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Kim M, Kim SY, Lim YK, Baek SH, Hong S. Nationwide seasonal monitoring of lipophilic marine algal toxins in shellfish and causative microalgae along the coasts of South Korea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 207:116855. [PMID: 39151328 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
In this study, lipophilic marine algal toxins (LMATs)-producing microalgae were identified at 23 sites along the coasts of Korea, and distribution characteristics of LMATs in phytoplankton and mussels were investigated. The causative microalgae, including Gonyaulux spinifera, Dinophysis acuminata, D. caudata, and D. fortii, were observed in the study area, with notably higher densities during the summer. Significant correlations were found between the densities of these microalgae and the water temperature. Seasonal distribution patterns of LMATs in phytoplankton closely matched those observed in mussels. Notably, LMAT concentrations in mussels from the Yellow Sea were relatively high. PTX2 was detected predominantly in phytoplankton, and homo-yessotoxin was found mainly in mussels. Overall, LMAT concentrations were elevated in the summer, raising concerns about biotoxin contamination in shellfish. These results provide important insights into the dynamics of unmanaged marine biotoxins in Korea and offer baseline data for future safety management policies and inflow surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mungi Kim
- Department of Earth, Environmental & Space Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sea-Yong Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Sciences & Institute of Marine Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyun Lim
- Ecological Risk Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Baek
- Ecological Risk Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Earth, Environmental & Space Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Environmental Sciences & Institute of Marine Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Wu G, Qiu J, Yan G, Li A, Xu X, Wang X, Li D. Spatiotemporal distribution of lipophilic shellfish toxins in plankton and shellfish in the offshore regions of Shandong province, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135363. [PMID: 39084006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Lipophilic shellfish toxins (LSTs) threaten the ecosystem health and seafood safety. To comprehensively investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of common LSTs in phytoplankton, zooplankton and economic shellfish, three cruises were conducted in five typical offshore aquaculture regions of Shandong province, China, including Haizhou Bay, Jiaozhou Bay, Sanggou Bay, Sishili Bay and Laizhou Bay, in spring (March-April), summer (July-August) and autumn (November-December). This study revealed significant variability in the composition and content of LSTs in phytoplankton samples collected from different regions. Pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) and okadaic acid (OA) were mainly detected in the ranges of not detected (nd)-5045 pmol g-1 dry weight (dw), nd-159 pmol g-1 dw, and nd-154 pmol g-1 dw, respectively. In zooplankton, DTX1 and OA were the predominant components of LSTs, with the highest levels of ∑LSTs in spring ranging from nd to 406 pmol g-1 dw. Spearman's correlation analysis between LSTs and environmental factors indicated significant correlations for the contents of homo-yessotoxin (hYTX), gymnodimine-A (GYM-A), and spirolide-1 (SPX1) with these factors. Totally relatively low levels of LSTs with dominative DTX1 were detected in economic shellfish, which showed a low risk to seafood safety for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyao Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Guowang Yan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Dongyue Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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Zhao L, Qiu J, Zhang J, Li A, Wang G. Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress in Human Intestinal Epithelial Caco-2 Cells Caused by Marine Phycotoxin Azaspiracid-2. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:381. [PMID: 39330839 PMCID: PMC11435587 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16090381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
When humans consume seafood contaminated by lipophilic polyether phycotoxins, such as azaspiracids (AZAs), the toxins are mainly leached and absorbed in the small intestine, potentially causing intestinal damage. In this study, human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells were used to investigate the adverse effects of azaspiracid-2 (AZA-2) on human intestinal epithelial cells. Cell viability, apoptosis, oxidative damage and mitochondrial ultrastructure were investigated, and ribonucleic acid sequence (RNA-seq) analysis was applied to explore the potential mechanisms of AZA-2 toxicity to Caco-2 cells. Results showed that AZA-2 significantly reduced the proliferation of Caco-2 cells in a concentration-dependent response, and the 48 h EC50 of AZA-2 was 12.65 nmol L-1. AZA-2 can induce apoptosis in Caco-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Visible mitochondrial swelling, cristae disintegration, membrane rupture and autophagy were observed in Caco-2 cells exposed to AZA-2. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were significantly increased in Caco-2 cells after 48 h of exposure to 1 and 10 nmol L-1 of AZA-2. Transcriptome analysis showed that KEGG pathways related to cellular oxidative damage and lipid metabolism were affected, mainly including mitophagy, oxidative phosphorylation, cholesterol metabolism, vitamin digestion and absorption, bile secretion and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway. The cytotoxic effects of AZA-2 on Caco-2 cells may be associated with ROS-mediated autophagy and apoptosis in mitochondrial cells. Results of this study improve understanding of the cytotoxicity and molecular mechanisms of AZA-2 on Caco-2 cells, which is significant for protecting human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liye Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (G.W.)
| | - Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (G.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jingrui Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (G.W.)
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (G.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Guixiang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (G.W.)
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Changes in physiological activities are responsible for homoyessotoxin-induced toxicity in abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Toxicology 2022; 477:153270. [PMID: 35870676 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Homoyessotoxin (homo-YTX) is a lipid-soluble toxin produced by toxic dinoflagellates. It is widely distributed in marine ecosystems worldwide, and it poses a threat to the survival of aquatic animals. The tissues of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai are easily damaged by homo-YTX during harmful algal blooms. In this study, H. discus hannai was exposed to homo-YTX (0, 2, 5, and 10 µg L-1) to evaluate the rates of survival (S) and death (D) and the antioxidative, metabolic, and digestive physiological responses in the gills and digestive gland of abalone. Homo-YTX decreased S and the activities of Na+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase, Ca2+/Mg2+-adenosine triphosphatase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, alkaline phosphatase, xanthine oxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, amylase, protease, and lipase. Meanwhile, D, the reactive oxygen species level, and the malondialdehyde content increased with increasing concentrations of homo-YTX. In addition, homo-YTX induced oxidative stress, enhanced the lipid peroxidation reaction, reduced the energy supply, and inhibited the metabolic and digestive physiological activities in the gills and digestive gland of abalone. Oxidative stress-mediated insufficient energy supply and physiological activity reduction caused the death of abalone.
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Pan W, Ji Y, Qiu J, Wang G, Tang Z, Li A. Comparative study on the esterification of gymnodimine in different shellfish exposed to the dissolved toxin in seawater. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 115:102233. [PMID: 35623689 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Some lipophilic phycotoxins dissolved in seawater can be accumulated by bivalves via the filtering process. To explore the relationship between the bioaccumulation of gymnodimine-A (GYM-A) and free fatty acids (FFAs) of shellfish, three species of bivalves (venus clam Meretrix meretrix, mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, and ark shell Anadara kagoshimensis) were exposed to dissolved GYM-A for 7 days in the same seawater system. Results indicated that GYM-A can be accumulated by these bivalves from the dissolved phase and esterified with FFAs reaching over 90% in most tissues of bivalves. Gymnodimine-A and its esters mainly distributed in the gills of shellfish, and the highest concentration of toxins occurred in mussel, followed by ark shell and venus clam. Similar percent of different fatty acid esters occurred in the experimental shellfish, in which the C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C18:1, C20:1, C20:2, C22:2, and C22:6-GYM-A esters were the main metabolites of GYM-A. The binding capacity of fatty acids and GYM-A varied in different FFAs, which can explain why the C20:1-GYM-A ester dominated the ester profile while C16:0 was the most abundant fatty acid in all samples. Comparing with the FFA profile of shellfish in the control groups, overexpression of some FFAs occurred in the tissues of shellfish exposed to GYM-A in the experimental groups, which suggested that biosynthesis of FFAs was affected by the accumulation and metabolism of GYM-A in bivalves. Multiple fatty acids including some valuably nutritional FFAs such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were consumed in the esterification metabolism of GYM-A, which hinted that the lipid metabolism and nutritional quality of shellfish affected by the contamination of GYMs should be explored and assessed in future works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyu Pan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No 238, Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ying Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No 238, Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No 238, Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Guixiang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No 238, Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Zhixuan Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No 238, Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No 238, Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China.
