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Pascucci D, Gobler CJ, Rountos KJ. Harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides impairs the feeding behavior of larval sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:153-163. [PMID: 33624835 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Research evaluating the toxicity of the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium (a.k.a. Margalefidinium) polykrikoides has been dominated by acute bioassays while the sublethal effects remain less well understood. This study examined the sublethal effects of C. polykrikoides exposure on the feeding behavior of larval estuarine fish. Sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) larvae were used in feeding experiments which assessed the total consumption of zooplankton prey (i.e., Artemia nauplii) over defined time periods. Larvae exposed to intermediate concentrations (i.e., 102 cells ml-1 ) of clonal cultures of C. polykrikoides saw statistically significant reductions (range = 10%-81%) in the Artemia consumed compared to controls (i.e., filtered seawater, culture media or nontoxin producing dinoflagellate). These reductions were found independent of whether the larvae were fed or starved prior to experimentation. As these concentrations are similar to those typically found during mild blooms or at the periphery of dense blooms, these findings have significant implications for the feeding behavior of ichthyoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pascucci
- Department of Biology, St Joseph's College, Patchogue, New York, USA
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Stony Brook Southampton, Southampton, New York, USA
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Gu J, Yan M, Leung PTY, Tian L, Lam VTT, Cheng SH, Lam PKS. Toxicity effects of hydrophilic algal lysates from Coolia tropicalis on marine medaka larvae (Oryzias melastigma). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 234:105787. [PMID: 33677168 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Coolia tropicalis is a species of benthic and epiphytic toxic algae, which can produce phycotoxins that intoxicate marine fauna. In this study, the potential toxic effects of C. tropicalis on fish were investigated using larval marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) as a model to evaluate fish behavior, physiological performance, and stress-induced molecular responses to exposure to two sublethal concentrations (LC10 and LC20) of hydrophilic algal lysates. Exposure to C. tropicalis lysates inhibited swimming activity, activated spontaneous undirected locomotion, altered nerve length ration, and induced early development abnormalities, such as shorter eye diameter, body as well as axon length. Consistent with these abnormalities, changes in the expression of genes associated with apoptosis (CASPASE-3 and BCL-2), the inflammatory response (IL-1β and COX-2), oxidative stress (SOD), and energy metabolism (ACHE and VHA), were also observed. This study advances our understanding of the mechanisms of C. tropicalis toxicity in marine fish in the early life stages and contributes to future ecological risk assessments of toxic benthic dinoflagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Meng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China.
| | - Priscilla T Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China.
| | - Li Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Veronica T T Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuk Han Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
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Corriere M, Baptista M, Paula JR, Repolho T, Rosa R, Costa PR, Soliño L. Impaired fish swimming performance following dietary exposure to the marine phycotoxin okadaic acid. Toxicon 2020; 179:53-59. [PMID: 32147514 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fish are frequently exposed to harmful algal blooms (HAB) and to related toxins. However, the biological effects of okadaic acid (OA), the most abundant and frequent HAB-toxin in Europe, South America and Asia, have been poorly investigated. In this study, fish swimming performance and metabolic rates were investigated in juveniles of Zebra seabream (Diplodus cervinus) exposed to OA-group toxins via dietary route, during three days. Fish fed on contaminated food accumulated up to 455.5 μg OA equiv. Kg-1. Significant lower mean critical swimming speed (Ucrit) were observed in fish orally exposed to OA (and its related isomer dinophysistoxin-1, DTX-1) than fish feeding on non-toxic diet. A tendency to higher demands of oxygen consumption was also recorded in OA-exposed fish at higher current velocities. This study indicates that fish may not be affected by OA-group toxins under basal conditions, but suggests a decrease in fitness linked to a reduction in swimming performance of fish exposed to OA under increased stimulus. OA and related toxins are suggested to have a cryptic effect on swimming performance that may be enhanced when fish deals with multiple stressors. Considering that a reduction in swimming performance may have impact on critical activities, such as foraging and escaping from predators, this study highlights the ecological risk associated with dinoflagellate toxic blooms, biotoxins food web transfer and fish contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Corriere
