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Cai X, Young GM, Xie W. The xenobiotic receptors PXR and CAR in liver physiology, an update. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166101. [PMID: 33600998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) are two nuclear receptors that are well-known for their roles in xenobiotic detoxification by regulating the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. In addition to metabolizing drugs and other xenobiotics, the same enzymes and transporters are also responsible for the production and elimination of numerous endogenous chemicals, or endobiotics. Moreover, both PXR and CAR are highly expressed in the liver. As such, it is conceivable that PXR and CAR have major potentials to affect the pathophysiology of the liver by regulating the homeostasis of endobiotics. In recent years, the physiological functions of PXR and CAR in the liver have been extensively studied. Emerging evidence has suggested the roles of PXR and CAR in energy metabolism, bile acid homeostasis, cell proliferation, to name a few. This review summarizes the recent progress in our understanding of the roles of PXR and CAR in liver physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Cai
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Gregory M Young
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Zhao X, Li X, Wang S, Yang Z, Liu H, Xu S. Cadmium exposure induces mitochondrial pathway apoptosis in swine myocardium through xenobiotic receptors-mediated CYP450s activation. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 217:111361. [PMID: 33581611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) pollution has become an important public and environmental health issue. Xenobiotic receptors (XRs, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, AHR; constitutive androstane receptor, CAR; pregnane X receptor, PXR) modulate downstream cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450s) expression to metabolize xenobiotics and environmental contaminants. However, the underlying mechanisms of cardiotoxicity induced by Cd(II) in swine and the roles of XRs and CYP450s remain poorly understood. In this study, the cardiotoxicity of Cd(II) was investigated by establishing a Cd(II)-exposed swine model (CdCl2, 20 mg Cd/Kg diet). Terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and transmission electron microscope were used to observe the apoptosis. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated by free radicals contents and antioxidant enzymes activities. RT-PCR and western blot were used to measure the expression of XRs, CYP450s and apoptosis-related genes. Our results revealed that Cd(II) exposure activated the XRs and increased the CYP450s expression, contributing to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cd(II) exposure restrained the antioxidant capacity, causing oxidative stress. Moreover, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway including c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38) was activated, triggering the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. In brief, we concluded that Cd(II) caused mitochondrial pathway apoptosis in swine myocardium via the oxidative stress-MAPK pathway, and XRs-mediated CYP450s expression might participate in this process through promoting the ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shengchen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zijiang Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Honggui Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Shiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Oliviero F, Lukowicz C, Boussadia B, Forner-Piquer I, Pascussi JM, Marchi N, Mselli-Lakhal L. Constitutive Androstane Receptor: A Peripheral and a Neurovascular Stress or Environmental Sensor. Cells 2020; 9:E2426. [PMID: 33171992 PMCID: PMC7694609 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic nuclear receptors (NR) are intracellular players involved in an increasing number of physiological processes. Examined and characterized in peripheral organs where they govern metabolic, transport and detoxification mechanisms, accumulating data suggest a functional expression of specific NR at the neurovascular unit (NVU). Here, we focus on the Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR), expressed in detoxifying organs such as the liver, intestines and kidneys. By direct and indirect activation, CAR is implicated in hepatic detoxification of xenobiotics, environmental contaminants, and endogenous molecules (bilirubin, bile acids). Importantly, CAR participates in physiological stress adaptation responses, hormonal and energy homeostasis due to glucose and lipid sensing. We next analyze the emerging evidence supporting a role of CAR in NVU cells including the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a key vascular interface regulating communications between the brain and the periphery. We address the emerging concept of how CAR may regulate specific P450 cytochromes at the NVU and the associated relevance to brain diseases. A clear understanding of how CAR engages during pathological conditions could enable new mechanistic, and perhaps pharmacological, entry-points within a peripheral-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Oliviero
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (F.O.); (C.L.)
| | - Céline Lukowicz
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (F.O.); (C.L.)
| | - Badreddine Boussadia
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS–U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), 34094 Montpellier, France; (B.B.); (I.F.-P.); (J.-M.P.)
| | - Isabel Forner-Piquer
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS–U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), 34094 Montpellier, France; (B.B.); (I.F.-P.); (J.-M.P.)
| | - Jean-Marc Pascussi
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS–U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), 34094 Montpellier, France; (B.B.); (I.F.-P.); (J.-M.P.)
| | - Nicola Marchi
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS–U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), 34094 Montpellier, France; (B.B.); (I.F.-P.); (J.-M.P.)
| | - Laila Mselli-Lakhal
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (F.O.); (C.L.)
