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Li X, Qian H, Ye H, Zhao H, Cui J, Fang X, Ge Z, Shi J, Qi W, Ye L. DEHP induces apoptosis and autophagy of the thyroid via Rap1 signaling pathway: In vivo and in vitro study. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 187:114609. [PMID: 38522500 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE DEHP has thyroid toxicity and affects thyroid function. However, the mechanism is unclear. METHODS The offspring of SD rats were gavaged with different doses of DEHP from in utero to 8 or 12 weeks old. We observed the thyroid morphology with HE and autophagosomes with TEM. The THs levels were tested with ELISA. The apoptosis level was tested by flow cytometry. The levels of apoptosis-related genes, autophagy-related genes and Rap1 pathway genes, were measured with qRT-PCR and Western blot. We established an MEHP-treated Nthy-ori 3-1 cell model and inhibited the Rap1 to verify the mechanism. RESULTS DEHP could cause pathological damage and ultrastructure damage of thyroids in offspring rats. After DEHP exposure, the THs levels were altered, the apoptosis levels increased, and autophagosomes appeared. DEHP significantly affected the levels of apoptosis-related genes and autophagy-related genes. DEHP also affected the levels of Rap1 pathway, which was correlated with the levels of apoptosis and autophagy. After inhibiting Rap1 in Nthy-ori 3-1 cells, the THs levels were altered. Rap1 pathway was inhibited and the levels of apoptosis and autophagy were down-regulated. CONCLUSION DEHP could induce the apoptosis and autophagy of the thyroid, and Rap1 signaling pathway may play a significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Honghao Qian
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Hui Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Haotang Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jianwei Cui
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiaoqi Fang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zhili Ge
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jingjing Shi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wen Qi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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2
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Li X, Zhu Y, Zhao T, Zhang X, Qian H, Wang J, Miao X, Zhou L, Li N, Ye L. Role of COX-2/PGE2 signaling pathway in the apoptosis of rat ovarian granulosa cells induced by MEHP. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 254:114717. [PMID: 36889213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MEHP, as the metabolite of DEHP, is a widely used environmental endocrine disruptor. Ovarian granulosa cells participate in maintaining the function of ovary and COX2/PGE2 pathway may regulate the function of granulosa cells. We aimed to explore how COX-2/PGE2 pathway affects cell apoptosis in ovarian granulosa cells caused by MEHP. METHODS Primary rat ovarian granulosa cells were treated with MEHP (0, 200, 250, 300 and 350 μM) for 48 h. Adenovirus was used for over-expression of COX-2 gene. The cell viability was tested with CCK8 kits. The apoptosis level was tested by flow cytometry. The levels of PGE2 were tested with ELISA kits. The expression levels of COX-2/PGE2 pathway related genes, ovulation-related genes and apoptosis-related genes, were measured with RT-qPCR and Western blot. RESULTS MEHP decreased the cell viability. After MEHP exposure, the cell apoptosis level increased. The level of PGE2 markedly decreased. The expression levels of COX-2/PGE2 pathway related genes, ovulation-related genes and anti-apoptotic genes decreased; the expression levels of pro-apoptotic genes increased. The apoptosis level was alleviated after over-expression of COX-2, and the level of PGE2 slightly increased. The expression levels of PTGER2 and PTGER4, and the levels of ovulation-related genes increased; the levels of pro-apoptotic genes decreased. CONCLUSION MEHP can cause cell apoptosis by down-regulating the levels of ovulation-related genes via COX-2/PGE2 pathway in rat ovarian granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianyang Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueting Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Honghao Qian
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaohan Miao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liting Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Tropical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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3
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Colacci A, Corvi R, Ohmori K, Paparella M, Serra S, Da Rocha Carrico I, Vasseur P, Jacobs MN. The Cell Transformation Assay: A Historical Assessment of Current Knowledge of Applications in an Integrated Approach to Testing and Assessment for Non-Genotoxic Carcinogens. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065659. [PMID: 36982734 PMCID: PMC10057754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The history of the development of the cell transformation assays (CTAs) is described, providing an overview of in vitro cell transformation from its origin to the new transcriptomic-based CTAs. Application of this knowledge is utilized to address how the different types of CTAs, variously addressing initiation and promotion, can be included on a mechanistic basis within the integrated approach to testing and assessment (IATA) for non-genotoxic carcinogens. Building upon assay assessments targeting the key events in the IATA, we identify how the different CTA models can appropriately fit, following preceding steps in the IATA. The preceding steps are the prescreening transcriptomic approaches, and assessment within the earlier key events of inflammation, immune disruption, mitotic signaling and cell injury. The CTA models address the later key events of (sustained) proliferation and change in morphology leading to tumor formation. The complementary key biomarkers with respect to the precursor key events and respective CTAs are mapped, providing a structured mechanistic approach to represent the complexity of the (non-genotoxic) carcinogenesis process, and specifically their capacity to identify non-genotoxic carcinogenic chemicals in a human relevant IATA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Colacci
- Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy, Emilia-Romagna (Arpae), Via Po 5, I-40139 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Raffaella Corvi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), I-21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Kyomi Ohmori
- Chemical Division, Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Chigasaki 253-0087, Japan
- Research Initiatives and Promotion Organization, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Martin Paparella
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innbruck, Austria
| | - Stefania Serra
- Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy, Emilia-Romagna (Arpae), Via Po 5, I-40139 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Paule Vasseur
- Universite de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7360 LIEC, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, 57070 Metz, France
| | - Miriam Naomi Jacobs
- Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton OX11 0RQ, UK
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4
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Cavalca AMB, Aquino AM, Mosele FC, Justulin LA, Delella FK, Flaws JA, Scarano WR. Effects of a phthalate metabolite mixture on both normal and tumoral human prostate cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:2566-2578. [PMID: 35861251 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates represent a group of substances used in industry that have antiandrogenic activity and are found in different concentrations in human urine and plasma. More than 8 million tons of phthalates are used each year, predominantly as plasticizers in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products. Phthalates are widely used in everyday consumer products and improperly discarded into the environment. Furthermore, in vivo studies carried out in our laboratory showed that a mixture of phthalates, equivalent to the mixture used in this study, deregulated the expression of genes and miRNAs associated with prostatic carcinogenic pathways. Thus, this study was designed to establish an in vitro model to assess pathways related to cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis, and biosynthesis of miRNAs, using both normal and tumoral prostatic epithelial cells exposed to an environmentally relevant mixture of phthalate metabolites. Tumor (LNCaP) and normal (PNT-2) prostatic epithelial cell lines were exposed for 24 and 72 h to vehicle control or the phthalate mixture. The selected metabolite mixture (1000 μmol/L) consisted of 36.7% monoethyl phthalate (MEP), 19.4% mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), 15.3% monobutyl phthalate (MBP), 10.2% monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP), 10.2% monoisononyl phthalate (MiNP), and 8.2% monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP). Gene expression was performed by qRT-PCR and cell migratory potential was measured using cell migration assays. Our results showed that the mixture of phthalates increased cell turnover, oxidative stress, biosynthesis, and expression of miRNAs in LNCaP cells; thus, increasing their cellular expansive and migratory potential and modulating tumor behavior, making them possibly more aggressive. However, these effects were less pronounced in benign cells, demonstrating that, in the short term, benign cells are able to develop effective mechanisms or more resistance against the insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre M B Cavalca
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ariana M Aquino
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Francielle C Mosele
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luis A Justulin
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Flávia K Delella
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Wellerson R Scarano
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
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5
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Amanpour P, Khodarahmi P, Salehipour M. Protective effects of vitamin E on cadmium-induced apoptosis in rat testes. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 393:349-358. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01736-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Fu G, Dai J, Zhang D, Zhu L, Tang X, Zhang L, Zhou T, Duan P, Quan C, Zhang Z, Song S, Shi Y. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induces apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway in GC-2spd cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:1055-1064. [PMID: 27416487 PMCID: PMC5673478 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a plasticizer of synthetic polymers, is a well-known endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) and reproductive toxicant. Addressing the unclear mechanism of DEHP-induced reproductive dysfunction, this study used GC-2spd cells to investigate the molecular mechanism involved in the DEHP-induced toxicity in the male reproductive system. The results indicated that the apoptotic cell death was significantly induced by DEHP exposure over 100 μM. Furthermore, DEHP treatment could induce oxidative stress in GC-2spd cells involving in the decrease of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (200 μM) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity (50 and 100 μM). In addition, DEHP induction also caused the elevated ratios of Bax/Bcl-2, release of cytochrome c and decomposition of procaspase-3 and procaspase-9 in GC-2spd cells. Taken together, our work provided the evidence that DEHP exposure might induce apoptosis of GC-2spd cells via mitochondria pathway mediated by oxidative stress. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1055-1064, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Fu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Avenue, Wuhan, 430081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Dai
