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Lee J, Le XA, Chun H, Vu TH, Choi D, Han B, Kim MI, Lee J. Active site engineering of Zn-doped mesoporous ceria toward highly efficient organophosphorus hydrolase-mimicking nanozyme. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 246:115882. [PMID: 38043302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrolase-mimicking nanozymes have received increasing attention in recent years, but the effective rational design and development of these materials has not been realized, as they are not at present considered a critical research target. Herein, we report that Zn-doped mesoporous ceria (Zn-m-ceria) engineered to have an abundance of two different active sites with different functions-one that allows both co-adsorption binding of organophosphate (OP) and water and another that serves as a general base-has significant organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH)-like catalytic activity. Specifically, Zn-m-ceria exhibits a catalytic efficiency over 75- and 25-fold higher than those of m-ceria and natural OPH, respectively. First-principles calculations reveal the importance of Zn for the OPH-mimicking activity of the material, promoting substrate adsorption and proton-binding. The OPH-like Zn-m-ceria catalyst is successfully applied to detect a model OP, methyl paraoxon, in spiked tap water samples with excellent sensitivity, stability, and detection precision. We expect that these findings will promote research based on the rational engineering of the active site of nanozymes and efficient strategies for obtaining a diverse range of catalysts that mimic natural enzymes, and hence the utilization in real-world applications of enzyme-mimicking catalysts with properties superior to their natural analogs should follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsang Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Xuan Ai Le
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoje Chun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Trung Hieu Vu
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeeun Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungchan Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Moon Il Kim
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13120, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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M. S, V. J, Ahmad SF, Attia SM, Emran TB, Patil RB, Ahmed SSSJ. Structural Characteristics of PON1 with Leu55Met and Gln192Arg Variants Influencing Oxidative-Stress-Related Diseases: An Integrated Molecular Modeling and Dynamics Study. Medicina (Kaunas) 2023; 59:2060. [PMID: 38138163 PMCID: PMC10744641 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59122060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: PON1 is a multi-functional antioxidant protein that hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous and exogenous substrates in the human system. Growing evidence suggests that the Leu55Met and Gln192Arg substitutions alter PON1 activity and are linked with a variety of oxidative-stress-related diseases. Materials and Methods: We implemented structural modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation along with essential dynamics of PON1 and molecular docking with their endogenous (n = 4) and exogenous (n = 6) substrates to gain insights into conformational changes and binding affinity in order to characterize the specific functional ramifications of PON1 variants. Results: The Leu55Met variation had a higher root mean square deviation (0.249 nm) than the wild type (0.216 nm) and Gln192Arg (0.202 nm), implying increased protein flexibility. Furthermore, the essential dynamics analysis confirms the structural change in PON1 with Leu55Met vs. Gln192Arg and wild type. Additionally, PON1 with Leu55Met causes local conformational alterations at the substrate binding site, leading to changes in binding affinity with their substrates. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the structural consequences of the variants, which would increase understanding of the role of PON1 in the pathogenesis of oxidative-stress-related diseases, as well as the management of endogenous and exogenous chemicals in the treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhan M.
- Drug Discovery and Multi-Omics Laboratory, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam 603103, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Janakiraman V.
- Drug Discovery and Multi-Omics Laboratory, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam 603103, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sheikh F. Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M. Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Rajesh B. Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sinhgad Technical Education Societys, Sinhgad College of Pharmacy, Vadgaon (BK), Pune 411041, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shiek S. S. J. Ahmed
- Drug Discovery and Multi-Omics Laboratory, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam 603103, Tamil Nadu, India
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Gökçe B, Muhammed MT. Evaluation of in vitro effect, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations of some dihydropyridine-class calcium channel blockers on human serum paraoxonase 1 (hPON1) enzyme activity. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:1707-1719. [PMID: 37071114 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) was purified 148.80-fold in 37.92% yield by hydrophobic interaction chromatography technique. The purity of PON1 was checked by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with a single band of 43 kDa. The in vitro effects of nine different calcium channel blockers on PON1 activity were evaluated. All drugs strongly decreased PON1 activity, and IC50 levels were between 13.987 ± 0.59 and 238.104 ± 2.14 μM, Ki values between 8.58 ± 0.36 and 111 ± 1.27 μM. The drugs with the strongest inhibitory effect were nisoldipine with 13.987 ± 0.59 μM and nicardipine with 20.158 ± 0.43 μM. The mechanism of action for the inhibition of the enzyme by nisoldipine and nicardipine was investigated through molecular docking. The stability of enzyme-ligand complexes obtained from the docking was explored through molecular dynamics simulation. The binding affinity of the ligands toward the enzyme was also investigated through MMPBSA (molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area method). The computational analysis demonstrated these compounds could inhibit the enzyme. Nisoldipine had the strongest binding, and its complex was the most stable one. Furthermore, nicardipine was found to have the highest affinity toward the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Başak Gökçe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Türkiye
| | - Muhammed Tilahun Muhammed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Türkiye
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Smerkolj J, Stojan J, Bavec A, Goličnik M. Substrate-dependent inactivation of recombinant paraoxonase 1 during catalytic dihydrocoumarin turnover and the protective properties of surfactants. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110563. [PMID: 37286155 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Human paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is the most studied member of the paraoxonases (PONs) family and catalyzes the hydrolysis of various substrates (lactones, aryl esters, and paraoxon). Numerous studies link PON1 to oxidative stress-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, HIV infection, autism, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's, where the kinetic behavior of an enzyme is characterized by initial rates or by modern methods that obtain enzyme kinetic parameters by fitting the computed curves over the entire time-courses of product formation (progress curves). In the analysis of progress curves, the behavior of PON1 during hydrolytically catalyzed turnover cycles is unknown. Hence, progress curves for enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of the lactone substrate dihydrocoumarin (DHC) by recombinant PON1 (rePON1) were analyzed to investigate the effect of catalytic DHC turnover on the stability of rePON1. Although rePON1 was significantly inactivated during the catalytic DHC turnover, its activity was not lost due to the product inhibition or spontaneous inactivation of rePON1 in the sample buffers. Examination of the progress curves of DHC hydrolysis by rePON1 led to the conclusion that rePON1 inactivates itself during catalytic DHC turnover hydrolysis. Moreover, human serum albumin or surfactants protected rePON1 from inactivation during this catalytic process, which is significant because the activity of PON1 in clinical samples is measured in the presence of albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janez Smerkolj
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jure Stojan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aljoša Bavec
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Goličnik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Lyagin I, Stepanov N, Presnov D, Trifonov A, Efremenko E. Self-Assembling Enzymatic Nanocomplexes with Polypeptides and Low-Weight Organic Compounds: Preparation, Characterization, and Application of New Antibacterials. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031831. [PMID: 36768158 PMCID: PMC9915939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The self-assembling of nanosized materials is a promising field for research and development. Multiple approaches are applied to obtain inorganic, organic and composite nanomaterials with different functionality. In the present work, self-assembling nanocomplexes (NCs) were prepared on the basis of enzymes and polypeptides followed by the investigation of the influence of low-molecular weight biologically active compounds on the properties of the NCs. For that, the initially possible formation of catalytically active self-assembling NCs of four hydrolytic enzymes with nine effectors was screened via molecular modeling. It allowed the selection of two enzymes (hexahistidine-tagged organophosphorus hydrolase and penicillin acylase) and two compounds (emodin and naringenin) having biological activity. Further, such NCs based on surface-modified enzymes were characterized by a batch of physical and biochemical methods. At least three NCs containing emodin and enzyme (His6-OPH and/or penicillin acylase) have been shown to significantly improve the antibacterial activity of colistin and, to a lesser extent, polymyxin B towards both Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Lyagin
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay Stepanov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis Presnov
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem Trifonov
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Efremenko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-495-939-3170; Fax: +7-495-939-5417
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Zhao H, Liu G, Liu Y, Liu X, Wang H, Chen H, Gao J, Jiang Y. Metal Nanoparticles@Covalent Organic Framework@Enzymes: A Universal Platform for Fabricating a Metal-Enzyme Integrated Nanocatalyst. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:2881-2892. [PMID: 34985854 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cascade catalysis that combines chemical catalysis and biocatalysis has received extensive attention in recent years, especially the integration of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) with enzymes. However, the compatibility between MNPs and enzymes, and the stability of the integrated nanocatalyst should be improved to promote the application. Therefore, in this study, we proposed a strategy to space-separately co-immobilize MNPs and enzymes to the pores and surface of a highly stable covalent organic framework (COF), respectively. Typically, Pd NPs that were prepared by in situ reduction with triazinyl as the nucleation site were distributed in COF (Tz-Da), and organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) was immobilized on the surface of Tz-Da by a covalent method to improve its stability. The obtained integrated nanocatalyst Pd@Tz-Da@OPH showed high catalytic efficiency and reusability in the cascade degradation of organophosphate nerve agents. Furthermore, the versatility of the preparation strategy of COF-based integrated nanocatalyst has been preliminarily expanded: (1) Pd NPs and OPH were immobilized in the triazinyl COF (TTB-DHBD) with different pore sizes for cascade degradation of organophosphate nerve agent and the particle size of MNPs can be regulated. (2) Pt NPs and glucose oxidase were immobilized in COF (Tz-Da) to obtain an integrated nanocatalyst for efficient colorimetric detection of phenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Guanhua Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Yunting Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Xilin Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Hanxi Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Huaxun Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Jing Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Yanjun Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
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7
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El Khoury L, Mobley DL, Ye D, Rempe SB. Enhancing Paraoxon Binding to Organophosphorus Hydrolase Active Site. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12624. [PMID: 34884430 PMCID: PMC8657610 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) is a metalloenzyme that can hydrolyze organophosphorus agents resulting in products that are generally of reduced toxicity. The best OPH substrate found to date is diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate (paraoxon). Most structural and kinetic studies assume that the binding orientation of paraoxon is identical to that of diethyl 4-methylbenzylphosphonate, which is the only substrate analog co-crystallized with OPH. In the current work, we used a combined docking and molecular dynamics (MD) approach to predict the likely binding mode of paraoxon. Then, we used the predicted binding mode to run MD simulations on the wild type (WT) OPH complexed with paraoxon, and OPH mutants complexed with paraoxon. Additionally, we identified three hot-spot residues (D253, H254, and I255) involved in the stability of the OPH active site. We then experimentally assayed single and double mutants involving these residues for paraoxon binding affinity. The binding free energy calculations and the experimental kinetics of the reactions between each OPH mutant and paraoxon show that mutated forms D253E, D253E-H254R, and D253E-I255G exhibit enhanced substrate binding affinity over WT OPH. Interestingly, our experimental results show that the substrate binding affinity of the double mutant D253E-H254R increased by 19-fold compared to WT OPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa El Khoury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (L.E.K.); (D.L.M.)
