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Aldana-Salazar F, Rangel N, Rodríguez MJ, Baracaldo C, Martínez-Agüero M, Rondón-Lagos M. Chromosomal Damage, Chromosome Instability, and Polymorphisms in GSTP1 and XRCC1 as Biomarkers of Effect and Susceptibility in Farmers Exposed to Pesticides. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4167. [PMID: 38673753 PMCID: PMC11050655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the department of Boyacá, Colombia, agriculture stands as one of the primary economic activities. However, the escalating utilization of pesticides within this sector has sparked concern regarding its potential correlation with elevated risks of genotoxicity, chromosomal alterations, and carcinogenesis. Furthermore, pesticides have been associated with a broad spectrum of genetic polymorphisms that impact pivotal genes involved in pesticide metabolism and DNA repair, among other processes. Nonetheless, our understanding of the genotoxic effects of pesticides on the chromosomes (as biomarkers of effect) in exposed farmers and the impact of genetic polymorphisms (as susceptibility biomarkers) on the increased risk of chromosomal damage is still limited. The aim of our study was to evaluate chromosomal alterations, chromosomal instability, and clonal heterogeneity, as well as the presence of polymorphic variants in the GSTP1 and XRCC1 genes, in peripheral blood samples of farmers occupationally exposed to pesticides in Aquitania, Colombia, and in an unexposed control group. Our results showed statistically significant differences in the frequency of numerical chromosomal alterations, chromosomal instability, and clonal heterogeneity levels between the exposed and unexposed groups. In addition, we also found a higher frequency of chromosomal instability and clonal heterogeneity in exposed individuals carrying the heterozygous GSTP1 AG and XRCC1 (exon 10) GA genotypes. The evaluation of chromosomal alterations and chromosomal instability resulting from pesticide exposure, combined with the identification of polymorphic variants in the GSTP1 and XRCC1 genes, and further research involving a larger group of individuals exposed to pesticides could enable the identification of effect and susceptibility biomarkers. Such markers could prove valuable for monitoring individuals occupationally exposed to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Aldana-Salazar
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia; (F.A.-S.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Nelson Rangel
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - María José Rodríguez
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia; (F.A.-S.); (M.J.R.)
| | - César Baracaldo
- Doctoral Program in Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia;
| | - María Martínez-Agüero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 110231, Colombia;
| | - Milena Rondón-Lagos
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia; (F.A.-S.); (M.J.R.)
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2
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Xu Z, Reheman A, Lu Z, Yu S, Sun Z, You J. Determination of genotoxic impurities of aromatic aldehydes in pharmaceutical preparations by high performance liquid chromatography after derivatization with N-Cyclohexyl-4-hydrazino-1,8-naphthalenediimide. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1722:464866. [PMID: 38581976 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
The detection of aromatic aldehydes, considered potential genotoxic impurities, holds significant importance during drug development and production. Current analytical methods necessitate complex pre-treatment processes and exhibit insufficient specificity and sensitivity. This study presents the utilization of naphthalenediimide as a pre-column derivatisation reagent to detect aromatic aldehyde impurities in pharmaceuticals via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We screened a series of derivatisation reagents through density functional theory (DFT) and investigated the phenomenon of photoinduced electron transfer (PET) for both the derivatisation reagents and the resulting products. Optimal experimental conditions for derivatisation were achieved at 40 °C for 60 min. This approach has been successfully applied to detect residual aromatic aldehyde genotoxic impurities in various pharmaceutical preparations, including 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde, 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde, 1,4-Benzodioxane-6-aldehyde, and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. The pre-column derivatisation method significantly enhanced detection sensitivity and reduced the limit of detection (LOD), which ranged from 0.002 to 0.008 μg/ml for the analytes, with relative standard deviations < 3 %. The correlation coefficient (R2) >0.998 demonstrated high quality. In chloramphenicol eye drops, the concentration of 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde was measured to be 8.6 µg/mL below the specified concentration, with recoveries ranging from 90.0 % to 119.2 %. In comparison to existing methods, our work simplifies the pretreatment process, enhances the sensitivity and specificity of the analysis, and offers comprehensive insights into impurity detection in pharmaceutical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Abudurexiti Reheman
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Zhihao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Shuiqiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China.
| | - Jinmao You
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China.
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3
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Sayyed FH, Rathod N, Mishra VK, Nalawade V, Roy B. Identification, trace level quantification, and in silico assessment of potential genotoxic impurity in Famotidine. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38425309 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2024.2321941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Potential genotoxic impurities in medications are an increasing concern in the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory bodies because of the risk of human carcinogenesis. To prevent the emergence of these impurities, it is crucial to carefully examine not only the final product but also the intermediates and key starting material (KSM) used in drug synthesis. During the related substances analysis of KSM of Famotidine, an unknown impurity in the range of 0.5-1.0% was found prompting the need for isolation and characterization due to the possibility of its to infiltrate into the final product. In this study, the impurity was isolated and characterized as 5-(2-chloroethyl)-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4,6-thiatriazine 1,1-dioxide using multiple instrumental analysis, uncovering a structural alert that raises concern. Considering the potential impact of impurity on human health, an in silico genotoxicity assessment was established using Derek and Sarah tool in accordance with ICH M7 guideline. Furthermore, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation were performed to evaluate the specific interaction of the impurity with DNA. The findings reveal consistent interaction of the impurity with the dG-rich region of the DNA duplex and binding at the minor groove. Both in silico prediction and molecular dynamic study confirmed the genotoxic character of the impurity. The newly discovered impurity in famotidine has not been reported previously, and there is currently no analytical method available for its identification and control. A highly sensitive HPLC-UV method was developed and validated in accordance with ICH requirements, enabling quantification of the impurity at trace level in famotidine ensuring its safe release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Hussain Sayyed
- Amity School of Applied Sciences (ASAS), Amity University Mumbai, Mumbai - Pune Expressway Bhatan, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nitin Rathod
- IPCA Laboratories, Chemical Research Division, Mumbai, India
| | - Vipin Kumar Mishra
- Amity School of Applied Sciences (ASAS), Amity University Mumbai, Mumbai - Pune Expressway Bhatan, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vighnesh Nalawade
- Amity School of Applied Sciences (ASAS), Amity University Mumbai, Mumbai - Pune Expressway Bhatan, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bappaditya Roy
- Amity School of Applied Sciences (ASAS), Amity University Mumbai, Mumbai - Pune Expressway Bhatan, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Ali SM, Moorthy MK, Devanna N. A novel liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight-tandem mass spectroscopy method for ultra-trace level identification and quantification of the genotoxic impurity 2,6-diamino-5-nitropyrimidin-4(3H)-one in valganciclovir hydrochloride. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5805. [PMID: 38072000 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
In the present study, the main objective is to develop an analytical method for ultra-trace level measurement of 2,6-diamino-5-nitropyrimidin-4(3H)-one (DMNP) in valganciclovir hydrochloride (VAL) using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-QTOF-MS/MS). In the early stages of guanine synthesis, DMNP is formed, and guanine is known to be the key starting material for the synthesis of VAL. Taking into consideration DMNP potential genotoxicity, this analytical method has been developed. This method is time saving and suitable for confirming the masses of parent and fragment ions by MS and MS/MS further fragmentation. An isocratic program and Acquity UPLC HSS cyano column (100 × 2.1 mm × 1.8 μm) were used to achieve optimal separation between VAL and the DMNP impurity. A 0.1% ammonia solution in Milli-Q water was used as mobile phase A, and methanol was used as mobile phase B in the ratio 90:10 v/v in isocratic mode. In accordance with the International Conference on Harmonization's requirements, the developed method was validated. The detection and quantification levels were found to be 0.028 and 0.083 ppm respectively. The DMNP impurity is linear from 0.083 to 1.245 ppm levels with correlation coefficient (R2 ) of 0.9960. The recoveries were found to be 97.0-107.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaik Mahammad Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur, Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Manchuri Krishna Moorthy
- Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur, Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Nayakanti Devanna
- Department of Chemistry, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Annamayya District, Andhra Pradesh, India
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5