- Department of Non-communicable chronic disease prevention and control, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, 24 Jianghan N.Road, Wuhan, 430015, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dayi Zhang
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lishan Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Avenue, Wuhan, 430081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Avenue, Wuhan, 430081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Avenue, Wuhan, 430081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Avenue, Wuhan, 430081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Duan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Quan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Avenue, Wuhan, 430081, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Shizhen Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Avenue, Wuhan, 430081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuqin Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Avenue, Wuhan, 430081, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Peropadre A, Fernández Freire P, Pérez Martín JM, Herrero Ó, Hazen MJ. Endoplasmic reticulum stress as a novel cellular response to di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 30:281-7. [PMID: 26514933 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate is a high-production chemical widely used as a plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride products. Due to its ubiquitous presence in environmental compartments and the constant exposure of the general population through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption, this compound has been subjected to extensive in vivo and in vitro toxicological studies. Despite the available information, research on the cytotoxicity of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in mammalian cells is relatively limited.In this paper, an in vitro multi-parametric approach was used to provide further mechanistic data on the toxic activity of this chemical in Vero and HaCaT cells. Our results reveal that a 24 h exposure to di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate causes, in both cell lines, an inhibition of cell proliferation that was linked to cell cycle delay at the G1 phase. Concomitantly, the tested compound induces mild endoplasmic reticulum stress which leads to an adaptive rather than a pro-apoptotic response in mammalian cells. These findings demonstrate that there are multiple potential cellular targets of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced toxicity and the need to develop further experimental studies for the risk assessment of this ubiquitous plasticizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Peropadre
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin, 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Paloma Fernández Freire
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin, 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Manuel Pérez Martín
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin, 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Óscar Herrero
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María José Hazen
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin, 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Narayanan KB, Ali M, Barclay BJ, Cheng QS, D'Abronzo L, Dornetshuber-Fleiss R, Ghosh PM, Gonzalez Guzman MJ, Lee TJ, Leung PS, Li L, Luanpitpong S, Ratovitski E, Rojanasakul Y, Romano MF, Romano S, Sinha RK, Yedjou C, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Brown DG, Ryan EP, Colacci A, Hamid RA, Mondello C, Raju J, Salem HK, Woodrick J, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Roy R, Forte S, Memeo L, Kim SY, Bisson WH, Lowe L, Park HH. Disruptive environmental chemicals and cellular mechanisms that confer resistance to cell death. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S89-110. [PMID: 26106145 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death is a process of dying within biological cells that are ceasing to function. This process is essential in regulating organism development, tissue homeostasis, and to eliminate cells in the body that are irreparably damaged. In general, dysfunction in normal cellular death is tightly linked to cancer progression. Specifically, the up-regulation of pro-survival factors, including oncogenic factors and antiapoptotic signaling pathways, and the down-regulation of pro-apoptotic factors, including tumor suppressive factors, confers resistance to cell death in tumor cells, which supports the emergence of a fully immortalized cellular phenotype. This review considers the potential relevance of ubiquitous environmental chemical exposures that have been shown to disrupt key pathways and mechanisms associated with this sort of dysfunction. Specifically, bisphenol A, chlorothalonil, dibutyl phthalate, dichlorvos, lindane, linuron, methoxychlor and oxyfluorfen are discussed as prototypical chemical disruptors; as their effects relate to resistance to cell death, as constituents within environmental mixtures and as potential contributors to environmental carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Badri Narayanan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Malaysia, Plant Biotechnologies Inc, St. Albert AB, Canada, Computer Science Department, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA, Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Austria, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, School of Public Health, Nutrition Program, San Juan Puerto Rico 00936-5067, USA, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, 705-717, South Korea, School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University Of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA, Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, MEM 180, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, 50134, Italy, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado state University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, 40126, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Se
