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Wei LN, Luo L, Wang BZ, Lei HT, Guan T, Shen YD, Wang H, Xu ZL. Biosensors for detection of paralytic shellfish toxins: Recognition elements and transduction technologies. Trends Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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2
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Recent developments in application of nucleic acid aptamer in food safety. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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3
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Şahin S, Üstündağ Z, Caglayan MO. Spectroscopic ellipsometry-based aptasensor platform for bisphenol a detection. Talanta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Label-Free Detection of Saxitoxin with Field-Effect Device-Based Biosensor. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091505. [PMID: 35564214 PMCID: PMC9102806 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Saxitoxin (STX) is a highly toxic and widely distributed paralytic shellfish toxin (PSP), posing a serious hazard to the environment and human health. Thus, it is highly required to develop new STX detection approaches that are convenient, desirable, and affordable. This study presented a label-free electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) sensor covered with a layer-by-layer developed positively charged Poly (amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer. An aptamer (Apt), which is sensitive to STX was electrostatically immobilized onto the PAMAM dendrimer layer. This results in an Apt that is preferably flat inside a Debye length, resulting in less charge-screening effect and a higher sensor signal. Capacitance-voltage and constant-capacitance measurements were utilized to monitor each step of a sensor surface variation, namely, the immobilization of PAMAM dendrimers, Apt, and STX. Additionally, the surface morphology of PAMAM dendrimer layers was studied by using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Fluorescence microscopy was utilized to confirm that Apt was successfully immobilized on a PAMAM dendrimer-modified EIS sensor. The results presented an aptasensor with a detection range of 0.5–100 nM for STX detection and a limit of detection was 0.09 nM. Additionally, the aptasensor demonstrated high selectivity and 9-day stability. The extraction of mussel tissue indicated that an aptasensor may be applied to the detection of STX in real samples. An aptasensor enables marine toxin detection in a rapid and label-free manner.
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Park JA, Seo Y, Sohn H, Park C, Min J, Lee T. Recent Trends in Biosensors Based on Electrochemical and Optical Techniques for Cyanobacterial Neurotoxin Detection. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-022-00054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Noureen B, Ullah N, Tian Y, Du L, Chen W, Wu C, Wang P. An electrochemical PAH-modified aptasensor for the label-free and highly-sensitive detection of saxitoxin. Talanta 2022; 240:123185. [PMID: 34973551 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Saxitoxin (STX), is one of the most dangerous and widespread paralytic shellfish toxins, causing a severe threat to the ecosystem and human health. So, it is important and highly essential to develop novel techniques for STX detection in a convenient, desirable, and low-cost manner. Herein, this study developed an electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) sensor covered with a layer-by-layer prepared, positively-charged weak polyelectrolyte layer of poly (allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) for the label-free detection of STX. The specific aptamer (Apt) sensitive to STX was electrostatically adsorbed onto the PAH layer. This leads to a preferentially flat orientation of the Apt within the Debye length, thus yielding a reduced charge-screening influence and a higher sensor signal. Each step of sensor surface modification, i.e. PAH adsorption, immobilization of Apt, and attachment of STX, was monitored by capacitance-voltage (C-V) and constant-capacitance (ConCap) measurements. Furthermore, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to characterize the surface morphology and roughness of the PAH layer. Fluorescence microscopy was used to confirm the effective immobilization of Apt onto the PAH-modified EIS sensor. The results showed that the detection range of this aptasensor for STX detection was 0.5-100 nM and the detection limit was as low as 0.05 nM. Furthermore, this aptasensor showed good selectivity and 9 days' stability. The mussel tissue extraction test suggested that this aptasensor can be used to detect STX in real samples. This aptasensor provides a convenient approach for moderate, rapid, and label-free detection of marine biological toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beenish Noureen
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Najeeb Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Yulan Tian
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Liping Du
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Chunsheng Wu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Ping Wang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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A Novel SELEX Based on Immobilizing Libraries Enables Screening of Saxitoxin Aptamers for BLI Aptasensor Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030228. [PMID: 35324725 PMCID: PMC8955768 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Saxitoxin (STX) is one of the potent marine biotoxins that has high rate of lethality. However, there are no effective treatments at present, and the existing detection methods need to be further explored because of ethical problems or technical limitations. In this work, oligonucleotide aptamers toward STX were screened based on immobilizing libraries on Immobilized Metal-Chelate (IMC), such as Ni-NTA Sepharose, and the IMC-SELEX was conducted by the G-quadruplex library and the random library, respectively. Aptamer 45e (from the G-quadruplex library) and aptamer 75a were obtained after optimization, and aptamer 45e turned out to have a higher affinity toward STX. Furthermore, it was found that the hydrogen bonding and the van der Waals forces (VDW) played major roles in the high efficiency and specificity between STX and 45e by means of molecular docking and dynamics simulation. Based on this, aptamer 45e-1 with the Kd value of 19 nM was obtained by further optimization, which was then used to construct a simple, label-free and real-time optical BLI aptasensor for the detection of STX. This aptasensor showed good reproducibility and stability. In summary, with the advantages of screening aptamers of high efficiency and specificity toward the targets, the proposed IMC-SELEX provides a promising screening strategy for discovering aptamers, which could be used as the potential molecular recognition elements in the fields of biomedicine, food safety and environmental monitoring.
