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Ai S, Chen X, Zhou Y. Critical review on organophosphate esters in water environment: Occurrence, health hazards and removal technologies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123218. [PMID: 38147949 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs), which are phosphoric acid ester derivatives, are anthropogenic substances that are widely used in commerce. Nevertheless, there is growing public concern about these ubiquitous contaminants, which are frequently detected in contaminated water sources. OPEs are mostly emitted by industrial operations, and the primary routes of human exposure to OPEs include food intake and dermal absorption. Because of their negative effects on both human health and the environment, it is clear that innovative methods are needed to facilitate their eradication. In this study, we present a comprehensive overview of the existing characteristics and origins of OPEs, their possible impacts on human health, and the merits, drawbacks, and future possibilities of contemporary sophisticated remediation methods. Current advanced remediation approaches for OPEs include adsorption, degradation (advanced oxidation, advanced reduction, and redox technology), membrane filtration, and municipal wastewater treatment plants, degradation and adsorption are the most promising removal technologies. Meanwhile, we proposed potential areas for future research (appropriate management approaches, exploring the combination treatment process, economic factors, and potential for secondary pollution). Collectively, this work gives a comprehensive understanding of OPEs, providing useful insights for future research on OPEs pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shali Ai
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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2
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Andrae B, Bauer D, Gaß P, Koller M, Worek F, Kubik S. Influence of cyclic and acyclic cucurbiturils on the degradation pathways of the chemical warfare agent VX. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5218-5227. [PMID: 32602497 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01167c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The highly toxic nerve agent VX is a methylphosphonothioate that degrades via three pathways in aqueous solution, namely through the hydrolysis of the P-O or P-S bonds, or the cleavage of the C-S bond at the 2-aminoethyl residue. In the latter case, an aziridinium ion and a phosphonothioate is formed. Here it is shown that acyclic or cyclic cucurbiturils inhibit these reactions in phosphate buffer at physiological pH and thus stabilise the nerve agent. When using unbuffered basic solutions as the reaction medium, however, in which the P-S or P-O bonds are normally hydrolysed preferentially, cucurbiturils turned out to strongly shift VX degradation towards the cleavage of the C-S bond. Cucurbit[7]uril, in particular, has a so pronounced effect under suitable conditions that it almost completely suppresses the formation of products resulting from the other degradation pathways. Investigations involving VX analogues in combination with computational methods suggest that one reason for the reaction control exerted by the cucurbiturils is the preorganisation of VX for aziridinium ion formation. In addition, cucurbit[7]uril also lowers the transition state of the reaction by stabilising the positive charge developing on the way to the product. Cucurbiturils thus have a marked effect on the reactivity of a highly toxic nerve agent, which potentially allows using them for decontamination purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Andrae
- Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Fachbereich Chemie - Organische Chemie, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Daniel Bauer
- Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Fachbereich Chemie - Organische Chemie, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Patrick Gaß
- Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Fachbereich Chemie - Organische Chemie, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Marianne Koller
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Bundeswehr, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 München, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Bundeswehr, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 München, Germany
| | - Stefan Kubik
- Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Fachbereich Chemie - Organische Chemie, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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3
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Moon Y, Jafry AT, Bang Kang S, Young Seo J, Baek KY, Kim EJ, Pan JG, Choi JY, Kim HJ, Han Lee K, Jeong K, Bae SW, Shin S, Lee J, Lee Y. Organophosphorus hydrolase-poly-β-cyclodextrin as a stable self-decontaminating bio-catalytic material for sorption and degradation of organophosphate pesticide. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 365:261-269. [PMID: 30447633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A region suffering from an attack of a nerve agent requires not only a highly sorptive material but also a fast-acting catalyst to decontaminate the lethal chemical present. The product should be capable of high sorptive capacity, selectivity and quick response time to neutralize the long lasting harmful effects of nerve agents. Herein, we have utilized organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) as a non-toxic bio-catalytic material held in with the supporting matrix of poly-β-cyclodextrin (PCD) as a novel sorptive reinforced self-decontaminating material against organophosphate intoxication. OPH coated PCD (OPH-PCD) will not only be providing support for holding enzyme but also would be adsorbing methyl paraoxon (MPO) used as a simulant, in a host-guest inclusion complex formation. Sorption trend for PCD revealed preference towards the more hydrophobic MPO against para-nitrophenol (pNP). The results show sorption capacity of 1.26 mg/g of 100 μM MPO with PCD which was 1.7 times higher compared to pNP. The reaction rate with immobilized OPH-PCD was found to be 23% less compared to free enzyme. With the help of OPH-PCD, continuous hydrolysis (100%) of MPO into pNP was observed for a period of 24 h through packed bed reactor with good reproducibility and stability of enzyme. The long-term stability also confirmed its stable nature for the investigation period of 4 days where it maintained activity. Combined with its fast and reactive nature, the resulting self-decontaminating regenerating material provides a promising strategy for the neutralization of nerve agents and preserving the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngkwang Moon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ali Turab Jafry
