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Varela J, Martins S, Court M, Santos CP, Paula JR, Ferreira IJ, Diniz M, Repolho T, Rosa R. Impacts of Deoxygenation and Hypoxia on Shark Embryos Anti-Predator Behavior and Oxidative Stress. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:biology12040577. [PMID: 37106777 PMCID: PMC10136306 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is leading to the loss of oxygen content in the oceans and endangering the survival of many marine species. Due to sea surface temperature warming and changing circulation, the ocean has become more stratified and is consequently losing its oxygen content. Oviparous elasmobranchs are particularly vulnerable as they lay their eggs in coastal and shallow areas, where they experience significant oscillations in oxygen levels. Here, we investigated the effects of deoxygenation (93% air saturation) and hypoxia (26% air saturation) during a short-term period (six days) on the anti-predator avoidance behavior and physiology (oxidative stress) of small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) embryos. Their survival rate decreased to 88% and 56% under deoxygenation and hypoxia, respectively. The tail beat rates were significantly enhanced in the embryos under hypoxia compared to those exposed to deoxygenation and control conditions, and the freeze response duration showed a significant opposite trend. Yet, at the physiological level, through the analyses of key biomarkers (SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST activities as well as HSP70, Ubiquitin, and MDA levels), we found no evidence of increased oxidative stress and cell damage under hypoxia. Thus, the present findings show that the projected end-of-the-century deoxygenation levels elicit neglectable biological effects on shark embryos. On the other hand, hypoxia causes a high embryo mortality rate. Additionally, hypoxia makes embryos more vulnerable to predators, because the increased tail beat frequency will enhance the release of chemical and physical cues that can be detected by predators. The shortening of the shark freeze response under hypoxia also makes the embryos more prone to predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaquelino Varela
- MARE-Marine and Environmetal Sciences Centre/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
- Sphyrna Association, Sal Rei 5110, Boa Vista Island, Cape Verde
| | - Sandra Martins
- MARE-Marine and Environmetal Sciences Centre/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
- Comparative Molecular and Integrative Biology, Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Melanie Court
- MARE-Marine and Environmetal Sciences Centre/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pereira Santos
- MARE-Marine and Environmetal Sciences Centre/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
- Sphyrna Association, Sal Rei 5110, Boa Vista Island, Cape Verde
- Environmental Economics Knowledge Center, Nova School of Business and Economics, New University of Lisbon, 2775-405 Carcavelos, Portugal
| | - José Ricardo Paula
- MARE-Marine and Environmetal Sciences Centre/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Inês João Ferreira
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- LAQV-Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Mário Diniz
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Tiago Repolho
- MARE-Marine and Environmetal Sciences Centre/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE-Marine and Environmetal Sciences Centre/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
- Sphyrna Association, Sal Rei 5110, Boa Vista Island, Cape Verde
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
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Oliveira H, Maulvault AL, Castanho S, Repolho T, Valente LMP, Pousão-Ferreira P, Rosa R, Marques A, Anacleto P. Lack of detrimental effects of ocean acidification and warming on proximate composition, fitness and energy budget of juvenile Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). Sci Total Environ 2023; 857:159491. [PMID: 36270380 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) are driving ocean warming and acidification, which may negatively affect the nutritional quality and physiological performance of commercially important fish species. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of ocean acidification (OA; ΔpH = -0.3 units equivalent to ΔpCO2 ~ +600 μatm) and warming (OW; ΔT = +4 °C) (and combined, OAW) on the proximate composition, fitness and energy budget of juvenile Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). After an exposure period of 75 days, growth (G), metabolism (R) and excretion (faecal, F and nitrogenous losses, U) were assessed to calculate the energy intake (C). Biometric and viscera weight data were also registered to determine animal fitness. Overall, the proximate composition and gross energy were not significantly affected by acidification and warming (alone or in combination). Weight gain, maximum and standard metabolic rates (MMR and SMR, respectively), aerobic scope (AS) and C were significantly higher in fish subjected to OA, OW and OAW than in CTR conditions. Furthermore, the highest relative growth rates (RGR), specific growth rates in terms of wet weight (SGRw) and protein (SGRp), as well as feed efficiencies (FE) occurred in fish submitted to OW and OAW. On the other hand, fish exposed to CTR conditions had significantly higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) and ammonia excretion rate (AER) than those exposed to simulated stressors. Regarding energy distribution, the highest fraction was generally allocated to growth (48-63 %), followed by excretion through faeces (36-51 %), respiration (approximately 1 %) and ammonia excretion (0.1-0.2 %) in all treatments. Therefore, ocean warming and acidification can trigger physiological responses in juvenile Senegalese sole, particularly in their energy budget, which can affect the energy flow and allocation of its population. However, and in general, this species seems highly resilient to these predicted ocean climate change stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Oliveira
- IPMA, I.P., Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P., Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal; MARE, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET, Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associate Laboratory, Guia Marine Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon (FCUL), Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Ana Luísa Maulvault
- IPMA, I.P., Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P., Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal; MARE, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET, Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associate Laboratory, Guia Marine Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon (FCUL), Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, UCIBIO - Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Sara Castanho
- IPMA, I.P, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P., Aquaculture Research Station of Olhão (EPPO), Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal.
| | - Tiago Repolho
- MARE, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET, Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associate Laboratory, Guia Marine Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon (FCUL), Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal; Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Luísa M P Valente
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; ICBAS-UP, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Pousão-Ferreira
- IPMA, I.P, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P., Aquaculture Research Station of Olhão (EPPO), Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal.
