1
|
Acrylonitrile induction of rodent neoplasia: Potential mechanism of action and relevance to humans. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/23978473211055363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrylonitrile, an industrial chemical, is a multisite carcinogen in rats and mice, producing tumors in four tissues with barrier function, that is, brain, forestomach, Zymbal’s gland, and Harderian gland. To assess mechanism(s) of action (MoA) for induction of neoplasia and to evaluate whether the findings in rodents are indicative of human hazard, data on the potential key effects produced by acrylonitrile in the four rodent target tissues of carcinogenicity were evaluated. A notable finding was depletion of glutathione in various organs, including two target tissues, the brain, and forestomach, suggesting that this effect could be a critical initiating event. An additional combination of oxidative DNA damage and cytotoxic effects of acrylonitrile and its metabolites, cyanide, and 2-cyanoethylene oxide, could initiate pro-inflammatory signaling and sustained cell and tissue injury, leading to compensatory cell proliferation and neoplastic development. The in vivo DNA-binding and genotoxicity of acrylonitrile has been studied in several target tissues with no compelling positive results. Thus, while some mutagenic effects were reported in acrylonitrile-exposed rodents, data to determine whether this mutagenicity stems from direct DNA reactivity of acrylonitrile are insufficient. Accordingly, the induction of tumors in rodents is consistent primarily with a non-genotoxic MoA, although a contribution from weak mutagenicity cannot be ruled out. Mechanistic data to support conclusions regarding human hazard from acrylonitrile exposure is weak. Comparison of metabolism of acrylonitrile between rodents and humans provide little support for human hazard. Three of the tissues affected in bioassays (forestomach, Zymbal’s gland, and Harderian gland) are present only in rodents, while the brain is anatomically different between rodents and humans, diminishing relevance of tumor induction in these tissues to human hazard. Extensive epidemiological data has not revealed causation of human cancer by acrylonitrile.
Collapse
|
2
|
Quantification of systemic o-toluidine after intrathecal administration of hyperbaric prilocaine in humans: a prospective cohort study. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:925-934. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-02973-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
3
|
Salthammer T, Zhang Y, Mo J, Koch HM, Weschler CJ. Erfassung der Humanexposition mit organischen Verbindungen in Innenraumumgebungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Fachbereich Materialanalytik und Innenluftchemie; Fraunhofer WKI; 38108 Braunschweig Bienroder Weg 54E Deutschland
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Holger M. Koch
- Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (IPA); Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44789 Bochum Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1 Deutschland
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI); Rutgers University; 170 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Salthammer T, Zhang Y, Mo J, Koch HM, Weschler CJ. Assessing Human Exposure to Organic Pollutants in the Indoor Environment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry; Fraunhofer WKI; 38108 Braunschweig Bienroder Weg 54E Germany
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Holger M. Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA); Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum; 44789 Bochum Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1 Germany
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI); Rutgers University; 170 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Colenbie S, Buylaert W, Stove C, Deschepper E, Vandewoude K, De Smedt T, Bader M, Göen T, Van Nieuwenhuyse A, De Paepe P. Biomarkers in patients admitted to the emergency department after exposure to acrylonitrile in a major railway incident involving bulk chemical material. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:261-270. [PMID: 28110842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A railway incident with victims of exposure to the cyanogenic substance acrylonitrile (ACN). AIMS We retrospectively (i)built an inventory of the clinical characteristics of individuals admitted to surrounding emergency departments (ED's) and (ii)studied the correlation between N-2-cyanoethylvaline (CEV), a biomarker used in a population study for evaluating exposure to ACN, with lactate and thiocyanate (SCN), biomarkers determined during emergency care. RESULTS 438 patients from 11 ED's were included and presented with known symptoms of ACN poisoning but also with concern about the risks. A comparison of CEV with lactate or SCN was possible in 108 and 73 patients respectively. CEV was very high in a critically ill patient with a high lactate. There was no correlation with CEV in the patients with normal or slightly elevated lactate concentrations. A correlation of CEV with SCN was only observed in smokers. LIMITATIONS First there is a lack of data in some clinical files concerning the time and duration of exposure and the smoking-status. A second limitation is that blood samples for biomarkers were not taken systematically in all patients, which may have induced bias. A third limitation is that blood sampling was possibly done outside the correct time window related to the delayed toxicity of ACN. Finally the number of severely-intoxicated patients was low and ACN exposure may not have taken place e.g. in individuals consulting with psychological symptoms. These aspects may have contributed to the below detection limits' analyses of biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS CEV was markedly elevated in a severely-intoxicated patient with high lactate, a sensitive marker for CN intoxication. We found no correlation of CEV with normal or slightly elevated lactate concentrations but clinicians should consider the possibility of subsequent rises due to the delay in ACN toxicity. CEV correlated with SCN in smokers, which may be explained by ACN in tobacco smoke and deserves further exploration. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the correlation between biomarkers in acute chemical exposures to ACN and these should be carried out prospectively using a preplanned template.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Colenbie
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Walter Buylaert
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Stove
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Ellen Deschepper
- Biostatistics Unit, Department of Public Health, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Koenraad Vandewoude
- Ghent University Hospital, general management, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Tom De Smedt
- Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Elsene, Belgium.