| | - Manaf Ali
- Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Malaysia
| | | | - Qiang Shawn Cheng
- Computer Science Department, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Leandro D'Abronzo
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | | | - Paramita M Ghosh
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Michael J Gonzalez Guzman
- University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, School of Public Health, Nutrition Program, San Juan Puerto Rico 00936-5067, USA
| | - Tae-Jin Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, 705-717, South Korea
| | - Po Sing Leung
- School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University Of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University Of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Suidjit Luanpitpong
- Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Edward Ratovitski
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Maria Fiammetta Romano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Romano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ranjeet K Sinha
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, MEM 180, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Clement Yedjou
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | | | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, 50134, Italy
| | - Dustin G Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado state University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado state University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Roslida A Hamid
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Hosni K Salem
- Urology Department, Kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo, 12515, Egypt
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, USA
| | - A Ivana Scovassi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Advenced Molecular Science Research Centre, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, USA
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande, 95029, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande, 95029, Italy
| | - Seo Yun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul 139-706, South Korea
| | - William H Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA and
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Hyun Ho Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Malaysia, Plant Biotechnologies Inc, St. Albert AB, Canada, Computer Science Department, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA, Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Austria, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, School of Public Health, Nutrition Program, San Juan Puerto Rico 00936-5067, USA, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, 705-717, South Korea, School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University Of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA, Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, MEM 180, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, 50134, Italy, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado state University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, 40126, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Se
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Yuwatini E, Hata N, Kuramitz H, Taguchi S. Effect of salting-out on distribution behavior of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and its analogues between water and sediment. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:422. [PMID: 24024106 PMCID: PMC3766512 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A higher enrichment of organic pollutant, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was found in estuary of Oyabe River and Jinzu River, Japan. Based on this, the distribution of DEHP between water and bed sediment was investigated as a model of organic pollutant through both the field investigation and laboratory experiment. The laboratory experiment was performed to examine the effect of seawater, organic matter in sediment and hydrophobicity (log Kow) of organic pollutants. The result showed that salting-out effect due to the high salinity in seawater and organic matter in sediment contributed towards the increasing of DEHP distribution between water and sediment. Furthermore, the hydrophobicity of organic pollutant also enhances the distribution between water and sediment to a higher magnitude in the presence of seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erini Yuwatini
- Department of Environmental Biology and Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Research, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, 930-8555 Japan