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Ohara A, Takahashi Y, Kondo M, Okuda Y, Takeda S, Kushida M, Kobayashi K, Sumida K, Yamada T. Candidate genes responsible for early key events of phenobarbital-promoted mouse hepatocellular tumorigenesis based on differentiation of regulating genes between wild type mice and humanized chimeric mice. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:795-813. [PMID: 30090543 PMCID: PMC6062386 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00163k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenobarbital (PB) is a nongenotoxic hepatocellular carcinogen in rodents. PB induces hepatocellular tumors by activating the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Some previous research has suggested the possible involvement of epigenetic regulation in PB-promoted hepatocellular tumorigenesis, but the details of its molecular mechanism are not fully understood. In the present study, comprehensive analyses of DNA methylation, hydroxymethylation and gene expression using microarrays were performed in mouse hepatocellular adenomas induced by a single 90 mg kg-1 intraperitoneal injection dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) followed by 500 ppm PB in the diet for 27 weeks. DNA modification and expression of hundreds of genes are coordinately altered in PB-induced mouse hepatocellular adenomas. Of these, gene network analysis showed alterations of CAR signaling and tumor development-related genes. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that differentially methylated or hydroxymethylated genes belong mainly to pathways involved in development, immune response and cancer cells in contrast to differentially expressed genes belonging primarily to the cell cycle. Furthermore, overlap was evaluated between the genes with altered expression levels with 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) alterations in mouse hepatocellular adenoma induced by DEN/PB and the genes with altered expression levels in the liver of CD-1 mice or humanized chimeric mice treated with PB for 7 days. With the integration of transcriptomic and epigenetic approaches, we detected candidate genes responsible for early key events of PB-promoted mouse hepatocellular tumorigenesis. Interestingly, these genes did not overlap with genes altered by the PB treatment of humanized chimeric mice, thus suggesting a species difference between the effects of PB in mouse and human hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Ohara
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd. , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
| | - Yasuhiko Takahashi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd. , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
| | - Miwa Kondo
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd. , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
| | - Yu Okuda
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd. , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
| | - Shuji Takeda
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd. , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
| | - Masahiko Kushida
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd. , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
| | - Kentaro Kobayashi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd. , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
| | - Kayo Sumida
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd. , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
| | - Tomoya Yamada
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd. , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
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Yoshida T, Ashino T, Kobayashi Y. Chemical-induced coordinated and reciprocal changes in heme metabolism, cytochrome P450 synthesis and others in the liver of humans and rodents. J Toxicol Sci 2016; 41:SP89-SP103. [PMID: 28320986 DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.sp89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of drugs and chemicals have been shown to produce induction and inhibition of heme-metabolizing enzymes, and of drug-metabolizing enzymes, including cytochrome P450s (P450s, CYPs), which consist of many molecular species with lower substrate specificity. Such chemically induced enzyme alterations are coordinately or reciprocally regulated through the same and/or different signal transductions. From the toxicological point of view, these enzymatic changes sometimes exacerbate inherited diseases, such as precipitation of porphyrogenic attacks, although the induction of these enzymes is dependent on the animal species in response to the differences in the stimuli of the liver, where they are also metabolized by P450s. Since P450s are hemoproteins, their induction and/or inhibition by chemical compounds could be coordinately accompanied by heme synthesis and/or inhibition. This review will take a retrospective view of research works carried out in our department and current findings on chemical-induced changes in hepatic heme metabolism in many places, together with current knowledge. Specifically, current beneficial aspects of induction of heme oxygenase-1, a rate-limiting heme degradation enzyme, and its relation to reciprocal and coordinated changes in P450s, with special reference to CYP2A5, in the liver are discussed. Mechanistic studies are also summarized in relation to current understanding on these aspects. Emphasis is also paid to an example of a single chemical compound that could cause various changes by mediating multiple signal transduction systems. Current toxicological studies have been developing by utilizing a sophisticated "omics" technology and survey integrated changes in the tissues produced by the administration of a chemical, even in time- and dose-dependent manners. Toxicological studies are generally carried out step by step to determine and elucidate mechanisms produced by drugs and chemicals. Such approaches are correct; however, current "omics" technology can clarify overall changes occurring in the cells and tissues after treating animals with drugs and chemicals, integrate them and discuss the results. In the present review, we will discuss chemical-induced similar changes of heme synthesis and degradation, and of P450s and finally convergence to similar or different directions.
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Deciphering the roles of the constitutive androstane receptor in energy metabolism. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:62-70. [PMID: 25500869 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is initially defined as a xenobiotic nuclear receptor that protects the liver from injury. Detoxification of damaging chemicals is achieved by CAR-mediated induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. More recent research has implicated CAR in energy metabolism, suggesting a therapeutic potential for CAR in metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which CAR regulates energy metabolism will allow us to take advantage of its effectiveness while avoiding its side effects. This review summarizes the current progress on the regulation of CAR nuclear translocation, upstream modulators of CAR activity, and the crosstalk between CAR and other transcriptional factors, with the aim of elucidating how CAR regulates glucose and lipid metabolism.
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