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Bang Kang
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Seo
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Youl Baek
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Hyun-Ji Kim
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Han Lee
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keunhong Jeong
- Department of Chemistry and Nuclear & WMD Protection Research Center, Korea Military Academy, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Won Bae
- Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghan Shin
- Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkee Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yongwoo Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Poirier L, Jacquet P, Elias M, Daudé D, Chabrière E. [Decontamination of organophosphorus compounds: Towards new alternatives]. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2017; 75:209-226. [PMID: 28267954 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus coumpounds (OP) are toxic chemicals mainly used for agricultural purpose such as insecticides and were also developed and used as warfare nerve agents. OP are inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, a key enzyme involved in the regulation of the central nervous system. Chemical, physical and biological approaches have been considered to decontaminate OP. This review summarizes the current and emerging strategies that are investigated to tackle this issue with a special emphasis on enzymatic remediation methods. During the last decade, many studies have been dedicated to the development of biocatalysts for OP removal. Among these, recent reports have pointed out the promising enzyme SsoPox isolated from the archaea Sulfolobus solfataricus. Considering both its intrinsic stability and activity, this hyperthermostable enzyme is highly appealing for the decontamination of OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Poirier
- Inserm, CNRS, IRD, URMITE, Aix Marseille université, Marseille, France
| | - P Jacquet
- Inserm, CNRS, IRD, URMITE, Aix Marseille université, Marseille, France
| | - M Elias
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics & Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, États-Unis
| | - D Daudé
- Gene&GreenTK, faculté de médecine, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France.
| | - E Chabrière
- Inserm, CNRS, IRD, URMITE, Aix Marseille université, Marseille, France; Gene&GreenTK, faculté de médecine, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France.
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5
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Bierwisch A, Koller M, Worek F, Kubik S. Pathways for the Reactions Between Neurotoxic Organophosphorus Compounds and Oximes or Hydroxamic Acids. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bierwisch
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Bundeswehr; Neuherbergstraße 11 80937 München Germany
| | - Marianne Koller
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Bundeswehr; Neuherbergstraße 11 80937 München Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Bundeswehr; Neuherbergstraße 11 80937 München Germany
| | - Stefan Kubik
- Fachbereich Chemie Organische Chemie; Technische Universität Kaiserslautern; Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
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6
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Jacquet P, Daudé D, Bzdrenga J, Masson P, Elias M, Chabrière E. Current and emerging strategies for organophosphate decontamination: special focus on hyperstable enzymes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:8200-18. [PMID: 26832878 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus chemicals are highly toxic molecules mainly used as pesticides. Some of them are banned warfare nerve agents. These compounds are covalent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, a key enzyme in central and peripheral nervous systems. Numerous approaches, including chemical, physical, and biological decontamination, have been considered for developing decontamination methods against organophosphates (OPs). This work is an overview of both validated and emerging strategies for the protection against OP pollution with special attention to the use of decontaminating enzymes. Considerable efforts have been dedicated during the past decades to the development of efficient OP degrading biocatalysts. Among these, the promising biocatalyst SsoPox isolated from the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus is emphasized in the light of recently published results. This hyperthermostable enzyme appears to be particularly attractive for external decontamination purposes with regard to both its catalytic and stability properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Jacquet
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France
| | - David Daudé
- Gene&GreenTK, Faculté de Médecine, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, Cedex 5, Marseille, 13385, France
| | - Janek Bzdrenga
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Masson
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008, Russia
| | - Mikael Elias
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics & Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Eric Chabrière
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France.