| | - Michael Bader
- BASF SE, Occupational Medicine & Health Protection, GUA/CB-H308, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine of the Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schillerstrasse 25, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - An Van Nieuwenhuyse
- Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Elsene, Belgium.
| | - Peter De Paepe
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Simons K, De Smedt T, Stove C, De Paepe P, Bader M, Nemery B, Vleminckx C, De Cremer K, Van Overmeire I, Fierens S, Mertens B, Göen T, Schettgen T, Van Oyen H, Van Loco J, Van Nieuwenhuyse A. Short-term health effects in the general population following a major train accident with acrylonitrile in Belgium. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 148:256-263. [PMID: 27085497 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following a train derailment, several tons of acrylonitrile (ACN) exploded, inflamed and part of the ACN ended up in the sewage system of the village of Wetteren. More than 2000 residents living in the close vicinity of the accident and along the sewage system were evacuated. A human biomonitoring study of the adduct N-2-cyanoethylvaline (CEV) was carried out days 14-21 after the accident. OBJECTIVES (1) To describe the short-term health effects that were reported by the evacuated residents following the train accident, and (2) to explore the association between the CEV concentrations, extrapolated at the time of the accident, and the self-reported short-term health effects. METHODS Short-term health effects were reported in a questionnaire (n=191). An omnibus test of independence was used to investigate the association between the CEV concentrations and the symptoms. Dose-response relationships were quantified by Generalized Additive Models (GAMs). RESULTS The most frequently reported symptoms were local symptoms of irritation. In non-smokers, dose-dependency was observed between the CEV levels and the self-reporting of irritation (p=0.007) and nausea (p=0.007). Almost all non-smokers with CEV concentrations above 100pmol/g globin reported irritation symptoms. Both absence and presence of symptoms was reported by non-smokers with CEV concentrations below the reference value and up to 10 times the reference value. Residents who visited the emergency services reported more symptoms. This trend was seen for the whole range of CEV concentrations, and thus independently of the dose. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The present study is one of the first to relate exposure levels to a chemical released during a chemical incident to short-term (self-reported) health effects. A dose-response relation was observed between the CEV concentrations and the reporting of short-term health effects in the non-smokers. Overall, the value of self-reported symptoms to assess exposure showed to be limited. The results of this study confirm that a critical view should be taken when considering self-reported health complaints and that ideally biomarkers are monitored to allow an objective assessment of exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Simons
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - T De Smedt
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - C Stove
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - P De Paepe
- Ghent University Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - M Bader
- BASF SE, Occupational Medicine & Health Protection, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - B Nemery
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - C Vleminckx
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - K De Cremer
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | - S Fierens
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - B Mertens
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - T Göen
- University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - T Schettgen
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty, Aachen, Germany.
