1
|
Muñoz JP. The impact of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on stem cells: Mechanisms and implications for human health. J Environ Sci (China) 2025; 147:294-309. [PMID: 39003048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are compounds, either natural or man-made, that interfere with the normal functioning of the endocrine system. There is increasing evidence that exposure to EDCs can have profound adverse effects on reproduction, metabolic disorders, neurological alterations, and increased risk of hormone-dependent cancer. Stem cells (SCs) are integral to these pathological processes, and it is therefore crucial to understand how EDCs may influence SC functionality. This review examines the literature on different types of EDCs and their effects on various types of SCs, including embryonic, adult, and cancer SCs. Possible molecular mechanisms through which EDCs may influence the phenotype of SCs are also evaluated. Finally, the possible implications of these effects on human health are discussed. The available literature demonstrates that EDCs can influence the biology of SCs in a variety of ways, including by altering hormonal pathways, DNA damage, epigenetic changes, reactive oxygen species production and alterations in the gene expression patterns. These disruptions may lead to a variety of cell fates and diseases later in adulthood including increased risk of endocrine disorders, obesity, infertility, reproductive abnormalities, and cancer. Therefore, the review emphasizes the importance of raising broader awareness regarding the intricate impact of EDCs on human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000007, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
The alteration of the expression level of neuropathy target esterase in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells disrupts cellular phospholipids homeostasis. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 86:105509. [PMID: 36336212 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathy target esterase (NTE) has been proven to act as a lysophospholipase (LysoPLA) and phospholipase B (PLB) in mammalian cells. In this study, we took human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells as the research object and explored the effect of NTE on phospholipid homeostasis. The results showed that phosphatidylcholine (PC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) levels significantly increased (> 40%), while glycerophosphocholine (GPC) decreased (below 60%) after NTE gene was knockdown in the cells (NTE < 30% of control), which were prepared by gene silencing with dsRNA-NTE. However, in the NTE-overexpressed cells (NTE > 50% of control), which were prepared by expressing recombinant catalytic domain of NTE, LPC remarkably decreased (below 80%) and GPC enhanced (> 40%). Mipafox, a neuropathic organophosphorus compound (OP), significantly inhibited NTE-LysoPLA and NTE-PLB activities (> 95-99% inhibition at 50 μM), which was accompanied with a decreased GPC level (below 40%) although no change of the PC and LPC levels was observed; while paraoxon, a non-neuropathic OP, suppresses neither the activities of NTE-phospholipases nor the levels of PC, LPC, and GPC. Thus, we concluded that both the stable up- or down-regulated expression of NTE gene and the loss of NTE-LysoPLA/PLB activities disrupts phospholipid homeostasis in the cells although the inhibition of NTE activity only decreased GPC content without altering PC and LPC levels.
Collapse
|
3
|
Algharably EA, Di Consiglio E, Testai E, Pistollato F, Bal-Price A, Najjar A, Kreutz R, Gundert-Remy U. Prediction of in vivo prenatal chlorpyrifos exposure leading to developmental neurotoxicity in humans based on in vitro toxicity data by quantitative in vitro-in vivo extrapolation. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1136174. [PMID: 36959852 PMCID: PMC10027916 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1136174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Epidemiological studies in children suggested that in utero exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphate insecticide, may cause developmental neurotoxicity (DNT). We applied quantitative in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) based on in vitro concentration and non-choline esterase-dependent effects data combined with Benchmark dose (BMD) modelling to predict oral maternal CPF exposure during pregnancy leading to fetal brain effect concentration. By comparing the results with data from epidemiological studies, we evaluated the contribution of the in vitro endpoints to the mode of action (MoA) for CPF-induced DNT. Methods: A maternal-fetal PBK model built in PK-Sim® was used to perform QIVIVE predicting CPF concentrations in a pregnant women population at 15 weeks of gestation from cell lysate concentrations obtained in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cells undergoing differentiation towards neurons and glia exposed to CPF for 14 days. The in vitro concentration and effect data were used to perform BMD modelling. Results: The upper BMD was converted into maternal doses which ranged from 3.21 to 271 mg/kg bw/day. Maternal CPF blood levels from epidemiological studies reporting DNT findings in their children were used to estimate oral CPF exposure during pregnancy using the PBK model. It ranged from 0.11 to 140 μg/kg bw/day. Discussion: The effective daily intake doses predicted from the in vitro model were several orders of magnitude higher than exposures estimated from epidemiological studies to induce developmental non-cholinergic neurotoxic responses, which were captured by the analyzed in vitro test battery. These were also higher than the in vivo LOEC for cholinergic effects. Therefore, the quantitative predictive value of the investigated non-choline esterase-dependent effects, although possibly relevant for other chemicals, may not adequately represent potential key events in the MoA for CPF-associated DNT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Engi Abdelhady Algharably
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Engi Abdelhady Algharably,
| | - Emma Di Consiglio
- Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Models Unit, Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Testai
- Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Models Unit, Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anna Bal-Price
- European Commission, Joint Research Center (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Reinhold Kreutz
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Gundert-Remy
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
A bioinformatics framework for targeted gene expression assay design: Application to in vitro developmental neurotoxicity screening in a rat model. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 133:105211. [PMID: 35724854 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Brain development involves a series of intricately choreographed neuronal differentiation and maturation steps that are acutely vulnerable to interferences from chemical exposures. Many genes involved in neurodevelopmental processes show evolutionarily conserved expression patterns in mammals and may constitute useful indicators/biomarkers for the evaluation of potential developmental neurotoxicity. Based on these premises, this study developed a bioinformatics framework to guide the design of a gene expression-based in vitro developmental neurotoxicity assay targeting evolutionary conserved genes associated with neuronal differentiation and maturation in rat cerebellar granule cells (CGCs). Rat, mouse and human genes involved in neurodevelopment and presenting one-to-one orthology were selected and orthologous exons within these genes were identified. PCR primer sets were designed within these orthologous exons and their specificity was evaluated in silico. The performance and specificity of rat, mouse and human PCR primer sets were then confirmed experimentally. Finally, RT-qPCR analyses in CGCs exposed in vitro to well-known neurotoxicants (Chlorpyrifos and Chlorpyrifos oxon) uncovered perturbations of expression levels for most of the selected genes. This bioinformatics framework for gene and target sequence selection may facilitate the identification of transcriptional biomarkers for developmental neurotoxicity assays and the comparison of gene expression data across experimental models from different mammalian species.
