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Jonitz-Heincke A, Sellin ML, Seyfarth A, Peters K, Mueller-Hilke B, Fiedler T, Bader R, Klinder A. Analysis of Cellular Activity Short-Term Exposure to Cobalt and Chromium Ions in Mature Human Osteoblasts. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12172771. [PMID: 31466377 PMCID: PMC6747798 DOI: 10.3390/ma12172771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In aseptic loosening of endoprosthetic implants, metal particles, as well as their corrosion products, have been shown to elicit a biological response. Due to different metal alloy components, the response may vary depending on the nature of the released corrosion product. Our study aimed to compare the biological effects of different ions released from metal alloys. In order to mimic the corrosion products, different metal salts (CoCl2, NiCl2 and CrCl3 × 6H2O) were dissolved and allowed to equilibrate. Human osteoblasts were incubated with concentrations of 10 µM to 500 µM metal salt solutions under cell culture conditions, whereas untreated cells served as negative controls. Cells exposed to CoCr28Mo6 particles served as positive controls. The cell activity and expression of osteogenic differentiation and pro-osteolytic mediators were determined. Osteoblastic activity revealed concentration- and material-dependent influences. Collagen 1 synthesis was reduced after treatment with Co(2+) and Ni(2+). Additionally, exposure to these ions (500 µM) resulted in significantly reduced OPG protein synthesis, whereas RANKL as well as IL-6 and IL-8 secretion were increased. TLR4 mRNA was significantly induced by Co(2+) and CoCr28Mo6 particles. The results demonstrate the pro-osteolytic capacity of metal ions in osteoblasts. Compared to CoCr28Mo6 particles, the results indicated that metal ions intervene much earlier in inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Jonitz-Heincke
- Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics, Rostock University Medical Centre, Doberaner Strasse 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Marie-Luise Sellin
- Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics, Rostock University Medical Centre, Doberaner Strasse 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anika Seyfarth
- Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics, Rostock University Medical Centre, Doberaner Strasse 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Kirsten Peters
- Department of Cell Biology, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Mueller-Hilke
- Institute for Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 70, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Tomas Fiedler
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 70, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Rainer Bader
- Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics, Rostock University Medical Centre, Doberaner Strasse 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Annett Klinder
- Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics, Rostock University Medical Centre, Doberaner Strasse 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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Fuentes-Gandara F, Pinedo-Hernández J, Marrugo-Negrete J, Díez S. Human health impacts of exposure to metals through extreme consumption of fish from the Colombian Caribbean Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:229-242. [PMID: 27878501 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-016-9896-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The health risks of metal exposure due to the high consumption of fish were assessed for a riverine population living on the Caribbean coast of Colombia. The concentrations of metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the edible tissues of fish were determined and used for risk assessment. The daily fish consumption of residents (n = 95) was as high as 283, 366 and 469 g/day in children (CH), women of childbearing age (WCHA) and the remaining population groups (RP), respectively. The estimation of the potential risk (HQ) indicated that there was no health risk from most of the metals, because they did not exceed their related reference doses, with values of HQ < 1. Although the concentrations of Pb and Hg were not particularly high in fish (<0.2 µg/g), their possible health effects for vulnerable groups are of great concern due to the extremely high fish intake. The Pb intake for all groups was higher than the lower confidence limit of the benchmark dose for nephrotoxicity and neurodevelopmental effects in children. The weekly intake of methylmercury was also elevated, with values approximately 3, 2 and 1.5 times the provisional tolerable weekly intake for CH, WCHA and RP, respectively. Moreover, higher Hg levels were found in top predators, whereas maximum levels for other metals were found in bottom-feeding fish. This study highlights that an accurate data of daily intake, a continuous monitoring of metals in fish and their related fish consumption advisories to protect subsistence fishing communities are recommended in a local and worldwide context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Pinedo-Hernández
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Water, Applied and Environmental Chemistry Group, University of Córdoba, Monteria, Colombia
| | - José Marrugo-Negrete
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Water, Applied and Environmental Chemistry Group, University of Córdoba, Monteria, Colombia