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7
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Letort S, Balieu S, Erb W, Gouhier G, Estour F. Interactions of cyclodextrins and their derivatives with toxic organophosphorus compounds. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:204-28. [PMID: 26977180 PMCID: PMC4778500 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide an update on the current use of cyclodextrins against organophosphorus compound intoxications. Organophosphorus pesticides and nerve agents play a determinant role in the inhibition of cholinesterases. The cyclic structure of cyclodextrins and their toroidal shape are perfectly suitable to design new chemical scavengers able to trap and hydrolyze the organophosphorus compounds before they reach their biological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Letort
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Balieu
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - William Erb
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Géraldine Gouhier
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - François Estour
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
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8
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Kranawetvogl A, Müller S, Kubik S, Spruit H, Thiermann H, Worek F, Noort D, Reiter G. Elimination kinetics and molecular reaction mechanisms of cyclosarin (GF) by an oxime substituted β-cyclodextrin derivative in vitro. Toxicol Lett 2015; 239:41-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Letort S, Mathiron D, Grel T, Albaret C, Daulon S, Djedaïni-Pilard F, Gouhier G, Estour F. The first 2(IB),3(IA)-heterodifunctionalized β-cyclodextrin derivatives as artificial enzymes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:2601-4. [PMID: 25572650 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09189b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Novel 2,3-heterodisubstituted β-cyclodextrin derivatives were designed as artificial enzymes to degrade chemical warfare agents. One of them reduced the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential by soman faster than its monosubstituted analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Letort
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France.
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Reiter G, Müller S, Koller M, Thiermann H, Worek F. In vitro toxicokinetic studies of cyclosarin: Molecular mechanisms of elimination. Toxicol Lett 2014; 227:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Effectiveness of a substituted β-cyclodextrin to prevent cyclosarin toxicity in vivo. Toxicol Lett 2014; 226:222-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Bierwisch A, Zengerle M, Thiermann H, Kubik S, Worek F. Detoxification of alkyl methylphosphonofluoridates by an oxime-substituted β-cyclodextrin – An in vitro structure–activity study. Toxicol Lett 2014; 224:209-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Von Der Wellen J, Worek F, Thiermann H, Wille T. Investigations of kinetic interactions between lipid emulsions, hydroxyethyl starch or dextran and organophosphorus compounds. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2013; 51:918-22. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2013.857025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Thiermann H, Worek F, Kehe K. Limitations and challenges in treatment of acute chemical warfare agent poisoning. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 206:435-43. [PMID: 24091052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent news from Syria on a possible use of chemical warfare agents made the headlines. Furthermore, the motivation of terrorists to cause maximal harm shifts these agents into the public focus. For incidents with mass casualties appropriate medical countermeasures must be available. At present, the most important threats arise from nerve agents and sulfur mustard. At first, self-protection and protection of medical units from contamination is of utmost importance. Volatile nerve agent exposure, e.g. sarin, results in fast development of cholinergic crisis. Immediate clinical diagnosis can be confirmed on-site by assessment of acetylcholinesterase activity. Treatment with autoinjectors that are filled with 2mg atropine and an oxime (at present obidoxime, pralidoxime, TMB-4 or HI-6) are not effective against all nerve agents. A more aggressive atropinisation has to be considered and more effective oximes (if possible with a broad spectrum or a combination of different oximes) as well as alternative strategies to cope with high acetylcholine levels at synaptic sites should be developed. A further gap exists for the treatment of patients with sustained cholinergic crisis that has to be expected after exposure to persistent nerve agents, e.g. VX. The requirement for long-lasting artificial ventilation can be reduced with an oxime therapy that is optimized by using the cholinesterase status for guidance or by measures (e.g. scavengers) that are able to reduce the poison load substantially in the patients. For sulfur mustard poisoning no specific antidote is available until now. Symptomatic measures as used for treatment of burns are recommended together with surgical or laser debridement. Thus, huge amounts of resources are expected to be consumed as wound healing is impaired. Possible depots of sulfur mustard in tissues may aggravate the situation. More basic knowledge is necessary to improve substantially therapeutic options. The use of stem cells may provide a new and promising option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany.
