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da Silva GD, Silva FL, da Paixão Sevá A, Deorce DM, da Costa Junior NDJ, Silva FA, Filho FA. Effect of combined red and infrared wavelengths on inflammation, hemorrhage, and muscle damage caused by Bothrops leucurus snake venom. Lasers Med Sci 2024; 39:171. [PMID: 38965082 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-024-04116-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of red and infrared wavelengths, separately and combined, on the inflammatory process and collagen deposition in muscle damage caused by B. leucurus venom. 112 mice were inoculated with diluted venom (0.6mg/kg) in the gastrocnemius muscle. The animals were divided into four groups: one control (CG) and three treatments, namely: 1) red laser (λ=660 nm) (RG), 2) infrared laser (λ=808 nm) (IG) and 3) red laser (λ=660 nm) + infrared (λ=808 nm) (RIG). Each group was subdivided into four subgroups, according to the duration of treatment application (applications every 24 hours over evaluation times of up to 144 hours). A diode laser was used (0.1 W, CW, 1J/point, ED: 10 J/cm2). Both wavelengths reduced the intensity of inflammation and the combination between them significantly intensified the anti-inflammatory response. Photobiomodulation also changed the type of inflammatory infiltrate observed and RIG had the highest percentage of mononuclear cells in relation to the other groups. Hemorrhage intensity was significantly lower in treated animals and RIG had the highest number of individuals in which this variable was classified as mild. As for collagen deposition, there was a significant increase in RG in relation to CG, in RIG in relation to CG and in RIG in relation to IG. Photobiomodulation proved to be effective in the treatment of inflammation and hemorrhage caused by B. leucurus venom and stimulated collagen deposition. Better results were obtained with the combined wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele Dias da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz-UESC, Soane Nazaré de Andrade Campus, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Lessa Silva
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz-UESC, Soane Nazaré de Andrade Campus, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
| | - Anaiá da Paixão Sevá
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz-UESC, Soane Nazaré de Andrade Campus, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Danilo Machado Deorce
- Veterinary Medicine Course, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz-UESC, Soane Nazaré de Andrade Campus, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Amaral Silva
- Veterinary Medicine Course, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz-UESC, Soane Nazaré de Andrade Campus, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Fernando Alzamora Filho
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz-UESC, Soane Nazaré de Andrade Campus, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
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2
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Lopes-de-Souza L, Costal-Oliveira F, Rodrigues CR, Stransky S, de Assis TCS, Liberato C, Vivas-Ruiz D, Chocas AY, Guerra-Duarte C, Braga VMM, Chávez-Olortegui C. Bothrops atrox venom: Biochemical properties and cellular phenotypes of three highly toxic classes of toxins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2023; 1871:140930. [PMID: 37442518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2023.140930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Snake venoms have a complex mixture of compounds that are conserved across species and act synergistically, triggering severe local and systemic effects. Identification of the toxin classes that are most damaging to cell homeostasis would be a powerful approach to focus on the main activities that underpin envenomation. Here, we focus on the venom of Bothrops atrox, snake responsible for most of the accidents in Amazon region of South America. We identified the key cytotoxic toxin fractions from B. atrox venom and mapped their biochemical properties, protein composition and cell damage. Five fractions were obtained by mass exclusion chromatography and contained either a single class of enzymatic activity (i.e., L-amino acid oxidases or Hyaluronidases) or different activities co-distributed in two or more protein fractions (e.g., Metalloproteinases, Serine Proteases, or Phospholipases A2). Only three protein fractions reduced cell viability of primary human cells. Strikingly, such activity is accompanied by disruption of cell attachment to substratum and to neighbouring cells. Such strong perturbation of morphological cell features indicates likely defects in tissue integrity in vivo. Mass spectrometry identified the main classes of toxins that contribute to these phenotypes. We provide here a strategy for the selection of key cytotoxic proteins for targeted investigation of their mechanism of action and potential synergism during snakebite envenomation. Our data highlights putative toxins (or combinations of) that may be the focus of future therapeutic interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Lopes-de-Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Costal-Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carolina Rego Rodrigues
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Stephanie Stransky
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Thamyres C S de Assis
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila Liberato
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Dan Vivas-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular - Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Peru
| | - Armando Yarleque Chocas
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular - Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Peru
| | - Clara Guerra-Duarte
- Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vania M M Braga
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olortegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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3
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Oliveira LD, Nachtigall PG, Vialla VL, Campos PF, Costa-Neves AD, Zaher H, Silva NJD, Grazziotin FG, Wilkinson M, Junqueira-de-Azevedo ILM. Comparing morphological and secretory aspects of cephalic glands among the New World coral snakes brings novel insights on their biological roles. Toxicon 2023; 234:107285. [PMID: 37683698 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Oral and other cephalic glands have been surveyed by several studies with distinct purposes. Despite the wide diversity and medical relevance of the New World coral snakes, studies focusing on understanding the biological roles of the glands within this group are still scarce. Specifically, the venom glands of some coral snakes were previously investigated but all other cephalic glands remain uncharacterized. In this sense, performing morphological and molecular analysis of these glands may help better understand their biological role. Here, we studied the morphology of the venom, infralabial, rictal, and harderian glands of thirteen species of Micrurus and Micruroides euryxanthus. We also performed a molecular characterization of these glands from selected species of Micrurus using transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. We described substantial morphological variation in the cephalic glands of New World coral snakes and structural evidence for protein-secreting cells in the inferior rictal glands. Our molecular analysis revealed that the venom glands, as expected, are majorly devoted to toxin production, however, the infralabial and inferior rictal glands also expressed some toxin genes at low to medium levels, despite the marked morphological differences. On the other hand, the harderian glands were dominated by the expression of lipocalins, but do not produce toxins. Our integrative analysis, including the prediction of biological processes and pathways, helped decipher some important traits of cephalic glands and better understand their biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Centre of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-900, Brazil; Herpetology, The Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom.