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Louzao MC, Vilariño N, Vale C, Costas C, Cao A, Raposo-Garcia S, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Current Trends and New Challenges in Marine Phycotoxins. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20030198. [PMID: 35323497 PMCID: PMC8950113 DOI: 10.3390/md20030198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine phycotoxins are a multiplicity of bioactive compounds which are produced by microalgae and bioaccumulate in the marine food web. Phycotoxins affect the ecosystem, pose a threat to human health, and have important economic effects on aquaculture and tourism worldwide. However, human health and food safety have been the primary concerns when considering the impacts of phycotoxins. Phycotoxins toxicity information, often used to set regulatory limits for these toxins in shellfish, lacks traceability of toxicity values highlighting the need for predefined toxicological criteria. Toxicity data together with adequate detection methods for monitoring procedures are crucial to protect human health. However, despite technological advances, there are still methodological uncertainties and high demand for universal phycotoxin detectors. This review focuses on these topics, including uncertainties of climate change, providing an overview of the current information as well as future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmen Louzao
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.L.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Natalia Vilariño
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Carmen Vale
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Celia Costas
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Alejandro Cao
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Sandra Raposo-Garcia
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Mercedes R. Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
| | - Luis M. Botana
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.L.); (L.M.B.)
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Selection, Characterization, and Optimization of DNA Aptamers against Challenging Marine Biotoxin Gymnodimine-A for Biosensing Application. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030195. [PMID: 35324692 PMCID: PMC8949142 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gymnodimines (GYMs), belonging to cyclic imines (CIs), are characterized as fast-acting toxins, and may pose potential risks to human health and the aquaculture industry through the contamination of sea food. The existing detection methods of GYMs have certain defects in practice, such as ethical problems or the requirement of complicated equipment. As novel molecular recognition elements, aptamers have been applied in many areas, including the detection of marine biotoxins. However, GYMs are liposoluble molecules with low molecular weight and limited numbers of chemical groups, which are considered as “challenging” targets for aptamers selection. In this study, Capture-SELEX was used as the main strategy in screening aptamers targeting gymnodimine-A (GYM-A), and an aptamer named G48nop, with the highest KD value of 95.30 nM, was successfully obtained by screening and optimization. G48nop showed high specificity towards GYM-A. Based on this, a novel aptasensor based on biolayer interferometry (BLI) technology was established in detecting GYM-A. This aptasensor showed a detection range from 55 to 1400 nM (linear range from 55 to 875 nM) and a limit of detection (LOD) of 6.21 nM. Spiking experiments in real samples indicated the recovery rate of this aptasensor, ranging from 96.65% to 109.67%. This is the first study to report an aptamer with high affinity and specificity for the challenging marine biotoxin GYM-A, and the new established aptasensor may be used as a reliable and efficient tool for the detection and monitoring of GYMs in the future.