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Zheng R, Lin S, Yang Y, Fu W. Variability and profiles of lipophilic marine toxins in shellfish from southeastern China in 2017-2020. Toxicon 2021; 201:37-45. [PMID: 34416253 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A total of 1338 samples were analyzed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to study the toxin profiles of lipophilic marine toxins in bivalve mollusks collected from the southeast coast of China from 2017 to 2020. The most abundant toxin was HomoYTX, followed progressively by YTX and PTX2. Low proportions of OA, DTX-1, and DTX-2 were found. No AZA1, AZA2, and AZA3 were quantified above limit of quantitation (LOQ). The highest concentrations of HomoYTX, YTX, PTX2, OA, DTX-1, and DTX-2 were 429, 98.0, 40.3, 33.0, 22.6, and 26.5 μg/kg, respectively. Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Perna viridis), scallop (Chlamys farreri) and clam (Atrina pectinate) accumulated higher toxin levels than clams (Sinonovaculla Constricta, Ruditapes philippinarum), oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and scallop (Arca granosa). Homo YTX and PTX2 levels reached the maximum in July and June, respectively, and the OA-group peaked in August. The results provide a reliable basis for monitoring marine toxins and protecting the health of aquatic consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjin Zheng
- Physical and Chemical Analysis Department, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China; School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China.
| | - Shouer Lin
- Physical and Chemical Analysis Department, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China; School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Physical and Chemical Analysis Department, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Wusheng Fu
- Physical and Chemical Analysis Department, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
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Rubini S, Albonetti S, Menotta S, Cervo A, Callegari E, Cangini M, Dall’Ara S, Baldini E, Vertuani S, Manfredini S. New Trends in the Occurrence of Yessotoxins in the Northwestern Adriatic Sea. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090634. [PMID: 34564638 PMCID: PMC8471916 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Yessotoxins (YTXs) are polycyclic toxic ether compounds produced by phytoplanktonic dinoflagellates which accumulate in filter-feeding organisms. We know that the water temperature in our areas Northwestern Adriatic Sea is optimal for the growth of potentially toxic algae (around 20 °C). In recent years, these temperatures have remained at these levels for longer and longer periods, probably due to global warming, which has led to an excessive increase in toxin levels. The interruption of mussel harvesting caused by algae negatively affects farmers’ revenues and the availability of local fish, causing a major economic loss in Italy’s main shellfish sector. Methods: In the nine years considered, 3359 samples were examined: 1715 marine waters, 73 common clams; 732 mussels; 66 oysters; and 773 veracious clams. Bivalve molluscs were examined for the presence of marine biotoxins, including YTXs, while potentially toxic algae, including those producing YTXs, were searched for and counted in marine waters. The method adopted for the quantification of lipophilic toxins involves the use of an LC-MS/MS system. The enumeration of phytoplankton cells was performed according to the Utermhöl method. Results: Between 2012 and 2020, 706 molluscs were tested for YTXs. In total, 246 samples tested positive, i.e., 34.84%. Of the positive samples, 30 exceeded the legal limit. Conclusion: In this regard, it is essential to develop and activate, as soon as possible, an “early warning” system that allows a better control of the production areas of live bivalve molluscs, thus allowing an optimal management of the plants in these critical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silva Rubini
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, 44124 Ferrara, Italy; (S.R.); (E.C.)
| | - Sabrina Albonetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (S.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Simonetta Menotta
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna, Food Chemical Department of Bologna, Via P. Fiorini 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Antonio Cervo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (S.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Emanuele Callegari
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, 44124 Ferrara, Italy; (S.R.); (E.C.)
| | - Monica Cangini
- National Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins-Viale A. Vespucci, 2-47042 Cesenatico, Italy; (M.C.); (S.D.)
| | - Sonia Dall’Ara
- National Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins-Viale A. Vespucci, 2-47042 Cesenatico, Italy; (M.C.); (S.D.)
| | - Erika Baldini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, Master Course in Cosmetic Science, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Silvia Vertuani
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, Master Course in Cosmetic Science, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.B.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-053-245-5294
| | - Stefano Manfredini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, Master Course in Cosmetic Science, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.B.); (S.M.)
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