| | - Pedro Gabriel Nachtigall
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Centre of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Vincent Louis Vialla
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Centre of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Pollyanna F Campos
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Centre of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-900, Brazil
| | | | - Hussam Zaher
- Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Nazaré 481, Ipiranga, 04263-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nelson Jorge da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais e Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, 74605-140, Brazil
| | - Felipe G Grazziotin
- Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- Herpetology, The Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Inácio L M Junqueira-de-Azevedo
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Centre of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-900, Brazil
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David AC, Silva LMG, Garcia Denegri ME, Leiva LCA, Silva Junior JA, Zuliani JP, Zamuner SR. Photobiomodulation therapy on local effects induced by juvenile and adult venoms of Bothrops alternatus. Toxicon 2022; 220:106941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.106941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Venom Variation of Neonate and Adult Chinese Cobras in Captivity Concerning Their Foraging Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090598. [PMID: 36136536 PMCID: PMC9501182 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The venom and transcriptome profile of the captive Chinese cobra (Naja atra) is not characterized until now. Here, LC-MS/MS and illumine technology were used to unveil the venom and trascriptome of neonates and adults N. atra specimens. In captive Chinese cobra, 98 co-existing transcripts for venom-related proteins was contained. A total of 127 proteins belong to 21 protein families were found in the profile of venom. The main components of snake venom were three finger toxins (3-FTx), snake venom metalloproteinase (SVMP), cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP), cobra venom factor (CVF), and phosphodiesterase (PDE). During the ontogenesis of captive Chinese cobra, the rearrangement of snake venom composition occurred and with obscure gender difference. CVF, 3-FTx, PDE, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in adults were more abundant than neonates, while SVMP and CRISP in the neonates was richer than the adults. Ontogenetic changes in the proteome of Chinese cobra venom reveals different strategies for handling prey. The levels of different types of toxin families were dramatically altered in the wild and captive specimens. Therefore, we speculate that the captive process could reshape the snake venom composition vigorously. The clear comprehension of the composition of Chinese cobra venom facilitates the understanding of the mechanism of snakebite intoxication and guides the preparation and administration of traditional antivenom and next-generation drugs for snakebite.
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Anita S, Sadjuri AR, Rahmah L, Nugroho HA, Mulyadi, Trilaksono W, Ridhani W, Safira N, Bahtiar H, Maharani, Hamidy A, Azhari A. Venom composition of Trimeresurus albolabris, T. insularis, T. puniceus and T. purpureomaculatus from Indonesia. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2022; 28:e20210103. [PMID: 35875602 PMCID: PMC9261747 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2021-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Several studies have been published on the characterization of Trimeresurus venoms. However, there is still limited information concerning the venom composition of Trimeresurus species distributed throughout Indonesia, which contributes to significant snakebite envenomation cases. The present study describes a comparative on the composition of T. albolabris, T. insularis, T. puniceus, and T. purpureomaculatus venoms originated from Indonesia. Methods: Protein content in the venom of four Trimeresurus species was determined using Bradford assay, and the venom proteome was elucidated using one-dimension SDS PAGE nano-ESI- LCMS/MS shotgun proteomics. Results: The venom of T. albolabris contained the highest protein content of 11.1 mg/mL, followed by T. puniceus, T. insularis and T. purpureomaculatus venom with 10.7 mg/mL, 8.9 mg/mL and 5.54 mg/mL protein, respectively. In total, our venomic analysis identified 65 proteins belonging to 16 protein families in T. purpureomaculatus; 64 proteins belonging to 18 protein families in T. albolabris; 58 different proteins belonging to 14 protein families in T. puniceus; and 48 different proteins belonging to 14 protein familiesin T. insularis. Four major proteins identified in all venoms belonged to snake venom metalloproteinase, C-type lectin, snake venom serine protease, and phospholipase A2. There were 11 common proteins in all venoms, and T. puniceus venom has the highest number of unique proteins compared to the other three venoms. Cluster analysis of the proteins and venoms showed that T. puniceus venom has the most distinct venom composition. Conclusions: Overall, the results highlighted venom compositional variation of four Trimeresurus spp. from Indonesia. The venoms appear to be highly similar, comprising at least four protein families that correlate with venom’s toxin properties and function. This study adds more information on venom variability among Trimeresurus species within the close geographic origin and may contribute to the development of optimum heterologous antivenom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syahfitri Anita
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.,Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Herjuno Ari Nugroho
- Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) , Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Mulyadi
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Wahyu Trilaksono
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Wiwit Ridhani
- PT Dermama Bioteknologi Laboratorium, Betshaida Hospital, Tangerang, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Maharani