| | - David L. Mobley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (L.E.K.); (D.L.M.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Dongmei Ye
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA
| | - Susan B. Rempe
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA
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Lyagin I, Efremenko E. Enzymes, Reacting with Organophosphorus Compounds as Detoxifiers: Diversity and Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1761. [PMID: 33578824 PMCID: PMC7916636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) are able to interact with various biological targets in living organisms, including enzymes. The binding of OPCs to enzymes does not always lead to negative consequences for the body itself, since there are a lot of natural biocatalysts that can catalyze the chemical transformations of the OPCs via hydrolysis or oxidation/reduction and thereby provide their detoxification. Some of these enzymes, their structural differences and identity, mechanisms, and specificity of catalytic action are discussed in this work, including results of computational modeling. Phylogenetic analysis of these diverse enzymes was specially realized for this review to emphasize a great area for future development(s) and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Efremenko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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Schilcher I, Stadler JT, Lechleitner M, Hrzenjak A, Berghold A, Pregartner G, Lhomme M, Holzer M, Korbelius M, Reichmann F, Springer A, Wadsack C, Madl T, Kratky D, Kontush A, Marsche G, Frank S. Endothelial Lipase Modulates Paraoxonase 1 Content and Arylesterase Activity of HDL. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E719. [PMID: 33450841 PMCID: PMC7828365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial lipase (EL) is a strong modulator of the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) structure, composition, and function. Here, we examined the impact of EL on HDL paraoxonase 1 (PON1) content and arylesterase (AE) activity in vitro and in vivo. The incubation of HDL with EL-overexpressing HepG2 cells decreased HDL size, PON1 content, and AE activity. The EL modification of HDL did not diminish the capacity of HDL to associate with PON1 when EL-modified HDL was incubated with PON1-overexpressing cells. The overexpression of EL in mice significantly decreased HDL serum levels but unexpectedly increased HDL PON1 content and HDL AE activity. Enzymatically inactive EL had no effect on the PON1 content of HDL in mice. In healthy subjects, EL serum levels were not significantly correlated with HDL levels. However, HDL PON1 content was positively associated with EL serum levels. The EL-induced changes in the HDL-lipid composition were not linked to the HDL PON1 content. We conclude that primarily, the interaction of enzymatically active EL with HDL, rather than EL-induced alterations in HDL size and composition, causes PON1 displacement from HDL in vitro. In vivo, the EL-mediated reduction of HDL serum levels and the consequently increased PON1-to-HDL ratio in serum increase HDL PON1 content and AE activity in mice. In humans, additional mechanisms appear to underlie the association of EL serum levels and HDL PON1 content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Schilcher
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (I.S.); (M.L.); (M.K.); (A.S.); (T.M.); (D.K.)
| | - Julia T. Stadler
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.T.S.); (M.H.); (F.R.); (G.M.)
| | - Margarete Lechleitner
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (I.S.); (M.L.); (M.K.); (A.S.); (T.M.); (D.K.)
| | - Andelko Hrzenjak
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 16, 8036 Graz, Austria;
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Berghold
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 2, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Gudrun Pregartner
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 2, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Marie Lhomme
- ICANalytics Lipidomics, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Michael Holzer
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.T.S.); (M.H.); (F.R.); (G.M.)
| | - Melanie Korbelius
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (I.S.); (M.L.); (M.K.); (A.S.); (T.M.); (D.K.)
| | - Florian Reichmann
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.T.S.); (M.H.); (F.R.); (G.M.)
| | - Anna Springer
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (I.S.); (M.L.); (M.K.); (A.S.); (T.M.); (D.K.)
| | - Christian Wadsack
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, 8036 Graz, Austria;
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Madl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (I.S.); (M.L.); (M.K.); (A.S.); (T.M.); (D.K.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (I.S.); (M.L.); (M.K.); (A.S.); (T.M.); (D.K.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anatol Kontush
- INSERM Research Unit 1166—ICAN, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.T.S.); (M.H.); (F.R.); (G.M.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Saša Frank
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (I.S.); (M.L.); (M.K.); (A.S.); (T.M.); (D.K.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Carusone TM, Cardiero G, Cerreta M, Mandrich L, Moran O, Porzio E, Catara G, Lacerra G, Manco G. WTAP and BIRC3 are involved in the posttranscriptional mechanisms that impact on the expression and activity of the human lactonase PON2. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:324. [PMID: 32382056 PMCID: PMC7206036 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The activity of human paraoxonase 2 (PON2) is rapidly reduced in cells incubated with the bacterial quorormone 3-Oxo-dodecanoyl Homoserine Lactone (3OC12HSL), an observation that led to hypothesize a fast PON2 post-translational modification (PTM). Recently, we detected a 3OC12HSL-induced PTM in a cell-free system in which a crude extract from 3OC12HSL-treated HeLa cells was able to inactivate and ubiquitinate at position 144 a recombinant PON2. Here we show the occurrence of this and new PTMs on PON2 in HeLa cells. PTMs were found to gather nearby the two SNPs, A148G, and S311C, that are related to type-2 diabetes and its complications. Furthermore, we detected a PTM nearby a 12 amino acids region that is deleted in PON2 Isoform 2. An in vitro mutation analysis showed that the SNPs and the deletion are involved in PON2 activity and suggested a role of PTMs on its modulation, while a SAXS analysis pointed to Isoform 2 as being largely unstructured, compared to the wild type. Besides, we discovered a control of PON2 expression via a putative mRNA operon involving the Wilms tumor 1 associated protein (WTAP) and the E3 ubiquitin ligase (E3UbL) baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 3 (BIRC3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Maria Carusone
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC, CNR), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cardiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", (IGB-ABT, CNR), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariangela Cerreta
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC, CNR), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Mandrich
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC, CNR), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Oscar Moran
- Institute of Biophysics (IBF, CNR), National Research Council, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Porzio
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC, CNR), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Catara
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC, CNR), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Lacerra
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", (IGB-ABT, CNR), National Research Council, Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Manco
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC, CNR), National Research Council, Naples, Italy.
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11
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Farnoosh G, Khajeh K, Mohammadi M, Hassanpour K, Latifi AM, Aghamollaei H. Catalytic and structural effects of flexible loop deletion in organophosphorus hydrolase enzyme: A thermostability improvement mechanism. J Biosci 2020; 45:54. [PMID: 32345780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thermostability improvement of enzymes used industrially or commercially would develop their capacity and commercial potential due to increased enzymatic competence and cost-effectiveness. Several stabilizing factors have been suggested to be the base of thermal stability, like proline replacements, disulfide bonds, surface loop truncation and ionic pair networks creation. This research evaluated the mechanism of increasing the rigidity of organophosphorus hydrolase enzyme by flexible loop truncation. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the mutated protein retains its stability after loop truncation (five amino acids deleted). The thermostability of the wild-type (OPH-wt) and mutated (OPH-D5) enzymes were investigated by half-life, Delta Gi, and fluorescence and far-UV CD analysis. Results demonstrated an increase half-life and Delta Gi in OPH-D5 compared to OPH-wt. These results were confirmed by extrinsic fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectrometry experiments, therefore, as rigidity increased in OPHD5 after loop truncation, half-life and Delta Gi also increased. Based on these findings, a strong case is presented for thermostability improvement of OPH enzyme by flexible loop truncation after bioinformatics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Farnoosh
- Applied Biotechnology Research Centre, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Demir Y, Balcı N, Gürbüz M. Differential effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on paraoxonase-1 enzyme activity: An in vitro study. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 226:108608. [PMID: 31422163 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase-I (PON1) is a calcium-dependent hydrolytic enzyme, plays an important role in most antioxidant properties related to high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Antidepressant drugs are commonly employed in treatment of mood disorders and anxiety treatment. In this study, human serum PON1 was purified using simple reproducible procedures and the effects of some antidepressant drugs on its activity were determined. It was found that mirtazapine, aripiprazole, escitalopram, and risperidone exhibited potential inhibitory properties on the purified PON1 activity with IC50 values in the range of 115.50-231.00 μM and Ki values in the range of 41.66 ± 4.27 μM-276.36 ± 35.28 μM. Both risperidone and escitalopram inhibited PON1 activity competitively, while both aripiprazole and mirtazapine inhibited PON1 activity non-competitively. Chlorpromazine did not affect PON1 activity. Usage of drugs with significant biological activity may be hazardous in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeliz Demir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Pharmacy Services, Nihat Delibalta Göle Vocational High School, Ardahan University, 75700, Ardahan, Turkey.