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET, Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associate Laboratory, Guia Marine Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon (FCUL), Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal; Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - António Marques
- IPMA, I.P., Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P., Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Anacleto
- IPMA, I.P., Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P., Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal; MARE, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET, Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associate Laboratory, Guia Marine Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon (FCUL), Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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Court M, Paula JR, Macau M, Otjacques E, Repolho T, Rosa R, Lopes VM. Camouflage and Exploratory Avoidance of Newborn Cuttlefish under Warming and Acidification. Biology (Basel) 2022; 11:1394. [PMID: 36290300 PMCID: PMC9598447 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ocean warming and acidification have been shown to elicit deleterious effects on cephalopod mollusks, especially during early ontogeny, albeit effects on behavior remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate, for the first time, the effect of end-of-the-century projected levels of ocean warming (W; + 3 °C) and acidification (A; 980 µatm pCO2) on Sepia officinalis hatchlings' exploratory behavior and ability to camouflage in different substrate complexities (sand and black and white gravel). Cuttlefish were recorded in open field tests, from which mobility and exploratory avoidance behavior data were obtained. Latency to camouflage was registered remotely, and pixel intensity of body planes and background gravel were extracted from photographs. Hatching success was lowered under A and W combined (AW; 72.7%) compared to control conditions (C; 98.8%). Motion-related behaviors were not affected by the treatments. AW delayed camouflage response in the gravel substrate compared to W alone. Moreover, cuttlefish exhibited a higher contrast and consequently a stronger disruptive pattern under W, with no changes in background matching. These findings suggest that, although climate change may elicit relevant physiological challenges to cuttlefish, camouflage and mobility of these mollusks are not undermined under the ocean of tomorrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Court
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - José Ricardo Paula
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Macau
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Eve Otjacques
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Division of Biosphere Sciences and Engineering, Church Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Tiago Repolho
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Madeira Lopes
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
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Paula JR, Repolho T, Grutter AS, Rosa R. Access to Cleaning Services Alters Fish Physiology Under Parasite Infection and Ocean Acidification. Front Physiol 2022; 13:859556. [PMID: 35755439 PMCID: PMC9213755 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.859556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleaning symbioses are key mutualistic interactions where cleaners remove ectoparasites and tissues from client fishes. Such interactions elicit beneficial effects on clients’ ecophysiology, with cascading effects on fish diversity and abundance. Ocean acidification (OA), resulting from increasing CO2 concentrations, can affect the behavior of cleaner fishes making them less motivated to inspect their clients. This is especially important as gnathiid fish ectoparasites are tolerant to ocean acidification. Here, we investigated how access to cleaning services, performed by the cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus, affect individual client’s (damselfish, Pomacentrus amboinensis) aerobic metabolism in response to both experimental parasite infection and OA. Access to cleaning services was modulated using a long-term removal experiment where cleaner wrasses were consistently removed from patch reefs around Lizard Island (Australia) for 17 years or left undisturbed. Only damselfish with access to cleaning stations had a negative metabolic response to parasite infection (maximum metabolic rate—ṀO2Max; and both factorial and absolute aerobic scope). Moreover, after an acclimation period of 10 days to high CO2 (∼1,000 µatm CO2), the fish showed a decrease in factorial aerobic scope, being the lowest in fish without the access to cleaners. We propose that stronger positive selection for parasite tolerance might be present in reef fishes without the access to cleaners, but this might come at a cost, as readiness to deal with parasites can impact their response to other stressors, such as OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ricardo Paula
- Swire Institute of Marine Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Tiago Repolho
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Alexandra S Grutter
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Cascais, Portugal
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Clutton EA, Alurralde G, Repolho T. Early developmental stages of native populations of Ciona intestinalis under increased temperature are affected by local habitat history. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb233403. [PMID: 33472872 PMCID: PMC7938807 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.233403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Temperature modulates marine ectotherm physiology, influencing survival, abundance and species distribution. While native species could be susceptible to ocean warming, thermal tolerance might favour the spread of non-native species. Determining the success of invasive species in response to climate change is confounded by the cumulative, synergistic or antagonistic effects of environmental drivers, which vary at a geographical and temporal scale. Thus, an organism's acclimation or adaptive potential could play an important evolutionary role by enabling or conditioning species tolerance to stressful environmental conditions. We investigated developmental performance of early life stages of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis (derived from populations of anthropogenically impacted and control sites) to an extreme weather event (i.e. marine heatwave). Fertilization rate, embryo and larval development, settlement, metamorphosis success and juvenile heart rate were assessed as experimental endpoints. With the exception of fertilization and heart rates, temperature influenced all analysed endpoints. C. intestinalis derived from control sites were the most negatively affected by increased temperature conditions. By contrast, C. intestinalis from anthropogenically impacted sites showed a positive response to thermal stress, with a higher proportion of larvae development, settlement and metamorphosis success being observed under increased temperature conditions. No differences were observed for heart rates between sampled populations and experimental temperature conditions. Moreover, interaction between temperature and populations was statistically significant for embryo and larvae development, and metamorphosis. We hypothesize that selection resulting from anthropogenic forcing could shape stress resilience of species in their native range and subsequently confer advantageous traits underlying their invasive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Clutton
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Eastney, Portsmouth PO4 9LY, UK
| | - Gaston Alurralde
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Departamento Diversidad Biológica y Ecología, Ecología Marina, Av. Velez Sarsfield 299 (X5000JJC), Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Diversidad y Ecologıa Animal (IDEA), Av. Velez Sarsfield 299 (X5000JJC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Tiago Repolho
- MARE - Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente (MARE), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Corriere M, Baptista M, Paula JR, Repolho T, Rosa R, Costa PR, Soliño L. Impaired fish swimming performance following dietary exposure to the marine phycotoxin okadaic acid. Toxicon 2020; 179:53-59. [PMID: 32147514 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fish are frequently exposed to harmful algal blooms (HAB) and to related toxins. However, the biological effects of okadaic acid (OA), the most abundant and frequent HAB-toxin in Europe, South America and Asia, have been poorly investigated. In this study, fish swimming performance and metabolic rates were investigated in juveniles of Zebra seabream (Diplodus cervinus) exposed to OA-group toxins via dietary route, during three days. Fish fed on contaminated food accumulated up to 455.5 μg OA equiv. Kg-1. Significant lower mean critical swimming speed (Ucrit) were observed in fish orally exposed to OA (and its related isomer dinophysistoxin-1, DTX-1) than fish feeding on non-toxic diet. A tendency to higher demands of oxygen consumption was also recorded in OA-exposed fish at higher current velocities. This study indicates that fish may not be affected by OA-group toxins under basal conditions, but suggests a decrease in fitness linked to a reduction in swimming performance of fish exposed to OA under increased stimulus. OA and related toxins are suggested to have a cryptic effect on swimming performance that may be enhanced when fish deals with multiple stressors. Considering that a reduction in swimming performance may have impact on critical activities, such as foraging and escaping from predators, this study highlights the ecological risk associated with dinoflagellate toxic blooms, biotoxins food web transfer and fish contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Corriere