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Feng XL, Lu SY, Liu D, Li L, Wu XZ, Song J, Hu P, Li YS, Tang F, Li ZH, Wang GM, Zhou Y, Liu ZS, Ren HL. Direct competitive immunosorbent assay for detection of MEHP in human urine. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:150-155. [PMID: 23561568 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most commonly used plasticizer for flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which is also known as one of the environmental endocrine disruptors with the reproductive, developmental and embryonic toxicity after entering human body. Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) is one of the most complicate metabolites from DEHP in vivo and responsible for many toxic effects of DEHP. In order to evaluate human exposure to DEHP, a direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent (dcELISA) based on monoclonal antibody (mAb) was developed to detect MEHP. A hybridoma cell line 4B9 secreting mAb against MEHP was prepared, and the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled antigen as a probe in the dcELISA was made. After optimization of ELISA reaction conditions, the standard curve with a linear range from 0.56 to 1000 ng mL(-1) and a detection limit of 0.39 ng mL(-1) was established. The cross-reactivities of anti-MEHP mAb to other ten phthalate esters were less than 5% except for mono-methylphthalate (MME). The average recoveries of MEHP from distilled water and negative human urine were both between 87.4% and 94.72% with coefficient of variation (CV) less than 5%. Here, the ELISA method on detecting MEHP was successfully established and applied to real urine sample analyses and the results were confirmed by HPLC. Furthermore, it was indicated that the immunoassay was reliable and suitable for monitoring MEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
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11
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Huang XF, Li Y, Gu YH, Liu M, Xu Y, Yuan Y, Sun F, Zhang HQ, Shi HJ. The effects of Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate exposure on fertilization and embryonic development in vitro and testicular genomic mutation in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50465. [PMID: 23226291 PMCID: PMC3511574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to determine the reproductive hazards of Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) on mouse spermatozoa and embryos in vitro and genomic changes in vivo. Direct low-level DEHP exposure (1 μg/ml) on spermatozoa and embryos was investigated by in vitro fertilization (IVF) process, culture of preimplanted embryos in DEHP-supplemented medium and embryo transfer to achieve full term development. Big Blue® transgenic mouse model was employed to evaluate the mutagenesis of testicular genome with in vivo exposure concentration of DEHP (500 mg/kg/day). Generally, DEHP-treated spermatozoa (1 μg/ml, 30 min) presented reduced fertilization ability (P<0.05) and the resultant embryos had decreased developmental potential compared to DMSO controls (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the transferred 2-cell stage embryos derived from treated spermatozoa also exhibited decreased birth rate than that of control (P<0.05). When fertilized oocytes or 2-cell stage embryos were recovered by in vivo fertilization (without treatment) and then exposed to DEHP, the subsequent development proceed to blastocysts was different, fertilized oocytes were significantly affected (P<0.05) whereas developmental progression of 2-cell stage embryos was similar to controls (P>0.05). Testes of the Big Blue® transgenic mice treated with DEHP for 4 weeks indicated an approximately 3-fold increase in genomic DNA mutation frequency compared with controls (P<0.05). These findings unveiled the hazardous effects of direct low-level exposure of DEHP on spermatozoa's fertilization ability as well as embryonic development, and proved that in vivo DEHP exposure posed mutagenic risks in the reproductive organ – at least in testes, are of great concern to human male reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Huang
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
- * E-mail: (HJS); (XFH)
| | - Yan Li
- Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi-Hua Gu
- National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Yuan
- National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Laboratory for Reproductive Biology, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hui-Qin Zhang
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Juan Shi
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (HJS); (XFH)
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Caldwell JC. DEHP: Genotoxicity and potential carcinogenic mechanisms—A review. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2012; 751:82-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Wang YC, Chen HS, Long CY, Tsai CF, Hsieh TH, Hsu CY, Tsai EM. Possible mechanism of phthalates-induced tumorigenesis. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2012; 28:S22-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Chen X, Wang J, Qin Q, Jiang Y, Yang G, Rao K, Wang Q, Xiong W, Yuan J. Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of Caspase3 in HepG2 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 33:421-430. [PMID: 22387354 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
L02 and HepG2 cells were exposed to mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) at concentrations of 6.25-100μM. After 48h treatment, MEHP decreased HepG2 cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner and L02 cell viability in the 50 and 100μM groups (p<0.01). Furthermore, at 24 and 48h after treatment, MEHP decreased the glutathione levels of HepG2 cells in all treatment groups and in the ΔΨ(m) in L02 and HepG2 cells with MEHP≥25μM (p<0.05 or p<0.01). At 24h after treatment, MEHP induced activation of caspase3 in all treated HepG2 and L02 cells (p<0.05 or p<0.01) except the 100μM MEHP treatment group. The increase in the Bax to Bcl-2 ratio suggests that Bcl-2 family involved in the control of MEHP-induced apoptosis in these two cell types. The data suggest that MEHP could induce apoptosis of HepG2 cells through mitochondria- and caspase3-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
