi Di Roma Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro De Bosis, 15, 00135 Roma, Italy
| | - Luisa Albarano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Mohammed Loudiki
- Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change; Phycology, Biotechnology and Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Department of Biology, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah, P. O Box 2390, 40000 Marrakesh, Morocco
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Kalaitzidou MP, Alvanou MV, Papageorgiou KV, Lattos A, Sofia M, Kritas SK, Petridou E, Giantsis IA. Pollution Indicators and HAB-Associated Halophilic Bacteria Alongside Harmful Cyanobacteria in the Largest Mussel Cultivation Area in Greece. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095285. [PMID: 35564680 PMCID: PMC9104808 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Taking into consideration the essential contribution of Mytilus galloprovincialis farming, it is of rising importance to add knowledge regarding bacterial species occurrence in water samples from aquaculture zones from the point of view of both the organism and public health. In the present study, we investigated the bacterial community existing in water samples from six Mytilus galloprovincialis aquaculture areas in the Thermaikos gulf, northern Greece, that may provoke toxicity in aquatic organisms and humans and may indicate environmental pollution in mussel production as well as algal blooms. Bacterial species were identified molecularly by sequencing of a partial 16s rRNA segment and were analyzed phylogenetically for the confirmation of the bacterial taxonomy. The results obtained revealed the presence of four bacterial genera (Halomonas sp., Planococcus sp., Sulfitobacter sp., and Synechocystis sp.). Members of the Halomonas and Sulfitobacter genera have been isolated from highly polluted sites, Planococcus bacteria have been identified in samples derived directly from plastic debris, and Synechocystis bacteria are in line with microcystin detection. In this context, the monitoring of the bacteria community in mussel aquaculture water samples from the Thermaikos gulf, the largest mussel cultivation area in Greece, represents an indicator of water pollution, microplastics presence, algal blooms, and toxin presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P. Kalaitzidou
- National Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, Department of Food Microbiology, Biochemical Control, Residues, Marine Biotoxins and Other Water Toxins, Directorate of Veterinary Center of Thessaloniki, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Maria V. Alvanou
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, 53100 Florina, Greece; (M.V.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Konstantinos V. Papageorgiou
- 3rd Military Veterinary Hospital, General Staff, Hellenic Ministry of Defense, 15th Km Thessaloniki-Vasilika, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Athanasios Lattos
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, 53100 Florina, Greece; (M.V.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Marina Sofia
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece;
| | - Spyridon K. Kritas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.K.); (E.P.)
| | - Evanthia Petridou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.K.); (E.P.)
| | - Ioannis A. Giantsis
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, 53100 Florina, Greece; (M.V.A.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Tavakoli Y, Mohammadipanah F, Te SH, You L, Gin KYH. Biodiversity, phylogeny and toxin production profile of cyanobacterial strains isolated from lake Latyan in Iran. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 106:102054. [PMID: 34154781 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring toxigenic cyanobacteria in freshwaters is of great importance due to the adverse health impacts on humans and aquatic organisms. Here we studied cyanobacterial occurrence and biodiversity in a drinking water reservoir in Tehran province, Iran. In total, nine different species representing three orders of Synechococcales, Oscillatoriales and Nostocales were isolated and classified into six families and seven genera ranging from 92.3% to 99.0% similarities in their partial 16S rDNA with GenBank sequences. The cultures were analyzed for cyanotoxins production by the Artemia salina bioassay, ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and also screened for the presence of marker genes involved in toxins production. Ethyl acetate extracts of three strains showed more than 50% mortality on A. salina larvae after 24 h at a concentration of 500 µg/ml. Production of at least one of the cyanotoxins, microcystin (MC), cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and anatoxin-a (ATX-a), was detected in 6 of the strains. Seven MC variants with a total concentration of 130.6 ng/mg of biomass dry weight were detected for the strain Phormidium sp. UTMC6001 and molecular screening of the mcyE gene also confirmed the presence of this biomarker in its genome. Our study also revealed the production of CYN in a novel picocyanobacterial strain Cyanobium sp. UTMC6007 at 1.0 ng/mg of biomass dry weight. Considering the limited information on freshwater toxic cyanobacteria taxonomy in the Middle East, these findings will expand our knowledge and consequently aid in development of new water management policies in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Tavakoli
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Lab, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417864411, Iran; Energy and environmental sustainability for megacities (E2S2), NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadipanah
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Lab, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417864411, Iran.
