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Zingales V, Esposito MR, Quagliata M, Cimetta E, Ruiz MJ. Comparative Study of Spheroids (3D) and Monolayer Cultures (2D) for the In Vitro Assessment of Cytotoxicity Induced by the Mycotoxins Sterigmatocystin, Ochratoxin A and Patulin. Foods 2024; 13:564. [PMID: 38397541 PMCID: PMC10887621 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi associated with a variety of acute and chronic foodborne diseases. Current toxicology studies mainly rely on monolayer cell cultures and animal models, which are undeniably affected by several limitations. To bridge the gap between the current in vitro toxicology approach and the in vivo predictability of the data, we here investigated the cytotoxic effects induced by the mycotoxins sterigmatocystin (STE), ochratoxin A (OTA) and patulin (PAT) on different 2D and 3D cell cultures. We focused on human tumours (neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and epithelial breast cancer MDA-MB-213 cells) and healthy cells (bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, BM-MSC, and umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVECs). The cytotoxicity of STE, OTA, and PAT was determined after 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure using an ATP assay in both culture models. Three-dimensional spheroids' morphology was also analysed using the MATLAB-based open source software AnaSP 1.4 version. Our results highlight how each cell line and different culture models showed specific sensitivities, reinforcing the importance of using more complex models for toxicology studies and a multiple cell line approach for an improved and more comprehensive risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Zingales
- Research Group in Alternative Methods for Determining Toxics Effects and Risk Assessment of Contaminants and Mixtures (RiskTox), 46100 Valencia, Spain;
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.R.E.); (M.Q.); (E.C.)
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Cittá Della Speranza (IRP)—Lab BIAMET, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Esposito
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.R.E.); (M.Q.); (E.C.)
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Cittá Della Speranza (IRP)—Lab BIAMET, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Martina Quagliata
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.R.E.); (M.Q.); (E.C.)
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Cittá Della Speranza (IRP)—Lab BIAMET, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Cimetta
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.R.E.); (M.Q.); (E.C.)
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Cittá Della Speranza (IRP)—Lab BIAMET, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - María-José Ruiz
- Research Group in Alternative Methods for Determining Toxics Effects and Risk Assessment of Contaminants and Mixtures (RiskTox), 46100 Valencia, Spain;
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain
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Lin L, Fu P, Chen N, Gao N, Cao Q, Yue K, Xu T, Zhang C, Zhang C, Liu F, Wang X, Huang S. Total flavonoids of Rhizoma Drynariae protect hepatocytes against aflatoxin B1-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in broiler chickens. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 230:113148. [PMID: 34995912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a common mycotoxin in food and in the environment that lead to multi-organ injury in humans and animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the detoxification properties of dietary total flavonoids of Rhizoma drynariae (TFRD), a Chinese herbal, on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced hepatic oxidative damage and apoptosis of liver of broiler chickens. A total of 160 healthy specific pathogen free (SPF) 21-day-old broilers were randomly allocated to 4 groups, including the CON group (basal diet), TFRD group (basal diet with 125 mg/kg TFRD), AFB1 group (100 μg/kg body weight), and AFB1 (100 μg/kg body weight) + TFRD (basal diet with 125 mg/kg TFRD) group. The exposure of AFB1 continued for seven days. The results showed that TFRD treatment alleviated the abnormal changes of growth performance and liver morphology, reduced serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels. Moreover, TFRD promoted the antioxidant capacity of serum, increased the activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and glutathione (GSH) (p < 0.05), while decreased MDA contents (p > 0.05). Meanwhile, supplementation of TFRD significantly increased the expression of antioxidant-related genes (SOD, CAT, GST, and GPX1) in liver (p < 0.05). Furthermore, we found that AFB1 was involved in the regulation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, leading to hepatocyte apoptosis. At the same time, TFRD treatment inhibited AFB1-induced apoptosis and significantly changed mRNA expression of apoptosis-related genes, including PI3K, AKT, Bax, and Bcl-2 (p < 0.05). The results indicated that TFRD could alleviate AFB1-induced liver injury in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxi Lin
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, PR China
| | - Pengfei Fu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, PR China
| | - Nuoman Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, PR China
| | - Ningyu Gao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, PR China
| | - Qinqin Cao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, PR China
| | - Ke Yue
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, PR China
| | - Tingting Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, PR China
| | - Chaodong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, PR China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Laboratory of Environment and Livestock Products, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan, PR China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, PR China
| | - Xuebing Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, PR China
| | - Shucheng Huang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, PR China.