Collapse
|
5
|
Molecular neural crest cell markers enable discrimination of organophosphates in the murine cardiac embryonic stem cell test. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1513-1520. [PMID: 34401361 PMCID: PMC8355823 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphates induced distinctive effects on neural crest cells within the ESTc. Neural crest gene transcripts were of added value to the original ESTc read-out. Mechanistic information adds value to the applicability of the ESTc.
The cardiac embryonic stem cell test (ESTc) originally used the differentiation of beating cardiomyocytes for embryotoxicity screenings of compounds. However, the ESTc consists of a heterogeneous cell population, including neural crest (NC) cells, which are important contributors to heart development in vivo. Molecular markers for NC cells were investigated to explore if this approach improved discrimination between structurally related chemicals, using the three organophosphates (OP): chlorpyrifos (CPF), malathion (MLT), and triphenyl phosphate (TPP). To decrease the test duration and to improve the objective quantification of the assay read-out, gene transcript biomarkers were measured on study day 4 instead of the traditional cardiomyocyte beating assessment at day 10. Gene expression profiling and immunocytochemistry were performed using markers for pluripotency, proliferation and cardiomyocyte and NC differentiation. Cell proliferation was also assessed by measurements of embryoid body (EB) size and total protein quantification (day 7). Exposure to the OPs resulted in similar patterns of inhibition of beating cardiomyocyte differentiation and of myosin protein expression on day 10. However, these three chemically related compounds induced distinctive effects on NC cell differentiation, indicated by changes in expression levels of the NC precursor (Msx2), NC marker (Ap2α), and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT; Snai2) gene transcripts. This study shows that investigating NC markers can provide added value for ESTc outcome profiling and may enhance the applicability of this assay for the screening of structurally related test chemicals.
Collapse
|
6
|
Felemban SG, Vyas FS, Durose L, Hargreaves AJ, Dickenson JM. Phenyl Saligenin Phosphate Disrupts Cell Morphology and the Actin Cytoskeleton in Differentiating H9c2 Cardiomyoblasts and Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Cardiomyocyte Progenitor Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2310-2323. [PMID: 32786544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that phenyl saligenin phosphate (PSP), an organophosphorus compound which is classed as a weak inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, triggered cytotoxicity in mitotic and differentiated H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. The aim of this study was to assess whether sublethal concentrations of PSP could disrupt the morphology of differentiating rat H9c2 cardiomyoblasts and human-induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocyte progenitor cells (hiPSC-CMs) and to assess the underlying cytoskeletal changes. PSP-induced changes in protein expression were monitored via Western blotting, immunocytochemistry, and proteomic analysis. PSP-mediated cytotoxicity was determined by measuring MTT reduction, LDH release, and caspase-3 activity. Sublethal exposure to PSP (3 μM) induced morphological changes in differentiating H9c2 cells (7, 9, and 13 days), reflected by reduced numbers of spindle-shaped cells. Moreover, this treatment (7 days) attenuated the expression of the cytoskeletal proteins cardiac troponin I, tropomyosin-1, and α-actin. Further proteomic analysis identified nine proteins (e.g., heat shock protein 90-β and calumenin) which were down-regulated by PSP exposure in H9c2 cells. To assess the cytotoxic effects of organophosphorus compounds in a human cell model, we determined their effects on human-induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocyte progenitor cells. Chlorpyrifos and diazinon-induced cytotoxicity (48 h) was evident only at concentrations >100 μM. By contrast, PSP exhibited cytotoxicity in hiPSC-CMs at a concentration of 25 μM following 48 h exposure. Finally, sublethal exposure to PSP (3 μM; 7 days) induced morphological changes and decreased the expression of cardiac troponin I, tropomyosin-1, and α-actin in hiPSC-CMs. In summary, our data suggest cardiomyocyte morphology is disrupted in both cell models by sublethal concentrations of PSP via modulation of cytoskeletal protein expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shatha G Felemban
- School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent University Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Falguni S Vyas
- School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent University Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Lyndsey Durose
- School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent University Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J Hargreaves
- School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent University Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - John M Dickenson
- School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent University Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Effects of silver nanoparticles on T98G human glioblastoma cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 404:115178. [PMID: 32739528 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has been well developed in recent decades because it provides social progress and welfare. Consequently, exposure of population is increasing and further increases in the near future are forecasted. Therefore, assessing the safety of applications involving nanoparticles is strongly advisable. We assessed the effects of silver nanoparticles at a non-cytotoxic concentration on the performance of T98G human glioblastoma cells mainly by an omic approach. We found that silver nanoparticles are able to alter several molecular pathways related to inflammation. Cellular repair and regeneration were also affected by alterations to the fibroblast growth factor pathways operating mainly via mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades. It was concluded that, given the relevant role of glia on central nervous system maintenance homeostasis, exposure to silver nanoparticles could eventually lead to severe toxicity in the central nervous system, although current exposure levels do not pose a significant risk.