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Bloch D, Diel P, Epe B, Hellwig M, Lampen A, Mally A, Marko D, Villar Fernández MA, Guth S, Roth A, Marchan R, Ghallab A, Cadenas C, Nell P, Vartak N, van Thriel C, Luch A, Schmeisser S, Herzler M, Landsiedel R, Leist M, Marx-Stoelting P, Tralau T, Hengstler JG. Basic concepts of mixture toxicity and relevance for risk evaluation and regulation. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:3005-3017. [PMID: 37615677 PMCID: PMC10504116 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03565-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to multiple substances is a challenge for risk evaluation. Currently, there is an ongoing debate if generic "mixture assessment/allocation factors" (MAF) should be introduced to increase public health protection. Here, we explore concepts of mixture toxicity and the potential influence of mixture regulation concepts for human health protection. Based on this analysis, we provide recommendations for research and risk assessment. One of the concepts of mixture toxicity is additivity. Substances may act additively by affecting the same molecular mechanism within a common target cell, for example, dioxin-like substances. In a second concept, an "enhancer substance" may act by increasing the target site concentration and aggravating the adverse effect of a "driver substance". For both concepts, adequate risk management of individual substances can reliably prevent adverse effects to humans. Furthermore, we discuss the hypothesis that the large number of substances to which humans are exposed at very low and individually safe doses may interact to cause adverse effects. This commentary identifies knowledge gaps, such as the lack of a comprehensive overview of substances regulated under different silos, including food, environmentally and occupationally relevant substances, the absence of reliable human exposure data and the missing accessibility of ratios of current human exposure to threshold values, which are considered safe for individual substances. Moreover, a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms and most susceptible target cells is required. We conclude that, currently, there is no scientific evidence supporting the need for a generic MAF. Rather, we recommend taking more specific measures, which focus on compounds with relatively small ratios between human exposure and doses, at which adverse effects can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Bloch
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Patrick Diel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Epe
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Hellwig
- Chair of Special Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Risk Assessment Strategies, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - María A Villar Fernández
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sabine Guth
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Angelika Roth
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rosemarie Marchan
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ahmed Ghallab
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Cristina Cadenas
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Patrick Nell
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nachiket Vartak
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christoph van Thriel
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmeisser
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Herzler
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
- Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Philip Marx-Stoelting
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tewes Tralau
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
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6
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Högberg J, Järnberg J. Approaches for the setting of occupational exposure limits (OELs) for carcinogens. Crit Rev Toxicol 2023:1-37. [PMID: 37366107 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2218887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
This article addresses issues of importance for occupational exposure limits (OELs) and chemical carcinogens with a focus on non-threshold carcinogens. It comprises scientific as well as regulatory issues. It is an overview, not a comprehensive review. A central topic is mechanistic research and insights, and its implications for cancer risk assessment. Alongside scientific advancements, the approaches of hazard identification and qualitative and quantitative risk assessment have developed over the years. The key steps in a quantitative risk assessment are outlined, with special attention given to the dose-response assessment and the derivation of an OEL using risk calculations or default assessment factors. The work procedures of several bodies performing cancer hazard identifications and quantitative risk assessments, as well as regulatory procedures to derive OELs for non-threshold carcinogens, are presented. Non-threshold carcinogens for which the European Union (EU) introduced binding OELs in 2017-2019 serve as illustrations together with some currently used strategies in the EU and elsewhere. Available knowledge supports the derivation of health-based OELs (Hb-OELs) for non-threshold carcinogens, and the use of a risk-based approach with low-dose linear extrapolation (linear non-threshold, LNT) as the default for non-threshold carcinogens. However, there is a need to develop methods that allow recent years' advances in cancer research to be used for improving risk estimates. It is recommended that defined risk levels (terminology and numerical values) are harmonised, and that both collective and individual risks are considered and clearly communicated. Socioeconomic aspects should be dealt with transparently and separated from the scientific health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Högberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Garshin A, Altynova N, Djangalina E, Khamdiyeva O, Baratzhanova G, Tolebaeva A, Zhaniyazov Z, Khussainova E, Cakir-Kiefer C, Jurjanz S, Delannoy M, Djansugurova L. Individual Risk Assessment for Population Living on the Territories Long-Term Polluted by Organochlorine Pesticides. TOXICS 2023; 11:482. [PMID: 37368581 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The long-term storage of unutilized pesticides raised new problems of long-term environmental contamination. The study presents the results of surveying 151 individuals in 7 villages living close to pesticide-contaminated localities. All individuals have been surveyed concerning their consumption habits and lifestyle characteristics. An assessment of the general exposure risks of the local population was carried out using the analysis of pollutants in food products and the average levels of their consumption in the region. The cohort risk evaluation revealed that the greatest risk was associated with the regular consumption of cucumbers, pears, bell peppers, meat, and milk. The new model to estimate individual risks of long-term pesticide pollution was proposed as a calculation of the combined action of 9 risk factors, including individual genotypes, age, lifestyle, and personal pesticide consumption rates. The analysis of the predictive ability of this model showed that the final score for individual health risks corresponded to the development of chronic diseases. A high level of chromosomal aberrations was evidenced for individual genetic risk manifestations. The combined influence of all risk factors revealed contributions of 24.7% for health status and 14.2% for genetic status, while other impacts go to all unaccounted factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Garshin
- Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Al-Farabi Avenue, 93, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Avenue, 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Nazym Altynova
- Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Al-Farabi Avenue, 93, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Avenue, 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Erika Djangalina
- Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Al-Farabi Avenue, 93, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan
| | - Ozada Khamdiyeva
- Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Al-Farabi Avenue, 93, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan
| | - Gulminyam Baratzhanova
- Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Al-Farabi Avenue, 93, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Avenue, 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- INRAE, URAFPA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Anar Tolebaeva
- Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Al-Farabi Avenue, 93, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhasulan Zhaniyazov
- Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Al-Farabi Avenue, 93, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan
| | - Elmira Khussainova
- Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Al-Farabi Avenue, 93, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Stefan Jurjanz
- INRAE, URAFPA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | | | - Leyla Djansugurova
- Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Al-Farabi Avenue, 93, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Avenue, 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
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8
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Development and Validation for Quantitative Determination of Genotoxic Impurity in Gemfibrozil by Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10030145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
All regulatory organizations are paying close attention to the identification and measurement of genotoxic contaminants. Using conventional analytical techniques like high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography to quantify probable genotoxic substances (PGIs) at the trace level is difficult (GC). Therefore, there is a necessity for advanced analytical techniques for the development of highly sensitive analytical procedures for the determination of trace-level PGIs in drug products and drug substances. This study’s goal is to develop and evaluate an analytical technique for measuring allyl chloride, a possible genotoxic contaminant in gemfibrozil. For the detection of very low and trace levels of impurities, a gas chromatography with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS/MS) approach was developed and validated. Using a column USP phase G27, a nonpolar and low bleed 5% diphenyl, 95% dimethylpolysiloxane, with dimensions of 30 m in length, 0.32 mm internal diameters, and 1.5 m film thickness, along with a flow rate of 2.0 mL/min and Helium (He) as a carrier gas, this method uses a thermal gradient elution program. The method was calibrated with a linearity range from 30% to 150% concentration with respect to the specification level and achieved a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.005 ppm and 0.01 ppm, respectively, for allyl chloride. According to current ICH requirements, the method was validated, and it was discovered to be specific, exact, accurate, linear, sensitive, tough, robust, and stable. This method is suitable for determining allyl chloride in the regular analysis of Gemfibrozil.