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Caglayan MO, Üstündağ Z, Şahin S. Spectroscopic ellipsometry methods for brevetoxin detection. Talanta 2022; 237:122897. [PMID: 34736713 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), and attenuated internal reflection spectroscopic ellipsometry (TIRE) are promising methods in label-free biosensing applications. An ellipsometer running under surface plasmon resonance (SPR) conditions has unique advantages over other SPR-based methods in terms of sensitivity and real-time/label-free measurement capability. In this study, both SE and TIRE-based brevetoxin B (BTX) sensors were developed using two anti-BTX aptamers reported before. A new aptamer sequence was also derived from these two antiBTX aptamers using predictive modeling tools and an exclusion method. All three antiBTX aptamers' analytical performances were quite competitive in terms of both detecting range and detection limits. However, the selectivity of the previously reported aptamers against analogs of BTX was poor at low detection ranges, especially for okadaic acid. Furthermore, the selectivity of the derived aptamer was lower than its predecessors. The sensors were capable of detecting BTX in the range of 0.05 nM-1600 nM in the TIRE and 0.5 nM-2000 nM in the SE configuration. The detection limits of the sensors were 1.48 nM (1.32 ng/mL) and 0.80 nM (0.72 ng/mL) for SE and TIRE configurations, respectively. Both configurations have been used successfully to detect BTX standards spiked into real fish and shrimp samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zafer Üstündağ
- Department of Chemistry, Kütahya Dumlupınar University, 43100, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Samet Şahin
- Department of Bioengineering, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, 11230, Bilecik, Turkey
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Zhao Y, Li L, Yan X, Wang L, Ma R, Qi X, Wang S, Mao X. Emerging roles of the aptasensors as superior bioaffinity sensors for monitoring shellfish toxins in marine food chain. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 421:126690. [PMID: 34315019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Shellfish toxins are derived from harmful algae and are easily accumulated in environment and marine food through the food chain, exposing high risks on human health. Preliminary rapid screening is one of the most effective monitoring ways to reduce the potential risks; however, the traditional methods encounter with many limitations, such as complicated procedures, low sensitivity and specificity, and ethical problems. Alternatively, bioaffinity sensors are proposed and draw particular attention. Among them, the aptasensors are springing up and emerging as superior alternatives in recent years, exhibiting high practicability to analyze shellfish toxins in real samples in the marine food chain. Herein, the latest research progresses of aptasensors towards shellfish toxins in the marine food chain in the past five years was reviewed for the first time, in terms of the aptamers applied in these aptasensors, construction principles, signal transduction techniques, response types, individual performance properties, practical applications, and advantages/disadvantages of these aptasensors. Synchronously, critical discussions were given and future perspectives were prospected. We hope this review can serve as a powerful reference to promote further development and application of aptasensors to monitor shellfish toxins, as well as other analytes with similar demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglin Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaochen Yan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lele Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Rui Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaoyan Qi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Sai Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Serrano PC, Nunes GE, Avila LB, Reis CPS, Gomes AMC, Reis FT, Sartorelli ML, Melegari SP, Matias WG, Bechtold IH. Electrochemical impedance biosensor for detection of saxitoxin in aqueous solution. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6393-6399. [PMID: 34389880 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03603-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Saxitoxin is a cyanotoxin which is very harmful to human health; the concentration limit in drinking water is only 3 μg/L. Therefore, a simple, fast, sensitive, low-cost, and specific method for its detection, quantification, and monitoring in water bodies is needed to avoid adverse effects on animal and human health. In this work, we developed an electrochemical impedimetric biosensor using a specific aptamer as recognition element for saxitoxin detection. This method allies the superior sensing characteristics of aptamers with the nondestructive, label-free, and easy working principles of the electrochemical impedance technique. The device presented sensitivity for detecting saxitoxin concentrations above 0.3 μg/L, with high selectivity in negative control experiments, demonstrating a promising alternative for water toxin detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo C Serrano
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Gisele E Nunes
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Lindiomar B Avila
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Carleane P S Reis
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Aldo M C Gomes
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Françoise T Reis
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Maria L Sartorelli
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Silvia Pedroso Melegari
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Pontal do Paraná, PR, 83255-976, Brazil
| | - William G Matias
- Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Ivan H Bechtold
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
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Zhao Y, Li L, Ma R, Wang L, Yan X, Qi X, Wang S, Mao X. A competitive colorimetric aptasensor transduced by hybridization chain reaction-facilitated catalysis of AuNPs nanozyme for highly sensitive detection of saxitoxin. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1173:338710. [PMID: 34172145 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Saxitoxin (STX) is a small molecule toxin (Mw. ca. 299 g/mol) with high acute toxicity, and it has urgent need of facile analytical methods. Herein, a competitive colorimetric aptasensor was developed for highly sensitive detection of STX. An anti-STX aptamer was hybridized with a complementary strand on the magnetic beads and was competitively bound by STX. The supernatant containing the aptamer binding to STX was obtained by magnetic separation, which could trigger hybridization chain reaction (HCR) to generate rigid double stranded DNAs (dsDNAs) with sticky end and variable length. These HCR-dsDNAs were found to be able to facilitate significant enhancement on the peroxidase-like catalytic capability of AuNPs nanozyme towards 3,3,5,5-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). The concentration of STX was responded in a "turn on" mode, based on the amplified colorimetric transduction thereof. The aptasensor realized high sensitivity, with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 42.46 pM. Moreover, a wide linear detection range of 78.13-2500 pM, good selectivity, as well as good recovery rates of 106.2-113.5% when analyzing STX in real shellfish samples were obtained. This strategy could be referred to develop robust aptasensors for simple and highly sensitive detection of other small molecules and toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglin Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Rui Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Lele Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaochen Yan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaoyan Qi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Sai Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
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