Collapse
|
8
|
Sheikh A, Sheikh K. The expression change of glial fibrillary acidic protein and tyrosine hydroxylase in substantia nigra of the Wistar rats exposed to chlorpyrifos: a novel environmental risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:2041-2051. [PMID: 32632573 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05868-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the most abundant and widely used pesticides in the world. CPF has detrimental effects on brain tissue, so it is possible to generate some neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of CPF on inducing the Parkinson's disease affecting on central nervous system. 6 to 8-week-old animals were categorized into three groups. The first group was normal control which the animals did not received any treatment, while in the second group, CPF were injected (CPF; 5 mg/kg BW for 30 days intraperitoneally) and the sham group as the third group received DMSO. At the end of the CPF treatment, malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were measured in the brain tissues of rats. Proportion of neurons was analyzed by crystal violet assays and tunnel assay to detect apoptotic cells. Finally, the expression of GFAP and TH was investigated in the brain of animals. The results witnessed an increase in MDA and a decrease in SOD (P < 0.05) after the CPF treating. Moreover, results indicated that the proportion of neurons decreased in the second group vs. normal and sham groups significantly (P < 0.001). Additionally, in substantia nigra, the expression of GFAP had a significant increase and the TH had a remarkable decrease in CPF injected group in comparison to two other groups (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the numbers of apoptosis cells reduced in substantia nigra (P < 0.001) after the 30-day period of CPF injections. These results demonstrated that repeated exposure to CPF can induce PD via apoptotic cell death, histopathological disruption. It also altered the expression of dopaminergic neuron and changes the levels of oxidant and antioxidant enzymes in substantia nigra region which triggers PD. Hence, the CPF can be introduced as a risk factor for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Sheikh
- Islamic Azad University of Dezful, Dezful, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Khadijeh Sheikh
- Department of Biology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cao X, Yan C, Yang X, Zhou L, Zou W, Xiu G. Photolysis-Induced Neurotoxicity Enhancement of Chlorpyrifos in Aquatic System: A Case Investigation on Caenorhabditis elegans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:461-470. [PMID: 31868356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of the environment by toxic pesticides has become of great concern in agricultural countries. Chlorpyrifos (CP) is among the pesticides most commonly detected in the environment owing to its wide agricultural applications. The aim of this study was to compare potential changes in the toxicity of CP after irradiation. To this end, photolysis of CP was conducted under simulated sunlight, and neurotoxicity assessment was carried out at CP of 20 and 50 μg L-1 and its corresponding irradiated mixture solutions which contain a mixture of identified intermediates using the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism. Photodegradation of 20 μg L-1 CP for 1 h produced no obvious reduction of physiological damage, and more serious effects on animal movement were detected after exposure of the animals to a solution of 50 μg L-1 for 1 h irradiation compared with unirradiated solution. GABAergic and cholinergic neurons were selectively vulnerable to CP exposure, and maximal neuropathological alterations were observed after 1 h irradiation of the CP solutions in coherence with the behavioral impairment. The generation of photoproducts was considered to be responsible for the enhanced disturbance on those biological processes. This work provided useful information on the toxicological assessments of chemicals that were produced during the environmental transformation of pesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Cao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , PR China
| | - Chenzhi Yan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , PR China
| | - Xuerui Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , PR China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , PR China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092 , PR China
| | - Wenjun Zou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , PR China
| | - Guangli Xiu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , PR China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092 , PR China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nikbin S, Derakhshideh A, Karimi Jafari S, Mirzahamedani A, Moslehi A, Ourzamani S, Barati E, Amini F, Zolfaghari FS, Azarbayjani MA. Investigating the protective effect of aerobic exercise on oxidative stress and histological damages of testicular tissue associated with chlorpyrifos in male rats. Andrologia 2019; 52:e13468. [PMID: 31773799 DOI: 10.1111/and.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the protective effects of moderate aerobic exercise against chlorpyrifos (CPF)-induced testes dysfunction. In excremental study, 48 adult male albino rats were randomly allocated into 16 groups of 3 rats each. Twelve experimental groups received intraperitoneal injection (5 days a week) of either 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg body weight CPF in DMSO for 2, 4 or 6 consecutive weeks. Seven of these experimental groups were subjected to run at moderate exercise intensity for 5 days per week over 2 weeks, whereas the other groups were not. Two groups (sham groups) were administered to the equal volume of vehicle (DMSO) for 4 or 6 consecutive weeks. The remaining two groups comprised the control groups including a sedentary and an exercise-trained control group. Exercise training leads to a markedly increase in testicular superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in CPF-exposed rats compared with corresponding sedentary animals (p < .05). Lipid peroxidation level was found to be significantly decreased in the testis of exercised animals that had been exposed to CPF (p < .05). Our results suggest that aerobic exercise can alleviate the oxidative stress induced by sub-acute CPF exposure in testis. Exercise training could barely mitigate CPF-induced testicular damages in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Nikbin