| | - Sergi Díez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDÆA-CSIC, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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Shah KM, Wilkinson JM, Gartland A. Cobalt and chromium exposure affects osteoblast function and impairs the mineralization of prosthesis surfaces in vitro. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:1663-70. [PMID: 25929464 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr) ions and nanoparticles equivalent to those released through tribo-corrosion of prosthetic metal-on-metal (MOM) bearings and taper junctions are detrimental to osteoblast activity and function in vitro when examined as individual species. Here we examined the effects of Co(2+):Cr(3+) and Co(2+):Cr(6+) combinations on osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cellular activity, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization to better reflect clinical exposure conditions in vivo. We also assessed the effect of Co(2+):Cr(3+) combinations and Co:Cr nanoparticles on SaOS-2 cell osteogenic responses on grit-blasted, plasma-sprayed titanium-coated, and hydroxyapatite-coated prosthesis surfaces. Cellular activity and ALP activity were reduced to a greater extent with combination treatments compared to individual ions. Co(2+) and Cr(3+) interacted additively and synergistically to reduce cellular activity and ALP activity, respectively, while the Co(2+) with Cr(6+) combination was dominated by the effect of Cr(6+) alone. Mineralization by osteoblasts was greater on hydroxyapatite-coated surfaces compared to grit-blasted and plasma-sprayed titanium-coated surfaces. Treatments with Co(2+):Cr(3+) ions and Co:Cr nanoparticles reduced the percentage mineralization on all surfaces, with hydroxyapatite-coated surfaces having the least reduction. In conclusion, our data suggests that previous studies investigating individual metal ions underestimate their potential clinical effects on osteoblast activity. Furthermore, the data suggests that hydroxyapatite-coated surfaces may modulate osteoblast responses to metal debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan M Shah
- Department of Human Metabolism, The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Mark Wilkinson
- Department of Human Metabolism, The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Gartland
- Department of Human Metabolism, The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
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Feng W, Wu H, Li Q, Zhou Z, Chen Y, Zhao T, Feng Y, Mao G, Li F, Yang L, Wu X. Evaluation of 90-day Repeated Dose Oral Toxicity, Glycometabolism, Learning and Memory Ability, and Related Enzyme of Chromium Malate Supplementation in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 168:181-95. [PMID: 25900579 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0341-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that chromium malate improved the regulation of blood glucose in mice with alloxan-induced diabetes. The present study was designed to evaluate the 90-day oral toxicity of chromium malate in Sprague-Dawley rats. The present study inspected the effect of chromium malate on glycometabolism, glycometabolism-related enzymes, lipid metabolism, and learning and memory ability in metabolically healthy Sprague-Dawley rats. The results showed that all rats survived and pathological, toxic, feces, and urine changes were not observed. Chromium malate did not cause measurable damage on liver, brain, and kidney. The fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, insulin resistance index, C-peptide, hepatic glycogen, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucokinase, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels of normal rats in chromium malate groups had no significant change when compared with control group and chromium picolinate group under physiologically relevant conditions. The serum and organ content of Cr in chromium malate groups had no significant change compared with control group. No significant changes were found in morris water maze test and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and true choline esterase (TChE) activity. The results indicated that supplementation with chromium malate did not cause measurable toxicity and has no obvious effect on glycometabolism and related enzymes, learning and memory ability, and related enzymes and lipid metabolism of female and male rats. The results of this study suggest that chromium malate is safe for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Feng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huiyu Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Feng
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guanghua Mao
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Li
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liuqing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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Senapati VA, Jain AK, Gupta GS, Pandey AK, Dhawan A. Chromium oxide nanoparticle-induced genotoxicity and p53-dependent apoptosis in human lung alveolar cells. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 35:1179-88. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Violet Aileen Senapati
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology; Ahmedabad University; Ahmedabad Gujarat India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Jain
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Govind Sharan Gupta
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology; Ahmedabad University; Ahmedabad Gujarat India
| | - Alok Kumar Pandey
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Alok Dhawan
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology; Ahmedabad University; Ahmedabad Gujarat India
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Molecular analysis of chromium and cobalt-related toxicity. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5729. [PMID: 25034144 PMCID: PMC4103093 DOI: 10.1038/srep05729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational and environmental exposure to Co and Cr has been previously linked to a wide array of inflammatory and degenerative conditions and cancer. Recently, significant health concerns have been raised by the high levels of Cr and Co ions and corrosion products released by biomedical implants. Herein, we set to analyze the biological responses associated with Co and Cr toxicity. Histological, ultrastructural, and elemental analysis, performed on Cr and Co exposed patients reveal the presence of corrosion products, metallic wear debris and metal ions at varying concentrations. Metallic ions and corrosion products were also generated in vitro following macrophage phagocytosis of metal alloys. Ex vivo redox proteomic mapped several oxidatively damaged proteins by Cr(III) and Co(II)-induced Fenton reaction. Importantly, a positive correlation between the tissue amounts of Cr(III) and Co(II) ions and tissue oxidative damage was observed. Immobilized- Cr(III) and Co(II) affinity chromatography indicated that metal ions can also directly bind to several metallo and non-metalloproteins and, as demonstrated for aldolase and catalase, induce loss of their biological function. Altogether, our analysis reveals several biological mechanisms leading to tissue damage, necrosis, and inflammation in patients with Cr and Co-associated adverse local tissue reactions.