- IPMA-Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006, Lisbon, Portugal; Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Via Sant'Alberto, 163 - 48100, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Miguel Baptista
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
| | - José R Paula
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Tiago Repolho
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Pedro Reis Costa
- IPMA-Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006, Lisbon, Portugal; CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Lucía Soliño
- IPMA-Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006, Lisbon, Portugal; CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
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Paula JR, Baptista M, Carvalho F, Repolho T, Bshary R, Rosa R. The past, present and future of cleaner fish cognitive performance as a function of CO 2 levels. Biol Lett 2019; 15:20190618. [PMID: 31795852 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification is one of the many consequences of climate change. Various studies suggest that marine organisms' behaviour will be impaired under high CO2. Here, we show that the cognitive performance of the cleaner wrasse, Labroides dimidiatus, has not suffered from the increase of CO2 from pre-industrial levels to today, and that the standing variation in CO2 tolerance offers potential for adaptation to at least 750 µatm. We acclimated cleaners over 30 days to five levels of pCO2, from pre-industrial to high future CO2 scenarios, before testing them in an ecologically relevant task-the ability to learn to prioritize an ephemeral food source over a permanent one. Fish learning abilities remained stable from pre-industrial to present-day pCO2. While performance was reduced under mid (750 µatm) and high CO2 (980 µatm) scenarios, under the former 36% of cleaners still solved the task. The presence of tolerant individuals reveals potential for adaptation, as long as selection pressure on cognitive performance is strong. However, the apparent absence of high CO2 tolerant fish, and potentially synergistic effects between various climate change stressors, renders the probability of further adaptation unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ricardo Paula
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Miguel Baptista
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Francisco Carvalho
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Tiago Repolho
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Redouan Bshary
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
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Grilo TF, Repolho T, Rosa R, Cardoso PG. Performance and herbivory of the tropical topshell Trochus histrio under short-term temperature increase and high CO 2. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 138:295-301. [PMID: 30660276 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Within tropical environments, short-term impacts of increased seawater temperature and pCO2 on algae-herbivore interactions remain poorly understood. We investigated the isolated and combined 7-day effects of increased temperature (+4 °C) and pCO2 (~1000 μatm) on the trophic interaction Ulva sp./Trochus histrio, by assessing: i) topshells' survival and condition index; ii) grazer consumption rates, nutritional composition and interaction strength expressed as a dynamic index. No survival differences were observed whilst body condition varied significantly. Topshells under high pCO2 displayed poor performance, concomitant with lower consumption of macroalgae. Individuals exposed to increased temperature had better physical condition, thus stimulating herbivory, which in turn was negatively correlated with carbon and nitrogen contents. The dynamic index was temperature- and pCO2- interactively dependent, suggesting lower grazing pressure under single acidification. Despite some limitations inherent to a short-term exposure, this study provides new insights to accurately predict tropical species' phenotypic responses in a changing ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago F Grilo
- MARE - Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal.
| | - Tiago Repolho
- MARE - Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE - Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Patrícia G Cardoso
- MARE - Centro de Ciencias do Mar e do Ambiente, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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9
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Dionísio G, Faleiro F, Bispo R, Lopes AR, Cruz S, Paula JR, Repolho T, Calado R, Rosa R. Distinct Bleaching Resilience of Photosynthetic Plastid-Bearing Mollusks Under Thermal Stress and High CO 2 Conditions. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1675. [PMID: 30555338 PMCID: PMC6284066 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of temperature on photo-symbiotic relationships has been highly studied in the tropical reef-forming corals but overlooked in less charismatic groups such as solar-powered sacoglossan sea slugs. These organisms display one of the most puzzling symbiotic features observed in the animal kingdom, i.e., their mollusk-plastid association, which enables them to retain photosynthetic active chloroplasts (i.e., kleptoplasts) retrieved from their algae feed sources. Here we analyze the impact of thermal stress (+4°C) and high pCO2 conditions (ΔpH = 0.4) in survival, photophysiology (i.e., bleaching, photosynthetic efficiency, and metabolism) and stress defense mechanisms (i.e., heat shock and antioxidant response) of solar-powered sacoglossan sea slugs, from tropical (Elysia crispata) and temperate (E. viridis) environments. High temperature was the main factor affecting the survival of both species, while pH only affected the survival of the temperate model. The photobiology of E. viridis remained stable under the combined scenario, while photoinhibition was observed for E. crispata under high temperature and high pCO2. In fact, bleaching was observed within all tropical specimens exposed to warming (but not in the temperate ones), which constitutes the first report where the incidence of bleaching in tropical animals hosting photosynthetic symbionts, other than corals, occurs. Yet, the expulsion of kleptoplasts by the tropical sea slug, allied with metabolic depression, constituted a physiological response that did not imply signs of vulnerability (i.e., mortality) in the host itself. Although the temperate species revealed greater heat shock and antioxidant enzyme response to environmental stress, we argue that the tropical (stenotherm) sea slug species may display a greater scope for acclimatization than the temperate (eurytherm) sea slug. E. crispata may exhibit increased capacity for phenotypic plasticity by increasing fitness in a much narrower thermal niche (minimizing maintenance costs), which ultimately may allow to face severe environmental conditions more effectively than its temperate generalist counterpart (E. viridis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Dionísio
- MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia – Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Cascais, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM & ECOMARE, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Naturalist Science & Tourism, Horta, Portugal
| | - Filipa Faleiro
- MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia – Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Regina Bispo
- Departamento de Matemática, Centro de Matemática e Aplicações, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Costa de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Lopes
- MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia – Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Sónia Cruz
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM & ECOMARE, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José Ricardo Paula
- MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia – Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Tiago Repolho
- MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia – Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Calado
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM & ECOMARE, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia – Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Cascais, Portugal
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10
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Lopes AR, Faleiro F, Rosa IC, Pimentel MS, Trubenbach K, Repolho T, Diniz M, Rosa R. Physiological resilience of a temperate soft coral to ocean warming and acidification. Cell Stress Chaperones 2018; 23:1093-1100. [PMID: 29948929 PMCID: PMC6111073 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-018-0919-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) is increasing at an unprecedented rate and subsequently leading to ocean acidification. Concomitantly, ocean warming is intensifying, leading to serious and predictable biological impairments over marine biota. Reef-building corals have proven to be very vulnerable to climate change, but little is known about the resilience of non-reef-building species. In this study, we investigated the effects of ocean warming and acidification on the antioxidant enzyme activity (CAT-catalase, and GST-glutathione S-transferase), lipid peroxidation (using malondialdehyde, MDA-levels as a biomarker) and heat shock response (HSP70/HSC70 content) of the octocoral Veretillum cynomorium. After 60 days of acclimation, no mortalities were registered in all treatments. Moreover, CAT and GST activities, as well as MDA levels, did not change significantly under warming and/or acidification. Heat shock response was significantly enhanced under warming, but high CO2 did not have a significant effect. Contrasting to many of their tropical coral-reef relatives, our findings suggest that temperate shallow-living octocorals may be able to physiologically withstand future conditions of increased temperature and acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Lopes
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal.