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Derakhshideh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shermineh Karimi Jafari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arshin Mirzahamedani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arian Moslehi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Ourzamani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Barati
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faranak Amini
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ko EB, Hwang KA, Choi KC. Prenatal toxicity of the environmental pollutants on neuronal and cardiac development derived from embryonic stem cells. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 90:15-23. [PMID: 31425785 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides, antibiotics, and industrial excipients are widely used in agriculture, medicine, and chemical industry, respectively. They often end up in the environment, not only being not easily decomposed but also being accumulated. Moreover, they may cause serious toxic problems such as reproductive and developmental defects, immunological toxicity, and carcinogenesis. Hence, they are called environmental pollutants. It is known that the environmental pollutants easily enter the body through various channels such as respiration, ingestion of food, and skin contact etc. in everyday life. If they enter the mother through the placenta, they can cause the disturbance in embryo development as well as malfunction of organs after birth because early prenatal developmental process is highly sensitive to toxic chemicals and stress. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that consist of inner cell mass of blastocyst differentiate into distinct cell lineages via three germ layers such as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm due to their pluripotency. The differentiation process initiated from ESCs reflects dynamic nature of embryonic development. Therefore, ESCs have been used as a useful tool to investigate early developmental toxicities of a variety of stress. Based on relatively recent scientific results, this review would address toxicity of a few chemical substances that have been widely used as pesticide, antibiotics, and industrial excipient on ESCs based-prenatal developmental process. This review further suggests how they act on the viability of ESCs and/or early stages of cardiac and neuronal development derived from ESCs as well as on expression of pluripotency and/or differentiation markers through diverse mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eul-Bee Ko
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-A Hwang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
New mechanistic insights on the metabolic-disruptor role of chlorpyrifos in apoE mice: a focus on insulin- and leptin-signalling pathways. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1717-1728. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
13
|
Van Emon JM, Pan P, van Breukelen F. Effects of chlorpyrifos and trichloropyridinol on HEK 293 human embryonic kidney cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 191:537-547. [PMID: 29059561 PMCID: PMC7462251 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) [O, O-diethyl -O-3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate] is an organophosphate insecticide widely used for agricultural and urban pest control. Trichloropyridinol (TCP; 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol), the primary metabolite of CPF, is often used as a generic biomarker of exposure for CPF and related compounds. Human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK 293) cells were exposed to CPF and TCP with varying concentrations and exposure periods. Cell cultures enable the cost-effective study of specific biomarkers to help determine toxicity pathways to predict the effects of chemical exposures without relying on whole animals. Both CPF and TCP were found to induce cytotoxic effects with CPF being more toxic than TCP with EC50 values of 68.82 μg/mL and 146.87 μg·ml-1 respectively. Cell flow cytometric analyses revealed that exposure to either CPF or TCP leads to an initial burst of apoptotic induction followed by a slow recruitment of cells leading towards further apoptosis. CPF produced a strong induction of IL6, while TCP exposure resulted in a strong induction of IL1α. Importantly, the concentrations of CPF and TCP required for these cytokine inductions were higher than those required to induce apoptosis. These data suggest CPF and TCP are cytotoxic to HEK 293 cells but that the mechanism may not be related to an inflammatory response. CPF and TCP also varied in their effects on the HEK 293 proteome with 5 unique proteins detected after exposure to CPF and 31 unique proteins after TCP exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette M Van Emon
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 944 E. Harmon Ave, Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA.