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Abstract
Fibrosis is defined as increased fibroblast proliferation and deposition of extracellular matrix components with potential clinical ramifications including organ dysfunction and failure. Fibrosis is a characteristic finding of various skin diseases which can have life-threatening consequences. These implications call for research into this topic as only a few treatments targeting fibrosis are available. In this review, we discuss oxidative stress and its role in skin fibrosis. Recent studies have implicated the importance of oxidative stress in a variety of cellular pathways directly and indirectly involved in the pathogenesis of skin fibrosis. The cellular pathways by which oxidative stress affects specific fibrotic skin disorders are also reviewed. Finally, we also describe various therapeutic approaches specifically targeting oxidative stress to prevent skin fibrosis. We believe oxidative stress is a relevant target, and understanding the role of oxidative stress in skin fibrosis will enhance knowledge of fibrotic skin diseases and potentially produce targeted therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Shroff
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Clinical Research – Dermatology, 5 East 98th Street- 5th floor, Box 1048, New York, NY USA
| | - Andrew Mamalis
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
- Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA USA
| | - Jared Jagdeo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
- Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA USA
- Department of Dermatology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA
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Fang JY, Wu TH, Huang CH, Wang PW, Chen CC, Wu YC, Pan TL. Proteomics reveals plasma profiles for monitoring the toxicity caused by chromium compounds. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 423:23-31. [PMID: 23618972 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Today, various heavy metals are widespread in the ecosystem and have become important environmental contaminants. Exposure to these hazardous metals such as chromium usually results in cytotoxicity and large-scale protein changes which reflect pathologic states. METHODS We used a comprehensive proteomic tool to survey changes in plasma proteins elicited by two chromium species (Cr(6+) and Cr(3+)). RT-PCR was applied to evaluate levels of cytokines associated with adverse responses. Lectin blotting was used to investigate the contents of fucosylated proteins. RESULTS Protein profiles revealed statistically significant changes in the intensity of 12 proteins. The network analysis implied that Cr(6+) application strongly induced the IL-6-stimulated inflammatory pathway. mRNA levels of specific cytokines were also correlated with inflammatory events. Increased IL-6 modulation of the fucosylation of haptoglobin was also identified in Cr(6+)-treated samples. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Cr(6+) may induce IL-6-mediated inflammatory responses which result in hepatic injury. This paper highlights the applications of functional proteomics of plasma profiles and fucosylated glycoproteins as a predictive tool to monitor human health in contact with chromium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-You Fang
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Horie M, Nishio K, Endoh S, Kato H, Fujita K, Miyauchi A, Nakamura A, Kinugasa S, Yamamoto K, Niki E, Yoshida Y, Iwahashi H. Chromium(III) oxide nanoparticles induced remarkable oxidative stress and apoptosis on culture cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2013; 28:61-75. [PMID: 21384495 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Revised: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Chromium(III) oxide (Cr(2)O(3)) is used for industrial applications such as catalysts and pigments. In the classical form, namely the fine particle, Cr(2)O(3) is insoluble and chemically stable. It is classified as a low-toxicity chromium compound. Recently, industrial application of nanoparticles (a new form composed of small particles with a diameter of ≤100 nm, in at least one dimension) has been increasing. Cellular effects induced by Cr(2)O(3) nanoparticles are not known. To shed light upon this, the release of soluble chromium from Cr(2)O(3) nano- and fine-particles in culture medium was compared. Fine Cr(2)O(3) particles were insoluble in the culture medium; on the