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9
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Abdel Rahman MA, Elghobashy MR, Zaazaa HE, Atty SA, El-Mosallamy SS. Validated HPLC-PDA methodology utilized for simultaneous determination of Etoricoxib and Paracetamol in the presence of Paracetamol toxic impurities. BMC Chem 2022; 16:108. [PMID: 36461095 PMCID: PMC9717564 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-022-00904-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Etoricoxib (ETO), Paracetamol (PCM), and two toxic impurities for Paracetamol impurity K (4-aminophenol (PAP)) and impurity E (para-hydroxy acetophenone (PHA)) were separated using a simple and selective HPLC method that was tested for the first time. PCM is a commonly used analgesic and antipyretic medication that has recently been incorporated into COVID-19 supportive treatment. Pharmaceuticals containing PCM in combination with other analgesic-antipyretic drugs like ETO help to improve patient compliance. The studied drugs and impurities were separated on a GL Sciences Inertsil ODS-3 (250 × 4.6) mm, 5.0 µm column, and linear gradient elution was performed using 50 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate adjusted to pH 4.0 with ortho-phosphoric acid and acetonitrile as mobile phase at 2.0 mL/min flow rate at 25 °C and UV detection at 220 nm. The linearity range was 1.5-30.0 µg/mL for ETO and PCM while 0.5-10.0 µg/mL for PAP and PHA, with correlation coefficients (r) for ETO, PCM, PAP, and PHA of 0.9999, 0.9993, 0.9996, and 0.9998, respectively. The proposed method could be used well for routine analysis in quality control laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona A. Abdel Rahman
- grid.412319.c0000 0004 1765 2101Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, 6 October City, PO Box 12858, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed R. Elghobashy
- grid.412319.c0000 0004 1765 2101Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, 6 October City, PO Box 12858, Giza, Egypt ,grid.7776.10000 0004 0639 9286Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo, 11562 PO Egypt
| | - Hala E. Zaazaa
- grid.7776.10000 0004 0639 9286Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo, 11562 PO Egypt
| | - Shimaa A. Atty
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Egyptian Drug Authority, 51 Wezaret El-Zeraa St, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sally S. El-Mosallamy
- grid.7776.10000 0004 0639 9286Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo, 11562 PO Egypt
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10
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A weight of evidence review of the genotoxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 136:105263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Puppala RK, Subbaiah N, Maheswaramma KS. Trace level detection and quantification of genotoxic impurities 3‐amino‐4‐methylbenzoate, 3‐amino‐4‐methylbenzoic acid, and 3‐(4‐methyl‐1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)‐5‐(trifluoromethyl) aniline in Nilotinib dihydrochloride active pharmaceutical ingredient using liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar Puppala
- Department of Chemistry Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur Ananthapuramu India
| | - Nelaturi Subbaiah
- Department of Chemistry Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur Ananthapuramu India
| | - K Sesha Maheswaramma
- Department of Chemistry Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur College of Engineering Pulivendula Kadapa India
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12
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Meléndez-Flórez MP, Valbuena DS, Cepeda S, Rangel N, Forero-Castro M, Martínez-Agüero M, Rondón-Lagos M. Profile of Chromosomal Alterations, Chromosomal Instability and Clonal Heterogeneity in Colombian Farmers Exposed to Pesticides. Front Genet 2022; 13:820209. [PMID: 35281828 PMCID: PMC8908452 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.820209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are a group of environmental pollutants widely used in agriculture to protect crops, and their indiscriminate use has led to a growing public awareness about the health hazards associated with exposure to these substances. In fact, exposure to pesticides has been associated with an increased risk of developing diseases, including cancer. In a study previously published by us, we observed the induction of specific chromosomal alterations and, in general, the deleterious effect of pesticides on the chromosomes of five individuals exposed to pesticides. Considering the importance of our previous findings and their implications in the identification of cytogenetic biomarkers for the monitoring of exposed populations, we decided to conduct a new study with a greater number of individuals exposed to pesticides. Considering the above, the aim of this study was to evaluate the type and frequency of chromosomal alterations, chromosomal variants, the level of chromosomal instability and the clonal heterogeneity in a group of thirty-four farmers occupationally exposed to pesticides in the town of Simijacá, Colombia, and in a control group of thirty-four unexposed individuals, by using Banding Cytogenetics and Molecular Cytogenetics (Fluorescence in situ hybridization). Our results showed that farmers exposed to pesticides had significantly increased frequencies of chromosomal alterations, chromosomal variants, chromosomal instability and clonal heterogeneity when compared with controls. Our results confirm the results previously reported by us, and indicate that occupational exposure to pesticides induces not only chromosomal instability but also clonal heterogeneity in the somatic cells of people exposed to pesticides. This study constitutes, to our knowledge, the first study that reports clonal heterogeneity associated with occupational exposure to pesticides. Chromosomal instability and clonal heterogeneity, in addition to reflecting the instability of the system, could predispose cells to acquire additional instability and, therefore, to an increased risk of developing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duvan Sebastián Valbuena
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Sebastián Cepeda
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Nelson Rangel
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maribel Forero-Castro
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - María Martínez-Agüero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Milena Rondón-Lagos
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
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13
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Moorthy MK, Ali SM, Reddy GVS. A new liquid chromatography–quadrupole time of flight‐tandem mass spectrometry method development and validation for identification and ultra‐trace level quantification of genotoxic impurity 1,3‐diacetoxy‐2‐(acetoxymethoxy) propane in valganciclovir hydrochloride active pharmaceutical ingredient. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202100076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manchuri Krishna Moorthy
- Department of Chemistry Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur Ananthapuramu Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Shaik Mahammad Ali
- Department of Chemistry Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur Ananthapuramu Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Gopireddy Venkata Subba Reddy
- Department of Chemistry Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur, College of Engineering, Pulivendula Kadapa Andhra Pradesh India
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14
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Lee M, Yun S, Ho D, Earmme T, Marrocchi A, Vaccaro L, Kim C. Green solvent-processed complementary-like inverters based on ambipolar organic thin-film transistors. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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15
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Al-Sabti B, Harbali J. HPLC-MS Analysis of Four Potential Genotoxic Impurities in Alogliptin Pharmaceutical Materials. J AOAC Int 2021; 105:362-369. [PMID: 34849990 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsab152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyridine, 3-aminopyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, and N, N-dimethylaniline are reactive bases that may be used in preparing of alogliptin (ALO) pharmaceutical ingredient. They are considered as potentially genotoxic impurities since they contain electrophilic functional groups. Therefore, they should be monitored at the allowed limits in ALO. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop a novel liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method to estimate quantities of pyridine, 3-aminopyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, and N, N-dimethylaniline impurities in ALO drug material. METHODS The separation was performed on KROMASIL CN (250 mm × 3.9 mm, 3.5 µm) column in reversed phase mode. The mobile phase was a mixture of water-methanol (55:45, v/v) containing 2.5 mM ammonium acetate and 0.1% formic acid.The mass spectrometer was used to detect the amount of impurities with selected ionization monitoring mode at m/z = 80, 95, 122, and 123 for pyridine, 3-aminopyridine, N, N-dimethylaniline and 4-dimethylaminopyridine, respectively. Flow rate of the method was 0.5 mL/min. RESULTS Sensitivity of the method was excellent at levels very less than allowed limits. The method had excellent linearity in the concentration ranges of QL-150% of allowed limits and coefficients of determination were above 0.9990. The recovery ratios were in the range of 93.56-110.28%. CONCLUSIONS Results showed good linearity, precision, accuracy, sensitivity, selectivity, robustness, and solution stability. The studied method was applied to test two samples of raw materials and one sample of tablets. HIGHLIGHTS The method discussed here could be very useful for controlling of potentially genotoxic impurities levels in ALO during its synthesis and for testing ALO raw materials as quality control tests before using them in preparing of pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Al-Sabti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria
| | - Jehad Harbali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria
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16
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Li X, Zhang S, Wu Y, Jiang L, Zhang W, Qiao X, Yan H, Zhou H, Tang B. Removal of trace DNA toxic compounds using a Poly(deep eutectic solvent)@Biomass based on multi-physical interactions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126369. [PMID: 34130161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
DNA toxic compounds (DNA-T-Cs), even in trace amounts, seriously threaten human health and must be completely eliminated. However, the currently used separation media face great challenges in removing trace DNA-T-Cs. Based on the functional advantages of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and the natural features of biomass (BioM), a series of Poly(DES)@BioMs functioning as adsorbents were prepared for the removal of aromatic/hetero-atomic DNA-T-Cs at the ppm level. After optimisation of experimental conditions, the removal efficiency for DNA-T-Cs ranged from 92.4% to 96.0% with an initial concentration of 20.0 ppm, a temperature of 30 °C, duration of 30 min, and pH of 7.0. The removal processes between the DNA-T-Cs and Poly(DES)@BioMs are well described in the Temkin equilibrium and second-order kinetic adsorption models, and the desorption processes are well shown in the Korsmeryer-Peppas equilibrium and zero-order kinetic models. Molecular simulations revealed that the removal interactions include hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, and hydrophobic/hydrophilic effects. The removal efficiency for the DNA-T-Cs at 8.0 ppm in industrial sewage ranged from 69.7% to 102%, while the removal efficiency for the DNA-T-Cs standing alone at 20.0 ppm in a methyl violet drug solution was 95.4%, confirming that the Poly(DES)@BioMs effectively removed trace DNA-T-Cs in field samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Susu Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Ying Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Luying Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Wenxi Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Qiao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Hongyuan Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Hongjian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Baokun Tang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
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17
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Patil S, Patel K, Chadar R, Ramar S, Prasad A, Koppula P, Koppula S. Evaluation, Method Development, and Validation for Content Determination of Potential Genotoxic Impurities (PGIs) at the TTC Level in Telmisartan API. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Patil
- Ipca Laboratories Ltd., Plot No. 132, Village—Ranu, Taluka—Padra, Vadodara, Gujarat 391445, India
| | - Ketan Patel
- Ipca Laboratories Ltd., Plot No. 132, Village—Ranu, Taluka—Padra, Vadodara, Gujarat 391445, India
| | - Rajeev Chadar
- Ipca Laboratories Ltd., Plot No. 132, Village—Ranu, Taluka—Padra, Vadodara, Gujarat 391445, India
| | - Subbiah Ramar
- Ipca Laboratories Ltd., Plot No. 132, Village—Ranu, Taluka—Padra, Vadodara, Gujarat 391445, India
| | - Ashok Prasad
- Ipca Laboratories Ltd., Plot No. 132, Village—Ranu, Taluka—Padra, Vadodara, Gujarat 391445, India
| | - Poonam Koppula
- Ipca Laboratories Ltd., Plot No. 132, Village—Ranu, Taluka—Padra, Vadodara, Gujarat 391445, India
| | - Santhosh Koppula
- School of Science, GSFC University, Vadodara, Gujarat 391750, India
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18
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Soyseven M, Keçili R, Aboul-Enein HY, Arli G. Determination of Potential Genotoxic Impurity, 5-Amino-2-Chloropyridine, in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Using the HPLC-UV System. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 59:241-245. [PMID: 33236069 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmaa100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A novel analytical method, based on high-performance liquid chromatography with a UV (HPLC-UV) detection system for the sensitive detection of a genotoxic impurity (GTI) 5-amino-2-chloropyridine (5A2Cl) in a model active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) tenoxicam (TNX), has been developed and validated. The HPLC-UV method was used for the determination of GTI 5A2Cl in API TNX. The compounds were separated using a mobile phase composed of water (pH 3 adjusted with orthophosphoric acid): MeOH, (50:50: v/v) on a C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm i.d., 2.7 μm) at a flow rate of 0.7 mL min-1. Detection was carried out in the 254 nm wavelength. Column temperature was maintained at 40°C during the analyses and 10 μL volume was injected into the HPLC-UV system. The method was validated in the range of 1-40 μg mL-1. The obtained calibration curves for the GTI compound was found linear with equation, y = 40766x - 1125,6 (R2 = 0.999). The developed analytical method toward the target compounds was accurate, and the achieved limit of detection and limit of quantification values for the target compound 5A2Cl were 0.015 and 0.048 μg mL-1, respectively. The recovery values were calculated and found to be between 98.80 and 100.03%. The developed RP-HPLC-UV analytical method in this research is accurate, precise, rapid, simple and appropriate for the sensitive analysis of target GTI 5A2Cl in model API TNX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Soyseven
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Yunus Emre Vocational School of Health Services, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey
| | - Rüstem Keçili
- Department of Pharmacy, Program in Pharmacy Services, Yunus Emre Vocational School of Health Services, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey
| | - Hassan Y Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Göksel Arli
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Yunus Emre Vocational School of Health Services, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey
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19
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Al-Sabti B, Harbali J. Development and validation of an analytical method for quantitative determination of three potentially genotoxic impurities in vildagliptin drug material using HPLC-MS. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2587-2595. [PMID: 33934507 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed to determine the quantities of pyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, and N, N-dimethylaniline impurities in vildagliptin drug material. These impurities are reactive bases that may be used in synthesis of vildagliptin pharmaceutical ingredients. They are considered as potentially genotoxic impurities since they contain electrophilic functional groups. Therefore, these impurities should be monitored at the allowed limits in vildagliptin. Hence a high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed to quantify the amounts of these impurities in vildagliptin. The column was KROMASIL CN (250 mm × 3.9 mm, 3.5 μm) in reversed-phase mode. The mobile phase was a mixture of water-methanol (55:45) containing 2.5 mM ammonium acetate and 0.1% formic acid. The mass spectrometer was used to detect the amounts of impurities using selected ionization monitoring mode at m/z = 80, 122, and 123 for pyridine, N, N-dimethylaniline, and 4-dimethylaminopyridine, respectively. The flow rate was 0.5 mL/min. The sensitivity of the method was excellent at levels very less than the allowed limits. The method had excellent linearity in the concentration ranges of limit of quantification-150% of the permitted level with coefficients of determination above 0.9990. The recovery ratios were in the range of 93.70-108.63%. Results showed good linearity, precision, accuracy, sensitivity, selectivity, robustness, and solution stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Al-Sabti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria
| | - Jehad Harbali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria
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20
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Kirkland D, Kovochich M, More SL, Murray FJ, Monnot AD, Miller JV, Jaeschke H, Jacobson-Kram D, Deore M, Pitchaiyan SK, Unice K, Eichenbaum G. A comprehensive weight of evidence assessment of published acetaminophen genotoxicity data: Implications for its carcinogenic hazard potential. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 122:104892. [PMID: 33592196 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment initiated a review of the carcinogenic hazard potential of acetaminophen, including an assessment of its genotoxicity. The objective of this analysis was to inform this review process with a weight-of-evidence assessment of more than 65 acetaminophen genetic toxicology studies that are of widely varying quality and conformance to accepted standards and relevance to humans. In these studies, acetaminophen showed no evidence of induction of point or gene mutations in bacterial and mammalian cell systems or in in vivo studies. In reliable, well-controlled test systems, clastogenic effects were only observed in unstable, p53-deficient cell systems or at toxic and/or excessively high concentrations that adversely affect cellular processes (e.g., mitochondrial respiration) and cause cytotoxicity. Across the studies, there was no clear evidence that acetaminophen causes DNA damage in the absence of toxicity. In well-controlled clinical studies, there was no meaningful evidence of chromosomal damage. Based on this weight-of-evidence assessment, acetaminophen overwhelmingly produces negative results (i.e., is not a genotoxic hazard) in reliable, robust high-weight studies. Its mode of action produces cytotoxic effects before it can induce the stable, genetic damage that would be indicative of a genotoxic or carcinogenic hazard.