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Filipa Faleiro
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Inês C Rosa
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Marta S Pimentel
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Katja Trubenbach
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Tiago Repolho
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Mário Diniz
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
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11
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Sampaio E, Lopes AR, Francisco S, Paula JR, Pimentel M, Maulvault AL, Repolho T, Grilo TF, Pousão-Ferreira P, Marques A, Rosa R. Ocean acidification dampens physiological stress response to warming and contamination in a commercially-important fish (Argyrosomus regius). Sci Total Environ 2018; 618:388-398. [PMID: 29132006 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Increases in carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases emissions are changing ocean temperature and carbonate chemistry (warming and acidification, respectively). Moreover, the simultaneous occurrence of highly toxic and persistent contaminants, such as methylmercury, will play a key role in further shaping the ecophysiology of marine organisms. Despite recent studies reporting mostly additive interactions between contaminant and climate change effects, the consequences of multi-stressor exposure are still largely unknown. Here we disentangled how Argyrosomus regius physiology will be affected by future stressors, by analysing organ-dependent mercury (Hg) accumulation (gills, liver and muscle) within isolated/combined warming (ΔT=4°C) and acidification (ΔpCO2=1100μatm) scenarios, as well as direct deleterious effects and phenotypic stress response over multi-stressor contexts. After 30days of exposure, although no mortalities were observed in any treatments, Hg concentration was enhanced under warming conditions, especially in the liver. On the other hand, elevated CO2 decreased Hg accumulation and consistently elicited a dampening effect on warming and contamination-elicited oxidative stress (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase activities) and heat shock responses. Thus, potentially unpinned on CO2-promoted protein removal and ionic equilibrium between hydrogen and reactive oxygen species, we found that co-occurring acidification decreased heavy metal accumulation and contributed to physiological homeostasis. Although this indicates that fish can be physiologically capable of withstanding future ocean conditions, additional experiments are needed to fully understand the biochemical repercussions of interactive stressors (additive, synergistic or antagonistic).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Sampaio
- MARE - Marine Environmental Sciences Centre & Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal.
| | - Ana R Lopes
- MARE - Marine Environmental Sciences Centre & Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal; UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Sofia Francisco
- MARE - Marine Environmental Sciences Centre & Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Jose R Paula
- MARE - Marine Environmental Sciences Centre & Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Marta Pimentel
- MARE - Marine Environmental Sciences Centre & Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Ana L Maulvault
- MARE - Marine Environmental Sciences Centre & Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal; Divisão de Aquacultura e Valorização (DivAV), Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA, I.P.), Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Rua das Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Repolho
- MARE - Marine Environmental Sciences Centre & Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Tiago F Grilo
- MARE - Marine Environmental Sciences Centre & Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pousão-Ferreira
- Divisão de Aquacultura e Valorização (DivAV), Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA, I.P.), Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António Marques
- Divisão de Aquacultura e Valorização (DivAV), Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA, I.P.), Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Rua das Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE - Marine Environmental Sciences Centre & Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
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12
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Jesus TF, Moreno JM, Repolho T, Athanasiadis A, Rosa R, Almeida-Val VMF, Coelho MM. Protein analysis and gene expression indicate differential vulnerability of Iberian fish species under a climate change scenario. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181325. [PMID: 28719655 PMCID: PMC5515415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge on the biological responses of freshwater fish under projected scenarios of climate change remains limited. Here, we examine differences in the protein configuration of two endemic Iberian freshwater fish species, Squalius carolitertii and the critically endangered S. torgalensis that inhabit in the Atlantic-type northern and in the Mediterranean-type southwestern regions, respectively. We performed protein structure modeling of fourteen genes linked to protein folding, energy metabolism, circadian rhythms and immune responses. Structural differences in proteins between the two species were found for HSC70, FKBP52, HIF1α and GPB1. For S. torgalensis, besides structural differences, we found higher thermostability for two proteins (HSP90 and GBP1), which can be advantageous in a warmer environment. Additionally, we investigated how these species might respond to projected scenarios of 3° climate change warming, acidification (ΔpH = -0.4), and their combined effects. Significant changes in gene expression were observed in response to all treatments, particularly under the combined warming and acidification. While S. carolitertii presented changes in gene expression for multiple proteins related to folding (hsp90aa1, hsc70, fkbp4 and stip1), only one such gene was altered in S. torgalensis (stip1). However, S. torgalensis showed a greater capacity for energy production under both the acidification and combined scenarios by increasing cs gene expression and maintaining ldha gene expression in muscle. Overall, these findings suggest that S. torgalensis is better prepared to cope with projected climate change. Worryingly, under the simulated scenarios, disturbances to circadian rhythm and immune system genes (cry1aa, per1a and gbp1) raise concerns for the persistence of both species, highlighting the need to consider multi-stressor effects when evaluating climate change impacts upon fish. This work also highlights that assessments of the potential of endangered freshwater species to cope with environmental change are crucial to help decision-makers adopt future conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago F. Jesus
- Centro de Ecologia Evolução e Alterações Ambientais, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - João M. Moreno
- Centro de Ecologia Evolução e Alterações Ambientais, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago Repolho
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, MARE—Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, Cascais, Portugal
| | | | - Rui Rosa
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, MARE—Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Vera M. F. Almeida-Val
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Evolução Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Maria M. Coelho
- Centro de Ecologia Evolução e Alterações Ambientais, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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13