| | - Neslihan Balcı
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Gürbüz
- Gaziantep Islahiye State Hospital, 27800 Gaziantep, Turkey
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13
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Alım Z, Kılıç D, Demir Y. Some indazoles reduced the activity of human serum paraoxonase 1, an antioxidant enzyme: in vitro inhibition and molecular modeling studies. Arch Physiol Biochem 2019; 125:387-395. [PMID: 29741961 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2018.1470646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Paraoxonase 1 (PON1: EC 3.1.8.1) is a vital antioxidant enzyme against mainly atherosclerosis and many other diseases associated with oxidative stress. Thus, studies related to PON1 have an important place in the pharmacology. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the in vitro inhibition effects of some indazoles on the activity of human PON1. Methods: PON1 was purified from human serum with a specific activity of 5000 U/mg and 13.50% yield by using simple chromatographic methods. Results: The indazoles showed Ki values in a range of 26.0 ± 3.00-111 ± 31.0 μM against hPON1. All these indazoles exhibited competitive inhibition. In addition, molecular docking studies were performed in order to assess the probable binding mechanisms into the active site of hPON1. Molecular modeling studies confirmed our results. Conclusions: Inhibition of PON1 by indazoles supplies a verification to further consideration of limitation dosage of indazole molecule groups as drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhal Alım
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry, Ahi Evran University , Kırşehir , Turkey
| | - Deryanur Kılıç
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry, Aksaray University , Aksaray , Turkey
| | - Yeliz Demir
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Ataturk University , Erzurum , Turkey
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14
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Del Carmen Xotlanihua-Gervacio M, Herrera-Moreno JF, Medina-Díaz IM, Bernal-Hernández YY, Rothenberg SJ, Barrón-Vivanco BS, Rojas-García AE. Relationship between internal and external factors and the activity of PON1. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:24946-24957. [PMID: 31243662 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an A-esterase calcium-dependent enzyme that is associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and capable of hydrolyzing a wide variety of substrates, including organophosphate (OP) pesticides. The PON1 phenotype can be modulated by multiple internal and external factors, thereby affecting the catalytic capacity of the enzyme. The aim of this study was to evaluate factors that could modulate PON1 activity in a sample occupationally exposed to pesticides. A cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study was carried out with 240 workers. The participants were stratified according to their level of pesticide exposure as reference, moderate-exposure, and high-exposure groups. PON1 activities (arylesterase/AREase, CMPAase, and ssPONase (salt-stimulated)) were determined by spectrophotometry, and the Q192R and L55MPON1 genotypes by real-time PCR. The most frequent genotypes were heterozygous (QR) and homozygous (LL) for PON1Q192R and PON1L55M polymorphisms, respectively. The internal factors associated with the activity of PON1 were the PON1 genotypes (55 and 192) and biochemical parameters related to the lipid profile, in contrast, various external factors related to diet and harmful habits as well as with exposure to pesticides were associated with the activity of PON1. However, using a multivariate mixed ordinal regression model, we found a significant reduction of ssPONase activity in the high-exposure group compared with the reference group only in haplotypes QQLL and RRLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Carmen Xotlanihua-Gervacio
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n, Col. Centro, C.P, 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Unidad Académica de Agricultura, Km. 9 Carretera Tepic - Compostela, Xalisco, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Herrera-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n, Col. Centro, C.P, 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Unidad Académica de Agricultura, Km. 9 Carretera Tepic - Compostela, Xalisco, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Irma Martha Medina-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n, Col. Centro, C.P, 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Yael Yvette Bernal-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n, Col. Centro, C.P, 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Stephen J Rothenberg
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Briscia S Barrón-Vivanco
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n, Col. Centro, C.P, 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Aurora Elizabeth Rojas-García
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n, Col. Centro, C.P, 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.
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15
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Mehta J, Dhaka S, Paul AK, Dayananda S, Deep A. Organophosphate hydrolase conjugated UiO-66-NH 2 MOF based highly sensitive optical detection of methyl parathion. Environ Res 2019; 174:46-53. [PMID: 31029941 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The hexahistidine-tagged organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH6His) has been immobilized on a Zr-MOF, namely UiO-66-NH2. The resulting enzyme-MOF composite was used as a carrier to facilitate the hydrolysis of an organophosphate pesticide, i.e., methyl parathion in to p-nitrophenol (PNP). The formation of PNP took place in direct proportion to the added pesticide concentration. Coumarin1 (7-diethylamino-4-methylcoumarin) was then introduced in the reaction mixture as a reporter fluorescent molecule. As PNP acted to quench the fluorescence of coumarin1, it became possible to detect methyl parathion over a wide concentration range of 10-106 ng/mL with an achievable limit of quantification as 10 ng/mL. The immobilization of OPH6His on the surface of UiO-66-NH2 was found to endow an improvement in the enzymatic activity by about 37%. The OPH6His/UiO-66-NH2 conjugate was reusable for at least up to eight times and also found stable toward long-term storage (minimum 60 days). The potential practical utility of the above proposed sensing method has been demonstrated by employing it for an accurate analysis of pesticide-spiked food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsana Mehta
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Lab (Division: H-1), Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30C, Chandigarh, 160030, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR-CSIO), Sector 30C, Chandigarh, 160030, India
| | - Sarita Dhaka
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Lab (Division: H-1), Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30C, Chandigarh, 160030, India
| | - Ashok K Paul
- Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab, India
| | | | - Akash Deep
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Lab (Division: H-1), Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30C, Chandigarh, 160030, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR-CSIO), Sector 30C, Chandigarh, 160030, India.
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16
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Heidari MF, Arab SS, Noroozi-Aghideh A, Tebyanian H, Latifi AM. Evaluation of the substitutions in 212, 342 and 215 amino acid positions in binding site of organophosphorus acid anhydrolase using the molecular docking and laboratory analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 120:139-143. [PMID: 30793618 DOI: 10.4149/bll_2019_022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Organophosphorus Acid Anhydrolase (OPAA) is used as one of the most important enzymes in the decontamination process of organophosphate compounds. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of amino acid substitution in OPAA's substrate-binding site on its catalytic activity using the rational engineering strategy. METHODS The native and three mutant forms of OPAA enzyme including 4ZWP, 4ZWU and Mut6 were studied using the docking technique toward parathion, paraoxon and R-VX compounds. Furthermore, enzyme assay was performed on the native OPAA and Mut6 toward parathion. RESULTS Docking results showed a decreased catalytic activity of the mutant forms toward parathion and paraoxon. Furthermore, enzyme assay showed in accordance with docking results a decreased activity of Mut6 compared to the native form. The results of docking prediction for R-VX showed an increased catalytic activity of 4ZWP and 4ZWU. 4ZWU had the highest activity, while the activity of Mut6 was lower than the native form. CONCLUSION Amino acid positions of 212 and 342 seem to be important sites in the small pocket of OPAA affecting the enzyme catalytic activity. Therefore, substitution of these sites with appropriate amino acids depending on the substrate structure, can affect the enzyme catalytic efficiency (Tab. 2, Fig. 3, Ref. 30).