| | - Shu Harn Te
- Energy and environmental sustainability for megacities (E2S2), NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore
| | - Luhua You
- Energy and environmental sustainability for megacities (E2S2), NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- Energy and environmental sustainability for megacities (E2S2), NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk E1A-07-03, 1 Engineering 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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Pavaux AS, Ternon E, Dufour L, Marro S, Gémin MP, Thomas OP, Lemée R. Efficient, fast and inexpensive bioassay to monitor benthic microalgae toxicity: Application to Ostreopsis species. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 223:105485. [PMID: 32353662 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Even though HPLC-MS is commonly used to quantify the toxin content of Ostreopsis spp. cells, there is a need to develop easy-to-use toxicological tests to set thresholds during Ostreopsis spp. blooms. The crustacean Artemia has been widely used to evaluate the presence and toxicity of chemicals and biological contaminants and we anticipated that it could also be useful to test Ostreopsis spp. toxicity. Its relevance was first assessed by investigating the variability of the toxic effects among Ostreopsis spp. strains and throughout the dinoflagellate life cycle in combination with chemical analyses of the toxinic content by UHPLC-HRMS. After testing the toxicity of fractions prepared from Ostreopsis spp. cells, the known ova- and paly-toxins were not the only toxic metabolites to Artemia franciscana, indicating that other toxic compounds synthesized by Ostreopsis spp. still remain to be identified. To extend the bioassay to in situ monitoring, the toxicity of the benthic microalgal consortium was tested during a natural bloom of Ostreopsis cf. ovata in the NW Mediterranean Sea. The results highlight the accuracy and sensitivity of the ecotoxicological assay with Artemia franciscana to assess the toxicity of Ostreopsis spp. blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Pavaux
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, F-06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France.
| | - Eva Ternon
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, OCA, IRD, Géoazur, 250 rue Albert Einstein, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Louison Dufour
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, F-06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Sophie Marro
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, F-06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Marin-Pierre Gémin
- IFREMER - Laboratoire Phycotoxines (PHYC), Rue de l'Île d'Yeu, BP 21105, F- 44311, Nantes, France
| | - Olivier P Thomas
- Marine Biodiscovery, School of Chemistry and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, H91 TK33, Galway, Ireland
| | - Rodolphe Lemée
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, F-06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
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Hemmati M, Tejada-Casado C, Lara FJ, García-Campaña AM, Rajabi M, del Olmo-Iruela M. Monitoring of cyanotoxins in water from hypersaline microalgae colonies by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with diode array and tandem mass spectrometry detection following salting-out liquid-liquid extraction. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1608:460409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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The Diversity of Cyanobacterial Toxins on Structural Characterization, Distribution and Identification: A Systematic Review. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090530. [PMID: 31547379 PMCID: PMC6784007 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread distribution of cyanobacteria in the aquatic environment is increasing the risk of water pollution caused by cyanotoxins, which poses a serious threat to human health. However, the structural characterization, distribution and identification techniques of cyanotoxins have not been comprehensively reviewed in previous studies. This paper aims to elaborate the existing information systematically on the diversity of cyanotoxins to identify valuable research avenues. According to the chemical structure, cyanotoxins are mainly classified into cyclic peptides, alkaloids, lipopeptides, nonprotein amino acids and lipoglycans. In terms of global distribution, the amount of cyanotoxins are unbalanced in different areas. The diversity of cyanotoxins is more obviously found in many developed countries than that in undeveloped countries. Moreover, the threat of cyanotoxins has promoted the development of identification and detection technology. Many emerging methods have been developed to detect cyanotoxins in the environment. This communication provides a comprehensive review of the diversity of cyanotoxins, and the detection and identification technology was discussed. This detailed information will be a valuable resource for identifying the various types of cyanotoxins which threaten the environment of different areas. The ability to accurately identify specific cyanotoxins is an obvious and essential aspect of cyanobacterial research.
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Perin G, Yunus IS, Valton M, Alobwede E, Jones PR. Sunlight-driven recycling to increase nutrient use-efficiency in agriculture. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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