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Maulvault AL, Barbosa V, Alves R, Custódio A, Anacleto P, Repolho T, Pousão Ferreira P, Rosa R, Marques A, Diniz M. Ecophysiological responses of juvenile seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) exposed to increased temperature and dietary methylmercury. Sci Total Environ 2017; 586:551-558. [PMID: 28216029 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ecotoxicological effects of methylmercury (MeHg) exposure have been intensively described in literature. Yet, it is still unclear how marine biota will respond to the presence of MeHg under climate change, namely ocean warming. The present study aimed to investigate, for the first time, fish condition [Fulton's K index (K), hepatosomatic index (HIS) and brain-to-body mass ratio (BB-ratio)] and several stress-related responses in an ecologically and commercially important fish species (Dicentrachus labrax) exposed for 28days to dietary MeHg (8.0mg kg-1 dw) and temperature increase (+4°C). Results showed significant impairments on fish condition, i.e. up to 34% decrease on K, >100% increase on HIS and 44% decrease on BB-ratio, compared to control conditions. Significant changes on tissue biochemical responses were observed in fish exposed to both stressors, acting alone or combined, evidencing the relevance of assessing possible interactions between different environmental stressors in ecotoxicological studies. For instance, muscle showed to be the least affected tissue, only revealing significant alterations in GST activity of MeHg-enriched fish. On the other hand, liver exhibited a significant induction of GST (>100%) and CAT (up to 74%) in MeHg-enriched fish, regardless of temperature exposure, as well as decreased SOD activity (19%) and increased HSP70/HSC70 content (87%) in fish exposed to warming alone. Brain showed to be affected by temperature (69% of GST inhibition and >100% of increased CAT activity), MeHg (>100% of increased CAT activity, 47% of SOD inhibition and 55% of AChE inhibition), as well as by the combination of both (GST, SOD and AChE inhibition, 17%, 48% and 53%, respectively). Hence, our data provides evidences that the toxicological aspects of MeHg ca be potentiated by warmer temperatures, thus, evidencing the need for further research combining contaminants exposure and climate change effects, to better forecast ecological impacts in the ocean of tomorrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luísa Maulvault
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading. Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal.
| | - Vera Barbosa
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading. Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Alves
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading. Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Custódio
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading. Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Anacleto
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading. Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Tiago Repolho
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pousão Ferreira
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading. Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - António Marques
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading. Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Diniz
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE Chemistry Department, Centre of Fine Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon (CQFB-FCT/UNL), 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Repolho T, Duarte B, Dionísio G, Paula JR, Lopes AR, Rosa IC, Grilo TF, Caçador I, Calado R, Rosa R. Seagrass ecophysiological performance under ocean warming and acidification. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41443. [PMID: 28145531 PMCID: PMC5286439 DOI: 10.1038/srep41443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Seagrasses play an essential ecological role within coastal habitats and their worldwide population decline has been linked to different types of anthropogenic forces. We investigated, for the first time, the combined effects of future ocean warming and acidification on fundamental biological processes of Zostera noltii, including shoot density, leaf coloration, photophysiology (electron transport rate, ETR; maximum PSII quantum yield, Fv/Fm) and photosynthetic pigments. Shoot density was severely affected under warming conditions, with a concomitant increase in the frequency of brownish colored leaves (seagrass die-off). Warming was responsible for a significant decrease in ETR and Fv/Fm (particularly under control pH conditions), while promoting the highest ETR variability (among experimental treatments). Warming also elicited a significant increase in pheophytin and carotenoid levels, alongside an increase in carotenoid/chlorophyll ratio and De-Epoxidation State (DES). Acidification significantly affected photosynthetic pigments content (antheraxanthin, β-carotene, violaxanthin and zeaxanthin), with a significant decrease being recorded under the warming scenario. No significant interaction between ocean acidification and warming was observed. Our findings suggest that future ocean warming will be a foremost determinant stressor influencing Z. noltii survival and physiological performance. Additionally, acidification conditions to occur in the future will be unable to counteract deleterious effects posed by ocean warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Repolho
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Bernardo Duarte
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gisela Dionísio
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José Ricardo Paula
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Ana R. Lopes
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Inês C. Rosa
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Tiago F. Grilo
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Isabel Caçador
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Calado
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
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Maulvault AL, Custódio A, Anacleto P, Repolho T, Pousão P, Nunes ML, Diniz M, Rosa R, Marques A. Bioaccumulation and elimination of mercury in juvenile seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in a warmer environment. Environ Res 2016; 149:77-85. [PMID: 27179934 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Warming is an expected impact of climate change that will affect coastal areas in the future. These areas are also subjected to strong anthropogenic pressures leading to chemical contamination. Yet, the consequences of both factors for marine ecosystems, biota and consumers are still unknown. The present work aims to investigate, for the first time, the effect of temperature increase on bioaccumulation and elimination of mercury [(total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg)] in three tissues (muscle, liver, and brain) of a commercially important seafood species - European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Fish were exposed to the ambient temperature currently used in seabass rearing (18°C) and to the expected ocean warming (+4°C, i.e. 22°C), as well as dietary MeHg during 28 days, followed by a depuration period of 28 days fed with a control diet. In both temperature exposures, higher MeHg contents were observed in the brain, followed by the muscle and liver. Liver registered the highest elimination percentages (EF; up to 64% in the liver, 20% in the brain, and 3% in the muscle). Overall, the results clearly indicate that a warming environment promotes MeHg bioaccumulation in all tissues (e.g. highest levels in brain: 8.1mgkg(-1) ww at 22°C against 6.2mgkg(-1) ww at 18°C after 28 days of MeHg exposure) and hampers MeHg elimination (e.g. liver EF decreases after 28 days of depuration: from 64.2% at 18°C to 50.3% at 22°C). These findings suggest that seafood safety may be compromised in a warming context, particularly for seafood species with contaminant concentrations close to the current regulatory levels. Hence, results point out the need to strengthen research in this area and to revise and/or adapt the current recommendations regarding human exposure to chemical contaminants through seafood consumption, in order to integrate the expected effects of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luísa Maulvault
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal.