| | - Peipei Pan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Frank van Breukelen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pallotta MM, Ronca R, Carotenuto R, Porreca I, Turano M, Ambrosino C, Capriglione T. Specific Effects of Chronic Dietary Exposure to Chlorpyrifos on Brain Gene Expression-A Mouse Study. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112467. [PMID: 29156651 PMCID: PMC5713433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphate insecticide used to control pests on a variety of food and feed crops. In mammals, maternal exposure to CPF has been reported to induce cerebral cortex thinning, alteration of long-term brain cognitive function, and Parkinson-like symptoms, but the mechanisms of these processes are not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the alterations induced in the brains of mice chronically exposed to CPF by dietary intake. For our purpose, we analysed F1 offspring (sacrificed at 3 and 8 months) of Mus musculus, treated in utero and postnatally with 3 different doses of CPF (0.1-1-10 mg/kg/day). Using RT2 Profiler PCR Arrays, we evaluated the alterations in the expression of 84 genes associated with neurodegenerative diseases. In the brains of exposed mice, we evidenced a clear dose–response relationship for AChE inhibition and alterations of gene expression. Some of the genes that were steadily down-regulated, such as Pink1, Park 2, Sv2b, Gabbr2, Sept5 and Atxn2, were directly related to Parkinson’s onset. Our experimental results shed light on the possibility that long-term CPF exposure may exert membrane signalling alterations which make brain cells more susceptible to develop neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Michela Pallotta
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Ronca
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Rosa Carotenuto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | | | - Mimmo Turano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Concetta Ambrosino
- IRGS, Biogem, Via Camporeale, Ariano Irpino, 83031 Avellino, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università del Sannio, Via Port'Arsa 11, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
| | - Teresa Capriglione
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dominah GA, McMinimy RA, Kallon S, Kwakye GF. Acute exposure to chlorpyrifos caused NADPH oxidase mediated oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in a striatal cell model of Huntington's disease. Neurotoxicology 2017; 60:54-69. [PMID: 28300621 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that expression of mutant Huntingtin (HTT) would modulate the neurotoxicity of the commonly used organophosphate insecticide, chlorpyrifos (CPF), revealing cellular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration. Using a mouse striatal cell model of HD, we report that mutant HD cells are more susceptible to CPF-induced cytotoxicity as compared to wild-type. This CPF-induced cytotoxicity caused increased production of reactive oxygen species, reduced glutathione levels, decreased superoxide dismutase activity, and increased malondialdehyde levels in mutant HD cells relative to wild-type. Furthermore, we show that co-treatment with antioxidant agents attenuated the CPF-induced ROS levels and cytotoxicity. Co-treatment with a NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitor, apocynin, also attenuated the CPF-induced ROS production and neurotoxicity. CPF caused increased NOX activity in mutant HD lines that was ameliorated following co-treatment with apocynin. Finally, CPF-induced neurotoxicity significantly increased the protein expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) in mutant HD cells as compared to wild-type. This study is the first report of CPF-induced toxicity in HD pathophysiology and suggests that mutant HTT and CPF exhibit a disease-toxicant interaction wherein expression of mutant HTT enhances CPF-induced neurotoxicity via a NOX-mediated oxidative stress mechanism to cause neuronal loss in the full length HTT expressing striatal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sallay Kallon
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
New insights on molecular interactions of organophosphorus pesticides with esterases. Toxicology 2017; 376:30-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
17
|
Slotkin TA, Skavicus S, Card J, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. Diverse neurotoxicants target the differentiation of embryonic neural stem cells into neuronal and glial phenotypes. Toxicology 2016; 372:42-51. [PMID: 27816694 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The large number of compounds that needs to be tested for developmental neurotoxicity drives the need to establish in vitro models to evaluate specific neurotoxic endpoints. We used neural stem cells derived from rat neuroepithelium on embryonic day 14 to evaluate the impact of diverse toxicants on their ability to differentiate into glia and neurons: a glucocorticoid (dexamethasone), organophosphate insecticides (chlorpyrifos, diazinon, parathion), insecticides targeting the GABAA receptor (dieldrin, fipronil), heavy metals (Ni2+, Ag+), nicotine and tobacco smoke extract. We found three broad groupings of effects. One diverse set of compounds, dexamethasone, the organophosphate pesticides, Ni2+ and nicotine, suppressed expression of the glial phenotype while having little or no effect on the neuronal phenotype. The second pattern was restricted to the pesticides acting on GABAA receptors. These compounds promoted the glial phenotype and suppressed the neuronal phenotype. Notably, the actions of compounds eliciting either of these differentiation patterns were clearly unrelated to deficits in cell numbers: dexamethasone, dieldrin and fipronil all reduced cell numbers, whereas organophosphates and Ni2+ had no effect. The third pattern, shared by Ag+ and tobacco smoke extract, clearly delineated cytotoxicity, characterized by major cell loss with suppression of differentiation into both glial and neuronal phenotypes; but here again, there was some selectivity in that glia were suppressed more than neurons. Our results, from this survey with diverse compounds, point to convergence of neurotoxicant effects on a specific "decision node" that controls the emergence of neurons and glia from neural stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore A Slotkin
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Samantha Skavicus
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jennifer Card
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Edward D Levin
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Frederic J Seidler
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Esterases hydrolyze phenyl valerate activity as targets of organophosphorus compounds. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:358-367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
19
|
Sogorb MA, Pamies D, Estevan C, Estévez J, Vilanova E. Roles of NTE protein and encoding gene in development and neurodevelopmental toxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:352-357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
20
|
Zebrafish is a predictive model for identifying compounds that protect against brain toxicity in severe acute organophosphorus intoxication. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1891-1901. [PMID: 27655295 PMCID: PMC5364264 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1851-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute organophosphorus (OP) intoxication is a worldwide clinical and public health problem. In addition to cholinergic crisis, neurodegeneration and brain damage are hallmarks of the severe form of this toxidrome. Recently, we generated a chemical model of severe acute OP intoxication in zebrafish that is characterized by altered head morphology and brain degeneration. The pathophysiological pathways resulting in brain toxicity in this model are similar to those described in humans. The aim of this study was to assess the predictive power of this zebrafish model by testing the effect of a panel of drugs that provide protection in mammalian models. The selected drugs included “standard therapy” drugs (atropine and pralidoxime), reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (huperzine A, galantamine, physostigmine and pyridostigmine), N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists (MK-801 and memantine), dual-function NMDA receptor and acetylcholine receptor antagonists (caramiphen and benactyzine) and anti-inflammatory drugs (dexamethasone and ibuprofen). The effects of these drugs on zebrafish survival and the prevalence of abnormal head morphology in the larvae exposed to 4 µM chlorpyrifos oxon [1 × median lethal concentration (LC50)] were determined. Moreover, the neuroprotective effects of pralidoxime, memantine, caramiphen and dexamethasone at the gross morphological level were confirmed by histopathological and transcriptional analyses. Our results demonstrated that the zebrafish model for severe acute OP intoxication has a high predictive value and can be used to identify new compounds that provide neuroprotection against severe acute OP intoxication.