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21
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Sümbelli Y, Keçili R, Hür D, Ersöz A, Say R. Molecularly imprinted polymer embedded-cryogels as selective genotoxic impurity scavengers. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2020.1869259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiğitcan Sümbelli
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Rüstem Keçili
- Yunus Emre Vocational School of Health Services, Pharmacy Services Programme, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Deniz Hür
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Arzu Ersöz
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
- Bionkit Co. Ltd, Eskişehir, Turkey
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22
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Al‐Sabti B, Harbali J. Quantitative determination of potential genotoxic impurity 3‐aminopyridine in linagliptin active pharmaceutical ingredient using HILIC–UV. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4930. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Al‐Sabti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Control, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Damascus Damascus Syria
| | - Jehad Harbali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Control, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Damascus Damascus Syria
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23
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Al‐Sabti B, Harbali J. Development and validation of an analytical method for quantification of potential genotoxic impurity 4‐dimethylaminopyridine in linagliptin active pharmaceutical ingredient using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Al‐Sabti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Control Faculty of Pharmacy University of Damascus Damascus Syria
| | - Jehad Harbali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Control Faculty of Pharmacy University of Damascus Damascus Syria
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24
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Al‐Sabti B, Harbali J. Trace analysis of potential genotoxic impurity
N
,
N
‐dimethylaniline in linagliptin active pharmaceutical ingredient using HPLC. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Al‐Sabti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality ControlFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of Damascus Damascus Syria
| | - Jehad Harbali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality ControlFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of Damascus Damascus Syria
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25
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Walker VE, Fennell TR, Walker DM, Bauer MJ, Upton PB, Douglas GR, Swenberg JA. Analysis of DNA Adducts and Mutagenic Potency and Specificity in Rats Exposed to Acrylonitrile. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1609-1622. [PMID: 32529823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acrylonitrile (ACN), which is a widely used industrial chemical, induces cancers in multiple organs/tissues of rats by unresolved mechanisms. For this report, evidence for ACN-induced direct/indirect DNA damage and mutagenesis was investigated by assessing the ability of ACN, or its reactive metabolite, 2-cyanoethylene oxide (CEO), to bind to DNA in vitro, to form select DNA adducts [N7-(2'-oxoethyl)guanine, N2,3-ethenoguanine, 1,N6-ethenodeoxyadenosine, and 3,N4-ethenodeoxycytidine] in vitro and/or in vivo, and to perturb the frequency and spectra of mutations in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (Hprt) gene in rats exposed to ACN in drinking water. Adducts and frequencies and spectra of Hprt mutations were analyzed using published methods. Treatment of DNA from human TK6 lymphoblastoid cells with [2,3-14C]-CEO produced dose-dependent binding of 14C-CEO equivalents, and treatment of DNA from control rat brain/liver with CEO induced dose-related formation of N7-(2'-oxoethyl)guanine. No etheno-DNA adducts were detected in target tissues (brain and forestomach) or nontarget tissues (liver and spleen) in rats exposed to 0, 3, 10, 33, 100, or 300 ppm ACN for up to 105 days or to 0 or 500 ppm ACN for ∼15 months; whereas N7-(2'-oxoethyl)guanine was consistently measured at nonsignificant concentrations near the assay detection limit only in liver of animals exposed to 300 or 500 ppm ACN for ≥2 weeks. Significant dose-related increases in Hprt mutant frequencies occurred in T-lymphocytes from spleens of rats exposed to 33-500 ppm ACN for 4 weeks. Comparisons of "mutagenic potency estimates" for control rats versus rats exposed to 500 ppm ACN for 4 weeks to analogous data from rats/mice treated at a similar age with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea or 1,3-butadiene suggest that ACN has relatively limited mutagenic effects in rats. Considerable overlap between the sites and types of mutations in ACN-exposed rats and butadiene-exposed rats/mice, but not controls, provides evidence that the carcinogenicity of these epoxide-forming chemicals involves corresponding mutagenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon E Walker
- Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States.,The Burlington HC Research Group, Inc., Jericho, Vermont 05465, United States
| | - Timothy R Fennell
- Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States.,Center for Bioorganic Chemistry, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Dale M Walker
- The Burlington HC Research Group, Inc., Jericho, Vermont 05465, United States.,Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Sterling, Virginia 20167, United States
| | | | - Patricia B Upton
- Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States.,Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - George R Douglas
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - James A Swenberg
- Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States.,Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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26
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Felter SP, Boobis AR, Botham PA, Brousse A, Greim H, Hollnagel HM, Sauer UG. Hazard identification, classification, and risk assessment of carcinogens: too much or too little? - Report of an ECETOC workshop. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:72-95. [PMID: 32133908 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1727843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC) organized a workshop "Hazard Identification, Classification and Risk Assessment of Carcinogens: Too Much or Too Little?" to explore the scientific limitations of the current binary carcinogenicity classification scheme that classifies substances as either carcinogenic or not. Classification is often based upon the rodent 2-year bioassay, which has scientific limitations and is not necessary to predict whether substances are likely human carcinogens. By contrast, tiered testing strategies founded on new approach methodologies (NAMs) followed by subchronic toxicity testing, as necessary, are useful to determine if a substance is likely carcinogenic, by which mode-of-action effects would occur and, for non-genotoxic carcinogens, the dose levels below which the key events leading to carcinogenicity are not affected. Importantly, the objective is not for NAMs to mimic high-dose effects recorded in vivo, as these are not relevant to human risk assessment. Carcinogenicity testing at the "maximum tolerated dose" does not reflect human exposure conditions, but causes major disturbances of homeostasis, which are very unlikely to occur at relevant human exposure levels. The evaluation of findings should consider biological relevance and not just statistical significance. Using this approach, safe exposures to non-genotoxic substances can be established.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alice Brousse
- European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy - Animal Welfare, Neubiberg, Germany
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27
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Cepeda S, Forero-Castro M, Cárdenas-Nieto D, Martínez-Agüero M, Rondón-Lagos M. Chromosomal Instability in Farmers Exposed to Pesticides: High Prevalence of Clonal and Non-Clonal Chromosomal Alterations. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2020; 13:97-110. [PMID: 32104116 PMCID: PMC7024798 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s230953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction An important economic activity in Colombia is agricultural production and farmers are frequently exposed to pesticides. Occupational exposure to pesticides is associated with an increased incidence of various diseases, including cancer, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, reproductive disorders, and birth defects. However, although high genotoxicity is associated with these chemicals, information about the type and frequency of specific chromosomal alterations (CAs) and the level of chromosomal instability (CIN) induced by exposure to pesticides is scarce or absent. Methods In this study, CAs and CIN were assessed in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from five farmers occupationally exposed to pesticides and from five unexposed individuals using GTG-banding and molecular cytogenetic analysis. Results A significant increase in clonal and non-clonal chromosomal alterations was observed in pesticide-exposed individuals compared with unexposed individuals (510±12,2 vs 73±5,7, respectively; p<0.008). Among all CAs, monosomies and deletions were more frequently observed in the exposed group. Also, a high frequency of fragilities was observed in the exposed group. Conclusion Together, these findings suggest that exposure to pesticides could be associated with CIN in PBLs and indicate the need for the establishment of educational programs on safety precautions when handling pesticides, such as wearing gloves, masks and boots, changing clothes and maintaining proper hygiene, among others. Further evaluation in other similar studies that include a greater number of individuals exposed to pesticides is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Cepeda
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia
| | - Maribel Forero-Castro
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia
| | - Diana Cárdenas-Nieto
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia
| | - María Martínez-Agüero
- Biology Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia
| | - Milena Rondón-Lagos
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia
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Ganji SR, Gopireddy VSR. Application of simple and sensitive LC‐MS/MS approach for trace level quantification of potential genotoxic impurities in lamivudine salicylate formulations. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201900032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivasula Rao Ganji
- Research ScholarDepartment of ChemistryJawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur Ananthapuramu Andhra Pradesh 515002 India
| | - Venkata Subba Reddy Gopireddy
- Department of ChemistryJawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur, College of Engineering Pulivendula Andhra Pradesh 516390 India
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Irwin W. Radiological & toxicological risk assessment and the linear no-threshold perspective. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2019; 39:1105-1112. [PMID: 31390599 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ab396d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The paper proposes that risk assessment and regulatory positions applied in the United States for radiological sources and chemical toxicological agents are similar, primarily as a result of what the exposed populations expect. They expect a world where it is unlikely that they will experience harmful deterministic effects from exposure. They also expect lifetime exposures to be controlled so risks from stochastic effects like cancer are at levels as low as reasonably achievable. If people choose exposure as with employment or require exposure to diagnose or treat disease, they will tolerate higher exposures. Members of the public exposed involuntarily will generally not accept exposures above the thresholds for detrimental effects and expect risks of cancer and other stochastic effects to be as rare as before introduction of the source. As with the occupationally exposed, anxieties of the general public about exposure may be mitigated by genuinely recognising their concerns and providing clear answers to their questions.