- PT Bio Farma (Persero), Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Amir Hamidy
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
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7
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Analyzing the influence of age and sex in Bothrops pauloensis snake venom. Toxicon 2022; 214:78-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Cavalcante JDS, de Almeida CAS, Clasen MA, da Silva EL, de Barros LC, Marinho AD, Rossini BC, Marino CL, Carvalho PC, Jorge RJB, Dos Santos LD. A fingerprint of plasma proteome alteration after local tissue damage induced by Bothrops leucurus snake venom in mice. J Proteomics 2022; 253:104464. [PMID: 34954398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops spp. is responsible for about 70% of snakebites in Brazil, causing a diverse and complex pathophysiological condition. Bothrops leucurus is the main species of medical relevance found in the Atlantic coast in the Brazilian Northeast region. The pathophysiological effects involved B. leucurus snakebite as well as the organism's reaction in response to this envenoming, it has not been explored yet. Thus, edema was induced in mice paw using 1.2, 2.5, and 5.0 μg of B. leucurus venom, the percentage of edema was measured 30 min after injection and the blood plasma was collected and analyzed by shotgun proteomic strategy. We identified 80 common plasma proteins with differential abundance among the experimental groups and we can understand the early aspects of this snake envenomation, regardless of the suggestive severity of an ophidian accident. The results showed B. leucurus venom triggers a thromboinflammation scenario where family's proteins of the Serpins, Apolipoproteins, Complement factors and Component subunits, Cathepsins, Kinases, Oxidoreductases, Proteases inhibitors, Proteases, Collagens, Growth factors are related to inflammation, complement and coagulation systems, modulators platelets and neutrophils, lipid and retinoid metabolism, oxidative stress and tissue repair. Our findings set precedents for future studies in the area of early diagnosis and/or treatment of snakebites. SIGNIFICANCE: The physiopathological effects that the snake venoms can cause have been investigated through classical and reductionist tools, which allowed, so far, the identification of action mechanisms of individual components associated with specific tissue damage. The currently incomplete limitations of this knowledge must be expanded through new approaches, such as proteomics, which may represent a big leap in understanding the venom-modulated pathological process. The exploration of the complete protein set that suffer modifications by the simultaneous action of multiple toxins, provides a map of the establishment of physiopathological phenotypes, which favors the identification of multiple toxin targets, that may or may not act in synergy, as well as favoring the discovery of biomarkers and therapeutic targets for manifestations that are not neutralized by the antivenom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeliton Dos Santos Cavalcante
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Milan Avila Clasen
- Laboratory for Structural and Computational Proteomics, ICC, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Emerson Lucena da Silva
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Luciana Curtolo de Barros
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Diogo Marinho
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Bruno Cesar Rossini
- Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Celso Luís Marino
- Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Costa Carvalho
- Laboratory for Structural and Computational Proteomics, ICC, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Roberta Jeane Bezerra Jorge
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lucilene Delazari Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Hayashi MAF, Campeiro JD, Yonamine CM. Revisiting the potential of South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus toxins as therapeutic, theranostic and/or biotechnological agents. Toxicon 2021; 206:1-13. [PMID: 34896407 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The potential biotechnological and biomedical applications of the animal venom components are widely recognized. Indeed, many components have been used either as drugs or as templates/prototypes for the development of innovative pharmaceutical drugs, among which many are still used for the treatment of human diseases. A specific South American rattlesnake, named Crotalus durissus terrificus, shows a venom composition relatively simpler compared to any viper or other snake species belonging to the Crotalus genus, although presenting a set of toxins with high potential for the treatment of several still unmet human therapeutic needs, as reviewed in this work. In addition to the main toxin named crotoxin, which is under clinical trials studies for antitumoral therapy and which has also anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities, other toxins from the C. d. terrificus venom are also being studied, aiming for a wide variety of therapeutic applications, including as antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, antitumoral or antiparasitic agent, or as modulator of animal metabolism, fibrin sealant (fibrin glue), gene carrier or theranostic agent. Among these rattlesnake toxins, the most relevant, considering the potential clinical applications, are crotamine, crotalphine and gyroxin. In this narrative revision, we propose to organize and present briefly the updates in the accumulated knowledge on potential therapeutic applications of toxins collectively found exclusively in the venom of this specific South American rattlesnake, with the objective of contributing to increase the chances of success in the discovery of drugs based on toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirian A F Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP, Brazil.
| | - Joana D Campeiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP, Brazil
| | - Camila M Yonamine
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP, Brazil.