Collapse
|
21
|
Rezvanfar MA, Hodjat M, Abdollahi M. Growing knowledge of using embryonic stem cells as a novel tool in developmental risk assessment of environmental toxicants. Life Sci 2016; 158:137-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
22
|
Sogorb MA, Fuster E, Del Río E, Estévez J, Vilanova E. Effects of mipafox, paraoxon, chlorpyrifos and its metabolite chlorpyrifos-oxon on the expression of biomarker genes of differentiation in D3 mouse embryonic stem cells. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:368-373. [PMID: 27117976 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPS) is an organophosphorus compound (OP) capable of causing well-known cholinergic and delayed syndromes through the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and Neuropathy Target Esterase (NTE), respectively. CPS is also able to induce neurodevelopmental toxicity in animals. NTE is codified by the Pnpla6 gene and plays a central role in differentiation and neurodifferentiation. We tested, in D3 mouse embryonic stem cells under differentiation, the effects of the NTE inhibition by the OPs mipafox, CPS and its main active metabolite chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPO) on the expression of genes Vegfa, Bcl2, Amot, Nes and Jun, previously reported to be under- or overexpressed after Pnpla6 silencing in this same cellular model. Mipafox did not significantly alter the expression of such genes at concentrations that significantly inhibited NTE. However, CPS and CPO at concentrations that caused NTE inhibition at similar levels to mipafox statistically and significantly altered the expression of most of these genes. Paraoxon (another OP with capability to inhibit esterases but not NTE) caused similar effects to CPS and CPO. These findings suggest that the molecular mechanism for the neurodevelopmental toxicity induced by CPS is not based on NTE inhibition, and that other unknown esterases might be potential targets of neurodevelopmental toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Sogorb
- Toxicology and Chemical Safety Unit, Bioengineering Institute, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202, Elche, Spain.
| | - Encarnación Fuster
- Toxicology and Chemical Safety Unit, Bioengineering Institute, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Eva Del Río
- Toxicology and Chemical Safety Unit, Bioengineering Institute, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Jorge Estévez
- Toxicology and Chemical Safety Unit, Bioengineering Institute, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Eugenio Vilanova
- Toxicology and Chemical Safety Unit, Bioengineering Institute, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202, Elche, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Deng Y, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Zhao Y, Ren H. Hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity induced by the chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl metabolite, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, in orally exposed mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 544:507-514. [PMID: 26674679 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
3,5,6-Trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) is a primary degradation product of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl. TCP has longer half-life in soil and greater solubility in water than its parent compound, and cause wide contamination in environments. However, studies about the toxic effects of TCP are limited and outdate. In this study, 5 mg/kg/day, 50 mg/kg/day, and 150 mg/kg/day TCP were given to male mice through gavage for four weeks. As a result, the final body weights of TCP treated groups were significantly lower than control, and the relative organ weights of the liver and kidney were significantly higher than that of control. In addition, NMR-based metabolomics was used to investigate the toxic effects of TCP. It was found that a total of 39 serum metabolites were significantly changed in the TCP-treated groups, and these metabolites are related to hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. These results were also confirmed by histopathology, serum biochemical, and oxidative stress analysis. In addition, metabolic disturbances due to TCP exposure were also observed based on altered metabolites. As far as we know, these results are the first to show the metabolomic toxicity of TCP, which warrants further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Yifeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yanping Zhao
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hodjat M, Rezvanfar MA, Abdollahi M. A systematic review on the role of environmental toxicants in stem cells aging. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 86:298-308. [PMID: 26582272 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are an important target for environmental toxicants. As they are the main source for replenishing of organs in the body, any changes in their normal function could affect the regenerative potential of organs, leading to the appearance of age-related disease and acceleration of the aging process. Environmental toxicants could exert their adverse effect on stem cell function via multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms, resulting in changes in the stem cell differentiation fate and cell transformation, and reduced self-renewal capacity, as well as induction of stress-induced cellular senescence. The present review focuses on the effect of environmental toxicants on stem cell function associated with the aging process. We categorized environmental toxicants according to their preferred molecular mechanism of action on stem cells, including changes in genomic, epigenomic, and proteomic levels and enhancing oxidative stress. Pesticides, tobacco smoke, radiation and heavy metals are well-studied toxicants that cause stem cell dysfunction via induction of oxidative stress. Transgenerational epigenetic changes are the most important effects of a variety of toxicants on germ cells and embryos that are heritable and could affect health in the next several generations. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of toxicant-induced stem cell aging will help us to develop therapeutic intervention strategies against environmental aging. Meanwhile, more efforts are required to find the direct in vivo relationship between adverse effect of environmental toxicants and stem cell aging, leading to organismal aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Hodjat
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Toxicology & Poisoning Research Center (TPRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Rezvanfar