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Cox LAT. Risk Analysis Implications of Dose-Response Thresholds for NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated Diseases: Respirable Crystalline Silica and Lung Cancer as an Example. Dose Response 2019; 17:1559325819836900. [PMID: 31168301 PMCID: PMC6484684 DOI: 10.1177/1559325819836900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation mediates an extraordinarily wide range of diseases. Recent progress in understanding intracellular inflammasome assembly, priming, activation, cytokine signaling, and interactions with mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, lysosome disruption, cell death, and prion-like polymerization and spread of inflammasomes among cells, has potentially profound implications for dose-response modeling. This article discusses mechanisms of exposure concentration and duration thresholds for NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)-mediated inflammatory responses and develops a simple biomathematical model of the onset of exposure-related tissue-level chronic inflammation and resulting disease risks, focusing on respirable crystalline silica (RCS) and lung cancer risk as an example. An inflammation-mediated 2-stage clonal expansion model of RCS-induced lung cancer is proposed that explains why relatively low estimated concentrations of RCS (eg, <1 mg/m3) do not increase lung cancer risk and why even high occupational concentrations increase risk only modestly (typically relative risk <2). The model of chronic inflammation implies a dose-response threshold for excess cancer risk, in contrast to traditional linear-no-threshold assumptions. If this implication is correct, then concentrations of crystalline silica (or amphibole asbestos fibers, or other environmental challenges that act via the NLRP3 inflammasome) below the threshold do not cause chronic inflammation and resulting elevated risks of inflammation-mediated diseases.
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31
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Wilde S, Queisser N, Holz C, Raschke M, Sutter A. Differentiation of Aneugens and Clastogens in the In Vitro Micronucleus Test by Kinetochore Scoring Using Automated Image Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2019; 60:227-242. [PMID: 30561837 DOI: 10.1002/em.22259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro micronucleus test according to OECD Test Guideline 487 (TG 487) is widely used to investigate the genotoxic potential of drugs. Besides the identification of in vitro genotoxicants, the assay can be complemented with kinetochore staining for the differentiation between clastogens and aneugens. This differentiation constitutes a major contribution to risk assessment as especially aneugens show a threshold response. Thus, a novel method for automated MN plus kinetochore (k+) scoring by image analysis was developed based on the OECD TG 487. Compound-induced increases in MN frequency can be detected using the cytokinesis-block (cytochalasin B) method in V79 cells after 24 h in a 96-well format. Nuclei, MN, and kinetochores were labeled with nuclear counterstain and anti-kinetochore antibodies, respectively, to score MN in binuclear or multinuclear cells and to differentiate compound-induced MN by the presence of kinetochores. First, a reference data set was created by manual scoring using two clastogens and aneugens. After developing the automated scoring process, a set of 14 reference genotoxicants were studied. The automated image analysis yielded the expected results: 5/5 clastogens and 6/6 aneugens (sensitivity: 100%) as well as 3/3 non-genotoxicants (specificity: 100%) were correctly identified. Further, a threshold was determined for identifying aneugens. Based on the data for our internally characterized reference compounds, unknown compounds that induce ≥53.8% k+ MN are classified as aneugens. The current data demonstrate excellent specificity and sensitivity and the methodology is superior to manual microscopic analysis in terms of speed and throughput as well as the absence of human bias. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60:227-242, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Wilde
- Bayer AG, Investigational Toxicology, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer ITEM, Preclinical Pharmacology and In Vitro Toxicology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nina Queisser
- Bayer AG, Investigational Toxicology, Berlin, Germany
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Mužinić V, Ramić S, Želježić D. Chromosome Missegregation and Aneuploidy Induction in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes In vitro by Low Concentrations of Chlorpyrifos, Imidacloprid and α-Cypermethrin. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2019; 60:72-84. [PMID: 30264469 DOI: 10.1002/em.22235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, and α-cypermethrin are some of the most widely used insecticides in contemporary agriculture. However, their low-dose, nontarget genotoxic effects have not been extensively assayed. As one of the most relevant cancer biomarkers, we aimed to assess the aneuploidy due to chromosome missegregation during mitosis. To aim it we treated human lymphocytes in vitro with three concentrations of insecticides equivalents relevant for real scenario exposure assessed by regulatory agencies. We focused on chlorpyrifos as conventional and imidacloprid and α-cypermethrin as sustainable use insecticides. Cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay was performed coupled with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with directly labeled pancentromeric probes for chromosomes 9, 18, X and Y. None of the insecticides induced significant secondary DNA damage in terms of micronuclei (MN), nuclear buds (NB), or nucleoplasmic bridges (NPB). However, significant disbalances in chromosomes 9, 18, X and Y, and in insecticide-treated cells has been observed. According to recent studies, these disbalances in chromosome numbers may be atributted to defect sister chromatid cohesion which contribute to the increase of chromosome missegregation but not to micronuclei incidence. We conclude that tested insecticidal active substances exert chromosome missegregation effects at low concentrations, possibly by mechanism of sister chromatid cohesion. These findings may contribute to future risk assesments and understanding of insecticide mode of action on human genome. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60:72-84, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedran Mužinić
- Unit of Mutagenesis, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Snježana Ramić
- Department of Oncological Pathology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Želježić
- Unit of Mutagenesis, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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Metruccio F, Moretto A. Genotoxicity in risk assessment: is it time to use a threshold approach? CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Yenugu VMR, Ambavaram VBR, Moniruzzaman M, Madhavi G. A simple, sensitive, and straightforward LC-MS approach for rapid analysis of three potential genotoxic impurities in rabeprazole formulations. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3966-3973. [PMID: 30138541 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a sensitive and fully validated liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry method was developed for the quantification of three potential genotoxic impurities in rabeprazole drug substance. The separation was achieved on Symmetry C18 column (100 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm) using 0.1% formic acid in water as mobile phase A and acetonitrile as mobile phase B in gradient elution mode at 0.5 mL/min flow rate. Triple quadrupole mass detection with electrospray ionization was operated in selected ion recording mode for the quantification of impurities. The calibration curves were demonstrated good linearity over the concentration range of 1.0-4.5 ppm for O-phenylenediamine, 1.8-4.5 ppm for 4-nitrolutidine-N-oxide and 1.0-4.5 ppm for benzyltriethylammonium chloride with respect to 10 mg/mL of rabeprazole. The correlation coefficient obtained in each case was >0.998. The recoveries were found satisfactory over the range between 94.22 and 106.84% for all selected impurities. The method validation was carried out following International Conference on Harmonization guidelines, from which the developed method was able to quantitate the impurities at 1.0 ppm for O-phenylenediamine, 1.8 ppm for 4-nitrolutidine-N-oxide and 1.0 ppm for benzyltriethylammonium chloride. Furthermore, the proposed method was successfully evaluated for the determination of selected impurities from bulk drug and formulation samples of rabeprazole within the acceptable limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Manohara Reddy Yenugu
- Electrochemical Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Muhammad Moniruzzaman
- Centre of Research in Ionic Liquids, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Gajulapalle Madhavi
- Electrochemical Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Oliveira NG, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Drugs of abuse from a different toxicological perspective: an updated review of cocaine genotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2987-3006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Schrenk D. What is the meaning of 'A compound is carcinogenic'? Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:504-511. [PMID: 29854622 PMCID: PMC5977538 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical Carcinogens are compounds which can cause cancer in humans and experimental animals. This property is attributed to many chemicals in the public discussion, resulting in a widespread perception of danger and threat. In contrast, a scientific analysis of the wide and non-critical use of the term 'carcinogenic' is warranted. First, it has to be clarified if the compound acts in a genotoxic or non-genotoxic manner. In the latter case, an ineffective (safe) threshold dose without cancer risk can be assumed. In addition, it needs to be investigated if the mode-of-action causing tumors in laboratory animals is relevant at all for humans. In case the compound is clearly directly genotoxic, an ineffective threshold dose cannot be assumed. However, also in this case it is evident that high doses of the compound are generally associated with a high cancer risk, low doses with a lower one. Based on dose-response data from animal experiments, quantification of the cancer risk is carried out by mathematical modeling. If the safety margin between the lowest carcinogenic dose in animals and the relevant level of exposure in humans exceeds 10,000, the degree of concern is classified as low. Cases, where the compound turns out to be genotoxic in one study or one test only but not in others or only in vitro but not in vivo, are particularly difficult to explain and cause controversial discussions. Also for indirectly genotoxic agents, an ineffective (threshold) dose must be assumed. The situation is aggravated by the use of doubtful epidemiological studies in humans such as in the case of glyphosate, where data from mixed exposure to various chemicals were used. If such considerations are mixed with pure hazard classifications such as 'probably carcinogenic in humans' ignoring dose-response behavior and mode-of-action, the misinformation and public confusion are complete. It appears more urgent but also more difficult than ever to return to a scientifically based perception of these issues.