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17
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Chen Y, Luo Z, Lu X. Construction of Novel Enzyme-Graphene Oxide Catalytic Interface with Improved Enzymatic Performance and Its Assembly Mechanism. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:11349-11359. [PMID: 30843386 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b20744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a novel bioinorganic catalytic interface, combining the in situ radical polymerization technique with the noncovalent adsorption method, was successfully fabricated, and its assembly mechanism was explored. The in situ radical polymerization technique was applied to construct a polymer shell around the enzyme surface to form the protein nanocapsule. Then, protein nanocapsules assembled on the surface of graphene oxide (GO) through noncovalent interactions to fabricate the dual-immobilized enzyme system. Here, native organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) and OPH nanocapsule (nOPH10) were immobilized on GO to form the traditional immobilized OPH (OPH@GO) and dual-immobilized OPH (nOPH10@GO), respectively. The introduced polymer shell could protect the enzyme from various denaturation factors and provide abundant functional groups to interact with supports to strengthen the interactions between them. Compared to native OPH and OPH@GO, the resulting nOPH10@GO exhibited enhanced catalytic activity, stability, and reusability. The nOPH10@GO was further used to construct the biosensor, which exhibited better detection performance compared with that of OPH@GO. These features indicated that the introduced enzyme immobilization system could enhance the enzymatic performance and broaden its application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhi Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Zhigang Luo
- School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation , Dongguan 523808 , China
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center) , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Xuanxuan Lu
- Department of Food Science , Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , 65 Dudley Road , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08901 , United States
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18
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Moon Y, Jafry AT, Bang Kang S, Young Seo J, Baek KY, Kim EJ, Pan JG, Choi JY, Kim HJ, Han Lee K, Jeong K, Bae SW, Shin S, Lee J, Lee Y. Organophosphorus hydrolase-poly-β-cyclodextrin as a stable self-decontaminating bio-catalytic material for sorption and degradation of organophosphate pesticide. J Hazard Mater 2019; 365:261-269. [PMID: 30447633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A region suffering from an attack of a nerve agent requires not only a highly sorptive material but also a fast-acting catalyst to decontaminate the lethal chemical present. The product should be capable of high sorptive capacity, selectivity and quick response time to neutralize the long lasting harmful effects of nerve agents. Herein, we have utilized organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) as a non-toxic bio-catalytic material held in with the supporting matrix of poly-β-cyclodextrin (PCD) as a novel sorptive reinforced self-decontaminating material against organophosphate intoxication. OPH coated PCD (OPH-PCD) will not only be providing support for holding enzyme but also would be adsorbing methyl paraoxon (MPO) used as a simulant, in a host-guest inclusion complex formation. Sorption trend for PCD revealed preference towards the more hydrophobic MPO against para-nitrophenol (pNP). The results show sorption capacity of 1.26 mg/g of 100 μM MPO with PCD which was 1.7 times higher compared to pNP. The reaction rate with immobilized OPH-PCD was found to be 23% less compared to free enzyme. With the help of OPH-PCD, continuous hydrolysis (100%) of MPO into pNP was observed for a period of 24 h through packed bed reactor with good reproducibility and stability of enzyme. The long-term stability also confirmed its stable nature for the investigation period of 4 days where it maintained activity. Combined with its fast and reactive nature, the resulting self-decontaminating regenerating material provides a promising strategy for the neutralization of nerve agents and preserving the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngkwang Moon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ali Turab Jafry
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Bang Kang
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Seo
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Youl Baek
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Hyun-Ji Kim
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Han Lee
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keunhong Jeong
- Department of Chemistry and Nuclear & WMD Protection Research Center, Korea Military Academy, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Won Bae
- Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghan Shin
- Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkee Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yongwoo Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Jin Y, Yang Y, Su Y, Ye X, Liu W, Yang Q, Wang J, Fu X, Gong Y, Sun H. Identification a novel clinical biomarker in early diagnosis of human non-small cell lung cancer. Glycoconj J 2019; 36:57-68. [PMID: 30607521 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-018-09853-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality. The clinical biomarkers currently used for the early diagnosis of lung cancer have poor sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, it is urgent to identify sensitive biomarkers for the early detection of NSCLC to improve the patient survival of patients. In our previously study, we identified glycoprotein alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (AACT) as an early biomarker of NSCLC. In this study, serum glycopeptides were enriched using the high-GlcNAc-specific binding lectin, AANL/AAL2, for further quantitative proteomics analysis using LC-MS/MS. A total of 55 differentially expressed proteins were identified by using demethylation labelling proteomics. Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 (PON1) was selected for validation by western blotting and lectin-ELISA in samples from 120 enrolled patients. Our data showed that AANL-enriched PON1 has better diagnostic performance than total PON1 in early NSCLC, since it differed between early Stage I tumor samples and tumor-free samples (healthy and benign). Combining AANL-enriched PON1 with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) significantly improved the diagnostic specificity of CEA. Moreover, combined AANL-enriched PON1 and AANL-enriched AACT was significantly different between early NSCLC samples and tumor-free samples with an AUC of 0.940, 94.4% sensitivity, and 90.2% specificity. Our findings suggest that combined AANL-enriched PON1 and AANL-enriched AACT is a potential clinical biomarker for the early diagnosis of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Jin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, 435002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanting Su
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Ye
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Tongji Medical Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangning Fu
- Tongji Medical Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Gong
- Suzhou Municipal Hospital, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215008, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China.
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China.
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20
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DelRe C, Huang C, Li T, Dennis P, Drockenmuller E, Xu T. Reusable Enzymatic Fiber Mats for Neurotoxin Remediation in Water. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:44216-44220. [PMID: 30508482 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Highly effective and reusable organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH)-loaded fiber mats have been fabricated that are capable of degrading toxic organophosphates (OPs) over a broad range of relevant concentrations (from 8 to 8250 ppm). The inherent fragility of enzymes, a major impediment in their incorporation into technologically relevant materials, was overcome while retaining their high catalytic efficiency, selectivity, and sensitivity via a random heteropolymers (RHP) approach. Kinetic analysis guides the design of polycaprolactone matrix morphology from films to fibers, facilitating substrate diffusion in the material. The RHP-OPH fiber mats demonstrate excellent stability and reusability with minimal requirements for storage, retaining over 40% of their initial activity after repeated daily use for three months. Practically, present studies provide valuable guidance toward fabrication of enzyme-based functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher DelRe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Charley Huang
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Tim Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Patrick Dennis
- Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Eric Drockenmuller
- CNRS, Ingenierie des Materiaux Polymeres , Univ Lyon, Universite Lyon 1 , UMR 5223 , F-69003 Lyon , France
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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21
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Abstract
Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is a high-density lipoprotein-associated esterase and is speculated to play a role in several human diseases including diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Low PON1 activity has been associated with increased risk of major cardiovascular events, therefore a variety of studies have been conducted to establish the cardioprotective properties and clinical relevance of PON1. The major aim of this review was to highlight the important studies and to subsequently assess if PON1 has clinical relevance. A review of the literature showed that there is currently insufficient data to suggest that PON1 has clinical relevance. It is our opinion that robust studies are required to clarify the clinical relevance of PON1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Chilton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology and Interventional Cardiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonia, San Antonia, TX, USA
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22
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Dahli L, Atrahimovich D, Vaya J, Khatib S. Lyso-DGTS lipid isolated from microalgae enhances PON1 activities in vitro and in vivo, increases PON1 penetration into macrophages and decreases cellular lipid accumulation. Biofactors 2018; 44:299-310. [PMID: 29659105 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays an important role in preventing atherosclerosis. The antioxidant effect of HDL is mostly associated with paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity. Increasing PON1 activity using nutrients might improve HDL function and quality and thus, decrease atherosclerotic risk. We previously isolated and identified a novel active compound, lyso-DGTS (C20:5,0) from Nannochloropsis sp. ethanol extract. In the present study, its effect on PON1 activities was examined and the mechanism by which the compound affects PON1 activity was explored. Lyso-DGTS elevated recombinant PON1 (rePON1) lactonase and esterase activities in a dose- and time-responsive manner, and further stabilized and preserved rePON1 lactonase activity. Incubation of lyso-DGTS with human serum for 4 h at 37 °C also increased PON1 lactonase activity in a dose-responsive manner. Using tryptophan-fluorescence-quenching assay, lyso-DGTS was found to interact with rePON1 spontaneously with negative free energy (ΔG = -22.87 kJ mol-1 at 25 °C). Thermodynamic parameters and molecular modeling calculations showed that the main interaction of lyso-DGTS with the enzyme is through a hydrogen bond with supporting van der Waals interactions. Furthermore, lyso-DGTS significantly increased rePON1 influx into macrophages and prevented lipid accumulation in macrophages stimulated with oxidized low-density lipid dose-dependently. In vivo supplementation of lyso-DGTS to the circulation of mice fed a high-fat diet via osmotic mini-pumps implanted subcutaneously significantly increased serum PON1 lactonase activity and decreased serum glucose concentrations to the level of mice fed a normal diet. Our findings suggest a beneficial effect of lyso-DGTS on increasing PON1 activity and thus, improving HDL quality and atherosclerotic risk factors. © 2018 BioFactors, 44(3):299-310, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loureen Dahli
- Department of Oxidative Stress and Human Diseases, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 12210, Israel
| | - Dana Atrahimovich
- Department of Oxidative Stress and Human Diseases, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Jacob Vaya
- Department of Oxidative Stress and Human Diseases, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 12210, Israel
| | - Soliman Khatib
- Department of Oxidative Stress and Human Diseases, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 12210, Israel
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23
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Rhoads MK, Hauk P, Gupta V, Bookstaver ML, Stephens K, Payne GF, Bentley WE. Modification and Assembly of a Versatile Lactonase for Bacterial Quorum Quenching. Molecules 2018; 23:E341. [PMID: 29415497 PMCID: PMC6016966 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This work sets out to provide a self-assembled biopolymer capsule activated with a multi-functional enzyme for localized delivery. This enzyme, SsoPox, which is a lactonase and phosphotriesterase, provides a means of interrupting bacterial communication pathways that have been shown to mediate pathogenicity. Here we demonstrate the capability to express, purify and attach SsoPox to the natural biopolymer chitosan, preserving its activity to "neutralize" long-chain autoinducer-1 (AI-1) communication molecules. Attachment is shown via non-specific binding and by engineering tyrosine and glutamine affinity 'tags' at the C-terminus for covalent linkage. Subsequent degradation of AI-1, in this case N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone (OdDHL), serves to "quench" bacterial quorum sensing (QS), silencing intraspecies communication. By attaching enzymes to pH-responsive chitosan that, in turn, can be assembled into various forms, we demonstrate device-based flexibility for enzyme delivery. Specifically, we have assembled quorum-quenching capsules consisting of an alginate inner core and an enzyme "decorated" chitosan shell that are shown to preclude bacterial QS crosstalk, minimizing QS mediated behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Rhoads