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15
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Brandhuber F, Zengerle M, Porwol L, Bierwisch A, Koller M, Reiter G, Worek F, Kubik S. Tabun scavengers based on hydroxamic acid containing cyclodextrins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:3425-7. [PMID: 23503705 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc41290c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Arrangement of several hydroxamic acid-derived substituents along the cavity of a cyclodextrin ring leads to compounds that detoxify tabun in TRIS-HCl buffer at physiological pH and 37.0 °C with half-times as low as 3 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Brandhuber
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Bundeswehr, Neuherbergstraße 11, D-80937 München, Germany
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16
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Elimination pathways of cyclosarin (GF) mediated by β-cyclodextrin in vitro: pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic aspects. Toxicol Lett 2013; 222:164-70. [PMID: 23906718 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CD) are promising small molecular scavengers showing favourable degradation of extremely toxic organophosphorus compounds (OP) such as tabun (GA), soman (GD) or cyclosarin (GF). For β-CD derivatives as potential OP antidotes with low intrinsic toxicity it is of great interest to completely understand the modes of interaction of both compounds in terms of OP detoxification. The mechanisms of CD action are not completely understood which prompted us to investigate the interactions of GF and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as model compounds. Using positive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS), the formation of covalent conjugates of β-CD with O-cyclohexylmethylphosphonate (CHMP) residue was detected for the first time and was examined in vitro. With a newly developed LC-MS method the formation of O-cyclohexylmethylphosphonic acid (CHMPA) (i.e. GF hydrolysis) and covalent CHMP-β-CD conjugates was analyzed. Compared to water, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS) reduced the formation of covalent conjugates but amplified formation of CHMPA. Depending on experimental conditions the degradation of GF by β-CD may be preferably catalytic or stoichiometric. For illustrating different possible reaction pathways a scheme was established that could support the idea of β-CD acting as an artificial enzyme. These results provide an important insight into the β-CD mediated detoxification pathways of GF.