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Stock V, Sutter A, Raschke M, Queisser N. A tripartite mode of action approach for investigating the impact of aneugens on tubulin polymerization. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:188-201. [PMID: 29205516 DOI: 10.1002/em.22158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemical-induced disruption of the cellular microtubule network is one key mechanism of aneugenicity. Since recent data indicate that genotoxic effects of aneugens show nonlinear dose-response relationships, margins of safety can be derived with the ultimate goal to perform a risk assessment for the support of drug development. Furthermore, microtubule-interacting compounds are widely used for cancer treatment. While there is a need to support the risk assessment of tubulin-interacting chemicals using reliable mechanistic assays, no standard assays exist to date in regulatory genotoxicity testing for the distinction of aneugenic mechanisms. Recently reported methods exclusively rely on either biochemical, morphological, or cytometric endpoints. Since data requirements for the diverse fields of application of those assays differ strongly, the use of multiple assays for a correct classification of aneugens is ideal. We here report a tripartite mode of action approach comprising a cell-free biochemical polymerization assay and the cell-based methods cellular imaging and flow cytometry. The biochemical assay measures tubulin polymerization over time whereas the two cell-based assays quantify tubulin polymer mass. We herein show that the flow cytometric method yielded IC50 values for tubulin destabilizers and EC50 values for tubulin stabilizers as well as cell cycle information. In contrast, cellular imaging complemented these findings with characteristic morphological patterns. Biochemical analysis yielded kinetic information on tubulin polymerization. This multiplex approach is able to create holistic effect profiles which can be individually customized to the research question with regard to quality, quantity, usability, and economy. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:188-201, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Stock
- Bayer AG, Investigational Toxicology, Muellerstraße 178, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Andreas Sutter
- Bayer AG, Investigational Toxicology, Muellerstraße 178, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Marian Raschke
- Bayer AG, Investigational Toxicology, Muellerstraße 178, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Nina Queisser
- Bayer AG, Investigational Toxicology, Muellerstraße 178, Berlin, 13353, Germany
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Viveiros R, Rebocho S, Casimiro T. Green Strategies for Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Development. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E306. [PMID: 30966341 PMCID: PMC6415187 DOI: 10.3390/polym10030306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imprinting is a powerful technology to create artificial receptors within polymeric matrices. Although it was reported for the first time by Polyakov, eighty-four years ago, it remains, nowadays, a very challenging research area. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been successfully used in several applications where selective binding is a requirement, such as immunoassays, affinity separation, sensors, and catalysis. Conventional methods used on MIP production still use large amounts of organic solvents which, allied with stricter legislation on the use and release of chemicals to the environment and the presence of impurities on final materials, will boost, in our opinion, the use of new cleaner synthetic strategies, in particular, with the application of the principles of green chemistry and engineering. Supercritical carbon dioxide, microwave, ionic liquids, and ultrasound technology are some of the green strategies which have already been applied in MIP production. These strategies can improve MIP properties, such as controlled morphology, homogeneity of the binding sites, and the absence of organic solvents. This review intends to give examples reported in literature on green approaches to MIP development, from nano- to micron-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Viveiros
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Sílvia Rebocho
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Casimiro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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Wilde S, Dambowsky M, Hempt C, Sutter A, Queisser N. Classification of in vitro genotoxicants using a novel multiplexed biomarker assay compared to the flow cytometric micronucleus test. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:662-677. [PMID: 28940655 DOI: 10.1002/em.22130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory in vitro genotoxicity testing exhibits shortcomings in specificity and mode of action (MoA) information. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of the novel MultiFlow® assay composed of mechanistic biomarkers quantified in TK6 cells after treatment (4 and 24 hr): γH2AX (DNA double strand breaks), phosphorylated H3 (mitotic cells), translocated p53 (genotoxicity), and cleaved PARP1 (apoptosis). A reference dataset of 31 compounds with well-established MoA was studied using the MicroFlow® micronucleus assay. A positive call was raised following the earlier published criteria from Litron Laboratories. In the light of our data, these evaluation criteria should probably be adjusted since only 8/11 (73%) nongenotoxicants and 18/20 (90%) genotoxicants were correctly identified. Moreover, there is a need for new in vitro tools to delineate the predominant MoA as in the MicroFlow® assay only 5/9 (56%) aneugens and 4/11 (36%) clastogens were correctly classified. In contrast, the MultiFlow® assay provides more in-depth information about the MoA and therefore reliably discriminates clastogens, aneugens, and nongenotoxicants. By using a lab-specific, practical threshold for the aforementioned biomarkers, 10/11 (91%) nongenotoxicants and 19/20 genotoxicants (95%), 9/11 (82%) clastogens, and 8/9 (89%) aneugens were correctly categorized, suggesting a clear improvement over the MicroFlow® . Furthermore, the MultiFlow markers were benchmarked against established methods to assess the validity of the data. Altogether, these findings demonstrated good agreement between the MultiFlow® assay and the benchmarking methods. Finally, p21 may improve class discrimination given the correct identification of 4/4 (100%) aneugens and 2/5 (40%) clastogens. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:662-677, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Wilde
- Investigational Toxicology, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Hempt
- Investigational Toxicology, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Nina Queisser
- Investigational Toxicology, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
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Determination of genotoxic epoxide at trace level in drug substance by direct injection GC/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 146:103-108. [PMID: 28873359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel direct injection gas chromatography method coupled with selective ion monitoring mass spectrometry (GC/SIM-MS) was developed for quantitation of trace levels of high boiling point (HBP) epoxide genotoxic impurity (GTI) in drug substance. The injector temperature was optimized with the aims to minimize matrix effects and enhance SIM signal response. The final injector temperature 160°C was selected after balancing between these two factors. The column screening was conducted as well and MN OPTIMA delta-3 silica capillary column was selected since it showed good peak symmetry without column bleeding. The good linearity was established for the concentration in the range from 0.0045μg/mL to 0.5μg/mL with a R2=0.9999. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.0014μg/mL and 0.0045μg/mL, respectively. The recovery which ranged from 95.0% to 112.5% could meet the ICH acceptance criteria. The validation results demonstrated the good linearity, precision and accuracy of the method which can be further adopted as an adequate quality control tool for quantitation of epoxide impurity at trace levels in drug substance and drug product.
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Leist M, Ghallab A, Graepel R, Marchan R, Hassan R, Bennekou SH, Limonciel A, Vinken M, Schildknecht S, Waldmann T, Danen E, van Ravenzwaay B, Kamp H, Gardner I, Godoy P, Bois FY, Braeuning A, Reif R, Oesch F, Drasdo D, Höhme S, Schwarz M, Hartung T, Braunbeck T, Beltman J, Vrieling H, Sanz F, Forsby A, Gadaleta D, Fisher C, Kelm J, Fluri D, Ecker G, Zdrazil B, Terron A, Jennings P, van der Burg B, Dooley S, Meijer AH, Willighagen E, Martens M, Evelo C, Mombelli E, Taboureau O, Mantovani A, Hardy B, Koch B, Escher S, van Thriel C, Cadenas C, Kroese D, van de Water B, Hengstler JG. Adverse outcome pathways: opportunities, limitations and open questions. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3477-3505. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Grigori K, Loukas YL, Malenović A, Samara V, Kalaskani A, Dimovasili E, Kalovidouri M, Dotsikas Y. Chemometrically assisted development and validation of LC–MS/MS method for the analysis of potential genotoxic impurities in meropenem active pharmaceutical ingredient. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 145:307-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Bevan RJ, Harrison PT. Threshold and non-threshold chemical carcinogens: A survey of the present regulatory landscape. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 88:291-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Determination of five potential genotoxic impurities in dalfampridine using liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 133:27-31. [PMID: 27969064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective HPLC method was developed for identification and quantification of five Potential genotoxic impurities (PGIs) viz. Impurity-I, Impurity-II, Impurity-III, Impurity-IV and Impurity-V in Dalfampridine (Drug substance). The method utilizes Zorbax silica column (250mm×4.6mm, 5.0μm) with UV detector in HILIC (Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography) mode for quantitation of five PGIs. It has been validated as per International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines and is able to quantitate all PGIs at 75ppm with respect to 20mg/mL of sample concentration. It is linear in the range of 22.5-112.5ppm for all PGIs, which matches the range of LOQ-150% of estimated permitted level (75ppm). Its accuracy was established in the range from 88.14 to 107.65% for these PGIs. The correlation coefficient of each impurity was >0.999. It is a good quality control tool for quantitation of PGIs in Dalfampridine at low level.