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (IBBR), University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Pricila Hauk
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (IBBR), University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Valerie Gupta
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Michelle L Bookstaver
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Kristina Stephens
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (IBBR), University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Gregory F Payne
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (IBBR), University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - William E Bentley
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (IBBR), University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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24
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Purg M, Elias M, Kamerlin SCL. Similar Active Sites and Mechanisms Do Not Lead to Cross-Promiscuity in Organophosphate Hydrolysis: Implications for Biotherapeutic Engineering. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17533-17546. [PMID: 29113434 PMCID: PMC5724027 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate hydrolases are proficient catalysts of the breakdown of neurotoxic organophosphates and have great potential as both biotherapeutics for treating acute organophosphate toxicity and as bioremediation agents. However, proficient organophosphatases such as serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and the organophosphate-hydrolyzing lactonase SsoPox are unable to hydrolyze bulkyorganophosphates with challenging leaving groups such as diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) or venomous agent X, creating a major challenge for enzyme design. Curiously, despite their mutually exclusive substrate specificities, PON1 and diisopropyl fluorophosphatase (DFPase) have essentially identical active sites and tertiary structures. In the present work, we use empirical valence bond simulations to probe the catalytic mechanism of DFPase as well as temperature, pH, and mutational effects, demonstrating that DFPase and PON1 also likely utilize identical catalytic mechanisms to hydrolyze their respective substrates. However, detailed examination of both static structures and dynamical simulations demonstrates subtle but significant differences in the electrostatic properties and solvent penetration of the two active sites and, most critically, the role of residues that make no direct contact with either substrate in acting as "specificity switches" between the two enzymes. Specifically, we demonstrate that key residues that are structurally and functionally critical for the paraoxonase activity of PON1 prevent it from being able to hydrolyze DFP with its fluoride leaving group. These insights expand our understanding of the drivers of the evolution of divergent substrate specificity in enzymes with identical active sites and guide the future design of organophosphate hydrolases that hydrolyze compounds with challenging leaving groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miha Purg
- Science for Life
Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 596, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Elias
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics &
Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Shina Caroline Lynn Kamerlin
- Science for Life
Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 596, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Abstract
The paraoxonase (PON) gene family includes three proteins, PON1, PON2 and PON3. PON1 and PON3 are both associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and exert anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. PON2 and PON3 are intracellular enzymes which modulate mitochondrial superoxide anion production and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis. The pleiotropic roles exerted by PONs have been mainly investigated in cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, overexpression of PON2 and PON3 has been observed in cancer cells and it has been proposed that both enzymes could be involved in tumor survival and stress resistance. Moreover, a lower activity of serum PON1 has been reported in cancer patients. This review summarizes literature data on the role of PONs in human cancers and their potential role as a target for antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Bacchetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences (DiSVA), Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Gianna Ferretti
- Department of Clinical Science and Odontostomatology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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26
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Gençer N, Yavuz E. An alternative purification method for human serum paraoxonase 1 and its interaction with methidathion. Arch Physiol Biochem 2017; 123:159-164. [PMID: 28276711 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2017.1279632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an alternative purification method for human Paraoxonase 1 (hPON1) enzyme was developed using two-step procedures, namely ammonium sulphate precipitation and Sepharose-4B-L-tyrosine-1-aminoanthracene hydrophobic interaction chromatography. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the enzyme indicates a single band with an apparent MW of 43 kDa. The enzyme was purified 674-fold with a yield of 16%. Furthermore, we examined the in vitro effect of methidathion on the enzyme activity to understand the better inhibitory properties of the compound. Methidathion is a highly toxic insecticide used to control a broad spectrum of agricultural insect and mite pests. IC50 value was found to be 0.130 mM for the pesticide. Methidathion showed a competitive inhibition with Ki of 0.119 mM for paraoxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahit Gençer
- a Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Art and Science, Balikesir University , Balikesir , Turkey
| | - Emre Yavuz
- a Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Art and Science, Balikesir University , Balikesir , Turkey
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27
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Ramambason C, Moroy G, Daubigney F, Paul JL, Janel N. Effect of cadmium administration in hyperhomocysteinemic mice due to cystathionine beta synthase deficiency. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:365-70. [PMID: 27165444 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Homocysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid formed during the metabolism of methionine, is commonly slightly elevated in the plasma of the general population. Additionally, we previously found that cystathionine beta synthase-deficient mice, a murine model of hyperhomocysteinemia, exhibit altered activities of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XME), which dispose of foreign chemicals, in the liver. Thus, hyperhomocysteinemia may result in susceptibility to xenobiotics like cadmium, a heavy-metal toxicant found in drinking water, atmospheric air, and food. Consequently, we exposed hyperhomocysteinemic mice to cadmium via their drinking water for one month to analyze the combined effects of hyperhomocysteinemia and cadmium exposure in liver. No difference in plasma homocysteine level was found after cadmium administration in control and hyperhomocysteinemic mice, but the glutathione level was significantly lower in exposed hyperhomocysteinemic mice compared to control mice, reflecting oxidative stress. We therefore analyzed the effect of Cd administration on hepatic XMEs known to be dysregulated in hyperhomocysteinemic mice: paraoxonase 1, a phase I XME, and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase, a phase II XME. Cadmium exposure negatively affected activity of paraoxonase 1, a calcium-dependent enzyme. Thus, we analyzed another calcium-dependent enzyme known to be dysregulated in liver of hyperhomocysteinemic mice, calpain, which was also significantly lower after cadmium administration. A comparison of the calculated affinities of cadmium docking versus calcium redocking suggested that cadmium ions may inhibit enzymatic activities by preventing the binding of calcium ions. Moreover, the increased NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase activity observed after cadmium administration could indicate the presence of protective mechanisms in liver of mice. In conclusion, although cadmium administration had no effect on plasma homocysteine level, its effects on plasma glutathionine level suggest a susceptibility to cadmium in the condition of hyperhomocysteinemia, which could be countered by an increased NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ramambason
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Gautier Moroy
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMRS-973, MTi, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Daubigney
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Paul
- AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Biochimie, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Janel
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, F-75205 Paris, France.
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Sahebkar A, Hernández-Aguilera A, Abelló D, Sancho E, Camps J, Joven J. Systematic review and meta-analysis deciphering the impact of fibrates on paraoxonase-1 status. Metabolism 2016; 65:609-622. [PMID: 27085770 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A significant residual cardiovascular risk is consistently observed in patients treated with statins. A combined treatment with fibrates reduces cardiovascular events in very high-risk patients. Because this is apparently unconnected to an improvement in lipid-related outcomes we hypothesized that the cardioprotective effects of fibrates might be associated with an improvement in paraoxonase-1 (PON1) status. METHOD The search for existing evidence, using the Medline, Scopus and Cochrane databases, was systematic and followed the PRISMA statement without restrictions on publication date. We excluded non-clinical and observational studies and we extracted data on baseline and post-treatment values of serum PON1 activity and other measurements of PON1 status. RESULTS Nine studies (including 12 treatment arms) in patients with hyperlipidemia, diabetes or metabolic syndrome treated with fibrates, alone or in combination with statins, were included to synthesize results. A meta-analysis of the data using a random-effects model revealed a significant increase in serum PON1 activity following fibrate therapy (WMD: 15.64U/L, 95% CI: 6.94, 24.34, p<0.001), an effect that was robust and not sensitive to any particular study. Subgroup analysis indicated differences in the effect size among types of fibrates and that PON1 alterations were associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol changes following fibrate therapy. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate a significant PON1-enhancing effect of fibrates. Whether this effect is associated with a clinical benefit, although likely, remains to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic Research Centre, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Anna Hernández-Aguilera
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - David Abelló
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Elena Sancho
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Jordi Camps
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Jorge Joven
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain.
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Aggarwal G, Prajapati R, Tripathy RK, Bajaj P, Iyengar ARS, Sangamwar AT, Pande AH. Toward Understanding the Catalytic Mechanism of Human Paraoxonase 1: Site-Specific Mutagenesis at Position 192. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147999. [PMID: 26829396 PMCID: PMC4734699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human paraoxonase 1 (h-PON1) is a serum enzyme that can hydrolyze a variety of substrates. The enzyme exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-atherogenic, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial and organophosphate-hydrolyzing activities. Thus, h-PON1 is a strong candidate for the development of therapeutic intervention against a variety conditions in human. However, the crystal structure of h-PON1 is not solved and the molecular details of how the enzyme hydrolyzes different substrates are not clear yet. Understanding the catalytic mechanism(s) of h-PON1 is important in developing the enzyme for therapeutic use. Literature suggests that R/Q polymorphism at position 192 in h-PON1 dramatically modulates the substrate specificity of the enzyme. In order to understand the role of the amino acid residue at position 192 of h-PON1 in its various hydrolytic activities, site-specific mutagenesis at position 192 was done in this study. The mutant enzymes were produced using Escherichia coli expression system and their hydrolytic activities were compared against a panel of substrates. Molecular dynamics simulation studies were employed on selected recombinant h-PON1 (rh-PON1) mutants to understand the effect of amino acid substitutions at position 192 on the structural features of the active site of the enzyme. Our results suggest that, depending on the type of substrate, presence of a particular amino acid residue at position 192 differentially alters the micro-environment of the active site of the enzyme resulting in the engagement of different subsets of amino acid residues in the binding and the processing of substrates. The result advances our understanding of the catalytic mechanism of h-PON1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Aggarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali) -160062, Punjab, India