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Toxicology & Poisoning Research Center (TPRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Toxicology & Poisoning Research Center (TPRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Romero AC, Del Río E, Vilanova E, Sogorb MA. Expression of biomarker genes of differentiation in D3 mouse embryonic stem cells after exposure to different embryotoxicant and non-embryotoxicant model chemicals. Data Brief 2015; 5:354-65. [PMID: 26568980 PMCID: PMC4602353 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a necessity to develop in vitro methods for testing embryotoxicity (Romero et al., 2015) [1]. We studied the progress of D3 mouse embryonic stem cells differentiation exposed to model embryotoxicants and non-embryotoxicants chemicals through the expression of biomarker genes. We studied a set of 16 different genes biomarkers of general cellular processes (Cdk1, Myc, Jun, Mixl, Cer and Wnt3), ectoderm formation (Nrcam, Nes, Shh and Pnpla6), mesoderm formation (Mesp1, Vegfa, Myo1e and Hdac7) and endoderm formation (Flk1 and Afp). We offer dose response in order to derive the concentration causing either 50% or 200% of expression of the biomarker gene. These records revealed to be a valuable end-point to predict in vitro the embryotoxicity of chemicals (Romero et al., 2015) [1].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Romero
- Unidad de Toxicología y Seguridad Química, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Eva Del Río
- Unidad de Toxicología y Seguridad Química, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Eugenio Vilanova
- Unidad de Toxicología y Seguridad Química, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Miguel A Sogorb
- Unidad de Toxicología y Seguridad Química, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Romero AC, Del Río E, Vilanova E, Sogorb MA. RNA transcripts for the quantification of differentiation allow marked improvements in the performance of embryonic stem cell test (EST). Toxicol Lett 2015; 238:60-9. [PMID: 26272751 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell test (EST) is an in vitro validated assay for testing embryotoxicity. The EST needs improvements before being used for regulatory purposes, but also needs technical simplification for use in high throughput screenings. We propose the quantification in alterations of the differentiation of D3 monolayer cells cultures through the expression of biomarker genes in a shorter (5-day) and technically simpler (we use only monolayer cultures) test. We have defined a set of sixteen different genes biomarkers of ectoderm (Nrcam, Nes, Shh and Pnpla6), endoderm formation (Flk1 and Afp), mesoderm formation (Mesp1, Vegfa, Myo1e and Hdac7) and general cellular processes (Cdk1, Myc, Jun, Mixl, Cer and Wnt3). These, together with alterations in the viability of D3 and 3T3 cells and the prediction model of a classic EST, enhance the features of EST determinations to 100% concordance between in vivo-in vitro predictions with a set of seven different chemicals used in the validation of a classic EST. In conclusion, the proposed changes implemented in the classic EST confer it more reliability, speed and technical simplicity, which brings the EST closer to high throughput processes and regulatory purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Romero
- Unidad de Toxicología y Seguridad Química, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Eva Del Río
- Unidad de Toxicología y Seguridad Química, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Eugenio Vilanova
- Unidad de Toxicología y Seguridad Química, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Miguel A Sogorb
- Unidad de Toxicología y Seguridad Química, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
An integrated approach for detecting embryotoxicity and developmental toxicity of environmental contaminants using in vitro alternative methods. Toxicol Lett 2014; 230:356-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
28
|
Estevan C, Fuster E, Del Río E, Pamies D, Vilanova E, Sogorb MA. Organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos and its metabolites alter the expression of biomarker genes of differentiation in D3 mouse embryonic stem cells in a comparable way to other model neurodevelopmental toxicants. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1487-95. [PMID: 25137620 DOI: 10.1021/tx500051k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There are discrepancies about whether chlorpyrifos is able to induce neurodevelopmental toxicity or not. We previously reported alterations in the pattern of expression of biomarker genes of differentiation in D3 mouse embryonic stem cells caused by chlorpyrifos and its metabolites chlorpyrifos-oxon and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol. Now, we reanalyze these data comparing the effects on these genes with those caused in the same genes by retinoic acid, valproic acid, and penicillin-G (model compounds considered as strong, weak, and non-neurodevelopmental toxicants, respectively). We also compare the effects of chlorpyrifos and its metabolites on the cell viability of D3 cells and 3T3 mouse fibroblasts with the effects caused in the same cells by the three model compounds. We conclude that chlorpyrifos and its metabolites act, regarding these end-points, as the weak neurodevelopmental toxicant valproic acid, and consequently, a principle of caution should be applied avoiding occupational exposures in pregnant women. A second independent experiment run with different cellular batches coming from the same clone obtained the same result as the first one.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Estevan
- Unidad de Toxicología y Seguridad Química, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche , Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202-Elche, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Genomic and phenotypic alterations of the neuronal-like cells derived from human embryonal carcinoma stem cells (NT2) caused by exposure to organophosphorus compounds paraoxon and mipafox. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:905-26. [PMID: 24413757 PMCID: PMC3907846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15010905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, only few chemicals have been identified as neurodevelopmental toxicants, however, concern remains, and has recently increased, based upon the association between chemical exposures and increased developmental disorders. Diminution in motor speed and latency has been reported in preschool children from agricultural communities. Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) are pesticides due to their acute insecticidal effects mediated by the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, although other esterases as neuropathy target esterase (NTE) can also be inhibited. Other neurological and neurodevelopmental toxic effects with unknown targets have been reported after chronic exposure to OPs in vivo. We studied the initial stages of retinoic acid acid-triggered differentiation of pluripotent cells towards neural progenitors derived from human embryonal carcinoma stem cells to determine if neuropathic OP, mipafox, and non-neuropathic OP, paraoxon, are able to alter differentiation of neural precursor cells in vitro. Exposure to 1 μM paraoxon (non-cytotoxic concentrations) altered the expression of different genes involved in signaling pathways related to chromatin assembly and nucleosome integrity. Conversely, exposure to 5 μM mipafox, a known inhibitor of NTE activity, showed no significant changes on gene expression. We conclude that 1 μM paraoxon could affect the initial stage of in vitro neurodifferentiation possibly due to a teratogenic effect, while the absence of transcriptional alterations by mipafox exposure did not allow us to conclude a possible effect on neurodifferentiation pathways at the tested concentration.