contrary, Cr(2)O(3) nanoparticles released soluble hexavalent chromium into the culture medium. Cr(2)O(3) nanoparticles showed severe cytotoxicity. The effect of Cr(2)O(3) nanoparticles on cell viability was higher than that of fine particles. Cr(2)O(3) nanoparticles showed cytotoxicity equal to that of hexavalent chromium (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)). Human lung carcinoma A549 cells and human keratinocyte HaCaT cells showed an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and activation of antioxidant defense systems on exposure to Cr(2)O(3) nanoparticles. Exposure of Cr(2)O(3) nanoparticles led to caspase-3 activation, showing that the decrease in cell viability by exposure to Cr(2)O(3) nanoparticles was caused by apoptosis. Cellular responses were stronger in the Cr(2)O(3) nanoparticles-exposed cells than in fine Cr(2)O(3) - and CrCl(3) -exposed cells. Cellular uptake of Cr(2)O(3) particles were observed in nano- and fine-particles. The cellular influence of the extracellular soluble trivalent chromium was lower than that of Cr(2)O(3) nanoparticles. Cr(2)O(3) nanoparticles showed cytotoxicity by hexavalent chromium released at outside and inside of cells. The cellular influences of Cr(2)O(3) nanoparticles matched those of hexavalent chromium. In conclusion, Cr(2)O(3) nanoparticles have a high cytotoxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Horie
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.
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Gagrai MK, Das C, Golder AK. Non-ideal metal binding model for Cr(III) sorption usingSpirulina platensisbiomass: Experimental and theoretical approach. CAN J CHEM ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.21772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Kumar Gagrai
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology; Guwahati Assam 781 039 India
| | - Chandan Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology; Guwahati Assam 781 039 India
| | - Animes Kumar Golder
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology; Guwahati Assam 781 039 India
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AN INSOOK, AN SUNGKWAN, KANG SANGMO, CHOE TAEBOO, LEE SUNGNAE, JANG HYUNHEE, BAE SEUNGHEE. Titrated extract of Centella asiatica provides a UVB protective effect by altering microRNA expression profiles in human dermal fibroblasts. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:1194-202. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Figgitt M, Newson R, Leslie IJ, Fisher J, Ingham E, Case CP. The genotoxicity of physiological concentrations of chromium (Cr(III) and Cr(VI)) and cobalt (Co(II)): an in vitro study. Mutat Res 2010; 688:53-61. [PMID: 20227425 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to chromium and cobalt in industry, from the environment and after joint replacement surgery from the CoCr alloy in the implant. In this study we have investigated whether Cr(III), Cr(VI), Co(II) and Cr in combination with Co could induce chromosome aberrations in human fibroblasts in vitro at the same concentrations that have been found in the peripheral blood of exposed humans. We used 24 colour M-FISH as a sensitive way to detect translocations and aneuploidy and examined the effects of a 24-h exposure and its consequences up to 30 days after the exposure in order to record genomic instability and/or repair. At these physiological doses the metals induced predominantly numerical rather than structural aberrations. Co was the least reactive and Cr(VI) especially in combination with Co the most. All metals at the highest physiological doses caused simple (gain or loss of 3 or less chromosomes) and complex (more than 49 chromosomes) aneuploidy. All metals at the lowest physiological dose caused a significant increase of total aberrations. Cr(VI) was much more effective than Cr(III) in causing chromosome fragments, which were only induced at the highest doses. There was a slow resolution of aneuploidy with time after exposure. This involved a reduction in the proportion of aneuploid cells and a reduction of the number of chromosomes within cells showing complex aneuploidy. We conclude that these metal ions can cause chromosome aberrations at physiological concentrations and that their main effect is aneugenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Figgitt
- Bristol Implant Research Centre, Avon Orthopaedic Centre, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
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