| | - Rameshwar Prajapati
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali) -160062, Punjab, India
| | - Rajan K. Tripathy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali) -160062, Punjab, India
| | - Priyanka Bajaj
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali) -160062, Punjab, India
| | - A. R. Satvik Iyengar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali) -160062, Punjab, India
| | - Abhay T. Sangamwar
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali) -160062, Punjab, India
| | - Abhay H. Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali) -160062, Punjab, India
- * E-mail:
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30
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Mandrich L, Cerreta M, Manco G. An Engineered Version of Human PON2 Opens the Way to Understand the Role of Its Post-Translational Modifications in Modulating Catalytic Activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144579. [PMID: 26656916 PMCID: PMC4684340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The human paraoxonase 2 (PON2) has been described as a highly specific lactonase hydrolysing the quorum sensing molecule N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (3OC12-HSL) and having secondary esterase but not phosphotriesterase activity, in contrast with the related enzymes PON1 and PON3. It has been suggested that PON2 enzyme activity is dependent on glycosylation and its N-terminal region has been recently demonstrated to be a transmembrane domain mediating association to membranes. In the present study we describe a mutated form of PON2, lacking the above N-terminal region, which has been further stabilized by the insertion of six amino acidic substitutions. The engineered version, hence forth called rPON2, has been over-expressed in E.coli, refolded from inclusion bodies and purified, yielding an enzyme with the same characteristics as the full length enzyme. Therefore the first conclusion of this work was that the catalytic activity is independent from the N-terminus and protein glycosylation. The kinetic characterization confirmed the primary activity on 3OC12-HSL; accordingly, in vitro experiments of inhibition of the biofilm formed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1) have demonstrated that rPON2 is more effective than PON1. In addition, we observed small but significant activity against organophosphorothiotes pesticides, m-parathion, coumaphos and malathion.The availability of fair amount of active protein allowed to pinpoint, by mass-spectrometry, ubiquitination of Lys 168 induced in rPON2 by HeLa extract and to correlate such post-translational modification to the modulation of catalytic activity. A mutational analysis of the modified residue confirmed the result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Mandrich
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Mariangela Cerreta
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manco
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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31
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Abulimite Z, Mu X, Xiao S, Liu M, Li Q, Chen G. New chemiluminescent substrates of paraoxonase 1 with improved specificity: synthesis and properties. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 176:301-16. [PMID: 25809994 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1575-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an important hydrolase, and the enzyme activity decreases in patients with liver disease, diabetes, coronary heart disease, etc. Phenyl acetate and organophosphates are usually employed as substrates for serum PON1 activity assay. However, phenyl acetate for arylesterase activity assay exhibits disadvantage of high background. According to properties of PON1, four new chemiluminescent acridinium esters were designed, prepared through three steps, and characterized with (1)H NMR and mass spectrometry (MS) data, and their properties as PON1 substrates were investigated. The hydrolyses of the four compounds catalyzed by recombinant human PON1 (rhPON1) (or serum) followed first-order kinetics within 22 min. The PON1 activator (NaCl, 0.10 mol L(-1)) could boost the rhPON1-mediated and serum-mediated hydrolyses of the acridinium esters to 2.01 ~ 2.26 folds, but 1.0 mol L(-1) NaCl decreased the serum arylesterase activity. RhPON1 showed selectivity over other serum esterases such as lipase, acetylcholinesterase, and esterase D more than 300 folds. By using ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) inhibitor, the specificities of the four substrates toward serum PON1 were determined as 78.3 ~ 92.9%, which is improved than that of the model compound 9-(4-chloro-phenoxycarbonyl)-10-methylacridinium ester triflate. Due to low toxicity, high specificity, and sensitivity of the substrates, they are useful for serum PON1 activity assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulipiyan Abulimite
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
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Cohen E, Aviram M, Khatib S, Artoul F, Rabin A, Mannheim D, Karmeli R, Salamon T, Vaya J. Human carotid plaque phosphatidylcholine specifically interacts with paraoxonase 1, increases its activity, and enhances its uptake by macrophage at the expense of its binding to HDL. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 76:14-24. [PMID: 25091896 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human carotid atherosclerotic plaque is in direct contact with circulatory blood components. Thus, plaque and blood components may affect each other. The current study presents the effects of plaque chloroform:methanol (C:M) extract on the HDL-associated enzyme paraoxnase 1 (PON1). This study is part of our investigation on the mutual effects of the interactions between atherosclerotic lesions and blood components. Recombinant PON1 (rePON1) was incubated with the human carotid plaques C:M extract and PON1 activities were analyzed. Lactonase and paraoxonase activities were elevated due to C:M treatment, by 140 and by 69%, respectively. Analytical chemistry analyses revealed specific phosphatidylcholines (PCs) as the plaque active components. Tryptophan fluorescence quenching assay, together with molecular docking, shows that PON1 activity is enhanced in correlation with the level of PC affinity to PON1. Molecular docking revealed that PCs interact specifically with H2-PON1 α-helix, which together with H1 enzyme α-helix links the protein to the HDL surface. These findings are supported by additional results from the PON1 ∆20 mutant that lack its H1-α-helix. Incubation of this mutant with the plaque C:M extract increased PON1 activity by only 20%, much less than the wild-type PON1 that elevated PON1 activity at the same concentration by as much as 95%. Furthermore, as much as the affinity of the enzyme to the PC was augmented, the ability of PON1 to bind to the HDL particle decreased. Finally, PON1 interaction with PC enhance its uptake into the macrophage cytoplasm. In conclusions, Specific lesion phosphatidylcholines (PCs) present in the human carotid plaque significantly enhance PON1 catalytic activities due to their interaction with the enzyme. Such a lesion׳s PC-PON1 interaction, in turn, competes with HDL PCs and enhances PON1 uptake by macrophage at the expense of PON1 binding to the HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Cohen
- Department of Oxidative Stress and Human Diseases, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, and Tel Hai College, Israel; Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Michael Aviram
- Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Soliman Khatib
- Department of Oxidative Stress and Human Diseases, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, and Tel Hai College, Israel
| | - Fadi Artoul
- Department of Oxidative Stress and Human Diseases, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, and Tel Hai College, Israel
| | - Asaf Rabin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dalit Mannheim
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ron Karmeli
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tal Salamon
- Vascular Surgery Unit, Ziv Medical center, Zefat, Israel
| | - Jacob Vaya
- Department of Oxidative Stress and Human Diseases, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, and Tel Hai College, Israel.
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Jaiswal N, Rizvi SI. Onion extract (Allium cepa L.), quercetin and catechin up-regulate paraoxonase 1 activity with concomitant protection against low-density lipoprotein oxidation in male Wistar rats subjected to oxidative stress. J Sci Food Agric 2014; 94:2752-2757. [PMID: 25328927 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) protects the oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and is a major anti-atherosclerotic protein component of high-density lipoprotein. We explored the effect of onion extract and flavonoids (quercetin and catechin) in the regulation of PON1 expression and correlating with oxidised LDL levels in male Wistar rats subjected to mercuric chloride (HgCl₂) induced oxidative insult. Rats were divided into eight groups: Control, Experimental (HgCl₂), Experimental + onion/catechin/quercetin, Positive control (Normal + onion/catechin/quercetin). Treatment continued for 4 weeks. RESULTS PON1 activity and radical scavenging activity decreased in the Experimental group (P < 0.001) with increased susceptibility of LDL for oxidation and plasma malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.001). Onion extract significantly attenuated the adverse effects of HgCl₂ by up-regulating PON1 activity (P < 0.05), radical scavenging activity (P < 0.01), and protected against LDL oxidation (P < 0.001) and lipid peroxidation (P < 0.01). Similar effects were observed with quercetin and to a lesser extent with catechin. CONCLUSIONS The findings may explain the anti-atherosclerotic effect of onion and also foods containing quercetin and catechins.
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McDaniel CY, Dail MB, Wills RW, Chambers HW, Chambers JE. Paraoxonase 1 polymorphisms within a Mississippi USA population as possible biomarkers of enzyme activities associated with disease susceptibility. Biochem Genet 2014; 52:509-23. [PMID: 25027835 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-014-9663-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Paraoxonase (PON1) hydrolyzes paraoxon (PO) and diazoxon (DZO), active metabolites of insecticides parathion and diazinon. The PON1 gene has single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) including a codon 192 arginine (R) to glutamine (Q) and methionine (M) to leucine (L) at codon 55. Hydrolysis of PO (POase), DZO (DZOase), dihydrocoumarin (lactonase), and phenyl acetate (arylesterase) were evaluated for associations with race, gender, age, and PON1 55/192 SNP genotypes. Variables were analyzed both individually and in combination. QQ individuals had higher lactonase (p < 0.001) than RR individuals. This might partially explain why predominantly RR African Americans have higher rates of coronary disease than predominantly QQ Caucasians. Significant (p < 0.001) differences in arylesterase were seen among genotypes with QQ and MM lowest whereas RR and LL were highest. This opposes the prevailing belief that arylesterase is unaffected by genotype and suggests that this activity cannot be used to quantify PON1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiquita Y McDaniel
- Basic Sciences Department and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6100, 240 Wise Center Drive, Mississippi State, MS, 39762-6100, USA
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Kim M, Gkikas M, Huang A, Kang JW, Suthiwangcharoen N, Nagarajan R, Olsen BD. Enhanced activity and stability of organophosphorus hydrolase via interaction with an amphiphilic polymer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:5345-8. [PMID: 24558645 PMCID: PMC4059822 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47675h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple approach to enhancing the activity and stability of organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) is developed based on interactions between the hydrophobic poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) block of amphiphilic Pluronics and the enzyme. This strategy provides an efficient route to new formulations for decontaminating organophosphate neurotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyu Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Li Q, Wang P, Chen R, Li W, Wu YJ. Construction of genetically engineered bacteria that degrades organophosphorus pesticide residues and can be easily detected by the fluorescence. Environ Technol 2014; 35:556-561. [PMID: 24645434 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2013.837936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) are widely used in agriculture and industry and there is increased concern about their toxicological effects in the environment. Bioremediation can offer an efficient and cost-effective option for the removal of OPs. Herein, we describe the construction of a genetically engineered microorganism (GEM) that can degrade OPs and be directly detected and monitored in the environment using an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusion strategy. The coding regions of EGFP, a reporter protein that can fluoresce by itself, and organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH), which has a broad substrate specificity and is able to hydrolyse a number of organophosphorus pesticides, were cloned into the expression vector pET-28b. The fusion protein of EGFP-OPH was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) and the protein expression reached the highest level at 11 h after isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside induction. The fluorescence of the GEM was detected by fluorescence spectrophotometry and microscopy, and its ability to degrade OPs was determined by OPH activity assay. Those GEM that express the fusion protein (EGFP and OPH) exhibited strong fluorescence intensity and also potent hydrolase activity, which could be used to degrade organophosphorus pesticide residues in the environment and can also be directly monitored by fluorescence.