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Takatori S, Akutsu K, Kondo F, Ishii R, Nakazawa H, Makino T. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in media for in vitro fertilization. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 86:454-459. [PMID: 22024100 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is one of the most important treatments of infertility to provide a chance of conceiving. In IVF treatment, sperm are washed and motile sperm are isolated with sperm washing media (SWM) for the purpose of fertilization; fertilized ova are then incubated for a maximum of 5 or 6d in media for IVF (IVFM). The exposure of fertilized ova to chemicals via such media has not been studied. We determined the concentrations of two contaminants; di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and its hydrolyzed product mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP) in IVFM, SWM, and protein sources (PS: human serum albumin or serum substitute) for IVFM and SWM. The DEHP and MEHP in these media were extracted by a liquid-liquid extraction method and their concentrations determined by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Fifteen IVFM, nine SWM, and six PS obtained in Japan were examined. The concentrations of DEHP and MEHP in IVFM and SWM were <10-114 and <2.0-263 ng mL(-1), respectively. The concentrations of both DEHP and MEHP were higher in the media containing PS than in those without PS. Either MEHP alone or both DEHP and MEHP were detected in PS. The concentrations of DEHP and MEHP in PS were <10-982 and 47.0-1840 ng mL(-1), respectively. The DEHP and MEHP detected in these media were derived from PS. This is the first study on the chemical contamination of IVFM, SWM, and PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Takatori
- Department of Food, Drugs and Environment, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
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Recommended protocol for the Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cell transformation assay. Mutat Res 2011; 744:76-81. [PMID: 22198328 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cell transformation assay (CTA) is a short-term in vitro assay recommended as an alternative method for testing the carcinogenic potential of chemicals. SHE cells are "normal" cells since they are diploid, genetically stable, non-tumourigenic, and have metabolic capabilities for the activation of some classes of carcinogens. The CTA, first developed in the 1960s by Berwald and Sachs (1963,1964) [3,4], is based on the change of the phenotypic feature of cell colonies expressing the first steps of the conversion of normal to neoplastic-like cells with oncogenic properties. Pienta et al. (1977) [22] developed a protocol using cryopreserved cells to enhance practicality of the assay and limit sources of variability. Several variants of the assay are currently in use, which mainly differ by the pH at which the assay is performed. We present here the common version of the SHE pH 6.7 CTA and SHE pH 7.0 CTA protocols used in the ECVAM (European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods) prevalidation study on CTA reported in this issue. It is recommended that this protocol, in combination with the photo catalogues presented in this issue, should be used in the future and serve as a basis for the development of the OECD test guideline.
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Landkocz Y, Poupin P, Atienzar F, Vasseur P. Transcriptomic effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate in Syrian hamster embryo cells: an important role of early cytoskeleton disturbances in carcinogenesis? BMC Genomics 2011; 12:524. [PMID: 22026506 PMCID: PMC3218109 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) is a commonly used plasticizer in polyvinylchloride (PVC) formulations and a potentially non-genotoxic carcinogen. The aim of this study was to identify genes whose level of expression is altered by DEHP by using a global wide-genome approach in Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells, a model similar to human cells regarding their responses to this type of carcinogen. With mRNA Differential Display (DD), we analysed the transcriptional regulation of SHE cells exposed to 0, 12.5, 25 and 50 μM of DEHP for 24 hrs, conditions which induced neoplastic transformation of these cells. A real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to confirm differential expression of genes identified by DD. Results Gene expression profiling showed 178 differentially-expressed fragments corresponding to 122 genes after tblastx comparisons, 79 up-regulated and 43 down-regulated. The genes of interest were involved in many biological pathways, including signal transduction, regulation of the cytoskeleton, xenobiotic metabolism, apoptosis, lipidogenesis, protein conformation, transport and cell cycle. We then focused particularly on genes involved in the regulation of the cytoskeleton, one of the processes occurring during carcinogenesis and in the early steps of neoplastic transformation. Twenty one cytoskeleton-related genes were studied by qPCR. The down-regulated genes were involved in focal adhesion or cell junction. The up-regulated genes were involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and this would suggest a role of cellular plasticity in the mechanism of chemical carcinogenesis. The gene expression changes identified in the present study were PPAR-independent. Conclusion This study identified a set of genes whose expression is altered by DEHP exposure in mammalian embryo cells. This is the first study that elucidates the genomic changes of DEHP involved in the organization of the cytoskeleton. The latter genes may be candidates as biomarkers predictive of early events in the multistep carcinogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Landkocz
- CNRS UMR7146, Laboratoire I.E.B.E., Rue General Delestraint, 57070 Metz, France.