Collapse
|
30
|
Dellai A, Dridi D, Sakouhi S, Robert J, Djelal H, Mosrati R, Cherif A, Mansour HB. Cytotoxic effect of chlorpyrifos ethyl and its degradation derivatives by Pseudomonas peli strain isolated from the Oued Hamdoun River (Tunisia). Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 32:707-13. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233713506957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A bacterium was isolated from the river of Oued Hamdoun (Tunisia), and its phenotypic features, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA sequence revealed it as Pseudomonas peli ( P. peli). Chlorpyrifos ethyl (CP) was used as the sole source of carbon and energy by P. peli, and it was cometabolised in the presence of glucose. CP was completely degraded by P. peli after 96 h of shake incubation. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis indicated that the biodegradation kinetics was not affected by the addition of glucose into the culture medium. In the present study, only transient accumulation of one major no-identified product was observed after 48 h of incubation, with no other persistent metabolites detected. Cytotoxicity of CP, before and after biodegradation with P. peli, was evaluated in vitro using the MTT-colorimetric assay against three human cancer cell lines (A549, lung cell carcinoma, HT29, colon adenocarcinoma and MCF7, breast adenocarcinoma). CP reduced viability of all human cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Its activity was very remarkable against A549 cell line. However, cytotoxicity strongly decreased in CP obtained after incubation with P. peli. Hence, we conclude that when incubated under appropriate conditions, P. peli has a metabolism that completely detoxifies CP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afef Dellai
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Valorisation de Bio Géo Ressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie (LBVBGR-LR11-ES31), BiotechPole de Sidi Thabet, Université de la Manouba, Manouba, Tunisie
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie des Médicaments Anticancéreux, Institut Bergonie, Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | - Dorra Dridi
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Valorisation de Bio Géo Ressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie (LBVBGR-LR11-ES31), BiotechPole de Sidi Thabet, Université de la Manouba, Manouba, Tunisie
| | - Seif Sakouhi
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Valorisation de Bio Géo Ressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie (LBVBGR-LR11-ES31), BiotechPole de Sidi Thabet, Université de la Manouba, Manouba, Tunisie
| | - Jacques Robert
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie des Médicaments Anticancéreux, Institut Bergonie, Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hayet Djelal
- Ecole des Métiers de l'Environnement, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France
| | - Ridha Mosrati
- Laboratoire des Aliments Bioprocédés, Toxicologie, Environ-nements (ABTE-EA 4651), IUT de Caen, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Ameur Cherif
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Valorisation de Bio Géo Ressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie (LBVBGR-LR11-ES31), BiotechPole de Sidi Thabet, Université de la Manouba, Manouba, Tunisie
| | - Hedi Ben Mansour
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Valorisation de Bio Géo Ressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie (LBVBGR-LR11-ES31), BiotechPole de Sidi Thabet, Université de la Manouba, Manouba, Tunisie
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie des Médicaments Anticancéreux, Institut Bergonie, Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ki YW, Park JH, Lee JE, Shin IC, Koh HC. JNK and p38 MAPK regulate oxidative stress and the inflammatory response in chlorpyrifos-induced apoptosis. Toxicol Lett 2013; 218:235-45. [PMID: 23416140 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To investigate mechanisms of neuronal cell death in response to chlorpyrifos (CPF), a pesticide, we evaluated the regulation of ROS and COX-2 in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells treated with CPF. CPF treatment produced cytotoxic effects that appeared to involve an increase in ROS. In addition, CPF treatment activated MAPK pathways including JNK, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK, and MAPK inhibitors abolished the cytotoxicity and reduced ROS generation. Our data demonstrate that CPF induced apoptosis involving MAPK activation through ROS production. Furthermore, after the CPF treatment, COX-2 expression increased. Interestingly, JNK and p38 MAPK inhibitors attenuated the CPF-induced COX-2 expression while an ERK1/2 inhibitor did not. These findings suggest that pathways involving JNK and p38 MAPK, but not ERK1/2, mediated apoptosis and are involved in the inflammatory response. In conclusion, the JNK and p38 MAPK pathways might be critical mediators in CPF-induced neuronal apoptosis by both generating ROS and up-regulating COX-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeo-Woon Ki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 133-791 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|