| | - Ana Custódio
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Anacleto
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Tiago Repolho
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pousão
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Leonor Nunes
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Diniz
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE Chemistry Department, Centre of Fine Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon (CQFB-FCT/UNL), 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - António Marques
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
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16
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Faleiro F, Baptista M, Santos C, Aurélio ML, Pimentel M, Pegado MR, Paula JR, Calado R, Repolho T, Rosa R. Seahorses under a changing ocean: the impact of warming and acidification on the behaviour and physiology of a poor-swimming bony-armoured fish. Conserv Physiol 2015; 3:cov009. [PMID: 27293694 PMCID: PMC4778478 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cov009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Seahorses are currently facing great challenges in the wild, including habitat degradation and overexploitation, and how they will endure additional stress from rapid climate change has yet to be determined. Unlike most fishes, the poor swimming skills of seahorses, along with the ecological and biological constraints of their unique lifestyle, place great weight on their physiological ability to cope with climate changes. In the present study, we evaluate the effects of ocean warming (+4°C) and acidification (ΔpH = -0.5 units) on the physiological and behavioural ecology of adult temperate seahorses, Hippocampus guttulatus. Adult seahorses were found to be relatively well prepared to face future changes in ocean temperature, but not the combined effect of warming and acidification. Seahorse metabolism increased normally with warming, and behavioural and feeding responses were not significantly affected. However, during hypercapnia the seahorses exhibited signs of lethargy (i.e. reduced activity levels) combined with a reduction of feeding and ventilation rates. Nonetheless, metabolic rates were not significantly affected. Future ocean changes, particularly ocean acidification, may further threaten seahorse conservation, turning these charismatic fishes into important flagship species for global climate change issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Faleiro
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Miguel Baptista
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Catarina Santos
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Maria L Aurélio
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Marta Pimentel
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Maria Rita Pegado
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - José Ricardo Paula
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Calado
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tiago Repolho
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
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17
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Rosa R, Lopes AR, Pimentel M, Faleiro F, Baptista M, Trübenbach K, Narciso L, Dionísio G, Pegado MR, Repolho T, Calado R, Diniz M. Ocean cleaning stations under a changing climate: biological responses of tropical and temperate fish-cleaner shrimp to global warming. Glob Chang Biol 2014; 20:3068-3079. [PMID: 24771544 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cleaning symbioses play an important role in the health of certain coastal marine communities. These interspecific associations often occur at specific sites (cleaning stations) where a cleaner organism (commonly a fish or shrimp) removes ectoparasites/damaged tissue from a 'client' (a larger cooperating fish). At present, the potential impact of climate change on the fitness of cleaner organisms remains unknown. This study investigated the physiological and biochemical responses of tropical (Lysmata amboinensis) and temperate (L. seticaudata) cleaner shrimp to global warming. Specifically, thermal limits (CTMax), metabolic rates, thermal sensitivity, heat shock response (HSR), lipid peroxidation [malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration], lactate levels, antioxidant (GST, SOD and catalase) and digestive enzyme activities (trypsin and alkaline phosphatase) at current and warming (+3 °C) temperature conditions. In contrast to the temperate species, CTMax values decreased significantly from current (24-27 °C) to warming temperature conditions (30 °C) for the tropical shrimp, where metabolic thermal sensitivity was affected and the HSR was significantly reduced. MDA levels in tropical shrimp increased dramatically, indicating extreme cellular lipid peroxidation, which was not observed in the temperate shrimp. Lactate levels, GST and SOD activities were significantly enhanced within the muscle tissue of the tropical species. Digestive enzyme activities in the hepatopancreas of both species were significantly decreased by warmer temperatures. Our data suggest that the tropical cleaner shrimp will be more vulnerable to global warming than the temperate Lysmata seticaudata; the latter evolved in a relatively unstable environment with seasonal thermal variations that may have conferred greater adaptive plasticity. Thus, tropical cleaning symbioses may be challenged at a greater degree by warming-related anthropogenic forcing, with potential cascading effects on the health and structuring of tropical coastal communities (e.g. coral reefs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Rosa
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Centro de Oceanografia, da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, Cascais, 2750-374, Portugal
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18
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Rosa R, Baptista M, Lopes VM, Pegado MR, Paula JR, Trübenbach K, Leal MC, Calado R, Repolho T. Early-life exposure to climate change impairs tropical shark survival. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:rspb.2014.1738. [PMID: 25209942 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sharks are one of the most threatened groups of marine animals worldwide, mostly owing to overfishing and habitat degradation/loss. Although these cartilaginous fish have evolved to fill many ecological niches across a wide range of habitats, they have limited capability to rapidly adapt to human-induced changes in their environments. Contrary to global warming, ocean acidification was not considered as a direct climate-related threat to sharks. Here we show, for the first time, that an early ontogenetic acclimation process of a tropical shark (Chiloscyllium punctatum) to the projected scenarios of ocean acidification (ΔpH = 0.5) and warming (+4°C; 30°C) for 2100 elicited significant impairments on juvenile shark condition and survival. The mortality of shark embryos at the present-day thermal scenarios was 0% both at normocapnic and hypercapnic conditions. Yet routine metabolic rates (RMRs) were significantly affected by temperature, pH and embryonic stage. Immediately after hatching, the Fulton condition of juvenile bamboo sharks was significantly different in individuals that experienced future warming and hypercapnia; 30 days after hatching, survival rapidly declined in individuals experiencing both ocean warming and acidification (up to 44%). The RMR of juvenile sharks was also significantly affected by temperature and pH. The impact of low pH on ventilation rates was significant only under the higher thermal scenario. This study highlights the need of experimental-based risk assessments of sharks to climate change. In other words, it is critical to directly assess risk and vulnerability of sharks to ocean acidification and warming, and such effort can ultimately help managers and policy-makers to take proactive measures targeting most endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Rosa
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Miguel Baptista
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Vanessa M Lopes
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Maria Rita Pegado
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - José Ricardo Paula
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Katja Trübenbach
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Miguel Costa Leal
- Departamento de Biologia and CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, 10 Ocean Science Circle, 31411 Savannah, GA 31411, USA