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Limited Link between Oxidative Stress and Ochratoxin A-Induced Renal Injury in an Acute Toxicity Rat Model. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8120373. [PMID: 27983637 PMCID: PMC5198567 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8120373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) displays nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. However, in the acute toxicity rat model, there is no evidence on the relationship between OTA and nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Based on this, the integrated analysis of physiological status, damage biomarkers, oxidative stress, and DNA damage were performed. After OTA treatment, the body weight decreased and AST, ALP, TP, and BUN levels in serum increased. Hydropic degeneration, swelling, vacuolization, and partial drop occurred in proximal tubule epithelial cells. PCNA and Kim-1 were dose-dependently increased in the kidney, but Cox-2 expression and proliferation were not found in the liver. In OTA-treated kidneys, the mRNA expressions of Kim-1, Cox-2, Lcn2, and Clu were dose-dependently increased. The mRNA expressions of Vim and Cox-2 were decreased in OTA-treated livers. Some oxidative stress indicators were altered in the kidneys (ROS and SOD) and livers (SOD and GSH). DNA damage and oxidative DNA damage were not found. In conclusion, there is a limited link between oxidative stress and OTA-induced renal injury in an acute toxicity rat model.
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Brusick D, Aardema M, Kier L, Kirkland D, Williams G. Genotoxicity Expert Panel review: weight of evidence evaluation of the genotoxicity of glyphosate, glyphosate-based formulations, and aminomethylphosphonic acid. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 46:56-74. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1214680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Larry Kier
- Private Consultant, Buena Vista, CO, USA
| | | | - Gary Williams
- Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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Williams GM, Aardema M, Acquavella J, Berry SC, Brusick D, Burns MM, de Camargo JLV, Garabrant D, Greim HA, Kier LD, Kirkland DJ, Marsh G, Solomon KR, Sorahan T, Roberts A, Weed DL. A review of the carcinogenic potential of glyphosate by four independent expert panels and comparison to the IARC assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 46:3-20. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1214677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary M. Williams
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | | | - John Acquavella
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sir Colin Berry
- Department of Pathology, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - David Garabrant
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, EpidStat Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Helmut A. Greim
- Department of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Gary Marsh
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Occupational Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Tom Sorahan
- Department of Occupational Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ashley Roberts
- Intertek Regulatory & Scientific Consultancy, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas L. Weed
- DLW Consulting Services, LLC, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Bevan R, Ashdown L, McGough D, Huici-Montagud A, Levy L. Setting evidence-based occupational exposure limits for manganese. Neurotoxicology 2016; 58:238-248. [PMID: 27519548 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In 2004, a review by the Institute of Environment and Health (IEH) made recommendations on occupational exposure limits (OELs) for manganese and its inorganic compounds for inhalable and respirable fractions respectively. These OELs were based on a detailed comprehensive evaluation of all the scientific data available at that time. Since then, more published studies have become available and a number of occupational standard-setting committees (EU SCOEL, US ACGIH-TLV, and German MAK) have proposed OEL's for manganese and its inorganic compounds that are somewhat lower that those proposed in the 2004 review. Based on current understanding, the key toxicological and human health issues that are likely to influence a health-based recommendation relate to: neurotoxicology; reproductive and developmental toxicology; and mutagenicity/carcinogenicity. Of these, it is generally considered that neurotoxicity presents the most sensitive endpoint. As such, many of the studies that have been reported since the IEH review have sought to use those neurofunctional tests that appear to be particularly sensitive at identifying the subtle neurological changes thought to associate with manganese toxicity. These recent studies have, however, continued to be limited to a significant extent by reliance on cross-sectional designs and also by use of unreliable exposure estimation methods. Consequently the strength of the potential association between manganese exposure and these subtle subclinical cognitive or neuromotor changes is still poorly characterised and the relevance of these minor differences in terms of either their clinical or quality of life consequences remains unknown. Based upon the overall evidence, it is concluded that the 8-h time weighted averages (TWA) for respirable (0.05mg/m3 as Mn) and inhalable (0.2mg/m3 as Mn) fractions as recommended by the SCOEL in 2011 are the most methodologically-sound, as they are based on the best available studies, most suited to the development of health-based OELs for both respirable and inhalable fractions. The dose-response characterisation informed by the examined studies used can be considered to establish a true human NOAEL for all the neurofunctional endpoints examined within the selected studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Bevan
- Cranfield University (Visiting Fellow) School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood, College Lane, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK.
| | - Lini Ashdown
- Cranfield University (Staff), School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood, College Lane, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Doreen McGough
- The International Manganese Institute (IMnI), 17 rue Duphot, 75001, Paris, France
| | - Alicia Huici-Montagud
- Centro Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo, Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo Dulcet, 2-10, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leonard Levy
- Cranfield University (Emeritus Professor) School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood, College Lane, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
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Auerbach SS. In vivo Signatures of Genotoxic and Non-genotoxic Chemicals. TOXICOGENOMICS IN PREDICTIVE CARCINOGENICITY 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782624059-00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reviews the findings from a broad array of in vivo genomic studies with the goal of identifying a general signature of genotoxicity (GSG) that is indicative of exposure to genotoxic agents (i.e. agents that are active in either the bacterial mutagenesis and/or the in vivo micronucleus test). While the GSG has largely emerged from systematic studies of rat and mouse liver, its response is evident across a broad collection of genotoxic treatments that cover a variety of tissues and species. Pathway-based characterization of the GSG indicates that it is enriched with genes that are regulated by p53. In addition to the GSG, another pan-tissue signature related to bone marrow suppression (a common effect of genotoxic agent exposure) is reviewed. Overall, these signatures are quite effective in identifying genotoxic agents; however, there are situations where false positive findings can occur, for example when necrotizing doses of non-genotoxic soft electrophiles (e.g. thioacetamide) are used. For this reason specific suggestions for best practices for generating for use in the creation and application of in vivo genomic signatures are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott S. Auerbach
- Toxicoinformatic Group, Biomolecular Screening Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences PO Box 12233 MD K2-17 Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
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Bogen KT, Heilman JM. Reassessment of MTBE cancer potency considering modes of action for MTBE and its metabolites. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 45 Suppl 1:1-56. [PMID: 26414780 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1052367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A 1999 California state agency cancer potency (CP) evaluation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) assumed linear risk extrapolations from tumor data were plausible because of limited evidence that MTBE or its metabolites could damage DNA, and based such extrapolations on data from rat gavage and rat and mouse inhalation studies indicating elevated tumor rates in male rat kidney, male rat Leydig interstitial cells, and female rat leukemia/lymphomas. More recent data bearing on MTBE cancer potency include a rodent cancer bioassay of MTBE in drinking water; several new studies of MTBE genotoxicity; several similar evaluations of MTBE metabolites, formaldehyde, and tert-butyl alcohol or TBA; and updated evaluations of carcinogenic mode(s) of action (MOAs) of MTBE and MTBE metabolite's. The lymphoma/leukemia data used in the California assessment were recently declared unreliable by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Updated characterizations of MTBE CP, and its uncertainty, are currently needed to address a variety of decision goals concerning historical and current MTBE contamination. To this end, an extensive review of data sets bearing on MTBE and metabolite genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and tumorigenicity was applied to reassess MTBE CP and related uncertainty in view of MOA considerations. Adopting the traditional approach that cytotoxicity-driven cancer MOAs are inoperative at very low, non-cytotoxic dose levels, it was determined that MTBE most likely does not increase cancer risk unless chronic exposures induce target-tissue toxicity, including in sensitive individuals. However, the corresponding expected (or plausible upper bound) CP for MTBE conditional on a hypothetical linear (e.g., genotoxic) MOA was estimated to be ∼2 × 10(-5) (or 0.003) per mg MTBE per kg body weight per day for adults exposed chronically over a lifetime. Based on this conservative estimate of CP, if MTBE is carcinogenic to humans, it is among the weakest 10% of chemical carcinogens evaluated by EPA.
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