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Bolliger JL, Belenguer AM, Nitschke JR. Enantiopure Water-Soluble [Fe4L6] Cages: Host-Guest Chemistry and Catalytic Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:7958-62. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Bolliger JL, Belenguer AM, Nitschke JR. Enantiomerenreine wasserlösliche [Fe4L6]-Käfigverbindungen: Wirt-Gast-Chemie und katalytische Aktivität. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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19
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Estour F, Letort S, Müller S, Kalakuntla R, Le Provost R, Wille T, Reiter G, Worek F, Lafont O, Gouhier G. Functionalized cyclodextrins bearing an alpha nucleophile – A promising way to degrade nerve agents. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 203:202-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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New modified β-cyclodextrin derivatives as detoxifying agents of chemical warfare agents (II). In vitro detoxification of cyclosarin (GF): General screening and toxicokinetic aspects of OP scavengers. Toxicol Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Sambrook MR, Notman S. Supramolecular chemistry and chemical warfare agents: from fundamentals of recognition to catalysis and sensing. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:9251-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60230c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Brandhuber F, Zengerle M, Porwol L, Tenberken O, Thiermann H, Worek F, Kubik S, Reiter G. Detoxification of tabun at physiological pH mediated by substituted β-cyclodextrin and glucose derivatives containing oxime groups. Toxicology 2012; 302:163-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Kalakuntla RK, Wille T, Le Provost R, Letort S, Reiter G, Müller S, Thiermann H, Worek F, Gouhier G, Lafont O, Estour F. New modified β-cyclodextrin derivatives as detoxifying agents of chemical warfare agents (I). Synthesis and preliminary screening: evaluation of the detoxification using a half-quantitative enzymatic assay. Toxicol Lett 2012. [PMID: 23201439 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments of organophosphorus nerve agents poisoning are imperfect, and more efficient medical countermeasures need to be developed. Chemical scavengers based on β-cyclodextrin displayed promising results, but further investigations have to be performed to evaluate the possibility of application of substituted cyclodextrins as potential detoxification agents. Herein, five new cyclodextrins scavengers were synthesized. New optimal conditions for regioselectively monosubstitution of β-cyclodextrin at O-2 position were then studied to access to key intermediates. After these optimizations, a new series of three permethylated derivatives was developed, and two compounds bearing an α-nucleophilic group via a three carbon atoms linker were prepared. The ability of these five scavengers to detoxify nerve agents (cyclosarin, soman, tabun and VX) was evaluated by a semi-quantitative biological assay. All the modified cyclodextrins significantly decreased the inhibitory effect of chemical warfare G agents on acetylcholinesterase activity. For this purpose, we showed that the specific interactions between the organophosphorus compound and the oligosaccharidic moiety of the scavenger played a pivotal role in the detoxification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Kumar Kalakuntla
- Université de Rouen, UMR 6014 CNRS & FR 3038, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
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Zengerle M, Brandhuber F, Schneider C, Worek F, Reiter G, Kubik S. Highly efficient cyclosarin degradation mediated by a β-cyclodextrin derivative containing an oxime-derived substituent. Beilstein J Org Chem 2011; 7:1543-54. [PMID: 22238531 PMCID: PMC3252857 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.7.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of appropriately substituted cyclodextrins to act as scavengers for neurotoxic organophosphonates under physiological conditions was evaluated. To this end, a series of derivatives containing substituents with an aldoxime or a ketoxime moiety along the narrow opening of the β-cyclodextrin cavity was synthesized, and the ability of these compounds to reduce the inhibitory effect of the neurotoxic organophosphonate cyclosarin on its key target, acetylcholinesterase, was assessed in vitro. All compounds exhibited a larger effect than native β-cyclodextrin, and characteristic differences were noted. These differences in activity were correlated with the structural and electronic parameters of the substituents. In addition, the relatively strong effect of the cyclodextrin derivatives on cyclosarin degradation and, in particular, the observed enantioselectivity are good indications that noncovalent interactions between the cyclodextrin ring and the substrate, presumably involving the inclusion of the cyclohexyl moiety of cyclosarin into the cyclodextrin cavity, contribute to the mode of action. Among the nine compounds investigated, one exhibited remarkable activity, completely preventing acetylcholinesterase inhibition by the (−)-enantiomer of cyclosarin within seconds under the conditions of the assay. Thus, these investigations demonstrate that decoration of cyclodextrins with appropriate substituents represents a promising approach for the development of scavengers able to detoxify highly toxic nerve agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zengerle
- Fachbereich Chemie - Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Reiter G, Mikler J, Hill I, Weatherby K, Thiermann H, Worek F. Simultaneous quantification of VX and its toxic metabolite in blood and plasma samples and its application for in vivo and in vitro toxicological studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:2704-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Le Provost R, Wille T, Louise L, Masurier N, Müller S, Reiter G, Renard PY, Lafont O, Worek F, Estour F. Optimized strategies to synthesize β-cyclodextrin-oxime conjugates as a new generation of organophosphate scavengers. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:3026-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00931h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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