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Ben-David M, Wieczorek G, Elias M, Silman I, Sussman JL, Tawfik DS. Catalytic metal ion rearrangements underline promiscuity and evolvability of a metalloenzyme. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:1028-38. [PMID: 23318950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although largely deemed as structurally conserved, catalytic metal ion sites can rearrange, thereby contributing to enzyme evolvability. Here, we show that in paraoxonase-1, a lipo-lactonase, catalytic promiscuity and divergence into an organophosphate hydrolase are correlated with an alternative mode of the catalytic Ca(2+). We describe the crystal structures of active-site mutants bearing mutations at position 115. The histidine at this position acts as a base to activate the lactone-hydrolyzing water molecule. Mutations to Trp or Gln indeed diminish paraoxonase-1's lactonase activity; however, the promiscuous organophosphate hydrolase activity is enhanced. The structures reveal a 1.8-Å upward displacement towards the enzyme's surface of the catalytic Ca(2+) in the His115 mutants and configurational changes in the ligating side chains and water molecules, relative to the wild-type enzyme. Biochemical analysis and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that this alternative, upward metal mode mediates the promiscuous hydrolysis of organophosphates. The upward Ca(2+) mode observed in the His115 mutants also appears to mediate the wild type's paraoxonase activity. However, whereas the upward mode dominates in the Trp115 mutant, it is scarcely populated in wild type. Thus, the plasticity of active-site metal ions may permit alternative, latent, promiscuous activities and also provide the basis for the divergence of new enzymatic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Ben-David
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Gotthard G, Hiblot J, Gonzalez D, Chabrière E, Elias M. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the organophosphorus hydrolase OPHC2 from Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013; 69:73-6. [PMID: 23295492 PMCID: PMC3539709 DOI: 10.1107/s174430911205049x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes that are capable of degrading neurotoxic organophosphorus compounds are of increasing interest because of the lack of efficient and clean methods for their removal. Recently, a novel organophosphorus hydrolase belonging to the metallo-β-lactamase superfamily was identified and isolated from the mesophilic bacterium Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes. This enzyme, named OPHC2, is endowed with significant thermal and pH stability, making it an appealing candidate for engineering studies to develop an efficient organophosphorus biodecontaminant. Combined with biochemical studies, structural information will help decipher the catalytic mechanism of organophosphorus hydrolysis by OPHC2 and identify the residues involved in its substrate specificity. Here, the expression, purification, crystallization and X-ray data collection at 2.1 Å resolution of OPHC2 are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Gotthard
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Julien Hiblot
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Gonzalez
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Eric Chabrière
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France
- Département de Toxicologie, Institut de Recherches Biomédicales des Armées-CRSSA, BP 87, 38702 La Tronche CEDEX, France
| | - Mikael Elias
- Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Rosenblat M, Ward S, Volkova N, Hayek T, Aviram M. VLDL triglycerides inhibit HDL-associated paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity: in vitro and in vivo studies. Biofactors 2012; 38:292-9. [PMID: 22674772 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed, for the first time, both in vitro and in vivo, the effect of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), or of pure triglycerides, on high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated paraoxonase1 (PON1) catalytic activities. Incubation of serum or HDL from healthy subjects with VLDL (0-330 μg protein/mL) significantly decreased serum PON1 lactonase or arylesterase activities by up to 11% or 24%, and HDL-associated PON1 lactonase or arylesterase activities by up to 32% or 46%, respectively, in a VLDL dose-dependent manner. VLDL (0-660 μg protein/mL) also inhibited recombinant PON1 (rePON1) lactonase or arylesterase activities by up to 20% or 42%, respectively. Similar inhibitory effect was noted upon rePON1 incubation with pure triglyceride emulsion. Bezafibrate therapy to three hypertriglyceridemic patients (400 mg/day, for one month) significantly decreased serum triglyceride concentration by 67%, and increased serum HDL cholesterol levels by 48%. PON1 arylesterase or paraoxonase activities in the patients' HDL fractions after drug therapy were significantly increased by 86-88%, as compared to PON1 activities before treatment. Similarly, HDL-PON1 protein levels significantly increased after bezafibrate therapy. Finally, bezafibrate therapy improved HDL biological activity, as HDL obtained after drug therapy showed increased ability to induce cholesterol efflux from J774A.1 macrophages, by 19%, as compared to HDL derived before therapy. We thus conclude that VLDL triglycerides inhibit PON1 catalytic activities, and bezafibrate therapy significantly improved HDL-PON1 catalytic and biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Rosenblat
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Technion Faculty of Medicine, the Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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Beekhof PK, Gorshunska M, Jansen EHJM. Long term stability of paraoxonase-1 and high-density lipoprotein in human serum. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:53. [PMID: 22584062 PMCID: PMC3430585 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is an enzyme with numerous functions and receives an increasing interest in clinical and epidemiological studies. Sometimes samples are stored for longer periods at a certain temperature. Therefore the stability of PON1 activity must be checked and retained upon storage for longer periods. RESULTS In this study the stability of PON1 activity has been tested in human serum samples during storage up to 12 months at 3 commonly used temperatures, -20°C, -70°C and -196°C. It was found that the stability of the PON1 activity is constant during 12 months of storage at -70°C and -196°C. Storage at -20°C resulted in a small but statistically significant decrease after 6 months to about 94% of its original value. Nonetheless, the rank order between the samples at T = 0 and 12 months remained the same. The same temperature dependence was found for the associated high-density lipoprotein. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that -70°C is the right temperature for storage to maintain the PON1 activity for at least one year. Storage at a lower temperature in liquid nitrogen (-196°C) is not necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet K Beekhof
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, Bilthoven, BA, 3720, The Netherlands
| | - Maryana Gorshunska
- Department of Endocrinology, Kharkiv Postgraduate Medical Academy, Korchagintsiv Str., 58, Kharkiv, 61176, Ukraine
| | - Eugène HJM Jansen
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, Bilthoven, BA, 3720, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) is immobilized on ammonium-modified mesoporous silica particles. Thermal stability and activity are measured with a (31) P NMR assay of the conversion of paraoxon (toxic) to its non-toxic hydrolysis product. After immobilization, OPH is significantly more active at room temperature and retained activity even after being heated to 45 °C for 1 month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kheireddine El-Boubbou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Yang M, Choi BG, Park TJ, Heo NS, Hong WH, Lee SY. Site-specific immobilization of gold binding polypeptide on gold nanoparticle-coated graphene sheet for biosensor application. Nanoscale 2011; 3:2950-6. [PMID: 21643572 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr10197h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The effective and strong immobilization of enzymes on solid surfaces is required for current biological applications, such as microchips, biofuel cells, and biosensors. Gold-binding polypeptide (GBP), a genetically designed peptide, possesses unique and specific interactions with a gold surface, resulting in improved enzyme stability and activity. Herein we demonstrated an immobilization method for biosensor applications through site-specific interactions between GBP-fused organophosphorus hydrolase (GBP-OPH) and gold nanoparticle-coated chemically modified graphene (Au-CMG), showing enhanced sensing capability. A flow injection biosensor was fabricated by using GBP-OPH/Au-CMG to detect paraoxons, a model pesticide, showing higher sensitivity, lower detection limit and better operating stability compared that of OPH/Au-CMG. This strategy, which integrates biotic and abiotic moieties through site-specific interactions, has a great potential for use in biosensing and bioconversion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- MinHo Yang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, BK21 program, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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Tavori H, Aviram M, Khatib S, Musa R, Mannheim D, Karmeli R, Vaya J. Human carotid lesion linoleic acid hydroperoxide inhibits paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity via reaction with PON1 free sulfhydryl cysteine 284. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:148-56. [PMID: 21044882 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.10.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an HDL-associated lactonase with antiatherogenic properties. These include dampening the oxidation properties of human carotid lesion lipid extract (LLE), which in turn inactivates the enzyme. The aims of this study were to identify the PON1 inhibitor in LLE and explore the mechanism of inhibition. LLE inhibited both recombinant PON1 and HDL-PON1 lactonase activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Addition of antioxidants or electrophiles to LLE did not prevent PON1 inhibition. LLE was unable to inhibit a PON1 mutant lacking Cys284, whereas it did inhibit all other PON1 mutants tested. The inhibitor in the LLE was identified as linoleic acid hydroperoxide (LA-OOH) and inhibition was specific to this hydroperoxide. During its inhibition, PON1 acted like a peroxidase enzyme, reducing LA-OOH to LA-hydroxide via its Cys284. A similar reaction occurred with external thiols, such as DDT or cysteine, which also prevented PON1 inhibition and restored enzyme activity after inhibition. Thus, the antiatherogenic properties of HDL could be, at least in part, related to the sulfhydryl-reducing characteristics of its associated PON1, which are further protected and recycled by the sulfhydryl amino acid cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagai Tavori
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, MIGAL-Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