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Cen J, Qi Y, Tao YF, Deng Y, Fang WR, Li YM, Zhang LY, Huang WL. HZ08, a great regulator to reverse multidrug resistance via cycle arrest and apoptosis sensitization in MCF-7/ADM. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 647:21-30. [PMID: 20816813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In early studies, it was demonstrated that R-HZ08, S-HZ08 and the racemate had strong reverse efficacy of multidrug resistance in vitro and in vivo (Yan et al., 2008b). The effect was supposed to have direct interaction with multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1) in MCF-7/ADM and P-glycoprotein in K562/A02. According to our latest study, we found HZ08 could enhance chemotherapy induced apoptosis by synergistic action on reactive oxygen species generation, GSH depletion, mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, cytochrome c release and caspase activation. Moreover, the potential selective effect of HZ08 on resistant cells suggested that HZ08 have specific targets for resistance reversal via apoptosis regulation. Therefore, we traced individual influence of HZ08, not only on apoptosis pathway per se but also on apoptosis related intracellular regulation systems. Then we found HZ08 could increase cells in G(0)/G(1) phase and regulate apoptosis related proteins (Bcl-2, Bax) as well as upstream functional molecules (c-Myc and c-Fos), which are usually abnormal in malignancy and responsible for multidrug resistance in MCF-7/ADM. Thereby, chemotherapy induced apoptosis was promoted. R-HZ08 showed better effect than S-HZ08 or the racemate did in most of targets above. Furthermore, HZ08 did not change the concentration of intracellular Ca(2+) which means it would not have side effect as verapamil does. Considering multidrug resistance is multifactorial, HZ08, especially R-HZ08, which could sensitize apoptosis by multiple improvements of upstream malignant characters, will be a promising drug to enhance the effect of chemotherapy in the treatment of multidrug resistant tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cen
- Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
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Maire MA, Bazin E, Fessard V, Rast C, Humpage A, Vasseur P. Morphological cell transformation of Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells by the cyanotoxin, cylindrospermopsin. Toxicon 2010; 55:1317-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Liu X, Zhang DY, Li YS, Xiong J, He DW, Lin T, Li XL, Wei GH. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate upregulates ATF3 expression and suppresses apoptosis in mouse genital tubercle. J Occup Health 2008; 51:57-63. [PMID: 19096195 DOI: 10.1539/joh.l8091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on the expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and apoptosis of fetal mouse genital tubercle (GT). METHODS In this developmental toxicity study, pregnant C57BL/6 mice were exposed to corn oil or DEHP (100 or 500 mg/kg/day) from embryonic day 12 (ED12) to ED16. Apoptosis was characterized by Terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Using RT-PCR and western blot, the expressions of ATF3 and apoptosis-related genes (P53, Bcl-2 and Bax) were investigated. RESULTS Apoptosis of fetal mouse GT cells notably decreased after DEHP treatment. DEHP activated ATF3 both at the mRNA and protein levels in GT. Furthermore, pro-apoptotic P53 was downregulated and the ratio of anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2)/pro-apoptotic (Bax) was not significantly changed. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that DEHP may induce external genital defects via a mechanism involving apoptosis, which might correlate with the regulation of ATF3 and P53 expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Chongqing Children's Hospital, Chongqing, China
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Arachidonic acid pathway activates multidrug resistance related protein in cultured human lung cells. Arch Toxicol 2007; 82:323-32. [PMID: 17943274 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-007-0251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Primary cultures of human lung cells can serve as a model system to study the mechanisms underlying the effects of irritants in air and to get a deeper insight into the (patho)physiological roles of the xenobiotic detoxification systems. For 99 human lung cancer cases the culture duration for bronchial epithelium and peripheral lung cells (PLC) are given in term of generations and weeks. Using this system, we investigated whether and how prostaglandins (PG) modify multidrug resistance related protein (MRP) function in normal human lung cells. PGF2alpha had no effect on MRP function, whereas PGE2 induced MRP activity in cultured NHBECs. The transport activity study of MRP in NHBEC, PLC, and A549 under the effect of exogenously supplied PGF2alpha (10 microM, 1 day) using single cell fluorimetry revealed no alteration in transport activity of MRP. PG concentrations were within the physiological range. COX I and II inhibitors indomethacin (5, 10 microM) and celecoxib (5, 10 microM) could substantially decrease the transport activity of MRP in NHBEC, PLC, and A549 in 1- and 4-day trials. Prostaglandin E2 did not change cadmium-induced caspase 3/7 activation in NHBECs and had no own effect on caspase 3/7 activity. Cadmium chloride (5, 10 microM) was an effective inducer of caspase 3/7 activation in NHBECs with a fivefold and ninefold rise of activity. In primary human lung cells arachidonic acid activates MRP transport function only in primary epithelial lung cells by prostaglandin E2 but not by F2alpha mediated pathways and this effect needs some time to develop.