- IPMA-Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006, Lisbon, Portugal; Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Via Sant'Alberto, 163 - 48100, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Miguel Baptista
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
| | - José R Paula
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Tiago Repolho
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Pedro Reis Costa
- IPMA-Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006, Lisbon, Portugal; CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Lucía Soliño
- IPMA-Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006, Lisbon, Portugal; CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
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Paralytic Shellfish Toxins and Ocean Warming: Bioaccumulation and Ecotoxicological Responses in Juvenile Gilthead Seabream ( Sparus aurata). Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11070408. [PMID: 31337041 PMCID: PMC6669718 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Warmer seawater temperatures are expected to increase harmful algal blooms (HABs) occurrence, intensity, and distribution. Yet, the potential interactions between abiotic stressors and HABs are still poorly understood from ecological and seafood safety perspectives. The present study aimed to investigate, for the first time, the bioaccumulation/depuration mechanisms and ecotoxicological responses of juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) exposed to paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) under different temperatures (18, 21, 24 °C). PST were detected in fish at the peak of the exposure period (day five, 0.22 µg g-1 N-sulfocarbamoylGonyautoxin-1-2 (C1 and C2), 0.08 µg g-1 Decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX) and 0.18 µg g-1 Gonyautoxin-5 (B1)), being rapidly eliminated (within the first 24 h of depuration), regardless of exposure temperature. Increased temperatures led to significantly higher PST contamination (275 µg STX eq. kg-1). During the trial, fish antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; glutathione S-transferase, GST) in both muscle and viscera were affected by temperature, whereas a significant induction of heat shock proteins (HSP70), Ubiquitin (Ub) activity (viscera), and lipid peroxidation (LPO; muscle) was observed under the combination of warming and PST exposure. The differential bioaccumulation and biomarker responses observed highlight the need to further understand the interactive effects between PST and abiotic stressors, to better estimate climate change impacts on HABs events, and to develop mitigation strategies to overcome the potential risks associated with seafood consumption.
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Rountos KJ, Kim JJ, Hattenrath-Lehmann TK, Gobler CJ. Effects of the harmful algae, Alexandrium catenella and Dinophysis acuminata, on the survival, growth, and swimming activity of early life stages of forage fish. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 148:46-56. [PMID: 31085422 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of co-occurring harmful algal blooms (HABs) on marine organisms is largely unknown. We assessed the individual and combined impacts of the toxin producing HABs, Alexandrium catenella and Dinophysis acuminata, and a non-toxin-producing HAB (Gymnodinium instriatum) on early life stages of two estuarine fish species (Menidia beryllina and Cyprinodon variegatus). Lethal (i.e. time to death) and sublethal (i.e. growth, grazing rate, and swimming activity) effects of cultured HABs were investigated for eleutheroembryo and larval life stages. Mixed algal treatments (i.e. A. catenella and D. acuminata mixtures) were often equally toxic as A. catenella monoculture treatments alone, although responses depended on the fish species and life stage. Fish exposed to toxin producing HABs died significantly sooner (i.e. <1-3 days) than controls. Significant differences in sublethal effects were also found between fed controls and toxic HAB treatments, although responses were often similar to G. instriatum or starved controls. Collectively, the results demonstrate that HABs may reduce fish productivity and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantine J Rountos
- Department of Biology, St. Joseph's College, 155 West Roe Boulevard, Patchogue, NY, 11772, USA.
| | - Jennifer J Kim
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Stony Brook Southampton, 39 Tuckahoe Road, Southampton, NY, 11968, USA
| | - Theresa K Hattenrath-Lehmann
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Stony Brook Southampton, 39 Tuckahoe Road, Southampton, NY, 11968, USA
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Stony Brook Southampton, 39 Tuckahoe Road, Southampton, NY, 11968, USA.
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