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Mantha S, Pedrosa VA, Olsen EV, Davis VA, Simonian AL. Renewable nanocomposite layer-by-layer assembled catalytic interfaces for biosensing applications. Langmuir 2010; 26:19114-19119. [PMID: 21090581 DOI: 10.1021/la103379u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel, easily renewable nanocomposite interface based on layer-by-layer (LbL) assembled cationic/anionic layers of carbon nanotubes customized with biopolymers is reported. A simple approach is proposed to fabricate a nanoscale structure composed of alternating layers of oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes upon which is immobilized either the cationic enzyme organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH; MWNT-OPH) or the anionic DNA (MWNT-DNA). The presence of carbon nanotubes with large surface area, high aspect ratio and excellent conductivity provides reliable immobilization of enzyme at the interface and promotes better electron transfer rates. The oxidized MWNTs were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and Raman spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the surface functionalization of the MWNTs and successful immobilization of OPH on the MWNTs. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that MWNTs were shortened during sonication and that LbL of the MWNT/biopolymer conjugates resulted in a continuous surface with a layered structure. The catalytic activity of the biopolymer layers was characterized using absorption spectroscopy and electrochemical analysis. Experimental results show that this approach yields an easily fabricated catalytic multilayer with well-defined structures and properties for biosensing applications whose interface can be reactivated via a simple procedure. In addition, this approach results in a biosensor with excellent sensitivity, a reliable calibration profile, and stable electrochemical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroja Mantha
- Materials Research and Education Center, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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Kockar F, Beyaz S, Sinan S, Köçkar H, Demir D, Eryilmaz S, Tanrisever T, Arslan O. Paraoxonase 1-bound magnetic nanoparticles: preparation and characterizations. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2010; 10:7554-7559. [PMID: 21137981 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2010.2828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This is most probably the first time that covalently binding of Human serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) to superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles via carbodiimide activation was investigated and presented in this study. PON1 was purified from human serum using ammonium sulfate precipitation and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (Sepharose 4B, L-tyrosine, 1-Napthylamine) and magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared by co-precipitation Fe(+2) and Fe(+3) ions in an ammonia solution at room temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the magnetic measurements showed that the nanoparticles are magnetite and superparamagnetic, respectively. Direct measurements by dynamic light scattering revealed that the hydrodynamic size was 16.76 nm with polydispersity index (PDI: 0.234). The analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the PON1 was properly bound to magnetic nanoparticles replacing the characteristic band of -NH2 at 1629 cm(-1) with the protein characteristic band at 1744 cm(-1) and 1712 cm(-1). Magnetic measurements determined that PON1-bound nanoparticles have also favorable superparamagnetic properties with zero coercivity and remanence though a slightly smaller saturation magnetization due to the decrease of magnetic moment in the volume friction. The kinetic measurements indicated the PON1-bound nanoparticles retained 70% of its original activity and exhibited an improved stability than did the free enzyme. The PON1 enzyme is seen to be quite convenient to bind superparamagnetic nanoparticles as support material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feray Kockar
- Department of Biology, Balikesir University, Balikesir, 10145, Turkey
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Yang C, Song C, Mulchandani A, Qiao C. Genetic engineering of Stenotrophomonas strain YC-1 to possess a broader substrate range for organophosphates. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58:6762-6766. [PMID: 20455565 DOI: 10.1021/jf101105s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this work, Stenotrophomonas sp. strain YC-1, a native soil bacterium that produces methyl parathion hydrolase (MPH), was genetically engineered to possess a broader substrate range for organophosphates (OPs). A surface anchor system derived from the truncated ice nucleation protein (INPNC) from Pseudomonas syringae was used to target organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) onto the cell surface of strain YC-1, reducing the potential substrate uptake limitation. The surface localization of INPNC-OPH was verified by cell fractionation, Western blot, proteinase accessibility, and immunofluorescence microscopy. No growth inhibition was observed for the engineered strain, and suspended cultures retained almost 100% activity over a period of 2 weeks. Concomitant expression of OPH in strain YC-1 resulted in a recombinant strain capable of simultaneously degrading diethyl and dimethyl OPs. A mixture of six OP pesticides (0.2 mM each) could be degraded completely within 5 h. The broader substrate specificity in combination with the rapid degradation rate makes this engineered strain a promising candidate for in situ remediation of OP-contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Reeves TE, Paliwal S, Wales ME, Wild JR, Simonian AL. Orientation specific positioning of organophosphorus hydrolase on solid interfaces for biosensor applications. Langmuir 2009; 25:9615-9618. [PMID: 19719232 DOI: 10.1021/la9007526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein immobilization on solid interfaces is a crucial aspect of their successful application in technologies such as biosensing, purification, separation, decontamination, etc. Although immobilization can improve the long-term and operational stability of proteins, this is often at the cost of significant losses in the catalytic activity of the tethered enzyme. Covalent attachment methods take advantage of reactive groups on the amino acid side chains. The distribution of the solvent exposed side chains on an enzyme's molecular surface often results in an ensemble of orientations when the protein is immobilized on a surface or in a matrix through these side chain linkages. Depending on the attachment mechanism and resulting orientation, access to and from the active site could be restricted. This study describes a methodology for the design and implementation of an orientation specific attachment of an enzyme to a surface plasmon resonance sensor surface. The enzyme, organophosphorus hydrolase, was structurally analyzed to identify surface resides as candidates for modification to optimize active site accessibility and, thus, sensitivity of detection. A single surface lysine on the active site face of the enzyme dimer was selected for elimination, thus allowing for the immobilization of the catalyst in the preferred orientation. Kinetic evaluation of the enzymes determined that the surface lysine-to-alanine variant retained 80% of the wild-type activity with the neurotoxin substrates, paraoxon and demeton-S. After immobilization, surfaces bearing the variant were determined to be more active even though the enzyme coverage on the sensor surface was reduced by 17%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony E Reeves
- Mechanical Engineering Department, 275 Wilmore Laboratories, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
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Nguyen SD, Jeong TS, Kim MR, Sok DE. Broad-spectrum antioxidant peptides derived from His residue-containing sequences present in human paraoxonase 1. Free Radic Res 2009; 40:349-58. [PMID: 16517499 DOI: 10.1080/10715760500534429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyl or peroxyl radicals and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) are known to cause the oxidation of lipoproteins. Here, we examined Cu(2+)-binding property of paraoxonase 1 (PON1), and antioxidant actions of peptides, resembling His residue-containing sequences in PON1, against oxidations by Cu(2+), peroxyl radicals or HOCl. When Cu(2+)-binding property of PON1 was examined spectrophotometrically, the maximal Cu(2+) binding was achieved at 1:1 molar ratio of PON1: Cu(2+). Additionally, Cu(2+)-catalyzed oxidative inactivation of PON1 was prevented by Ca(2+)-depleted PON1 at 1:1 ratio, but not diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC)-modified PON1, suggesting the participation of His residue in Cu(2+)-binding. When His-containing peptides were examined for antioxidant actions, those with either His residue at N-terminal position 2 or 3, or His-Pro sequence at C-terminal remarkably prevented Cu(2+)-mediated low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and PON1 inactivation. Especially, FHKALY, FHKY or NHP efficiently prevented Cu(2+)-induced LDL oxidation (24 h), indicating a tight binding of Cu(2+) by peptides. In support of this, the peptide/Cu(2+) complexes exhibited a superoxide-scavenging activity. Separately, in oxidations by 2,2'-azobis-2-amidinopropane hydrochloride or HOCl, the presence of Tyrosine (Tyr) or Cysteine (Cys) residue markedly enhanced antioxidant action of His-containing peptides. These results indicate that His-containing peptides with Tys or Cys residues correspond to broad spectrum antioxidants in oxidation models employing Cu(2+), 2,2'-azobis-2-amidinopropane hydrochloride (AAPH) or HOCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Duy Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-Ku, Taejon 305 764, South Korea
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Harel M, Brumshtein B, Meged R, Dvir H, Ravelli RBG, McCarthy A, Toker L, Silman I, Sussman JL. 3-D structure of serum paraoxonase 1 sheds light on its activity, stability, solubility and crystallizability. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2008; 58:347-53. [PMID: 17913690 DOI: 10.2478/v10004-007-0028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum paraoxonases (PONs) exhibit a wide range of physiologically important hydrolytic activities, including drug metabolism and detoxification of nerve gases. PON1 and PON3 reside on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (the "good cholesterol"), and are involved in the alleviation of atherosclerosis. Members of the PON family have been identified not only in mammals and other vertebrates, but also in invertebrates. We earlier described the first crystal structure of a PON family member, a directly-evolved variant of PON1, at 2.2 A resolution. PON1 is a 6-bladed beta-propeller with a unique active-site lid which is also involved in binding to HDL. The 3-D structure, taken together with directed evolution studies, permitted analysis of mutations which enhanced the stability, solubility and crystallizability of this PON1 variant. The structure permits a detailed description of PON1's active site and suggests possible mechanisms for its catalytic activity on certain substrates.
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Walker JP, Kimble KW, Asher SA. Photonic crystal sensor for organophosphate nerve agents utilizing the organophosphorus hydrolase enzyme. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:2115-24. [PMID: 17899031 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We developed an intelligent polymerized crystalline colloidal array (IPCCA) photonic crystal sensing material which reversibly senses the organophosphate compound methyl paraoxon at micromolar concentrations in aqueous solutions. A periodic array of colloidal particles is embedded in a poly-2-hydroxyethylacrylate hydrogel. The particle lattice spacing is such that the array Bragg-diffracts visible light. We utilize a bimodular sensing approach in which the enzyme organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) catalyzes the hydrolysis of methyl paraoxon at basic pH, producing p-nitrophenolate, dimethylphosphate, and two protons. The protons lower the pH and create a steady-state pH gradient. Protonation of the phenolates attached to the hydrogel makes the free energy of mixing of the hydrogel less favorable, which causes the hydrogel to shrink. The IPCCA's lattice constant decreases, which blueshifts the diffracted light. The magnitude of the steady-state diffraction blueshift is proportional to the concentration of methyl paraoxon. The current detection limit is 0.2 micromol methyl paraoxon per liter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Chevron Science Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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