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Maire MA, Rast C, Landkocz Y, Vasseur P. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid: effects on Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cell transformation, c-Myc expression, DNA damage and apoptosis. Mutat Res 2007; 631:124-36. [PMID: 17540612 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a selective, systemic auxin-type herbicide extensively used throughout the world. The present research was aimed at studying effects of low and non-cytotoxic concentrations of 2,4-D on SHE cells in relation with carcinogenicity. Effects were studied on Syrian hamster morphological cell transformation, c-Myc expression - both at the gene and protein level - DNA damage and apoptosis. 2,4-D significantly induced cell transformation at 11.5 microM and 23 microM (i.e. 2.5 microg/mL and 5 microg/mL). An increase in the expression of the transcription factor c-Myc, measured by use of RT-PCR with respect to mRNA level and by Western blotting for protein level was registered at these concentrations, as well as genotoxic effects evaluated with the single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay. Consequences for apoptosis of 2,4-D treatment were also investigated. The fluorochrome acridine orange was used to study DNA fragmentation as a marker of apoptosis. No effect on apoptosis was found at 2,4-D concentrations that induced cell transformation. This was confirmed by the unchanged expression of Bcl-2 and Bax, two regulator genes of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Our results demonstrate the transforming and genotoxic effects of low concentrations of 2,4-D in mammalian cells. This information contributes to a better understanding of the mechanism of 2,4-D toxicity in mammalian cells and demonstrates that 2,4-D should be considered as potentially hazardous to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Maire
- Laboratoire Ecotoxicité Santé Environnementale, CNRS UMR 7146, Université de Metz, UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Rue Général Delestraint, 57070 Metz, France
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Kim HS, Ishizaka M, Kazusaka A, Fujita S. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate suppresses tamoxifen-induced apoptosis in GH3 pituitary cells. Arch Toxicol 2006; 81:27-33. [PMID: 16874505 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-006-0132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen, an estrogen receptor antagonist, has been clinically used as an antitumor drug and induces apoptosis in GH3 pituitary cells. Although di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a well-known environmental estrogen and the exposure to this chemical is well expected, reports are limited regarding effects of DEHP on tamoxifen-induced apoptosis in pituitary cells. In the cytotoxicity assay, the reduced cell viability in tamoxifen-treated GH3 cells was reversed by DEHP (250 microM) treatment for 4 days. To characterize cell death, cells were stained using Hoechst 33258. Apoptotic morphological change such as chromatin condensation induced by tamoxifen was suppressed by treatment with DEHP. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the number of apoptotic cells induced by tamoxifen was significantly decreased by DEHP treatment. Enhanced poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage by tamoxifen treatment was also inhibited by DEHP. These results suggest that DEHP suppresses tamoxifen-induced apoptosis in association with its estrogenic effect in GH3 cells and might counteract the therapeutic effect of tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-S Kim
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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