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10
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Montealegre-Sánchez L, Montoya-Gómez A, Jiménez-Charris E. Individual variations in the protein profiles and functional activities of the eyelash palm pit-viper (Bothriechis schlegelii) venom from the Colombian southwest region. Acta Trop 2021; 223:106113. [PMID: 34450060 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bothriechis schlegelii is a venomous snake found in Central and South America, mainly sighted in regions devoted to agriculture. However, in Colombia, little is known about its contribution to the total envenoming cases. Furthermore, there are no reports of the biochemical and functional activities of venoms from the southwest populations, and the differences respecting other populations are unknown. This study analyzed the protein profiles of venom samples obtained from three specimens originating from this region of Colombia using electrophoresis and chromatography. The lethality, edema-induction, hemorrhagic, defibrinating, coagulant, and indirect hemolytic activities were also evaluated. As a result, venoms were composed of proteins with a wide range of molecular weights, most of them below <37 kDa, with differences between male and female electrophoretic and chromatographic profiles. These variations were also observed in the evaluation of venom functional activities such as pro-coagulant, indirect hemolytic, and edema-inducing activities, whereas neither hemorrhagic nor defibrinating activities were detected. These results are also different considering reports with venom samples from other geographical locations, restating the existence of high intraspecific variability in B. schlegelii venoms, which could have relevant pathophysiological and therapeutic implications.
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11
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Gómez A, Segura Á, Solano G, Chacón D, Corrales G. Influence of sexual dimorphism on venom composition in Bothrops asper and Crotalus simus (Serpentes: Viperidae) and its potential implications on the snake antivenom production. Toxicon 2021; 204:1-4. [PMID: 34687716 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This work is aimed to bring insights on the potential sexual dimorphism differences on the venom composition of Bothrops asper and Crotalus simus to expand the knowledge of the venom variability that might improve the antivenom design. Biological characterization of venoms of each sex in both species did not show significant qualitative differences. Considerations on the sexual venom variations in these species are not relevant for choosing the snake donors for venom production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarón Gómez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
| | - Álvaro Segura
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Gabriela Solano
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Danilo Chacón
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Greivin Corrales
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Yokoi H, Sakai A, Kodama T, Magome S, Itose O, Tawara M, Yasaka T, Abe T, Takeuchi I. Evaluation of a Treatment Algorithm for Tsushima Mamushi (Gloydius tsushimaensis) Snakebites, after Its Introduction to Tsushima Island, Nagasaki, Japan. Intern Med 2021; 60:3093-3099. [PMID: 34275980 PMCID: PMC8545649 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.7131-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Tsushima mamushi (Gloydius tsushimaensis) is an endemic species of snake inhabiting only Tsushima Island, a remote Japanese island. We conducted a multicenter, retrospective study of G. tsushimaensis bites for the first time and developed a treatment algorithm that unified treatment on the island and is still in use today. Methods This is a multicenter, retrospective study comparing 72 cases from January 2005 to December 2018, before the introduction of the algorithm, and 12 cases from January 2019 to December 2020, after its introduction. Results There was no significant decrease in the maximum grade of symptoms after the introduction of the algorithm, but there was a decreasing trend (p=0.057). Conversely, the median of the maximum creatinine kinase levels was 343.5 IU/L (interquartile range: 115.5-4,745.5) before the algorithm's introduction and significantly lower (142.5; interquartile range: 111.3-163) after the algorithm's introduction (p=0.042). After the algorithm's introduction, the disseminated intravascular coagulation merger rate and the acute kidney injury incidence both dropped to 0%, from 9.7% and 6.9%, respectively, before the algorithm's introduction. There was no significant difference in the length of hospital stay before versus after the algorithm's introduction. Conclusion This study showed that the treatment algorithm can be safely and quickly applied. The algorithm's effectiveness is expected to be strengthened by the accumulation of more cases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Yokoi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yokohama City University, Japan
- Nagasaki Prefecture Tsushima Hospital, Japan
| | | | - Tomonori Kodama
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Japan
| | | | - Osamu Itose
- Nagasaki Prefecture Tsushima Hospital, Japan
| | | | | | - Takeru Abe
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yokohama City University, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takeuchi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yokohama City University, Japan
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