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Role of quercetin on sterigmatocystin-induced oxidative stress-mediated toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 156:112498. [PMID: 34380011 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress appears to be a common trigger for many of the effects associated with the exposure to various mycotoxins, including sterigmatocystin (STE). However, studies to alleviate STE toxicity through the use of natural antioxidants are sparsely reported in literature. In the present study, the cytoprotective effect of quercetin (QUE) was tested in SH-SY5Y cells against STE-induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity. The MTT assay revealed that STE decreased cell viability, whereas pre-treatment of cells with QUE restored it. The QUE was also found to counteract STE-induced ROS generation and decrease STE-induced up-regulation of the expression of the stress-inducible enzymes HO-1 and NOS-2. Pre-treatment with QUE also prevented STE-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB, as measured by immunofluorescence. Finally, considering the key role played by NF-κB in the regulation of inflammation, the effect of STE on the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 expression was evaluated. Our results showed the down-regulation of TNF-α and IL-6 following STE exposure, suggesting a negative immunomodulatory effect of STE. In QUE pre-treated samples, TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly further reduced, indicating the anti-inflammatory role of QUE. The results of the present study demonstrate for the first time that QUE exerts a cytoprotective role in STE-induced toxicity.
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Zhao Y, Wang T, Li P, Chen J, Nepovimova E, Long M, Wu W, Kuca K. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10 can alleviate aflatoxin B1-induced kidney oxidative stress and apoptosis in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 218:112286. [PMID: 33933810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1(AFB1) widely exists in food and feed, which seriously endangers human and animal health. How to detoxify AFB1 is a research hotspot at present. This study attempts to use the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10, one of probiotics strain as the research object to ascertain whether it can alleviate the kidney injury induced by AFB1 in mice and its mechanism. Fifty-six mice were divided into four groups (control, AFB1, AFB1 + B10, and B10). The mice that received intragastric administration for 28 days were euthanised, and serum was collected for biochemical index detection with fresh kidney tissue taken for HE staining, TUNEL detection, and protein expression detection. Our results showed that the biochemical indices changed, significant pathological changes appeared, the number of apoptotic cells increased in the kidney tissue of the AFB1 group mice; the protein expressions of Nrf2, HO-1,AKT, P-AKT, and Bcl-2 in the AFB1 group were significantly decreased; the protein expressions of Keap-1, PTEN, Bax, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3 were significantly increased. After B. amyloliquefaciens B10 co-treatment, compared with the AFB1 group, the biochemical indices, pathological changes, and protein expressions were significantly reversed. The results indicated that B. amyloliquefaciens B10 can alleviate AFB1-induced kidney injury in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqi Zhao
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Tiancheng Wang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jia Chen
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Miao Long
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Wenda Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Kövesi B, Kulcsár S, Ancsin Z, Zándoki E, Erdélyi M, Mézes M, Balogh K. Individual and Combined Effects of Aflatoxin B1 and Sterigmatocystin on Lipid Peroxidation and Glutathione Redox System of Common Carp Liver. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020109. [PMID: 33540648 PMCID: PMC7912975 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the short-term effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 100 µg/kg feed) and sterigmatocystin (STC 1000 μg/kg feed) exposure individually and in combination (100 μg AFB1 + 1000 μg STC/kg feed) on the parameters of lipid peroxidation and glutathione redox system both in biochemical and gene expression levels in one-year-old common carp. Lipid peroxidation parameters were slightly affected, as significant differences were observed only in conjugated diene and triene concentrations. Reduced glutathione content decreased more markedly by STC than AFB1 or AFB1+STC, but glutathione peroxidase activity did not change. Expression of gpx4a, gpx4b, gss, and gsr genes was down-regulated due to STC compared to AFB1 or AFB1+STC, while an induction was found as effect of AFB1+STC in the case of gpx4a, but down-regulation for gpx4b as compared to AFB1. Expression of the glutathione biosynthesis regulatory gene, gss, was higher, but glutathione recycling enzyme encoding gene, gsr, was lower as an effect of AFB1+STC compared to AFB1. These results are supported by the changes in the expression of transcription factors encoding genes, nrf2, and keap1. The results revealed that individual effects of AFB1 and STC on different parameters are synergistic or antagonistic in multi-toxin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kövesi
- Department of Nutrition, Szent István University, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.K.); (S.K.); (Z.A.); (M.E.); (K.B.)
| | - Szabina Kulcsár
- Department of Nutrition, Szent István University, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.K.); (S.K.); (Z.A.); (M.E.); (K.B.)
- Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Szent István University, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
| | - Zsolt Ancsin
- Department of Nutrition, Szent István University, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.K.); (S.K.); (Z.A.); (M.E.); (K.B.)
| | - Erika Zándoki
- Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Szent István University, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
| | - Márta Erdélyi
- Department of Nutrition, Szent István University, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.K.); (S.K.); (Z.A.); (M.E.); (K.B.)
| | - Miklós Mézes
- Department of Nutrition, Szent István University, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.K.); (S.K.); (Z.A.); (M.E.); (K.B.)
- Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Szent István University, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
- Correspondence:
| | - Krisztián Balogh
- Department of Nutrition, Szent István University, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.K.); (S.K.); (Z.A.); (M.E.); (K.B.)
- Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Szent István University, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
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Zingales V, Fernández-Franzón M, Ruiz MJ. Sterigmatocystin: Occurrence, toxicity and molecular mechanisms of action – A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Szabó B, Bálint B, Mézes M, Balogh K. Agricultural trichothecene mycotoxin contamination affects the life-history and reduced glutathione content of Folsomia candida Willem (Collembola). ACTA ZOOL ACAD SCI H 2020. [DOI: 10.17109/azh.66.4.379.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is limited data available concerning the effect of T-2/HT-2 toxin or deoxynivalenol (DON) on invertebrates such as springtails, and no data on their life history and oxidative stress. Control maize and DON or T-2 toxin contaminated maize were fed to Folsomia candida with a toxin content of 16324 mg DON kg–1 or 671 mg T-2 kg–1 maize. Ten to twelve days old animals were investigated in a life-history test and a stress protein test.T-2 toxin did not affect Folsomia candida in any measured parameters. The DON exposed group showed decreased growth and reproduction, and a higher survival rate. DON treatment resulted in lower protein content, while reduced glutathione content was higher than in control. It suggests that DON activated the glutathione-related detoxification pathway, which possibly causes a higher survival rate. The results also suggest that the oral toxicity of DON or T-2 is lower than through physical contact.For that reason, DON and T-2 toxin contaminated maize is not suggested to be used as green manure in the native state. Alternative solutions could be using mycotoxin contaminated maize for biogas production, or after decontamination by bacterial strains, it can be used as organic fertilizer.
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Wang Y, Wang C, Bao S, Nie X. Responses of the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway in Mugilogobius abei (M. abei) exposed to environmentally relevant concentration aspirin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:15663-15673. [PMID: 32080815 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07912-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aspirin (ASA) is a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Its high detection frequency in various waterborne and environmental residues has drawn wide attention. Limited information were provided for the effects of aspirin exposure on oxidative stress signaling pathway in fish, which is closely related to pathological and immunological process of fish. In this study, a small fish - Mugilogobius abei (M. abei) distributing widely in aquatic ecosystems in southern China, was employed as testing organism and the key genes of the detoxification metabolism were cloned for the first time. The responses of Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway were investigated under the environmentally relevant concentration aspirin exposure (0.5 μg L-1, 5 μg L-1, and 50 μg L-1) for 24 h, 72 h, and 168 h then. The transcriptional expression of the key genes (Nrf2, Keap1, GCLC, GPx, GST, SOD, CAT, Trx2, and TrxR) as well as the changes of the related enzymatic activities (GPx, GST, SOD, and CAT) and GSH and MDA content were also determined. Results showed that Nrf2 and Keap1 gene expression displayed a negative correlation to some extent under ASA exposure, the transcriptional expressions of the downstream related genes (GCLC, GST, SOD, CAT, Trx2, and TrxR) in Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway showed inhibition at 24 h but induction at 72 h and 168 h. At the protein level, ASA exposure can improve the antioxidant capacity by increasing GSH synthesis and enzymatic activity of GPx, GST, SOD, and CAT to reduce the degree of lipid peroxidation. We proposed that ASA exposure may interfere with the redox balance in M. abei at an early stage but sub-chronic ASA exposure can activate the Nrf2 signaling pathway to improve the antioxidant capacity of M. abei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Wang
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Shuang Bao
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiangping Nie
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Sterigmatocystin-induced cytotoxicity via oxidative stress induction in human neuroblastoma cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 136:110956. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Dubravka R, Daniela J, Andrea HT, Domagoj K, Nevenka K, Lada R, Davor Ž, Maja P, Maja ŠK. Sterigmatocystin moderately induces oxidative stress in male Wistar rats after short-term oral treatment. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 36:181-191. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00382-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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