| | - H Van Oyen
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - J Van Loco
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Identifying a role for human biomonitoring in incidents involving hazardous materials. Toxicol Lett 2014; 231:291-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
8
|
Huizer D, Ragas AM, Oldenkamp R, van Rooij JG, Huijbregts MA. Uncertainty and variability in the exposure reconstruction of chemical incidents – the case of acrylonitrile. Toxicol Lett 2014; 231:337-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
9
|
Assessment of long-term health risks after accidental exposure using haemoglobin adducts of epichlorohydrin. Toxicol Lett 2014; 231:378-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
10
|
Leng G, Gries W. Biomonitoring following a chemical incident with acrylonitrile and ethylene in 2008. Toxicol Lett 2014; 231:360-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
11
|
De Smedt T, De Cremer K, Vleminckx C, Fierens S, Mertens B, Van Overmeire I, Bader M, De Paepe P, Göen T, Nemery B, Schettgen T, Stove C, Van Oyen H, Van Loco J, Van Nieuwenhuyse A. Acrylonitrile exposure in the general population following a major train accident in Belgium: A human biomonitoring study. Toxicol Lett 2014; 231:344-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
12
|
Acrylonitrile exposure assessment in the emergency responders of a major train accident in Belgium: A human biomonitoring study. Toxicol Lett 2014; 231:352-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
13
|
Analysis of protein adducts as biomarkers of short-term exposure to ethylene oxide and results of follow-up biomonitoring. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2012; 63:107-15. [PMID: 22728792 DOI: 10.2478/10004-1254-63-2012-2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An accidental exposure of six workers to ethylene oxide (EO) provided the rationale for a biomonitoring and follow-up study, whose aim was to analyse protein adduct kinetics and examine the differentiation between accidental and environmental exposure, e.g., from tobacco smoke. For this purpose, the decrease in the concentration of the haemoglobin adduct N-2-hydroxyethylvaline (HEV) was followed during a five-month period after the accident, together with N-2-cyanoethylvaline (CEV) and urinary cotinine, two well-established biomarkers for smoking. The follow-up study showed that EO adduct concentrations significantly increased after a short but presumably high exposure. Initial biomonitoring revealed HEV levels above 500 pmol g(-1) globin in all cases, with a maximum of about 2,400 pmol g(-1) globin. This compares to a German EKA value (exposure equivalent for carcinogenic substances) for a daily 8-h-exposure to 1 ppm EO of 90 μg L(-1) blood (~3,900 pmol g(-1) globin). The adduct levels dropped in accordance with the expected zero-order kinetics for a single exposure. After the five-month observation interval, the HEV concentrations in blood reflected the individual background from tobacco smoking. The results of this study show that even a short exposure to ethylene oxide may result in a significant rise in haemoglobin adduct levels. Although protein adducts and their occupational-medical assessment values are considered for long-term exposure surveillance, they can also be used for monitoring accidental exposures. In these cases, the calculation of daily 'ppm-equivalents' may provide a means for a comparison with the existing assessment values.
Collapse
|
14
|
Scheepers PTJ, Bos PMJ, Konings J, Janssen NAH, Grievink L. Application of biological monitoring for exposure assessment following chemical incidents: a procedure for decision making. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2011; 21:247-261. [PMID: 20336049 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2010.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Determination of the level of exposure during and after a chemical incident is crucial for the assessment of public health risks and for appropriate medical treatment, as well as for subsequent health studies that may be part of disaster management. Immediately after such an incident, there is usually no opportunity to collect reliable quantitative information on personal exposures and environmental concentrations may fall below detectable levels shortly after the incident has passed. However, many substances persist longer in biological tissues and thus biological monitoring strategies may have the potential to support exposure assessment, as part of health studies, even after the acute phase of a chemical incident is over. Reported successful applications involve very persistent chemical substances such as protein adducts and include those rare cases in which biological tissues were collected within a few hours after an incident. The persistence of a biomarker in biological tissues, the mechanism of toxicity, and the sensitivity of the analysis of a biomarker were identified as the key parameters to support a decision on the feasibility and usefulness of biological monitoring to be applied after an incident involving the release of hazardous chemicals. These input parameters could be retrieved from published methods on applications of biomarkers. Methods for rapid decision making on the usefulness and feasibility of using biological monitoring are needed. In this contribution, a stepwise procedure for taking such a decision is proposed. The persistence of a biomarker in biological tissues, the mechanism of toxicity, and the sensitivity of the analysis of a biomarker were identified as the key parameters to support such a decision. The procedure proposed for decision making is illustrated by case studies based on two documented chemical incidents in the Netherlands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul T J Scheepers
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hämeri K, Lähde T, Hussein T, Koivisto J, Savolainen K. Facing the key workplace challenge: assessing and preventing exposure to nanoparticles at source. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 21 Suppl 3:17-55. [PMID: 19558229 DOI: 10.3109/08958370903202804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials present new challenges to understanding, predicting, and managing potential health risks in occupational environments. In this study, we characterize the key physical processes related to formation and growth of nanoparticles. The main focus is on various occupational environments, as these are known to be major environments with nanoparticles in indoor air. The protection of people potentially to be exposed to nanoparticles is one of the key issues in terms of risk assessment and prevention. Two of the main protection techniques that are discussed and characterized are ventilation and filtration, which are widely used in practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Hämeri
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|