| | - Ricardo Calado
- Departamento de Biologia and CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tiago Repolho
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
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Pimentel MS, Faleiro F, Dionísio G, Repolho T, Pousão-Ferreira P, Machado J, Rosa R. Defective skeletogenesis and oversized otoliths in fish early stages in a changing ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 217:2062-70. [PMID: 24625652 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.092635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Early life stages of many marine organisms are being challenged by rising seawater temperature and CO₂ concentrations, but their physiological responses to these environmental changes still remain unclear. In the present study, we show that future predictions of ocean warming (+4°C) and acidification (ΔpH=0.5 units) may compromise the development of early life stages of a highly commercial teleost fish, Solea senegalensis. Exposure to future conditions caused a decline in hatching success and larval survival. Growth, metabolic rates and thermal tolerance increased with temperature but decreased under acidified conditions. Hypercapnia and warming amplified the incidence of deformities by 31.5% (including severe deformities such as lordosis, scoliosis and kyphosis), while promoting the occurrence of oversized otoliths (109.3% increase). Smaller larvae with greater skeletal deformities and larger otoliths may face major ecophysiological challenges, which might potentiate substantial declines in adult fish populations, putting in jeopardy the species' fitness under a changing ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta S Pimentel
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa Faleiro
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Gisela Dionísio
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tiago Repolho
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pousão-Ferreira
- Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Av. 5 de Outubro s/n 8700-305, Olhão, Portugal
| | - Jorge Machado
- Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
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20
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Rosa R, Trübenbach K, Pimentel MS, Boavida-Portugal J, Faleiro F, Baptista M, Dionísio G, Calado R, Pörtner HO, Repolho T. Differential impacts of ocean acidification and warming on winter and summer progeny of a coastal squid (Loligo vulgaris). J Exp Biol 2014; 217:518-25. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.096081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the capacity of early life stages to undergo hypercapnic and thermal acclimation under the future scenarios of ocean acidification and warming. Here, we investigated a comprehensive set of biological responses to these climate change-related variables (2°C above winter and summer average spawning temperatures and ΔpH=0.5 units) during the early ontogeny of the squid Loligo vulgaris. Embryo survival rates ranged from 92% to 96% under present-day temperature (13–17°C) and pH (8.0) scenarios. Yet, ocean acidification (pH 7.5) and summer warming (19°C) led to a significant drop in the survival rates of summer embryos (47%, P<0.05). The embryonic period was shortened by increasing temperature in both pH treatments (P<0.05). Embryo growth rates increased significantly with temperature under present-day scenarios, but there was a significant trend reversal under future summer warming conditions (P<0.05). Besides pronounced premature hatching, a higher percentage of abnormalities was found in summer embryos exposed to future warming and lower pH (P<0.05). Under the hypercapnic scenario, oxygen consumption rates decreased significantly in late embryos and newly hatched paralarvae, especially in the summer period (P<0.05). Concomitantly, there was a significant enhancement of the heat shock response (HSP70/HSC70) with warming in both pH treatments and developmental stages. Upper thermal tolerance limits were positively influenced by acclimation temperature, and such thresholds were significantly higher in late embryos than in hatchlings under present-day conditions (P<0.05). In contrast, the upper thermal tolerance limits under hypercapnia were higher in hatchlings than in embryos. Thus, we show that the stressful abiotic conditions inside the embryo's capsules will be exacerbated under near-future ocean acidification and summer warming scenarios. The occurrence of prolonged embryogenesis along with lowered thermal tolerance limits under such conditions is expected to negatively affect the survival success of squid early life stages during the summer spawning period, but not winter spawning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Rosa
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Katja Trübenbach
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Marta S. Pimentel
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Joana Boavida-Portugal
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
- Cátedra Rui Nabeiro – Biodiversidade, CIBIO – Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
| | - Filipa Faleiro
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Miguel Baptista
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Gisela Dionísio
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia and CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Calado
- Departamento de Biologia and CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Hans O. Pörtner
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Animal Ecophysiology, Postfach 120161, 27515 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Tiago Repolho
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
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Lopes VM, Baptista M, Repolho T, Rosa R, Costa PR. Uptake, transfer and elimination kinetics of paralytic shellfish toxins in common octopus (Octopus vulgaris). Aquat Toxicol 2014; 146:205-211. [PMID: 24316438 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Marine phycotoxins derived from harmful algal blooms are known to be associated with mass mortalities in the higher trophic levels of marine food webs. Bivalve mollusks and planktivorous fish are the most studied vectors of marine phycotoxins. However, field surveys recently showed that cephalopod mollusks also constitute potential vectors of toxins. Thus, here we determine, for the first time, the time course of accumulation and depuration of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris). Concomitantly, the underlying kinetics of toxin transfer between tissue compartments was also calculated. Naturally contaminated clams were used to orally expose the octopus to PSTs during 6 days. Afterwards, octopus specimens were fed with non-contaminated shellfish during 10 days of depuration period. Toxins reached the highest concentrations in the digestive gland surpassing the levels in the kidney by three orders of magnitude. PSTs were not detected in any other tissue analyzed. Net accumulation efficiencies of 42% for GTX5, 36% for dcSTX and 23% for C1+2 were calculated for the digestive gland. These compounds were the most abundant toxins in both digestive gland and the contaminated shellfish diet. The small differences in relative abundance of each toxin observed between the prey and the cephalopod predator indicates low conversion rates of these toxins. The depuration period was better described using an exponential decay model comprising a single compartment - the entire viscera. It is worth noting that since octopuses' excretion and depuration rates are low, the digestive gland is able to accumulate very high toxin concentrations for long periods of time. Therefore, the present study clearly shows that O. vulgaris is a high-potential vector of PSTs during and even after the occurrence of these toxic algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Lopes
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal; IPMA - Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Baptista
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Tiago Repolho
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Pedro Reis Costa
- IPMA - Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Repolho T, Baptista M, Pimentel MS, Dionísio G, Trübenbach K, Lopes VM, Lopes AR, Calado R, Diniz M, Rosa R. Developmental and physiological challenges of octopus (Octopus vulgaris) early life stages under ocean warming. J Comp Physiol B 2013; 184:55-64. [PMID: 24100467 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-013-0783-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability to understand and predict the effects of ocean warming (under realistic scenarios) on marine biota is of paramount importance, especially at the most vulnerable early life stages. Here we investigated the impact of predicted environmental warming (+3 °C) on the development, metabolism, heat shock response and antioxidant defense mechanisms of the early stages of the common octopus, Octopus vulgaris. As expected, warming shortened embryonic developmental time by 13 days, from 38 days at 18 °C to 25 days at 21 °C. Concomitantly, survival decreased significantly (~29.9 %). Size at hatching varied inversely with temperature, and the percentage of smaller premature paralarvae increased drastically, from 0 % at 18 °C to 17.8 % at 21 °C. The metabolic costs of the transition from an encapsulated embryo to a free planktonic form increased significantly with warming, and HSP70 concentrations and glutathione S-transferase activity levels were significantly magnified from late embryonic to paralarval stages. Yet, despite the presence of effective antioxidant defense mechanisms, ocean warming led to an augmentation of malondialdehyde levels (an indicative of enhanced ROS action), a process considered to be one of the most frequent cellular injury mechanisms. Thus, the present study provides clues about how the magnitude and rate of ocean warming will challenge the buffering capacities of octopus embryos and hatchlings' physiology. The prediction and understanding of the biochemical and physiological responses to warmer temperatures (under realistic scenarios) is crucial for the management of highly commercial and ecologically important species, such as O. vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Repolho
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
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Rosa R, Trübenbach K, Repolho T, Pimentel M, Faleiro F, Boavida-Portugal J, Baptista M, Lopes VM, Dionísio G, Leal MC, Calado R, Pörtner HO. Lower hypoxia thresholds of cuttlefish early life stages living in a warm acidified ocean. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20131695. [PMID: 23926158 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.1695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The combined effects of future ocean acidification and global warming on the hypoxia thresholds of marine biota are, to date, poorly known. Here, we show that the future warming and acidification scenario led to shorter embryonic periods, lower survival rates and the enhancement of premature hatching in the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. Routine metabolic rates increased during the embryonic period, but environmental hypercapnia significantly depressed pre-hatchling's energy expenditures rates (independently of temperature). During embryogenesis, there was also a significant rise in the carbon dioxide partial pressure in the perivitelline fluid (PVF), bicarbonate levels, as well as a drop in pH and oxygen partial pressure (pO₂). The critical partial pressure (i.e. hypoxic threshold) of the pre-hatchlings was significantly higher than the PVF oxygen partial pressure at the warmer and hypercapnic condition. Thus, the record of oxygen tensions below critical pO₂ in such climate scenario indicates that the already harsh conditions inside the egg capsules are expected to be magnified in the years to come, especially in populations at the border of their thermal envelope. Such a scenario promotes untimely hatching and smaller post-hatching body sizes, thus challenging the survival and fitness of early life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Rosa
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal.
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24
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Caeiro S, Costa MH, DelValls A, Repolho T, Gonçalves M, Mosca A, Coimbra AP, Ramos TB, Painho M. Ecological risk assessment of sediment management areas: application to Sado Estuary, Portugal. Ecotoxicology 2009; 18:1165-1175. [PMID: 19597989 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-009-0372-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to integrate different methodologies to assess the potential ecological risk of estuarine sedimentary management areas, using the Sado Estuary in Portugal as case study. To evaluate the environmental risk of sediment contamination, an integrative and innovative approach was used involving assessment of sediment chemistry, sediment toxicity, benthic community structure, human driving forces and pressures and management areas organic load levels. The basis for decision-making for overall assessment was a statistical multivariate analysis appended into a score matrix tables, using a best expert judgment. The integrated approach allowed to identify from the 19 management areas analyzed, three with no risk but other three with high risk to cause adverse effects in the biota, related with the contaminants analyzed. The methodologies used showed to be effective as a support for decision making leading to future estuarine management recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Caeiro
- Department of Science and Technology, Portuguese Distance Learning University, R. Fernão Lopes, 9, 1269-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
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25
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Johansen T, Repolho T, Hellebø A, Raae AJ. Strict conservation of the ITS regions of the ribosomal RNA genes in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhuaL.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 17:107-14. [PMID: 17076252 DOI: 10.1080/10425170600624701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of the internal transcribed region (ITS) of ribosomal RNA genes from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) was determined. The complete ITS region spanned approximately 1113 base pairs. The ITS1 region comprised 532 base pairs, the 5.8S region 159, and the ITS2 region contained 422 base pairs. Sequence data were obtained from a total of 12 samples, one pool from six cod and 11 individuals. The sequencing was carried out in two separate experimental periods employing slightly different methodology. The samples were from two different cod stocks, Norwegian costal cod and North East Arctic cod. The sequence analysis showed that in the 12 samples, the ITS region, including the 5.8S RNA, was identical. The ITS region is thus totally conserved in these two cod stocks. The extreme conservation of the ITS regions in the cod rDNA could reflect the small genome size of cod and/or indicate a specific critical role in the processing of the ribosomal units in cold-adapted species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torild Johansen
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, PO Box 7800, Bergen 5020, Norway
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26
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Costa PM, Repolho T, Caeiro S, Diniz ME, Moura I, Costa MH. Modelling metallothionein induction in the liver of Sparus aurata exposed to metal-contaminated sediments. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2008; 71:117-24. [PMID: 17617458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Metallothionein (MT) in the liver of gilthead seabreams (Sparus aurata L., 1758) exposed to Sado estuary (Portugal) sediments was quantified to assess the MT induction potential as a biomarker of sediment-based contamination by copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and arsenic (As). Sediments were collected from two control sites and four sites with different levels of contamination. Sediment Cu, Cd, Pb, As, total organic matter (TOM) and fine fraction (FF) levels were determined. Generalized linear models (GLM) allowed integration of sediment parameters with liver Cu, Cd, Pb, As and MT concentrations. Although sediment metal levels were lower than expected, we relate MT with liver Cd and also with interactions between liver and sediment Cu and between liver Cu and TOM. We suggest integrating biomarkers and environmental parameters using statistical models such as GLM as a more sensitive and reliable technique for sediment risk assessment than traditional isolated biomarker approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Costa
- IMAR-Instituto do Mar, DCEA, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal.
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